Category: Writing

Read the selection and choose the best answer to each question. from Villages in the Sky by Ellen Garin Lost and Found! 1 One December morning in 1888, Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law, Charles Mason, were riding along a mesa in the mountains of southwestern Colorado searching for lost cattle. Their breath turned to vapor in the cold December morning air, and the snow on the ground crunched under their horses’ hooves. 2 The cowboys followed the cattle tracks until they heard the lowing of their cattle. After they had counted the herd, they looked around at the spectacular views. As they looked across the vast canyon, something caught their attention. There, nestled high up under an overhanging cliff on the other side of the canyon, was something quite amazing. The cowboys rode around to the other side of the canyon, dismounted, and climbed down the cliff on foot to get a closer look. They were about to make an important discovery. The Cliff Dwellings at Mesa Verde 3 Wetherill and Mason had discovered a large cliff dwelling that had been abandoned hundreds of years ago by ancient Pueblo people. It had been built into an alcove where chunks of sandstone had fallen off the cliff, creating an overhang. The overhang protected the cliff dwelling from the weather, which is why it was intact hundreds of years later. 4 Like apartment houses today, the dwellings were multilevel, housing many families. People needed to climb up or down ladders to reach lower and upper levels of the cliff dwellings. Living areas in the complex were about six by eight feet. Their ceilings were made of wood planks, and some homes had colorful wall paintings. The low height of the doorways indicates that people then were shorter than they are today. 5 Below the living area, and reached only by ladder, was a round room called a kiva (K E-vuh), which was used for ceremonial purposes. 6 The cliff dwellers were clever builders. They constructed ventilation shafts inside the kivas for fresh air, and each fireplace had a deflector in front of it that helped to circulate the heat and the fresh air. The underground kiva stayed at 50 degrees Fahrenheit year-round. It was cool in the heat of summer, and only a small fire was needed to keep it warm in winter. CEREMONIAL KWA
7 The kiva’s roof formed a courtyard above, which was an area used for working and gathering together. There, women dried food for storage, wove cloth and baskets, and tanned hides from the animals the hunters brought home. People gathered in the courtyard to trade stories while children played and dogs and turkeys wandered about. The Ancestral Puebloans 8 For about 700 years, Mesa Verde was a thriving community of many thousands of Native American people now referred to as Ancestral Puebloans. These people were master builders, skilled craftsmen, and adept farmers of a difficult, dry land. They also traded surplus goods and food with other Native American communities. 9 The earliest Ancestral Puebloan settlements date back to the year 600. For most of their time in the Mesa Verde area, these people lived in houses and farmed on top of the mesa. Their first villages consisted of homes called pit houses, which were constructed by digging a shallow pit in the ground. A roof was made by crossing poles over the top of the pit and then covering the poles with branches, grass, or tree bark. The walls of the pit house were often lined with clay or stones. 10 Eventually, the Ancestral Puebloans began building homes above ground that were constructed of adobe and were sometimes two or three stories tall. The people farmed the land on top of the mesa, where they grew crops such as corn, beans, and squash. The mesa got little rainfall and was not easy land to farm. However, the farmers were expert in dryland farming, creating check dams and channels to direct rainwater to their crops. 11 The people gathered wild plants to supplement the food they grew, and they hunted animals such as rabbits and deer. They also used turkeys for food, bone for tools, and feathers for clothing. Dogs were kept as pets and for protection. 12 Then around 1100, these Ancestral Puebloans mastered the art of masonry. During the next hundred years they built remarkable cliff dwellings such as Cliff Palace. Now the Ancestral Puebloans no longer lived on top of the mesa. Their homes were built into the side of the cliff. People had to climb up to the mesa using footholds and handholds carved into the side of the cliff to tend their crops or hunt for food. 13 Around 1270, the Ancestral Puebloans left Mesa Verde, although we are not entirely sure why they left. We do know that these people settled the area that is now the home of the modern Pueblo tribes, including the Hopi, Zuni, Acoma, and Laguna.
Villages in the Sky Reading Questions 1. Which statement best expresses the thesis of the excerpt? A. Ancestral Puebloans were attracted to the cliffs of Colorado centuries ago. B. Ancestral Puebloans left behind the ruins of their communities in the cliffs. C. Ancestral Puebloans were innovators who created a flourishing civilization. D. Ancestral Puebloans lived in complex communities in southwestern Colorado. 2. Which quotation from the excerpt best supports the conclusion that the Ancestral Puebloans made efficient use of limited resources? A. The low height of the doorways indicates that people then were shorter than they are today. (paragraph 4) B. However, the farmers were expert in dryland farming, creating check dams and channels to direct rainwater to their crops. (paragraph 10) C. Now the Ancestral Puebloans no longer lived on top of the mesa. (paragraph 12) D. Around 1270, the Ancestral Puebloans left Mesa Verde, although we are not entirely sure why they left. (paragraph 13)
3. In paragraphs 9, 10, and 12, the details support the key idea that the Ancestral Puebloans – A. developed new construction skills B. frequently faced challenges in surviving C. often moved in search of a better home D. outgrew the available resources 4. Which detail from the section titled “The Cliff Dwellings at Mesa Verde” (paragraphs 3-7) supports the key idea that social interaction was important to Ancestral Puebloan communities? A. The size of the living areas B. The location of the kiva C. The function of the courtyard D. The proximity of the dwellings 5. Why does the author most likely include the illustrations in the excerpt? Select TWO correct answers. A. To explain how the Ancestral Puebloans used different resources B. To show how the Ancestral Puebloans designed and built structures C. To demonstrate the challenges of building dwellings in the cliff D. To show how the different parts of the cliff dwellings fit together E. To contrast different types of buildings built by the Ancestral Puebloans
6. Read this quotation from paragraph

