Tag: Clinical-Nursing

Caring about feminism essay

What moral guidelines should we use when it comes to recently introduced healthcare technologies of any kind and social technologies of any kind?

Recently introduced healthcare technologies and social technologies offer doctors, patients, and clinical groups advantages but also bring up moral issues.  Informed consent, truthful information, and empowerment are moral guidelines that should be adhered to when using healthcare technologies. According to Brall et al. (2019), to make individual capable of utilizing the opportunities provided to them if they desire, truthful information about the risks and benefits of engaging in digital health tools need to be offered to the users.  Thus, users need to be empowered through open communication and the provision of education and technical training.

Participation of individuals in the use of healthcare technology must be voluntary and does not involve any form of incentive (Brall et al., 2019).  As indicated by Rachels and Rachels (2018). Autonomy is the ability of individuals to decide for themselves how to live their lives according to their values and desires. An individual’s autonomy might be violated through deceit, trickery, or manipulation.   Respect for autonomy is in line with ethics-based care which endeavors in maintaining relationships through contextualization and promotion of the well-being of givers and receivers of care in a network of social relations Caring about feminism essay.

The application of digital health tools should only occur when there is preservation patient dignity and autonomy (Mehta et al., 2019).   For example, when telemedicine is being utilized, the delivery of potentially bad information needs to be in accord with upholding the patient’s dignity and thus distant technologies (through the use of screens) should not be used to convey bad information that exposes the patient to a vulnerable situation. Rather, there is a preference for face-to-face communication to safeguard the dignity of patients in susceptible situations. Here, nevertheless, the choice of the channel of communication by the patient can tailor healthcare delivery to the needs of the patient.

Regarding truthful information, information consent additionally plays a crucial role.  Mehta et al. (2019), posit emphasizes that a patient can offer consent if they comprehend pertinent information concerning the gathering, disclosure, or utilization of health information and along with the outcomes off withholding or not withholding consent. For example, in patient portals (social technologies) the patient along with associated proxies is granted access to the portal through implied consent.  Except when initiated by a practitioner or provider, patient portals do not have repeated checks for assessing the validity of the individual accession to their health information. This obligates the practitioner to check that the individual requesting information from the portal has the right to access the information.

References

Brall, C., Schroder-Back, P., & Maeckelberghe, E. (2019). Ethical aspects of digital health from a justice point of view.
European Journal of Public Health, 29
(Suppl 3), 18-22.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz167

Mehta, S., Jamieson, T., & Ackery. A. D. (2019). Helping clinicians and patients navigate electronic patient portals: ethical and legal principles.
Canadian Medical Association Journal, 191
(40), E1100-E1104. doi: 
10.1503/cmaj.190413

Rachels, S., & Rachels, J. 92018).
The Elements of Moral Philosophy
.
McGraw-Hill Education

Caring about feminism essay

In week three, we were looking at rights ethics with regards to Locke. As a reminder, Locke said we have inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property. It is immoral to violate them. Many think we have more rights than those listed by Locke. Some even think we have a right to health care. That means it is the duty of the state to provide each citizen with their medical needs.

Rights theory says to respect the entitlements we have. If a right is inalienable, it cannot truly be violated ethically even with our consent. We have basic needs. Rights are something beyond needs. They are what we should be authorized to have. We are due what we have a right to. That is not always the case with need. For example, we need food, but people often go hungry. A need refers to something we need physically to exist. A right is a moral entitlement to something. Asking if we have a right to food is a moral question. Needs are determined by the requirements of the body and of material existence. Rights are determined by moral reflection, inquiry, an argument We have a right to own property. We do not need it to live. We could imaginably be allowed to use another’s. We have a right to own a home. We can rent.

For the initial Caring about feminism essay post, respond to one of the following options, and label the beginning of your post indicating either Option 1 or Option 2:

Option 1: Assess the moral solutions arrived at through “care” (care-based ethics) and “rights” ethics to social issues of ethical import such as poverty, drug use, and/or lack of health care,

That is, note any ethical problems that arise related to those particular issues. Then, say how both care-based and rights theory of ethics would solve those problems.

Are those solutions correct? Why or why not?

What is your own approach there? Caring about feminism essay

Option 2: What moral guidelines should we use when it comes to recently introduced healthcare technologies of any kind (you will note and engage with your own examples) and social technologies of any kind (you will note and engage with your own examples)?

