Tag: Clinical-Nursing

  • NUR-514 organizational leadership and informatics

    NUR-514 organizational leadership and informatics

    Topic 1: Health Care Systems, Organizational Relationships, And Interprofessional Health Care Environments

    Objectives:

    Discuss the evolution of the U.S. health care system its impact on nursing and the delivery of care.

    Explain how interprofessional relationships increase collaboration and improve patient outcomes.

    Examine how leaders benefit from applying systems thinking.

    NUR-514 organizational leadership and informatics Topic 1 DQ 1

    Consider the evolution of the U.S. health care system. Discuss how the shift to
    value-based health care
    has impacted delivery of care and the role and responsibilities of the advanced registered nurse. Project what major evolving trends in the health care delivery system will affect nursing practice and how advanced registered nurses will influence the direction of health care.

    I would say the number one trend that is impacting my work setting is nurse recruitment and retention. Ever since COVID 19, it has been so hard to obtain and keep nurses. We lost a lot of nurses to COVID 19 because they could make more money as a travel nurse and now that things have settled down those nurses are waiting to get paid those wages and most facilities can’t keep up with that demand. According to the British Journal of Nursing (2021) There are concerns for safe staffing and current discourse calling for urgent action to resolve the challenges facing the nursing profession highlights that staff burnout, low morale and low job satisfaction are prevalent and on the rise. I see that that statement is true because at our facility were are see those challenges.

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    References

    Marufu, T. C., Collins, A., Vargas, L., Gillespie, L., & Almghairbi, D. (2021). Factors influencing retention among hospital nurses: Systematic review. 
    British Journal of Nursing
    , 
    30
    (5), 302-308. 
    https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.5.302

    NUR-514 organizational leadership and informatics 2

    Value based healthcare has had a large impact in the delivery of healthcare. It has changed the way reimbursement is delivered to providers as well as systems from how much healthcare they deliver to how well they delivered said healthcare (RBI Capital Markets). The goal of
    value based healthcare
    is to reduce healthcare spending while increasing the overall health of society (NEJM, 2017). By making this move, entire healthcare systems have been changed (Weberg, 2019). For advanced registered nurses, especially leaders, this has given them a different role. The new role includes knowledge-driven responses to meet patient’s needs (Weberg, 2019). Advanced registered nurses are expected to be self-directed and experts in their delivery of care (Weberg, 2019). They are supposed to make chages to how they deliver care based on what is working and what does not seem to be working for the patients (Weberg, 2019).

    References

    NEJM. (2017, January 1). 
    What is value-based healthcare? – The New England Journal of Medicine
    . NEJM Catalyst. Retrieved from https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.17.0558

    RBC Capital Markets: Pathfinders in biopharma podcast
    . RBC Capital Markets | Pathfinders in Biopharma Podcast. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rbccm.com/en/gib/biopharma/episode/the-hidden-revolution-set-to-turn-us-healthcare?&msclkid=6b4f3f2b69021085e18b5b0232e113c5&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=B_Biopharma&utm_term=value-based+care&utm_content=HCIT&gclid=6b4f3f2b69021085e18b5b0232e113c5&gclsrc=3p.ds

    Weberg, D. R., Mangold, K., Porter-O’Grady, T., & Malloch, K. (2019). 
    Leadership in nursing practice: Changing the landscape of Health Care
    . Jones & Bartlett Learning NUR-514 organizational leadership and informatics.

    Topic 1 DQ 2

    Based on your experience, explain how systems thinking helps leaders to build strong interprofessional and organizational relationships. Discuss some
    system thinking tools
    nursing leaders can apply to increase interprofessional collaboration to benefit patient outcomes or organizational initiatives. Make sure to incorporate the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) competencies in your response.

    In my experience at my facility systems thinking helps leaders to build strong interprofessional and organization relationships by working with employees in different areas within the facility and knowing what each person is responsible for, their job duties. One system thinking tool that we use at our facility SSI Taskforce Committee. This task force has all departments involved to help identify areas that may need improvement to help reduce our infection rate and to make sure that our patients have the best possible outcomes after surgery. Tanya Henry (2019) states “Systems thinking helps provide better patient-centered care, foster problem-solving and encourages questioning”. And this is true because when all the departments come together and brainstorm each individual has a different point of view and this helps to look at the bigger picture in the end.

    Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) has four competencies which are values and ethics, roles and responsibilities for collaborative practice, interprofessional communication and teamwork and team-based care as mentioned in an article by Lance Baily (2021). I see that when we were working on our recertification for our spine program the Joint Commission looked at these areas. When preparing my presentation, I included our mission and values, what were the roles of the participants in the spine program, how do we get the information to our team members and how do we all work together to provide the best evidence base practices to our patients to make sure that they are safe and have the best outcomes possible.

    References

    Baily, L. (2021, October 12). 
    IPEC core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice
    . HealthySimulation.com. 
    https://www.healthysimulation.com/34551/ipec-core-competencies-2016/

    Henry, T. A. (2019, September 11). 
    Why you need to be a systems thinker in health care
    . American Medical Association. 
    https://www.ama-assn.org/education/accelerating-change-medical-education/why-you-need-be-systems-thinker-health-care

    Topic 2: Professional Leadership

    Objectives:

    Differentiate between leadership and management.

    Analyze different leadership theories and styles.

    Analyze characteristics of the professional nurse leader and nursing leadership.

    Evaluate leadership and management strategies within health care organizations.

    Discuss potential causes of conflict, principles of negotiation, and conflict resolution models and strategies.

    Topic 2 DQ 1

    Differentiate between “leading” and “managing.” Based on your experience in the health care industry, explain how an advanced registered nurse can lead well and provide management. Share at least one strategy you have used to effectively lead and manage staff within health care organizations Consider interactions with patients, team members, daily tasks, and responsibilities as you formulate your response.

    To me a leader stands beside their team, and they work towards a common goal. The word “managing” can have a negative connotation. I can manage a budget, the schedule and other non-human based activities at work. But I cannot “manage” a person’s behavior or thoughts. I can guide and lead them either to the common goal in our organization or on to other professional opportunities elsewhere. I absolutely loved the article 
    LEADING VS. MANAGING: A Tale of Two Organizational Processes. 
    (2022) It brilliantly explained how managing is focused on results and typically runs in a top to bottom style with most information flowing down. When they changed to leadership philosophy in the company, the employees felt valued and understood that their safety and well-being was why they had processes in place. This increased productivity and compliance and decreased turnover and injuries.

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    Aufegger et.al., (2019) found that when leadership working within the healthcare team shared responsibility the team members felt more psychologically safe and had greater situational awareness. They also had higher performance scores compared to other teams that did not feel supported.