Item 1
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
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Student Version
Pei is popularly known for the controversy surrounding his Grand Louvre Pyramid (1988), constructed in the courtyard of the Louvre (fig. 25.21). The Pyramid deliberately turns the tradition and concept of pyramid inside out. A pyramid is supposed to be solid, dark, and solitary–a mesmerizing symbol of the exotic world beyond the streets and cultures of Europe.
References:
Arnason, H. H. (2003).
History of modern art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography
(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
We saw one of the highlights of the architectural tour of Paris as we approached the Louvre. The guide told us that Pei’s Grand Louvre Pyramid deliberately turns the tradition and concept of pyramid inside out. When we got off the bus we were able to get a closer look at the glass pyramid and what was below it.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
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Item 2
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
Original Source Material
Student Version
In examining the history of the visionary companies, we were struck by how often they made some of their best moves not by detailed strategic planning, but rather by experimentation, trial and error, opportunism, and–quite literally–accident. What looks in hindsight like a brilliant strategy was often the residual result of opportunistic experimentation and “purposeful accidents.”
References:
Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002).
Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies.
New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks.
Decisions that look like the result of smart strategic thinking could, instead, be attributed to a culture that values opportunistic experimenting and intentional mishaps. Collins and Porras (2002) point out their surprise at finding that many of the visionary companies that they researched “made some of their best moves not by detailed planning, but rather by experimentation, trial and error, opportunism, and–quite literally–accident” (p. 141).
References:
Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (2002).
Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies.
New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
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Item 3
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
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Student Version
Overall findings revealed that the technology skills of preservice teachers participating in this study were relatively low, while providing a basis upon which to identify prerequisite skills and instructional objectives for teaching technology skills and integration practices. In planning experiences for technology-rich teacher education programs, curriculum designers could consider some skills as prerequisite, such as word processing, basic computer operation skills, e-mail, and skills associated with the World Wide Web.
References:
Brush, T., Glazewski, K. D., & Hew, K. F. (2008). Development of an instrument to measure preservice teachers’ technology skills, technology beliefs, and technology barriers.
Computers in the Schools, 25
(1), 112-125.
Companies looking to hire new employees could consider some skills as prerequisite, such as word processing, basic computer operation skills, e-mail, and skills associated with the World Wide Web. Surveys of technology skills in other fields, such as Education (e.g., Brush et al., 2008), suggest that technology skills can be quite low.
References:
Brush, T., Glazewski, K. D., & Hew, K. F. (2008). Development of an instrument to measure preservice teachers’ technology skills, technology beliefs, and technology barriers.
Computers in the Schools, 25
(1), 112-125.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
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Item 4
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
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Student Version
Measured by their functional value, the creation of the houses of confinement can be regarded as a failure. Their disappearance throughout Europe, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, as receiving centers for the indigent and prisons of poverty, was to sanction their ultimate failure: a transitory and ineffectual remedy, a social precaution clumsily formulated by a nascent industrialization.
References:
Foucault, M. (1988).
Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason
. New York, NY: Vintage.
The establishment of houses of confinement, evaluated according to their functional value, were not successful. Early in the nineteenth century houses of confinement as places for accepting the poor vanished all over Europe and this fact permitted their absolute collapse. Foucault (1988) aptly describes them as “a transitory and ineffectual remedy, a social precaution clumsily formulated by a nascent industrialization” (p. 54).
References:
Foucault, M. (1988).
Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason
. New York, NY: Vintage.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
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Item 5
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
Original Source Material
Student Version
If learners are new to critique, we see anonymity as a scaffold to generating critical feedback. Learners can practice giving feedback knowing they are not vulnerable to social repercussions. Less than perfect expressions, unwarranted negative reactions, and fruitless ideas are bound to be part of novice feedback, but teachers hope to create learning configurations that support both the giver and the receiver of feedback, especially if the commenters are novices.
References:
Howard, C. D., Barrett, A. F., & Frick, T. W. (2010). Anonymity to promote peer feedback: Pre-service teachers’ comments in asynchronous computer-mediated communication.
Journal of Educational Computing Research, 43
(1), 89-112.
Anonymous peer discussion tools can provide learners with “practice giving feedback knowing they are not vulnerable to social repercussions” (Howard, Barrett, & Frick, 2010, p. 104). It is not surprising that those with little experience in giving feedback are more likely to express themselves imperfectly, be unnecessarily negative, or provide ideas that are off topic. However, educators, particularly when working with those who have little peer feedback experience, aim to create learning configurations that aid both feedback authors and receivers.
References:
Howard, C. D., Barrett, A. F., & Frick, T. W. (2010). Anonymity to promote peer feedback: Pre-service teachers’ comments in asynchronous computer-mediated communication.
Journal of Educational Computing Research, 43
(1), 89-112.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