Involve care-based ethics in your answer

one source has to be from the book elements of moral philosophy Caring about feminism essay

Diabetes in the Latin Community and Self-Care PICOT

Diabetes in the Latinx Community and Self-Care

Diabetes is becoming one of the most significant health issues that affect a large population of the Latinx population within the United States, where the Latinx population has a higher incidence of Type 2 diabetes than any other population (Kopelowicz et al., 2022). As with any other chronic disease, it implies specific strategies in which patients can participate in disease management and self-care practices like taking medications, monitoring blood glucose levels, altering their lifestyle, etc. However, due to cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic factors, Latinx cannot practice these habits (Talavera et al., 2021). The purpose of this paper is to determine the outcomes of culturally appropriate DSME programs for Latinx adults diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, specifically glycemic control as well as self-care behaviors. The paper will describe the problem and its importance, formulate the PICO(T) question for the research, describe the search methods, and present the literature review of the highest level of evidence regarding the clinical question. Thus, in this paper, the author aims to study guidelines for implementing culturally sensitive DSME programs into routine care to improve diabetes-related outcomes in the Latinx population.

Emerging Background and Clinical Relevance of the Concern

Diabetes mellitus, especially Type 2 diabetes, is expected in the Latinx population and continues to rise in occurrence. The CDC reports that the Latinx population in the US is diagnosed with Diabetes 17% more often than non-Hispanic whites (Talavera et al., 2021). Further, one finds that Latinx adults are also about to be one in ten more affected by Diabetes; however, the overall figures could be much higher, and the more significant number of cases unidentified as they are endowed with Diabetes (Fallas et al., 2020). This raises its risk because of genetics, poor socioeconomic status, culture, and occasionally poor access to quality healthcare services. Thus, it is not very easy for healthcare providers to manage Diabetes appropriately in this group of people.

PLACE ORDER HERE

Education on self-management of Diabetes has been said to comprise the most valued aspect of diabetes management, which includes blood glucose monitoring, medication compliance, diet, and exercise. Latinx has been identified to be at the center of Diabetes, yet they struggle to manage the disease (Rosas, 2024). Such barriers are low levels of health literacy and cultural and language characteristics that may influence the comprehension of traditional diabetic management strategies (Fallas et al., 2020). For instance, the dietary code of conduct that does not incorporate ethnic foods may likely result in non-compliance. In addition, due to cultural endowment, many Latinx patients may have some incline towards the use of home remedies rather than the use of drugs that are prescribed to them to manage their Diabetes, thus worsening their poor diabetes control.

Some of the dangers that result from poor self-management of Diabetes include cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, renal failure, and retinopathy. Latinx holders are at a higher risk for such complications since diagnosis and glycemic control are usually delayed in this group, thus worsening the diseases (kopelowicz et al., 2022). Furthermore, it is worth stating that the gaps in access to healthcare services and their outcomes still amplify the gaps within this community in managing Diabetes.

In light of these challenges, responding to them from a clinician’s standpoint is critical. Primary care providers such as nurse practitioners in touch with clients with chronic diseases, including Diabetes, are always involved in educating them on managing their illnesses. Therefore, there is a requirement for culturally appropriate interventions to help Latinx patients be able to adhere to recommended self-care practices that are within their context (Fallas et al., 2020). Based on the data, culturally appropriate DSME with family participation, translated materials, and local dietetics can enhance compliance and glycemia.

Today, various clinical reference manuals released worldwide also stress the value and necessity of DSME to handle the condition successfully. Hence, there is a call for understanding the culture, social, and environmental settings to develop a triggering nursing care plan. If nurse practitioners managing Latinx individuals are to close the gap in Diabetes research studies, they should incorporate DSME into their practice (Ehrhardt et al., 2023). Thus, this paper’s literature review reveals a need to address the problem of diabetes management in the Latinx community in more culturally and structurally sensitive ways. Since Diabetes is widespread and its comorbidities are severe, it is essential to focus on this problem to improve patients’ quality of life and decrease inequalities in health care (Martinez et al., 2024). By integrating culturally appropriate DSME programs, nurse practitioners are poised to influence changed self-care patterns besides the quality of health among Latinx with Type 2 diabetes.