    When working with my teams I have an open-door policy and encourage my team to express concerns and provide suggestions on how to improve the care we provide. I am willing to come onto the unit and work with them side by side and help when it is needed. I also expect the same from my assistant managers. I have reduced my turnover to less than 20% over the last 4 years and I am hoping to keep those numbers going down. One thing I have implemented is unit champions. I have asked my team to volunteer as patient experience, morale, wound, diabetes, mobility champions for our unit. I feel that they are the experts on the unit and they need to be part of making it a safe place. By asking them to take on roles and relate peer to peer it helps them feel like they belong and are valued.

    As an advanced practice nurse in leadership, it is my responsibility to advocate for my team, promote and grow them in their careers, and help them achieve their goals. I try to make sure that I stay up to date with them on their schooling and give them a safe space to grow and learn just as it is my responsibility to coach and guide them when it is needed.

    References

    Aufegger, L., Shariq, O., Bicknell, C., Ashrafian, H., & Darzi, A. (2019). 
    Can shared leadership enhance clinical team management? A systematic review
    . Leadership in Health Services (1751-1879), 32(2), 309–335. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/LHS-06-2018-0033

    Knowles, R. N. (2022). 
    LEADING VS. MANAGING: A T

    Topic 2 DQ 2

    Discuss
    potential causes of conflict occurring within health care organizations
    . What are some principles of negotiation and conflict resolution used by the nurse leader to address conflict? What model or leadership theory would be effective to use in addressing conflict?

    There are so many reasons why conflict arises in the work place. Sometimes it is between coworkers, nurses, physician, and other times between patients and their families. At my facility, we train to deal with conflict resolution, by attending our TEAM class, which stands for Techniques for Effective Aggression Management. This class helps to deal with workplace violence, but shows you how to de-escalate situations. Some reasons for conflict is that staff are over worked, feelings of not being heard, disagreements in how things are to be done, or patient’s families are not agreeing with a treatment plan. We can go on and on, but the bottom line is how to deal with it. When addressing conflicts know what you are working towards in your negotiations. So know what you are going into, which means do your homework. Be open to when going into a negotiation and find out ways to work together. With conflict, we do not want these to affect the patient or their care. According to an article that Ebrahim wrote, Collaboration between the nursing and medical staff depends mainly on communication, and it is known that negotiation is a means of communication between individuals to reach a solution, but also remembering that the exchange needs to mutual and voluntary (2020).   I would use Transformational leadership theory when addressing conflict, because with this leadership style the leader has a trusting relationship with their staff. Ronquillo et al., (2022) states that this leadership’s style has been demonstrated as a positive contributor to safety climate. This leadership style implements communication to work for the better good.

    References

    Ebrahim, E. K. (2020). Negotiation as a management strategy for conflict resolution and its effect on enhancing collaboration between nurses and physicians. 
    Egyptian Nursing Journal
    , 
    17
    (1), 13-22. 
    https://www.enj.eg.net/article.asp?issn=2090-6021
    ;year=2020;volume=17;issue=1;spage=13;epage=22;aulast=Ebrahim

    Ronquillo, Y., Ellis, V. L., & Toney-Butler., T. J. (2022, July 4). 
    Conflict management – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf
    . National Center for Biotechnology Information. 
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470432/

    APA Assignment: Leadership Style Reflective Essay

    Assessment Description

    The purpose of this assignment is to assist learners in developing effective communication by emphasizing the proper application of APA style. APA style is required for the graduate program.

    Refer to the resources in the Class Resources and Student Success Center for assistance with APA. Use the APA Style Guide resource, located in the Student Success Center, to complete this assignment.

    For this assignment, complete the following:

    Self-Assessment

    Self-awareness is essential for developing leadership skills. Recognizing your own strengths, weaknesses, and values, and understanding emotional intelligence and learning styles can help you to be a more effective nurse leader.

    For this assignment, you have the opportunity to take a variety of self-assessments to learn more about yourself and identify your assets and weaknesses as a leader. This will assist you in discovering how you can improve your own self-leadership skills. You will be asked to think critically about your results and submit a reflection as directed below.

    Refer to the topic Resources. Select and complete three self-assessments. Be sure to document the results of each assessment to assist you in completing the reflection portion of the assignment below.

    Self-Assessment Reflection

    Becoming self-aware is an ongoing process requiring introspection. The more often people practice self-reflection, the more opportunities they have to understand their own behaviors and adapt their approaches to working with other people, which can improve both your own and other’s abilities to meet their professional goals.

    In a 1,000-1,250 word
    reflective essay
    , address the following:

    Provide a rationale and brief summary for selecting each self-assessment. Summarize the results you obtained on each assessment.

    Identify the leadership style that closely aligns to your philosophy of care and explain what appeals to you about that style.

    Reflect on how you might incorporate elements of that particular style as you exercise leadership in a practice or health care organization setting.

    Discuss any particular areas for improvement the assessments helped you identify and some steps for improving your leadership capabilities.

    Analyze the characteristics of an effective professional nurse leader, or individuals in nursing leadership. Discuss the characteristics and explain why they are effective for leadership in nursing.

    Analyze different leadership theories and leadership styles. Select one theory and leadership style, different from your own, and explain how they each support a professional nurse leader or individual in nursing leadership. Consider how the theory shapes the nurse leader in such things as collaboration, conflict resolution, decision making, and negotiation.

    You are required to cite three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

    Complete the “APA Writing Checklist” to ensure that your paper adheres to APA style and formatting criteria and general guidelines for academic writing. Include the completed checklist as an appendix at the end of your paper.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

  • APA Assignment: Leadership Style Reflective Essay

    Leadership Style Reflective Essay

    Leadership is among the responsibilities that require excellent and quality skills to effectively lead a team towards the desired common goal. It involves a leader portraying professionalism towards their followers to encourage them to execute their roles. All leaders have their strengths and weaknesses. However, a determined leader uses their strengths while at the same time using the strength of others to cover their weaknesses. This paper aims to review and perform self-assessment and look at the strengths of personal leadership styles and how they relate to various leadership philosophies.

    Rationale and a summary for selecting each self-assessment

    There were various reasons and aims for selecting each assessment. To start with, determining whether a leader has the capability of impacting an agreement among differing opinions in a discussion is the first self-assessment that was selected. It is a vital self-assessment as it allows one to determine their decision-making capabilities in critical organizational discussions (Kiwanuka et al., 2021). Understanding this vital component can help one to become a successful leader with good skills in team leadership. Based on the results from this assessment, a score of 2 was obtained, a good indicator that a person’s reflective supervision might be familiar to them. It hence may require more effort to achieve better results.

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    The second self-assessment involved determining whether leaders practice teamwork with their subordinates during major decision-making. This is an assessment that was done to determine whether a leader utilizes their skills of leadership while at the same time nurturing others to leadership. In this assessment, a scale score of three was obtained, a good indicator that the leader is always willing to help others. The third self-assessment is determining whether a leader is always willing to address the needs and issues of other people positively. It is important since it makes subordinates feel valued, thus working hard and smart toward achieving the set targets (Kiwanuka et al., 2021). The obtained results, in this case, were three, which was a good indicator that the leader is always willing to address the needs and issues of their followers.