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Item 6
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
Original Source Material
Student Version
Whereas Gauguin was an iconoclast, caustic in speech, cynical, indifferent, and at times brutal to others, Vincent van Gogh (1853-90) was filled with a spirit of enthusiasm for his fellow artists and overwhelming love for humanity.
References:
Arnason, H. H. (2003).
History of modern art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography
(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
I find visiting art galleries tremendously uplifting. My most recent experience left me with a spirit of enthusiasm and overwhelming love for humanity that I found difficult to explain to my peers who wouldn’t be caught dead visiting an art gallery.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
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Item 7
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
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Student Version
Murdoch’s own moral philosophy has a great deal in common with the work of philosophers like Richard Rorty, Stanley Cavell and Martha Nussbaum. She shares with them not only the attempt to work out a chastened, usable, non-metaphysical discourse and vocabulary for a qualified humanist ethics but also their conception of the novel as an embodiment of moral philosophy.
References:
Bényei, T. (2003). Angelic omissions: Iris Murdoch’s angels and ethical criticism.
European Journal of English Studies, 7
(2), 151-163.
Murdoch and number of other philosophers all tried to establish a subdued, non-metaphysical, and operational lexicon and discourse for a humanist ethics. According to Bényei (2003) “Murdoch’s own moral philosophy has a great deal in common with the work of philosophers like Richard Rorty, Stanley Cavell and Martha Nussbaum” (p. 151). However, I have several points of contention with their assertions.
References:
Bényei, T. (2003). Angelic omissions: Iris Murdoch’s angels and ethical criticism.
European Journal of English Studies, 7
(2), 151-163.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
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Item 8
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
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Student Version
The design team held weekly meetings during the first semester of work. In addition to these meetings, the team members used emails and a listserv for communication. The team eventually created a website hosted by Google to keep track of all of the decisions made during the design process.
References:
Lara, M. A., Myers, R., Frick, T. W., Aslan, S., & Michaelidou, T. (2010). A design case: Developing an enhanced version of the Diffusion Simulation Game.
International Journal of Designs for Learning, 1
(1). Retrieved from https://www.indiana.edu/~tedfrick/
aDesignCaseIJDL2010.pdf
Our team had meetings every seven days in the first semester. Email and a listserv was used for communication in addition to the weekly meetings. We eventually developed a website that was used to document decisions that we made during the process of designing our solution (Lara, Myers, Frick, Aslan, & Michaelidou, 2010).
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
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This is not plagiarism
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Item 9
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
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Student Version
Modifications that increase task difficulty are also presented to assist instructors in structuring developmental progressions for activities that reflect various net/wall games. For example, game modifications that require participants to strike a ball with a hand after a bounce are introduced before requiring participants to strike a ball with a racquet or with a hand without a bounce.
References:
Mandigo, J. L., & Anderson, A. T. (2003). Using the pedagogical principles in net/wall games to enhance teaching effectiveness.
Teaching Elementary Physical Education, 14
(1), 8-11.
A game can be changed so that players hit a ball with their hand after it has bounced. This easier version of a game can be played before players are required to hit the ball with a racquet or their hand before it hits the floor. This is an example of “modifications that increase task difficulty” to help “instructors in structuring developmental progressions for activities” (Mandigo & Anderson, 2003, p. 9).
References:
Mandigo, J. L., & Anderson, A. T. (2003). Using the pedagogical principles in net/wall games to enhance teaching effectiveness.
Teaching Elementary Physical Education, 14
(1), 8-11.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
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Item 10
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
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Student Version
There is a desperate need for theorists and researchers to generate and refine a new breed of learning-focused instructional design theories that help educators and trainers to meet those needs, (i.e., that focus on learning and that foster development of initiative, teamwork, thinking skills, and diversity). The health of instructional-design theory also depends on its ability to involve stakeholders in the design process.
Reference 1:
Reigeluth, C. M. (1999). What is instructional-design theory and how is it changing? In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.),
Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory
(Vol. II, pp. 5-29). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Original Source Material 2
By instruction I mean any deliberate arrangement of events to facilitate a learner’s acquisition of some goal. The goal can range from knowledge to skills to strategies to attitudes, and so on.
Reference 2
Driscoll, M. P. (2000).
Psychology of learning for instruction
(2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Driscoll (2000) defines instruction broadly as “any deliberate arrangement of events to facilitate a learner’s acquisition of some goal” (p. 25). In order to increase the effectiveness of instruction, there is a critical need for the creation and refinement of instructional design theories to aid those who seek to promote learning. According to Reigeluth (1999), “The health of instructional-design theory also depends on its ability to involve stakeholders in the design process” (p. 27).
References:
Driscoll, M. P. (2000).
Psychology of learning for instruction
(2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Reigeluth, C. M. (1999). What is instructional-design theory and how is it changing? In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.),
Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory
(Vol. II, pp. 5-29). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism

The FDA regulations governing disclosure of individual COIs require:
Researchers to annually self-disclose financial COIs to the FDA.
Sponsors to annually disclose to the FDA financial COIs of researchers who conducted clinical studies.
Applicants submitting marketing applications to disclose financial COIs of researchers who conducted clinical studies.
Organizations to disclose financial COIs to the FDA no later than the time of submission of the IND application.

Read the excerpt from Part 1 of The Odyssey. What theme is best revealed by this conflict? Now Zeus the lord of cloud roused in the north. With cooperation, crews can defeat the gods. A storm against the ships, and driving veils of squall. Dangerous ocean travel claims many lives. Moved down like night on land and sea. The bows went plunging at the gust; O Rest is required for all who work hard. Sails cracked and lashed out strips in the big wind. People must respect the wrath of the gods. We saw death in that fury, dropped the yards, unshipped the oars, and pulled for the nearest lee: then two long days and nights we lay offshore.

(a) If the wage rate is 313, state whether there will be a shortage or a surplus of bakers and calculate its size. Show your work. (b) Identify the pro?t-maximizing number of bakers that Bobby’s Bakehouse will hire. Explain using the labeling on the graph. (0) Identify the pro?t-maximizing wage rate that Bobby’s Bakehouse will pay its bakers. Explain using the labeling on the graph. (d) If the marginal product of bakers increases, what will happen to the quantity of output produced by Bobby’s Bakehouse? Explain. (e) Assume instead that Bobby’s Bakehouse uses both labor and capital in its production of baked goods. The marginal product of the last unit of labor hired is 16 baked goods per hour and the marginal product of the last unit of capital rented is 50 baked goods per hour; the hourly wage rate for labor is $8 and the hourly rental price for capital is 35. To minimize the cost of producing its current level of output, should Bobby’s Bakehouse rent more capital, less capital, or the same amount of capital? Explain using marginal analysis.
Bobby’s Bakehouse is the only bakery in a small remote town, and Bobby’s Bakehouse is the only employer of bakers in the area. The graph below shows the market for bakers with the marginal factor (resource) cost curve, the labor supply curve, and the marginal revenue product curve. @ 40 Marginal Factor Cost Wage Rate Supply Marginal Revenue Product 0 Quantity 90 160 of Bakers

Which of the following is a formal definition?
A. A demagogue (noun) is defined by Dictionary.com as “a person, especially an orator or political leader, who gains power and popularity by arousing the emotions, passions, and prejudices of the people.”
B. The rise of demagogues, which can be described as political leaders who come to power by stimulating the emotions of the people, threaten true democracies and leave political systems open to tyranny.
C. Demagogues have become increasingly common in our current political climate. One contributing factor is the advent of social media websites. These sites enable “echo chambers” where facts are ignored and misguided ideas and opinions are amplified, allowing troublesome leaders to gain attention and power.
D. Writer H. L. Mencken offers an observant definition of a demagogue: “the demagogue is one who preaches doctrines he knows to be untrue to men he knows to be idiots.”

1. Describe the three types of “boats” that Robert Reich identifies and how these boats relate to the richer getting richer and the poor, poorer.
2. How do unions relate to Reich’s boats analogy/discussion? How does Reich explain the decrease in wage gap between men and woman? Also, what is the “great sump pump,” according to Reich?