Clinical Question Identified

This evidence-based research’s clinical question concerns enhancing the management of Diabetes among Latinx people. To achieve a clear and concise research question, the PICO(T) framework is applied, which will be the foundation of further work and clinical practice.

PICO(T) Question:

In Latinx adults with Type 2 diabetes (P), does culturally tailored DSME (I) increase glycemic control and self-care behaviors when compared with standard diabetes education (C) (O) in six months (T)?

PICO Elements Defined:

Population (P):

The target is the Latinx adults diagnosed with type-2 Diabetes. This group is also most vulnerable to complications of Diabetes due to cultural, socioeconomic, and other factors that hamper their access to quality health care. Thus, by choosing this target population, the study elaborates on the challenges this group of patients has to deal with to maintain their condition under control.

Intervention (I):

Therefore, the intervention under intervention is culturally appropriate diabetes self-management education (DSME) programs. These culturally sensitive programs involve culturally appropriate language, family participation, and culturally suitable nutrition counseling to boost patients’ attendance and self-treatment compliance.

Comparison (C):

The control group will undergo the usual Diabetes self-management education and interventions, which will not address the cultural characteristics of the Latinx population. This standard approach usually comprises general directions to manage Diabetes apart from language and culture options.

Outcome (O):

The coursework also outlines the following parameters in listing measurable interventions: the difference in glycemic control, as indicated in the HbA1c levels, and the quality of self-management, including medication and diet compliance, exercise, and monitoring of the patient’s glucose levels.

Time (T):

The intervention’s effectiveness is measured over six months, as given above. This time provides an adequate window during which one can also notice improvements in glycemic control and self-management practices.

This PICO(T) question will help steer the research and determine the best approaches to managing the condition in the Latinx community. Nurse practitioners can help this high-risk population attain the best health status possible through evidence-based interventions.

Theoretical Model/Conceptual Framework

In this case, CCM will be employed as the theoretical framework for the given project. The CCM is a highly utilized model that can enhance the outcome of the care of patients with chronic diseases and make the process more patient-engaged. They include continuing and integrated health care services, self-management, other health resources, and evidence-based programs and policies to improve the health of patients with chronic diseases such as Diabetes.

 An Explanation of the Chronic Care Model

The CCM consists of six core components that work together to improve the care of patients with chronic diseases: The CCM consists of six core components that work together to improve the care of patients with chronic diseases:

1.Health System: The model also calls for leadership engagement to support and coordinate high-quality chronic care. Health systems need to promote a culture of quality improvement and address chronic disease initiatives.

Delivery System Design: This component focuses on the engagement of the care team, active patient management, and the integration of processes of many healthcare workers to offer a continuous and diverse approach to the patient.

Decision Support: Decision support is based on evidence-based guidelines, meaning medical decision-making is built on current research and protocols to avoid resistance to change. This aids in incorporating background evidence in practice, culminating in positive patient results.

Clinical Information Systems: The goals and objectives of clinical information systems, like the EHR, guarantee that the provider has a recent and reliable patient record. This leads to enhanced patient records for monitoring, follow-up, and assessing results.

Self-Management Support: The CCM attaches considerable importance to patient education and patient-centeredness. It opens up stakeholders’ engagement with patients, especially healthcare providers, who empower patients with knowledge to manage their conditions.

Community Resources and Policies: Engaging patients with community activities can help them get related services in the future apart from health issues like exercise programs, nutrition, and support groups.

It is also important to note the utilization of the Chronic Care Model in the project.

As the over-arching theoretical framework on chronic illness management in primary care, the Chronic Care Model supports this project’s goal of increasing diabetes self-management among Latinx people through culturally responsive interventions. The components of self-management support, evidence-based decision, and the team-based approach are embedded in this model that, in turn, addresses the issues of glycemic control and self-care activities, which the project is concerned with.

Health System: Within this project, healthcare leaders and providers must address culturally sensitive DSME for Latinx people with T2DM. These programs need to be incorporated into everyday clinical practice, and therefore, there has to be support with institutional enforcement.

Delivery System Design: The project will include nurse practitioners, dietitians, CHWs, and culturally competent diabetes educators. This teamwork approach means that all aspects of patient care, from medication to diabetes care to diet, are covered based on the patients’ cultural backgrounds.