    Leadership Style

    The philosophy of care is vital when upheld by a leader. Transformational leadership is the leadership style that aligns with this philosophy. Transformational leadership is a style that emphasizes openness at work, thus enabling the leader to seek new ideas from their subordinates. Transformational leadership encourages innovative thinking in a team by exploring new growth opportunities and experiences, thus promoting intellectual stimulation among team members (Wang et al., 2018). In this case, transformational leadership allows sharing of ideas among team members concerning emerging elements and concepts that improve results. Transformational leadership also has the aspect of encouraging leaders to be active listeners. It is an aspect that allows leaders to listen more to their followers, thus helping them to make an informed decision.

    How Transformational Leadership Elements will be Incorporated while Exercising Leadership in a Healthcare Setting

    Transformational leadership in a healthcare setting can impact the leader and the healthcare organization, especially when it is 4 I’s aspect is followed. For instance, inspirational motivation is crucial to a nurse leader since it encourages team confidence. However, this can only be achieved through developing a clear vision, communicating all the expectations to the team, and demonstrating a commitment to the set goals. Effective communication will be vital for the leader to convey the important message to their team with power, precision, and authority. Another aspect of transformational leadership that will be applied in a healthcare setting is idealized influence. It is a situation whereby a leader will be required to lead an exemplary life in leadership, expressing their charismatic nature while executing duties. This can only be proved when a leader proves their willingness to take risks and act in line with the set of ethical principles and core values in every action taken.

    The third important aspect of this leadership style is individual consideration, which is important for creating a good relationship between team members and their leader. It is an aspect that can be achieved by observing each team member’s needs. For instance, a leader can explore the things that motivate every team member and conduct a one-to-one coaching session to motivate them to do their work (Boamah et al., 2018). Finally, intellectual stimulation that triggers innovative thinking is the last aspect of transformational leadership that can be applied in a healthcare setting. It is an aspect that will be incorporated when a nurse leader involves their team members in critical decision-making. It will also be effective when the leader encourages their team on the need of always remain innovative and creative.

    Areas for Improvement

    From the assessment, the various areas of improvement are the ability to make critical decisions during a discussion, and meetings with staff, and retaining some ideologies from team members as a leader. A transformational leader are some main aspects of improvement that should be done to ensure they work together with their team to achieve the desired goals. Moreover, a leader can opt to find a mentor to help them make these improvements. According to Liukka et al. (2018), transformational nursing leaders find mentors to improve the quality of services provided. Finding a mentor is usually essential as one is able to identify their areas of strength and weaknesses.

    Another strategy/step for improving one’s leadership capabilities is conducting regular personal reflections. These reflections facilitate one to understand the weakness and strengths that they should dwell on. Learning some hard skills is also a technique for improving one’s capabilities in leadership (Boamah et al., 2018). For instance, team members will always look upon the leader when all their means fail. Having these complex and hard skills as a leader will therefore help solve some of these problems.

    Characteristics of an Effective Professional Nurse Leader

    There are various qualities and characteristics that justify one as an effective nurse leader. For instance, a nurse leader works with a team of nurses and nurse trainees with different personalities and with whom they engage in major decision-making, hence the need to have emotional intelligence as a characteristic (Alghamdi, Topp & AlYami, 2018). This is an important characteristic as it allows leaders to intervene, especially when these trainees experience unusual stressors. Excellent communication skills are also a characteristic of an effective professional nurse leader. Communication skills are essential as they enable these nurse leaders to execute their roles, especially when delegating duties.

    Analysis of Leadership Theories and Styles

    The selected theory based on this assessment is a behavioral theory inspired by the belief that leaders are made. Therefore, a professional nurse leader can align with this theory since it emphasizes teaching and observation as a step toward becoming a great leader. Through the theory, leaders, therefore, observe and learn more skills from mentors, hence steering their leadership skills. It is also a theory that shapes the decision-making, conflict resolutions, and negotiation techniques of a nurse leader (Al Khajeh, 2018). In contrast to this, the selected leadership style chosen is democratic leadership. It is a style that emphasizes a nurse leader towards good communication skills during major decision-making (Liukka et al., 2018). Democratic leadership, therefore, aims at shaping collaboration, conflict resolution, and decision-making skills, thus strengthening the relationship between a leader and their team. It also shapes a leader’s conflict resolution skills and maintains good relationships among the team members.

     

     

    References

    Alghamdi, M. G., Topp, R., & AlYami, M. S. (2018). The effect of gender on transformational

    leadership and job satisfaction among Saudi nurses. 
    Journal of advanced nursing
    , 
    74
    (1),

    119-127.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13385

    Al Khajeh, E. H. (2018). Impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. 
    Journal of

    Human Resources Management Research
    , 
    2018
    , 1-10. DOI: 10.5171/2018.687849

    Boamah, S. A., Laschinger, H. K. S., Wong, C., & Clarke, S. (2018). Effect of transformational

    leadership on job satisfaction and patient safety outcomes. 
    Nursing outlook
    , 
    66
    (2), 180-

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2017.10.004

    Kiwanuka, F., Nanyonga, R. C., Sak‐Dankosky, N., Muwanguzi, P. A., & Kvist, T. (2021).

    Nursing leadership styles and their impact on intensive care unit quality measures: An

    integrative review. 
    Journal of Nursing Management
    , 
    29
    (2), 133-142.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13151

    Liukka, M., Hupli, M., & Turunen, H. (2018). How transformational leadership appears in action

    with adverse events? A study for Finnish nurse manager. 
    Journal of Nursing

    Management
    , 
    26
    (6), 639-646.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12592

    Wang, L., Tao, H., Bowers, B. J., Brown, R., & Zhang, Y. (2018). When nurse emotional

    intelligence matters: How transformational leadership influences intent to stay. 
    Journal of

    nursing management
    , 
    26
    (4), 358-365.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12509

     

    Assessment Description

    The purpose of this assignment is to assist learners in developing effective communication by emphasizing the proper application of APA style. APA style is required for the graduate program.

    Refer to the resources in the Class Resources and Student Success Center for assistance with APA. Use the APA Style Guide resource, located in the Student Success Center, to complete this assignment.

    For this assignment, complete the following:

    Self-Assessment

    Self-awareness is essential for developing leadership skills. Recognizing your own strengths, weaknesses, and values, and understanding emotional intelligence and learning styles can help you to be a more effective nurse leader.

    For this assignment, you have the opportunity to take a variety of self-assessments to learn more about yourself and identify your assets and weaknesses as a leader. This will assist you in discovering how you can improve your own self-leadership skills. You will be asked to think critically about your results and submit a reflection as directed below.

    Refer to the topic Resources. Select and complete three self-assessments. Be sure to document the results of each assessment to assist you in completing the reflection portion of the assignment below.

    Self-Assessment Reflection

    Becoming self-aware is an ongoing process requiring introspection. The more often people practice self-reflection, the more opportunities they have to understand their own behaviors and adapt their approaches to working with other people, which can improve both your own and other’s abilities to meet their professional goals.

    In a 1,000-1,250 word reflective essay, address the following:

    Provide a rationale and brief summary for selecting each self-assessment. Summarize the results you obtained on each assessment.

    Identify the leadership style that closely aligns to your philosophy of care and explain what appeals to you about that style.

    Reflect on how you might incorporate elements of that particular style as you exercise leadership in a practice or health care organization setting.

    Discuss any particular areas for improvement the assessments helped you identify and some steps for improving your leadership capabilities.

    Analyze the characteristics of an effective professional nurse leader, or individuals in nursing leadership. Discuss the characteristics and explain why they are effective for leadership in nursing.

    Analyze different leadership theories and leadership styles. Select one theory and leadership style, different from your own, and explain how they each support a professional nurse leader or individual in nursing leadership. Consider how the theory shapes the nurse leader in such things as collaboration, conflict resolution, decision making, and negotiation.

    You are required to cite three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

    Complete the “
    APA Writing Checklist
    ” to ensure that your paper adheres to APA style and formatting criteria and general guidelines for academic writing. Include the completed checklist as an appendix at the end of your paper.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

  • APA Writing Checklist GCU

    APA Writing Checklist

    Use this document as a checklist for each paper you will write throughout your GCU graduate program. Follow specific instructions indicated in the assignment and use this checklist to help ensure correct grammar and APA formatting. Refer to the APA resources available in the GCU Library and Student Success Center.

    ☐ APA paper template (located in the Student Success Center/Writing Center) is utilized for the correct format of the paper. APA style is applied, and format is correct throughout.

    ☐  The title page is present. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.

    ☐ The introduction is present. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.

    ☐ Topic is well defined.

    ☐ Strong thesis statement is included in the introduction of the paper.

    ☐ The thesis statement is consistently threaded throughout the paper and included in the conclusion.

    ☐ Paragraph development: Each paragraph has an introductory statement, two or three sentences as the body of the paragraph, and a transition sentence to facilitate the flow of information. The sections of the main body are organized to reflect the main points of the author. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.

    ☐ All sources are cited. APA style and format are correctly applied and are free from error.

    ☐ Sources are completely and correctly documented on a References page, as appropriate to assignment and APA style, and format is free of error.

    Scholarly Resources:
    Scholarly resources are written with a focus on a specific subject discipline and usually written by an expert in the same subject field. Scholarly resources are written for an academic audience.

    Examples of Scholarly Resources include:
    Academic journals, books written by experts in a field, and formally published encyclopedias and dictionaries.

    Peer-Reviewed Journals:
    Peer-reviewed journals are evaluated prior to publication by experts in the journal’s subject discipline. This process ensures that the articles published within the journal are academically rigorous and meet the required expectations of an article in that subject discipline.

    Empirical Journal Article
    : This type of scholarly resource is a subset of scholarly articles that reports the original finding of an observational or experimental research study. Common aspects found within an empirical article include: literature review, methodology, results, and discussion.

    Adapted from “Evaluating Resources: Defining Scholarly Resources,” located in
    Research Guides
    in the GCU Library.

    ☐ The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. Utilize writing resources such as Grammarly, LopesWrite report, and ThinkingStorm to check your writing.

  • NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU

    Topic 2 DQ 2

    Discuss potential causes of conflict occurring within health care organizations. What are some principles of negotiation and conflict resolution used by the nurse leader to address conflict? What model or leadership theory would be effective to use in addressing conflict?

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU SAMPLE 1

    Conflict within healthcare often occurs between healthcare providers related to differences in values or poor communication (Choi & Ahn, 2021). Healthcare providers focused on their own tasks can have competing agendas or needs. Nurses are patient advocators. As an advocate for patients, nurses can face opposition and conflict from various healthcare professionals.

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    Conflict has been shown to affect patient care adversely (Ebrahim, 2020). Negotiation is one management strategy for resolving conflict. Studies have demonstrated that negotiation in healthcare enhances collaboration between nurses and physicians (Ebrahim, 2020). Nurse managers can promote conflict resolution and negotiation by providing training and administration support to their staff. Negotiation skills and techniques will foster collaboration among healthcare professionals (Ebrahim, 2020). Continuous education and practice improve conflict-resolution skills (Choi & Ahn, 2021). Nurses can benefit from education on improving communication as well as conflict management and resolution strategies. Improved communication skills can help prevent some conflicts, while negotiation skills can assist in finding a resolution NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU.

    Kurt Lewin’s theories have become integral in healthcare management. While he is best known for his change theories, Lewin’s field theory is applicable to conflict resolution. Lewin’s field theory describes the “life spaces” of each of the conflicting individuals (Pratkanis & Turner, 2023). His theory suggests that behavior is a function of the “life space,” or psychological reality, of the individual (Pratkanis & Turner, 2023). Conflict resolution under Lewin’s field theory looks at the detailed “life spaces” of each individual involved and the social force affecting each individual. Finally, the theory proposes that changing the social forces or introducing new ones can encourage change (Pratkanis & Turner, 2023).

    References

    Choi, H.-G., & Ahn, S. H. (2021). Effects of a conflict resolution training program on nursing students: A quasi-experimental study based on the situated learning theory. 
    Nurse Education Today, 103.
     
    https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104951

    Ebrahim, E. (2020). Negotiation as a management strategy for conflict resolution and its effect on enhancing collaboration between nurses and physicians. 
    Egyptian Nursing Journal, 17(1), 13.

    Pratkanis, A. R., & Turner, M. E. (2023). Kurt Lewin’s field theory. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU SAMPLE 2

    Conflict as well as conflict resolution is a large part of leadership in nursing. There are many potential causes of conflict, many of which can occur internally (between two or more employees) or externally (between employees and patients) (Iglesias & Vallejo, 2012). Some internal conflict causes include job satisfaction (such as burnout), job stressors (such as assignment load, working environment, and frequency of rotation), an individual resources (collective experience of the staff on the unit) (Montoro-Rodriguez & Small, 2006). Some external conflict causes include patient satisfaction and patient outcomes (Montoro-Rodriguez & Small, 2006) NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU.

    Some important factors of conflict resolution when addressing conflict are open-mindedness, respect, and trust (Weberg, et al., 2019). The leader must be open-minded to both parties experiencing the conflict (Weberg, et al., 2019). In my current position, one way I attempt to do this is to discuss the issue at hand with both parties before engaging in any conflict resolution. Respect is another important factor. Having respect for both people’s points of view as well as for the individual and the work they do is important (Weert, et al., 2019). One way I attempt to do this in my current position is to keep a good rapport with all of the staff as much as possible. I try to listen to them about both work related as well as not work related things and to be available when possible for them. Trust is one of the most important factors in conflict resolution. Trust that the steps agreed upon within the resolution is important (Weberg, et al,. 2019).