Decision Support: Culturally appropriate DSME programs will be employed, following research-based procedures geared towards the Latinx population as recommended for the disease. The providers will use the ADA and other research-based interventions to treat clients culturally and clinically competently.

Clinical Information Systems: EHRs will be employed to record the patient’s progress, changes in HbA1c, and self-care behaviors. This system will be constantly monitored, and the care plans can be changed based on observed changes.

Self-Management Support: To build upon the success of the previous wart, central to this project will be the notion of Shared Self-Management; indeed, the program will focus on helping Latinx patients manage their Diabetes. Thus, with culturally appropriate DSME, patients will have more capabilities, thus enhancing their understanding of their disease status, decision-making, and subsequent positive health behaviors.

Community Resources and Policies: Agencies will collaborate with Latinx organizations to provide services based on their needs, such as nutrition programs, diabetes support groups, and Latinx exercise programs. Diabetes in the Latin Community and Self-Care PICOT

It is appropriate to conclude that the Chronic Care Model can be applied as a useful reference model for implementing this project. It allows the patient to receive an intervention that is patient-oriented, team-facilitated, and built on evidence-based practice, resulting in better results among Latinx adults with type 2 diabetes.

Review of the Literature

 Search Strategy and Method

This systematic review aimed to identify cultural interventions for improved diabetes self-management among Latinx adults; therefore, electronic databases were searched for relevant publications. This was done in several databases, and a strict literature review method was employed to ensure that only relevant and scientific-based research was used in the review process.

Search Words and Terms

More specifically, the search embraced keywords and key phrases such as Diabetes, self-management, Latinos, and culturally relevant interventions. The specific terms included:

“Type 2 diabetes”

“Latinx” OR “Hispanic”

“Self-management”

“Culturally tailored interventions”

“Diabetes education”

“Glycemic control”

“Health disparities”

“Patient outcomes”

These search terms were then connected using Boolean operators (AND, OR) to make the search more specific. The study examined diabetes care in regard to culture and the Latinx population.

Databases Used

The following databases were accessed to ensure a comprehensive literature search: The following databases were accessed to ensure a comprehensive literature search:

PubMed: Staring with the search, 135 articles were found, of which 25 were included based on title and abstract review.

CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature): This rationale was used to search for articles, and 84 articles were found, out of which only 18 met the criteria for inclusion in the study.

Cochrane Library: Overall, the study identified 42 systematic reviews, of which ten were most relevant to the developed PICO(T) question.

PsycINFO: A total of 47 articles were identified, of which 12 were reviewed. They focused explicitly on the psychosocial aspects of Diabetes in the Latinx population.

Google Scholar: This search seems to have included 130 articles, but only 15 articles met the inclusion criteria after refining the results based on relevance and research quality.

 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria for selecting articles The inclusion criteria for selecting articles were:

Published in the last five years, from 2019 to 2024

Peer-reviewed research articles

Research on Latinxs diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in adulthood

Reviews on the impact of culturally appropriate diabetes self-management education intervention programs

Research paper’s description of clinical parameters, including HbA1c levels, self-care practices, or QoL.

Diabetes in the Latin Community and Self-Care
PICOT

The exclusion criteria were:

As mentioned, the articles must be from professional journals and not be in English.

Anyone vulnerable in the general population or Focus: children or Type 1 diabetes

Researched investigations that involve animals and other non-human beings

Articles or posts that were not scientific research papers, such as reviews, commentary, or editorials.

Those that were conducted more than five years ago; another factor was if the studies were conducted on gestational Diabetes since they are irrelevant to the research question

The search results will include abstracts of the journal, issues relating to the journal in case of any, and the article selection.

Search Results

First, 506 relevant articles were found by applying the initial keywords, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 80 articles were crossed for further evaluation. Studies included in each article were reviewed based on clinical questions and the strength of evidence and focused on culturally sensitive diabetes interventions in the Latinx population only. The final selection included:

5 Randomized Controlled Trial (RCTs)

3 Cohort Studies

2 Qualitative Studies

1 Systematic Review

Summary of Search Strategy

The final pool of studies comprises a diverse set of research methodologies, all of which help answer the clinical question of culturally tailored DSME programs’ effectiveness in enhancing glycemic control and self-care practices in Latinx adult T2DM patients. The search strategy aimed at including only the best quality evidence that would contribute towards developing the best clinical practice for culturally sensitive diabetes care by nurse practitioners.