    There are many different leadership theories that have been developed over time. I feel the transformation leadership style is the one I attempt to utilize the most, especially when addressing conflict. I attempt to adapt my approach and set clear goals going into situations where conflict resolution is necessary (MindTools, n.d.,). I try to make myself available for both staff as well as the patients to the best of my ability while at work and to keep a positive attitude, even in difficult situations.

    References

    Home
    . MindTools. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/a7m23wp/leadership-styles

    Iglesias Elena Losa M., & Vallejo, Becerro de Bengoa R. (2012). Conflict resolution styles in the nursing profession. 
    Contemporary Nurse
    , 
    43
    (1), 73–80.

    Montoro-Rodriguez, J., & Small, J. A. (2006). The role of conflict resolution styles on nursing staff morale, Burnout, and job satisfaction in long-term care. 
    Journal of Aging and Health
    , 
    18
    (3), 385–406.

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU SAMPLE 3

    Conflicts may range from disagreements to major controversies that may lead to litigation or violence. They can have effects on productivity, morale, and patient care. Conflict is a disagreement within oneself or differences or dispute among persons that has potential to cause harm. Conflicts are inevitable and may occur in any profession including healthcare. It could be among any group of healthcare professionals between patient and any of the member of healthcare team (Al-Hamdam,2009). Conflicts between nurses and patients can arise when patients have expectations that are not met, and no communication made to help them understand the situation. Some problems may be from other professionals but due to the fact that patients have the most interaction with the nurse, they expect them to be in control of every situation. They expect them to provide all answers to their questions not knowing some situations are also beyond their control and will do everything in their power to advocate for their patients. Issues such as patient not getting prescribed medications on time can be misunderstood and the fault given to the nurse. If a patient does not get services such as transportation after discharge, physical therapy or respiratory interventions, they may vent their frustrations to the nurse. Resolution of conflicts in a timely and positive manner under strong leadership is crucial to provide safe and effective patient care while maintaining therapeutic relationships between patients, family members and healthcare staff (Patton, 2014). Conflict does not have to lead to a hostile environment or broken relationships hence the nurse leader should approach it with an open mind so it can lead to a positive experience between both parties. Communication is vital in conflict management as it will help to understand both parties so as to be able to evaluate and intervene. The leader should be clear in explaining protocols and hospital operations while listening to prevent frustrations when expectations are not communication should not leave patient and families with expectations that are beyond nurses’ reach and the nurse made to understand the importance of feedback so patient will always be informed.

    The comprehensive Conflict Management Model (CCMM) is the most applied framework for addressing situations that are characterized by disagreements in the workplace, Behfar ,Mannix ,Peterson,Trochim,(2011).According to this theory, if then nurse wish to solve the conflict permanently and comprehensively, need to ensure the proposed long-term realistic strategies are taken into account, the three basis of social conflict such as, its internal, relational, and structural roots NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU.

    Al-Hamdan, (2009).Nurse managers, diversity and conflict 
    management. Diversity
     & Equality in Health and Care, 6 (
    10.Retrieved
     from 
    https://diversityhealthcare.medpub.com/abstract/nurse-managers-diversity-and-conflict-management-2087.html.

    Behfar K.J.,Mannix E.A.,Peterson R.S.,Trochin.W.M.(2011). Conflict in small groups: The meaning and consequences of process 
    conflict. Small
     Group Research, 42 (2),127-176 
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496410389194
    .

    Patton, C.M.(2014).Conflict in healthcare: The internet Journal of Healthcare Administration, ((1). Retrieved from 
    https://ispub.com/IJHCA/9/1/2008
      NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU

  • NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 1 leading vs managing Discussion post essay

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 1 leading vs managing Discussion post essay

    Topic 2 DQ 1

    Differentiate between “leading” and “managing.” Based on your experience in the health care industry, explain how an advanced registered nurse can lead well and provide management. Share at least one strategy you have used to effectively lead and manage staff within health care organizations Consider interactions with patients, team members, daily tasks, and responsibilities as you formulate your response.

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 1 leading vs managing Discussion post essay sample 1

    Being a manager does not mean that you are necessarily a leader. Managers have daily tasks and staff to look after. They may manage by running their department and making sure that the day-to-day tasks are taken care of such as staffing, hiring, and performance evaluations, these are a few of their tasks that they perform. Miller (2022) states, On a team, they typically function as “the boss” with authority over the group. Leaders inspire, motivate, and help to establish a vision. Leaders look more at the things that can help improve relationships.   According to Miller (2022), Whether problem-solving or setting the bar higher, their main objective is to create greater outcomes. At my facility I see many leaders and it is not necessarily managers or directors but staff as well.

    BUT A PLAGIARISM-FREE ESSAY NOW

    Advance practice nurses can be seen as leaders among the healthcare team. They can provide leadership among the patient care teams in which they function. In terms of a nurse practitioner, they can effectively communicate with other members of the healthcare team to motivate patients and the team to provide the best care possible for improved patient outcomes. The advance practice nurse can provide management by following policies and procedures and ensuring all members of the team are doing the same.

    There is one effective strategy that our leadership provides at our facility is conducting a quarterly town hall. These town halls provide information to all staff about things that are going on in our facility. The feedback that we received from the staff is that they feel like they are involved and in the know about what is happening at our facility NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 1 leading vs managing Discussion post essay.

    As a leader another strategy is that I perform rounds on the staff and patients to see how they are doing and letting all know that I am available should they need anything. According to Hotko (2023), “Relationship-building questions during rounding build communication at all levels of an organization because they demonstrate to employees that leaders care about them as people… one of the top indicators of a strong workplace”. I also am part of the shared governance committee at my facility, and I like to provide snacks to the staff when there are days busy, and they may need a little pick me up.

    References

    Hotka, B. (2023). 
    Rounding for Outcomes: How to Increase Employee Retention and Drive Higher Patient Satisfaction
    . Learning Lab | Healthcare best practices | Studer Group. 
    https://www.huronlearninglab.com/hardwired-results/hardwired-results-01/rounding-for-outcomes

    Miller, H. L. (2022, May 6). 
    The difference between leadership and management
    . Leaders.com. 

    The Difference Between Leadership and Management

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 1 leading vs managing Discussion post essay sample 2

    The difference between leading and managing can often have misconceptions about the role that each title has. Often there are times when a “leader” or “manager” title will be used interchangeably. As a leader your job is to create a vision for the organization or company. A leader is not just associated with a position but can be anyone that has a vision and strategy for change. A manager role entails that you oversee the goals to conduct and implement the vision of the leaders. As a manager there are four essential functions to conduct which are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (Duggal, 2023). According to the reading in 
    Leadership in Nursing Practice 
    there was a particular line that stuck out to me that sums up difference between a leader and a manager which was “managers have subordinates; leaders have partners” (Weberg et al., 2019, p. 139).

    I have been in healthcare since 2014 with various titles for different organizations. One thing that I have learned is that while leaders and managers are supposed to work together for a common goal or vision that is not always the case. As an advanced practice nurse (APN) we are taught the tools needed to bridge that gap, part of those tools include learning leadership styles, understanding/ managing conflict, and what the foundation of a good leader is supposed to be (Weberg et al., 2019) NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 1 leading vs managing Discussion post essay.

    Since I am a new nurse, I have not had the opportunity to be a leader and participate in management. I am working on learning the dynamics of my unit and participating in committees so that way once I do have the opportunity to participate in leadership in management I can say that I have been at the bottom and worked my way up, as well as participated in committees to make change within the unit. I feel that part of becoming a good leader is that you don’t always have to be the one talking, it is important to sit back, and listen to the dynamics of what is happening around you.

    Reference

    Duggal, N. (2023, March 10). 
    Leadership vs management: Understanding the key difference: Simplilearn
    . Simplilearn.com. https://www.simplilearn.com/leadership-vs-management-difference-article.

    Weberg, D. R., Mangold, K., Porter-O’Grady, T., & Malloch, K. (2019). 
    Leadership in nursing practice: Changing the landscape of Health Care
    (3rd ). Jones & Bartlett Learning NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 1 leading vs managing Discussion post essay.

  • Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Hello…..

    Greet

    05/24/23 12:15 PM EDT

    Hi.

    Why are you here today?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:34 PM EDT

    I’m here to follow up on my last visit, about my joint pain, and how tired I’ve been.

    Sorry about that

    Empathize

    05/24/23 12:34 PM EDT

    Thank you.

    How long have you had joint pain?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:35 PM EDT

    The joint pain started about 3 months ago, now.

    Where is the joint point located? Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Question

    05/24/23 12:36 PM EDT

    In my hands and wrists, mainly, but also I have this all-over sort of pain.

    Is your pain like? (Clarified to Can you describe your pain?.)

    Question

    05/24/23 12:38 PM EDT

    I feel sort of stiff and achy all over. And my hands and wrists are stiff — there’s this dull, throbbing sort of pain. (Clarified to what the pain is like.) Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    What worsens your pain?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:38 PM EDT

    Holding my coffee cup in the morning is tough on my hands and fingers, and my wrists. Also typing and holding my art tools hurts after a while.

    What relieves your pain?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:39 PM EDT

    Long, hot showers can help a little. Also, the diclofenac has been helping some.

    can you rate your pain on a scale of 1 to ten?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:40 PM EDT

    I still have pain, but since starting the diclofenac, maybe a 2 out of 10. Before it was a 3 or 4.

    How long have you had fatigue

    Question

    05/24/23 12:41 PM EDT

    Going on 3 months now.

    Is your fatigue constant?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:41 PM EDT

    Always, yeah.

    Does your fatigue worsen?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:42 PM EDT

    Yeah, the fatigue feels worse as the day goes on.

    What makes your fatigue worse?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:44 PM EDT

    Nothing, I don’t think . . . but I am pretty stressed regularly.

    I am sorry about that

    Empathize

    05/24/23 12:44 PM EDT

    I appreciate that.

    Are you able to do your daily activities?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:45 PM EDT

    I guess so, yeah. I can do everything I need to. I just take a little longer these days, ’cause I’m so tired. And I sometimes just feel drained after everything.

    What causes your fatigue? Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Question

    05/24/23 12:45 PM EDT

    I don’t know why I’m so tired. I haven’t noticed anything that makes me particularly tired. Maybe it’s hormones or something. Or stress, I’m very stressed these days.

    Any allergies?

    Question

    05/2

    Any weight loss?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:03 PM EDT

    Yes, actually.

    How much weight have you lost?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:03 PM EDT

    4 or 5 pounds.

    How has loss of appetite affected your diet? (Clarified to How does your smaller appetite affect your diet?.)

    Question

    05/24/23 7:07 PM EDT

    I haven’t felt like eating much lately. I still eat regular meals, just smaller portions. (Clarified to how my lower appetite affects my diet.)

    Any recent injury?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:07 PM EDT

    No, never been injured, really.

    What are you anxious about?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:08 PM EDT

    I just worry about these symptoms I’ve been having. If they’re going to get worse, and if I’m going to have even more to deal with than I do now.

    Am sorry about that

    Empathize

    05/24/23 7:09 PM EDT

    Thank you, that’s nice.

    What are you sad about?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:09 PM EDT

    Well, I’m still feeling so fatigued and I’m just sad because I feel like it’s not getting any better . . . I just don’t want to feel like this anymore.

    Am sorry about that

    Empathize

    05/24/23 7:10 PM EDT

    Thanks.

     Inspected both eyes: Normal. Her appearance has no visible abnormal findings, and the site for retractions has no visible abnormal findings

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:27 PM EDT

     Inspected both eyes: Normal. Her appearance has no visible abnormal findings, and the site for retractions has no visible abnormal findings

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:36 PM EDT

     Inspected mouth: Oral mucosa is moist and pink

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:36 PM EDT

     Inspected skin, hair, and nails: No abnormal findings.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:37 PM EDT

     Inspected hands and wrists: No visible abnormal findings present

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:37 PM EDT

     Inspected lower extremities: No visible abnormal findings present Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:38 PM EDT

     Palpated thyroid: No nodules, not enlarged, no irregularities, no tenderness reported

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:38 PM EDT

     Palpated upper extremities: No abnormal findings present in left or right forearm or left or right upper arms

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:39 PM EDT

     Palpated lower extremities: No abnormal findings present in left or right calves, left or right ankles, or left or right feet

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:40 PM EDT

    Put your arms out at chest level and keep your hands straight, palm down.

    Question

    06/01/23 5:42 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Palpated finger and wrist joints: PIP joints are tender on palpation bilaterally. DIP joints are nontender.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:42 PM EDT

    Hold your right hand out palm up.

    Question

    06/01/23 5:51 PM EDT

    Sure, yeah.

     Palpated right radial pulse: Palpated radial pulse was 2+

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:51 PM EDT

    Hold your left hand out palm up

    Question

    06/01/23 5:51 PM EDT

    Sure, yeah.

     Palpated left radial pulses: Palpated radial pulse was 2+

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:51 PM EDT

    With your write hand make a fist with your thump inside and then bend your wrist towards your little finger.

    Question

    06/01/23 5:53 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Finklestein’s test for right hand: No pain elicited over the styloid process of the radius on exam

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:53 PM EDT

    With your left hand make a fist with your thumb inside and then bend your wrist toward your little finger

    Question

    06/01/23 5:55 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Finklestein’s test for left hand: No pain elicited over the styloid process of the radius on exam

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:55 PM EDT

    Hold your right hand out palm up

    Question

    06/01/23 5:56 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Tinel’s Test on right hand: No paresthesia is elicited into the thumb (1st metacarpal), index finger (2nd metacarpal), or middle/lateral half of the ring finger (4th metacarpal) on exam palpation.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:56 PM EDT

    Hold your left hand out palm up

    Question

    06/01/23 5:58 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Tinel’s Test on left hand: No paresthesia is elicited into the thumb (1st metacarpal), index finger (2nd metacarpal), or middle/lateral half of the ring finger (4th metacarpal) on exam palpation.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:58 PM EDT

    Press the back of your hands together with your fingers pointing down

    Question

    06/01/23 6:02 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Phalen’s Test: No pain or tingling sensation is elicited into the thumb (1st metacarpal), index finger (2nd metacarpal), or middle/lateral half of the ring finger (4th metacarpal) on exam flexion.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:02 PM EDT

    Touch the tip of your index finger to the tip of your thumb to make an OK sign with your right hand.