References

Ehrhardt, N., Cedeno, B., Montour, L. T., Sinclair, K., Ferguson, G., Berberian, P., Comstock, B. A., & Wright, L. (2023). Effectiveness of a culturally tailored diabetes education curriculum with real-time continuous glucose monitoring in a Latinx population with type 2 diabetes: The CUT-DM with CGM for Latinx randomized controlled trial study protocol.
BMJ Open
,
13
(12), e082005–e082005.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082005

Fallas, C. R., Pereira, K., Padilla, B. I., Felsman, I., Allen, S., & Preik, C. (2020). Improving self-care management in low-income Latinos with type 2 diabetes using peer-led U.S. conversation maps: A quality improvement project in a free clinic.
Clinical Diabetes
,
38
(3), 213–221.
https://doi.org/10.2337/cd19-0052

kopelowicz, alex, Nandy, K., Ruiz, M. E., Polzin, R., Kurator, K., & wali, soma. (2022). Improving self-management of Type 2 diabetes in Latinx patients: Protocol for a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial using community health workers, registered nurses, and family members (Preprint).
JMIR Research Protocols
.
https://doi.org/10.2196/44793

Martinez, S., Nouryan, C. N., Williams, M. S., Patel, V. H., Barbero, P., Valeria Correa Gomez, Marino, J., Goris, N., Cigaran, E., Granville, D., Murray, L. F., Harris, Y. T., Myers, A., Guzman, J., Makaryus, A. N., McFarlane, S. I., Zeltser, R., Pena, M., Sison, C., & Lesser, M. L. (2024). Ensuring fidelity: key elements to consider in disseminating a diabetes telemanagement program for underserved Hispanic/Latinos living with type 2 diabetes.
Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare
,
5
.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2024.1328993

Rosas. (2024). Randomized trial of an integrated care intervention among Latino adults: Sustained effects on diabetes management.
Translational Behavioral Medicine
,
14
(5).
https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibae001

Talavera, G. A., Castañeda, S. F., Mendoza, P. M., Lopez-Gurrola, M., Roesch, S., Pichardo, M. S., Garcia, M. L., Muñoz, F., & Gallo, L. C. (2021). Latinos understanding the need for adherence in diabetes (LUNA-D): A randomized controlled trial of an integrated team-based care intervention among Latinos with diabetes.
Translational Behavioral Medicine
,
11
(9), 1665–1675.
https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibab052
  Diabetes in the Latin Community and Self-Care PICOT

 

 

Appendix

Review of Literature Table

Summary of Primary Sources of Evidence

Citation of Evidence

Study Question or Hypothesis

Study Design

Sample/Setting

Independent and Dependent Variables & Tools Used

Data Collection & Analysis

Findings

Recommendation/

Implications

Level of

Evidence

Ehrhardt, N., Cedeno, B., Montour, L. T., Sinclair, K., Ferguson, G., Berberian, P., Comstock, B. A., & Wright, L. (2023). Effectiveness of a culturally tailored diabetes education curriculum with real-time continuous glucose monitoring in a Latinx population with type 2 diabetes: The CUT-DM with CGM for Latinx randomized controlled trial study protocol.
BMJ Open
,
13
(12), e082005–e082005.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082005

Diabetes in the Latin Community and Self-Care PICOT

Does real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) improve glycemic control and promote behavioral change in Latinx patients with type 2 diabetes compared to standard DSMES with blinded CGM?

 

Randomized controlled research design.

Researchers sampled 100 Latinx participants with T2D, based in a large federally funded healthcare system in Seattle, Washington.

Independent Variables:
DSMES with real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) vs DSMES with blinded CGM.
Dependent Variables:
Glycemic control is measured by A1c, CGM metrics (e.g., mean glucose, time in range), and behavioral outcomes (lifestyle changes, medication adherence).
Tools:
Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) measurements, CGM devices (Dexcom G6), DSMES curriculum delivered via telemedicine.

 

Data collected at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks were analyzed using a random-intercept random-slope linear mixed-effects regression model.