    Question

    06/01/23 6:03 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed OK Sign Test on right hand: Patient is able to make a complete circle with thumb (1st metacarpal and index finger (2nd metacarpal) on exam.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:04 PM EDT

    Touch the tip of your index finger to the tip of your thumb to make an OK sign with your left hand

    Question

    06/01/23 6:05 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed OK Sign Test on left hand: Patient is able to make a complete circle with thumb (1st metacarpal and index finger (2nd metacarpal) on exam.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:05 PM EDT

    Hold your hands out then bend your wrist side to side and up and down.

    Question

    06/01/23 6:07 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Tested range of motion of wrists and fingers Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:07 PM EDT

    Grasp my fingers and squeeze.

    Question

    06/01/23 6:08 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed squeezing strength test: All fingers display active movement against full resistance

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:08 PM EDT

    Place your palms to mine and push towards me.

    Question

    06/01/23 6:09 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed pushing strength test: Performed pushing strength test. All fingers display active movement against full resistance

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:09 PM EDT

     Tested sensation in both hands: Expected sensation in left and right hand

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:11 PM EDT

     Tested sensation in both hands: Expected sensation in left and right hand

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:11 PM EDT

     Tested sensation in both hands: Expected sensation in left and right hand

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:15 PM EDT

     Tested sensation of both feet: Expected sensation in left and right foot Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:15 PM EDT

  • Reliability Coefficient

    Reliability Coefficient

    Reliability refers to the amount of confidence you can have in a test score, which Chapter 2, “The Language of Assessment,” and Chapter 10, “Establishing Evidence of Reliability and Validity,” discuss at length The reliability coefficient for our sample in Table 11.1 is reported as alpha, and its value is 0.754.

    What reliability coefficient should you expect from the results of your classroom exams? The answer to this question varies, but it relates directly to the level of confidence you must have in the decisions made based on the test results. High-stakes decisions require measurement results with high reliability. In other words, the results of a test that decides whether or not a student graduates from a program of study would require a high level of reliability. For this reason, you should never base such a serious decision on just one classroom exam.

    GET ASSIGNMENT HELP HERE

    Miller, Linn, and Gronlund (2009) agree that the degree of reliability you must require for the results of a classroom test depends largely on the decision to be made based on the test results. Consider the importance of the decision and whether the decision can be reversed. If the reliability coefficient of a test’s results is low, make sure that you make tentative decisions; obtain additional data; and, most important, are willing to reverse your decision.

    Miller et al. (2009) report that the reliability coefficients of teacher-made tests usually vary between 0.60 and 0.85. Kehoe (1995) maintains that the results of tests of more than 50 items should have reliability coefficients of greater than 0.80, while Frisbie (1988) asserts that teacher-made test results should yield reliability coefficients that average about 0.50 and that 0.85 is the generally acceptable minimum reliability standard when decisions are being made about individuals based on a single test score. Frisbie also states that reliability coefficients of about 0.50 for the results of teacher-made tests can be tolerated when the scores are combined with other scores to assign a grade. In that case, you should be concerned with the reliability of the score that results from combining the scores.

    Our sample’s reliability coefficient of 0.754 looks respectable at first glance, according to these standards. This value should not be considered in isolation, however. The factors that affect the reliability coefficient of a test must be taken into account. These factors are discussed in detail in Chapter 10, “Establishing Evidence of Reliability and Validity,” and include the following:

    Quality of the test items

    Item difficulty

    Item discrimination

    Homogeneity of the test content

    Homogeneity of the test group

    Test length

    Number of examinees

    Speed

    Test design, administration, and scoring

    When reviewing the reliability coefficients of your classroom test results, consider all these factors. If you have a class that consists of a homogeneous group of high-achieving students, you might get a low reliability coefficient on a test of difficult, well-written, heterogeneous items that follow all the guidelines outlined in this text. It is also possible that a low reliability coefficient indicates that the items are either too difficult or too easy for the group of students. On the other hand, you could obtain a high reliability coefficient for a speeded test with a large number of items on narrowly defined content that is administered to a large heterogeneous group of students. Also remember that the testing conditions, quality of teaching, and number of questions and/or examinees are all factors that can affect the reliability of test scores. Low reliability coefficients are most often due to an excess of very easy or very hard items, poorly written items that do not discriminate, or test items that do not represent a unified body of content (Kehoe, 1995).

    You must consider all influencing factors when interpreting a reliability coefficient for the results of a test. A test that has a low reliability coefficient could be providing reliable results. Your judgment is a very important part of the equation. As Mark Twain said, “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.” Statistical findings are meaningless in themselves, and they can be distorted to fit erroneous interpretations. It is your informed interpretation of the data that adds the ingredient of fairness to your grade assignments. Refer to Chapter 10, “Establishing Evidence of Reliability and Validity,” for a detailed discussion related to reliability estimates of classroom exams. Reliability Coefficient.

  • Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health

    Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health

    Subjective Data Collection: 57 of 57 (100.0%)

    Hover To Reveal…

    Hover over the 
    Patient Data 
    items below to reveal important information, including 
    Pro Tips
     and 
    Example Questions
    .

    Found:

     Indicates an item that you found.

    Available:

     Indicates an item that is available to be found.

    Category

    Scored Items

    Experts selected these topics as essential components of a strong, thorough interview with this patient.

    Patient Data

    Not Scored

    A combination of open and closed questions will yield better patient data. The following details are facts of the patient’s case.

    Chief Complaint

    PLACE YOUR ORDER HERE 

    Finding:

    Asked about chief complaint

    Finding:

    Reports fatigue

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking your patient in open terms about the reason for their visit allows them to explain their concerns in their own words, providing a foundation for your interview.

    Example Question:

    What brings you in today?

    Finding:

    Reports joint pain

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking your patient in open terms about the reason for their visit allows them to explain their concerns in their own words, providing a foundation for your interview Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health.

    Example Question:

    What brings you in today?

    History of Present Illness

    Finding:

    Asked about onset of pain

    Finding:

    Reports having joint pain for 3 months

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a
    patient reveals a medical condition
    or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    When did your pain begin?

    Finding:

    Asked about location of pain

    Finding:

    Reports pain in hands and wrists

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Where do you feel the pain?

    Finding:

    Reports full body pain

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Where do you feel the pain?

    Finding:

    Asked about timing of pain

    Finding:

    Reports that the pain is worst in the morning when she wakes up

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    When in the day do you have pain?

    Finding:

    Reports that the pain is constant

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    When in the day do you have pain?

    Finding:

    Asked about characteristics of pain

    Finding:

    Reports pain in wrists and hands is dull, throbbing, and stiff

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    What is the pain like in your hands and wrists?

    Finding:

    Reports full body pain is stiff and achy

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    What is the full body pain like?

    Finding:

    Asked about aggravating factors of pain

    Finding:

    Reports that holding her coffee mug in the morning is difficult

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your pain worse?

    Finding:

    Reports pain is worse after long periods of typing or holding art tools

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your pain worse?

    Finding:

    Reports pain is worse after long periods of sitting

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your pain worse?

    Finding:

    Asked about relieving factors of pain

    Finding:

    Reports that hot showers make her feel better

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your pain feel better?

    Finding:

    Asked about severity of pain

    Finding:

    Reports pain is currently at 2

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    How would you rate your pain currently?

    Finding:

    Reports pain was 3-4 before diclofenac

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    How would you rate your pain before taking diclofenac?

    Finding:

    Asked about onset of fatigue

    Finding:

    Reports 3 months of fatigue

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    When did your fatigue begin?

    Finding:

    Asked about timing of fatigue

    Finding:

    Reports that the fatigue is constant

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Is the fatigue constant?

    Finding:

    Reports fatigue worsens as the day goes on

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does your fatigue worsen throughout the day?

    Finding:

    Asked about aggravating factors for fatigue

    Finding:

    Denies aggravating factors for fatigue

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your fatigue worse?

    Finding:

    Asked about relieving factors for fatigue

    Finding:

    Denies relieving factors for fatigue

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything relieve your fatigue?

    Finding:

    Asked about impact on daily activities

    Finding:

    Reports daily activities are doable

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Can you complete your daily activities?

    Finding:

    Denies pain with daily activities

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the
    history of the present illness
    . This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Do your daily activities cause you pain?

    Finding:

    Reports daily activities take longer

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Do your daily activities take longer?

    Finding:

    Reports feeling drained after completing daily activities

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Do you feel more tired after completing daily activities?

    Finding:

    Asked about perceived cause of fatigue

    Finding:

    Reports feeling that it might be stress or hormones

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Is there anything you believe could be causing your fatigue?

    Past Medical History

    Finding:

    Asked about allergies

    Finding:

    Reports codeine allergy

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any allergies?

    Finding:

    Reports codeine reaction is rash and itching on body

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    What reaction do you have when you take codeine?

    Finding:

    Denies latex allergy

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any latex allergies?

    Finding:

    Denies food allergies

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any food allergies?

    Finding:

    Denies environmental allergies

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any environmental allergies?

    Finding:

    Asked about existing health conditions

    Finding:

    Denies existing health conditions

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any existing health conditions?

    Finding:

    Asked about history of mental health

    Finding:

    Denies history of mental health conditions

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have a history of mental health conditions?

    Finding:

    Asked about hospitalizations

    Finding:

    Reports childbirth 3 times

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Have you ever been hospitalized?

    Finding:

    Asked about surgeries

    Finding:

    Denies having had surgery

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Have you ever had surgery?

    Home Medications

    Finding:

    Asked about home medications

    Finding:

    Reports previously taking ibuprofen

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Do you take any medications?

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac sodium

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their
    health conditions
    and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Do you take any medications?

    Finding:

    Reports having an IUD

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Do you take any medications?

    Finding:

    Followed up on diclofenac sodium

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac sodium ER 50 mg

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What dose is your diclofenac sodium?

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac sodium twice daily

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    How often do you take diclofenac sodium?

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac sodium for joint pain

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What are you taking diclofenac sodium for?

    Finding:

    Reports diclofenac sodium has helped relieve the pain

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Has diclofenac sodium helped your pain?

    Finding:

    Followed up on ibuprofen

    Finding:

    Reports having used to take ibuprofen 2-3 times a day as needed

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    How often did you take ibuprofen?

    Finding:

    Reports having used to take 400 mg of ibuprofen

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What dose of ibuprofen did you take?

    Finding:

    Reports only taking ibuprofen before starting diclofenac

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    When were you taking ibuprofen?

    Finding:

    Reports having taken ibuprofen for joint pain

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What were you taking ibuprofen for?

    Finding:

    Reports the ibuprofen helped the pain some

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Did the ibuprofen help your pain?

    Finding:

    Followed up on IUD

    Finding:

    Reports IUD is levonorgestrel

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What type of IUD do you have?

    Finding:

    Reports having current IUD for 2 years

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    How long have you had your IUD?

    Finding:

    Reports starting IUD after birth of youngest child

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    When did you first begin your IUD?

    Finding:

    Asked about medication regimen adherence

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac as prescribed

  • Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

    Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

    The SEM enables us to estimate the amount by which a student’s obtained score might differ from the student’s true score. Chapter 10, “Establishing Evidence of Reliability and Validity,” discuss the implications of the SEM on test score interpretation.

    The SEM is very important because, if we assume that an obtained score on a test is necessarily the student’s true score, we will misinterpret the test results (Reynolds et al., 2008). The SEM for our sample in Table 11.1 is 3.8, which means that the true score for an observed raw score of 72 would range between 68.2 and 75.8. This range is referred to as the confidence band.

    Suppose that the passing score on a test was predetermined to be 75. Would you consider adding 4 points to all scores on the test if the SEM was a 4? While it is not advisable to add points, or scale grades, for each individual test, if you are inclined to scale the grades, it is a better practice to wait for the final grade. Suppose you scale up the grades three points for exam one and the scores on exam two are very high. Will you scale down the scores for exam two? You probably would cause a student revolt.

    GET ASSIGNMENT HELP HERE

    Scaling individual test scores can alter the predetermined weighting of the components of the course grade. The better practice is to wait until the end of the course; look carefully at the means, medians, reliability coefficients, and SEMs for all exams; consider the final score spread; and then add points (if you judge it necessary) to the final grade assignment (refer to the discussion on grading in Chapter 13, “Assigning Grades”).

    The important lesson to be learned from the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) is that classroom test scores are not absolute, and they do not represent students’ true scores. Measurement error is present in all scores, so you must look at the margin of error in a test and be flexible when translating raw scores into test scores and test scores into course grades. If the statistical analysis provided by your test development software does not provide the SEM, you can calculate it by using the formula in Exhibit 10.5.

    Score DistributionA test score distribution complements the analysis of test data by providing you with a description of how the class as a whole performed on the test. A distribution helps you visualize test results and makes the scores easier to interpret. Score distributions are typically reported in a frequency table or in a graphic format.Table 11.3 is a grouped frequency distribution associated with the sample data in Table 11.1. This frequency distribution groups the raw scores on the test into four-point intervals. In this distribution, you can see, for example, that six students scored from 84 to 87. This distribution provides a visual representation for interpreting the range of raw scores on a test. It enables you to visualize the significance of test analysis data such as the mean and the median and to identify how the scores on the test are clustered Standard Error of Measurement (SEM).

  • Who Can Rewrite My Essay?

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