Anticipated reduction in A1c by 0.4% or more in RT-CGM group; secondary outcomes include behavior changes in household members. Thus, the research demonstrates the impact of diabetes management education on enhancing the quality of life of persons from the minority groups Diabetes in the Latin Community and Self-Care PICOT

DSMES curriculum with RT-CGM improves glycemic control; ripple effect may influence household members’ behaviors. Implementing individualized and culturally competent education promotes adequate and effective skills for diabetes self-care.

Level II (Randomized Controlled Trial)

 

Fallas, C. R., Pereira, K., Padilla, B. I., Felsman, I., Allen, S., & Preik, C. (2020). Improving self-care management in low-income Latinos with type 2 diabetes using peer-led U.S. conversation maps: A quality improvement project in a free clinic.
Clinical Diabetes
,
38
(3), 213–221.
https://doi.org/10.2337/cd19-0052

Does a peer-led, culturally sensitive DSME program using U.S. Conversation Maps improve self-efficacy, reduce diabetes distress (DD), and improve glycemic control in low-income Latinos with type 2 diabetes?

Quality improvement (QI) project with pre-/post-test intervention design.

The research sampled 38 Latino participants with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (A1C > 7%), attending a community clinic in Charlotte, NC.

Independent Variables:
Peer-led DSME with U.S. Conversation Maps.
Dependent Variables:
Self-efficacy (LSESLD), diabetes distress (DDS-17), and A1C levels.

Tools:
LSESLD scale for self-efficacy, DDS-17 for diabetes distress, A1C measurements.

Pre- and post-intervention data collected over 6 months. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests and repeated measures ANCOVA to adjust for confounders (e.g., depression).

Self-efficacy significantly improved (P < 0.001). DD significantly reduced, and A1C levels improved from 9.51% to 8.79% (P = 0.043). Peer-led, culturally tailored DSME programs can effectively improve self-efficacy and glycemic control in low-income Latino populations. Recommended for implementation in community clinics to reduce barriers to care. Level III (Non-randomized study – quality improvement design) Kopelowicz, alex, Nandy, K., Ruiz, M. E., Polzin, R., Kurator, K., & wali, soma. (2022). Improving self-management of Type 2 diabetes in Latinx patients: Protocol for a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial using community health workers, registered nurses, and family members (Preprint). JMIR Research Protocols . https://doi.org/10.2196/44793 Does the use of community health workers (promotors) or nurses in delivering diabetes self-management education (DSME) improve self-management behaviours in Latinx patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) when compared to a family-centred multifamily group (MFG) approach? Sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART)   This article included 330 Latinx patients with T2DM, recruited from Olive View-UCLA Medical Center outpatient clinics, Los Angeles, CA. Independent Variables: DSME delivered by community health workers or nurses. Dependent Variables: Self-management behaviors (assessed by SDSCA), diabetes self-efficacy, HbA1c levels. Tools: SDSCA, Stanford Self-Efficacy Scale, HbA1c test (A1C NOW kit), family support measure.   Data collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) to account for repeated measures and covariates Diabetes in the Latin Community and Self-Care PICOT Early results indicate that DSME programs improve self-management behaviors in Latinx patients with T2DM, and family involvement is critical for sustained behavior change. The MFG approach may offer additional benefits for patients who do not respond to initial interventions. DSME delivered by community health workers or nurses shows efficacy in Latinx patients, but the involvement of family and tailored MFG strategies may optimize outcomes. Further studies are needed to explore long-term impacts.   Level II (Randomized trial with repeated interventions)   Martinez, S., Nouryan, C. N., Williams, M. S., Patel, V. H., Barbero, P., Valeria Correa Gomez, Marino, J., Goris, N., Cigaran, E., Granville, D., Murray, L. F., Harris, Y. T., Myers, A., Guzman, J., Makaryus, A. N., McFarlane, S. I., Zeltser, R., Pena, M., Sison, C., & Lesser, M. L. (2024). Ensuring fidelity: key elements to consider in disseminating a diabetes telemanagement program for underserved Hispanic/Latinos living with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare , 5 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2024.1328993 Does a diabetes telemanagement (DTM) program improve glycemic control and self-management among underserved Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes compared to standard comprehensive outpatient management (COM)? Randomized controlled trial (RCT)   This research involved 240 Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes aged 18+, recruited from nine community clinics. Participants were randomized to COM or DTM. Independent Variables: Diabetes telemanagement program (DTM) vs comprehensive outpatient management (COM). Dependent Variables: Glycemic control (HbA1c), blood pressure, self-management behaviors, medication adherence. Tools: Tablets, blood glucose meters, blood pressure monitors, and educational videos (culturally tailored). Data collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Analysis used mixed linear models to assess differences in HbA1c and self-management behaviors. Patients in the DTM group showed improved glycemic control (reduction in HbA1c) and better self-management behaviors compared to the COM group. The use of culturally relevant telemanagement tools played a key role in patient adherence. The DTM program is effective for improving glycemic control and self-management in Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes. Incorporating culturally relevant materials and ensuring patient engagement through technology is essential for replication. Level II (Randomized controlled trial)   Rosas. (2024). Randomized trial of an integrated care intervention among Latino adults: Sustained effects on diabetes management. Translational Behavioral Medicine , 14 (5). https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibae001   Does an integrated care intervention (ICI) improve and sustain glycemic management and psychological well-being (anxiety and depression) in Latino adults with type 2 diabetes, compared to usual care, over a 12-month period? Randomized controlled trial (RCT)   The research recruited and included 456 Latino adults with type 2 diabetes, mean age 55.7 years, 63.7% female, conducted between 2015 and 2019.. Independent Variables: Integrated care intervention (ICI) vs usual care. Dependent Variables: Glycemic control (HbA1c), anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms. Tools: HbA1c measurements, psychological assessments (anxiety and depression scales). Data collected at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Analyzed using multilevel models and instantaneous rate of change analysis. ICI group showed significant improvements in HbA1c and anxiety symptoms at 3 and 6 months, which were largely maintained at 9 and 12 months. Depression symptoms did not show significant changes. Usual care group showed minimal changes in anxiety and no significant changes in HbA1c. Culturally adapted integrated care, including medical and behavioral health services, can produce and maintain improvements in clinical and psychological outcomes among Latino adults with type 2 diabetes. Implementation of such models should be considered in healthcare settings for underserved populations. Level II (Randomized controlled trial)   Talavera, G. A., Castañeda, S. F., Mendoza, P. M., Lopez-Gurrola, M., Roesch, S., Pichardo, M. S., Garcia, M. L., Muñoz, F., & Gallo, L. C. (2021). Latinos understanding the need for adherence in diabetes (LUNA-D): A randomized controlled trial of an integrated team-based care intervention among Latinos with diabetes. Translational Behavioral Medicine , 11 (9), 1665–1675. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibab052   Does the LUNA-D integrated care model improve diabetes clinical control (HbA1c, blood pressure, and lipid levels) among Latinos with type 2 diabetes in a Federally Qualified Community Health Center? Randomized controlled trial (RCT) – parallel groups   The research team recruited 456 Latino adults aged 23–80 years with type 2 diabetes, recruited from a Federally Qualified Community Health Center in San Diego, CA.   Independent Variables: LUNA-D integrated care intervention (team-based, culturally appropriate). Dependent Variables: Glycemic control (HbA1c), blood pressure, lipid levels. Tools: HbA1c, blood pressure measurements, lipid profile analysis, diabetes self-management education. Data collected at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Multilevel models were used to analyze changes over time in HbA1c and secondary outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted. The LUNA-D intervention significantly improved HbA1c (ΔHbA1c = -0.35, p < 0.01) compared to usual care. Significant improvements were also observed in diastolic blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Integrated care models like LUNA-D, which include medical and behavioral health components, can improve clinical outcomes in underserved Latino populations with diabetes. Policymakers and healthcare organizations should promote the adoption of such models in Federally Qualified Community Health Centers. Level II (Randomized controlled trial) Diabetes in the Latin Community and Self-Care PICOT

Kant’s Ethics Essay

Kant’s famous First Formulation of the Categorical Imperative reads, “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” Kant taught morality as a matter of following maxims of living that reflect absolute laws. “Universal” is a term that allows for no exceptions, and what is universal applies always and everywhere. Don’t forget about the second formulation of the categorical imperative which states, “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means.” It is just as important.

For the initial post, elaborate in detail the ethical positions arrived at by applying the Kantian categorical imperative to an issue that is the subject of some debate in our society. (Examples might include animal rights, stem cell research, abortion, the death penalty, and so forth.) Then, evaluate these Kantian positions, discussing whether they are convincing, logical, correct or consistent.

Kant’s Ethics Essay

Kant’s Ethics and Our Duty

Kantian categorical imperative observes that an individual should show respect to humanity by acting with regard to set laws and standards that hold everyone together. Kant believed that humans are supposed to act rationally and abide by truth in respecting universal laws. For instance, according to the universally accepted laws a shopkeeper who wants to thrive in the business arena must practice honesty (Rachels, 2022). In this case, honesty is the universally accepted categorical imperative for all persons doing business.

Additionally, by exploring the theory of punishment as developed by Kant, it expresses that every wrongdoer should be given a punishment similar to the crime committed. This means that a person that commits the crime of killing another person also deserves the death penalty as an equal punishment (Rachels, 2022). This is in support of the retribution laws that ensure individuals are given a reward for the good things done and also punishment for the evils committed. Consequently, according to the Kantian categorical imperative, it means that the universally accepted idea is that when a person does something good they are rewarded with similar good deeds. In addition, when they do evil then this also will be returned by performing the same evil deeds. Through the lens of Kant’s theories such responses to crime and a person committing a crime are warranted and help in a huge way to build a perfect society (Namgung, 2022).

However, there are some issues that are evident with Kent’s theory and which might be a challenge to universal applications. For instance, what similar punishment can a person who commits an abortion be given? Such areas demonstrate the gray areas in the application of Kantian theory that may make it impossible to apply in all aspects of society.

 
References

Namgung, H. (2022). Designing a Method of Moral Education Based on an Integrated Approach to Moral Judgment. SAGE Open, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079909

Rachels J, Rachels S. (2022). The Elements of Moral Philosophy (10th Edition), McGraw Hill

Role of the APN in federal strategic planning for health information technology.

A 2-3-page paper

The purposes of this Role of the APN in federal strategic planning for health information technology assignment are to understand the role of the APN in federal strategic planning and to identify actions the APN can take to attain plan goals within an individual practice.

View the video:The Federal Health IT Strategic Plan (2020-2025) Links to an external site.

Review this infographic on the four goals for the 5-year period from the federal strategic plan.

Strategic Plan Framework Infographic

Compose a 2-3 page paper to answer the following questions:

What specific actions can you take as an APN to assist in attaining two or more of the four goals in the plan?

What aspects of health information technology will assist you, or will be an obstacle, in your endeavors?

What changes are required in the four domains of nursing practice to accomplish these two goals? The four domains of nursing practice in the CARE model: Federal Health IT Strategic Plan_2020_2025compressed.pdf Role of the APN in federal strategic planning for health information technology.

model: Federal Health IT Strategic Plan_2020_2025compressed.pdf Download Federal Health IT Strategic Plan_2020_2025compressed.pdf Clinical, Administration, Research, and Education (of nurses).

 

The Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse in Federal Strategic Planning for Health Information Technology

Introduction

The Federal Health IT Strategic Plan (2020–2025), developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, outlines a comprehensive national framework for improving health outcomes through health information technology (IT). The plan lays stress on four primary objectives, including health and wellness promotion, improvement of care efforts and experience, development of a safe data-driven environment positioned to sustain research and innovation and the integration of health care by interoperable systems (Everson et al., 2024).

The Future of Advance Practice Nursing The uniquely placed role of Advance Practice Nurses (APNs) is to sustain and adopt these goals with clinical expertise, the ability to lead, and the prospect of evidence-based practice. This paper will examine some of the steps that APNs can take towards the fulfillment of two of the plan goals in addition to examining how health IT may act both as a facilitator and an obstacle as well as how the four domains of nursing practice.

ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN PAPER NOW

Supporting Goal 1: Promoting Health and Wellness

As an APN, one of the most direct ways to support this goal is by empowering patients to engage with their health data. This is Case in line with Objective 1A of the strategic plan to enhance availability of health information by individuals. Practically, I will be able to advise patients on patient portals, mobile health, and wearable applications, which allow monitoring chronic illnesses, e.g., diabetes and hypertension. As an illustration, patients can be taught in the methods of blood pressure trend interpretation through a portal, which raises their health literacy rates and input in care.

Another specific action is to advocate for the use of mobile applications that support behavioral health, such as mental wellness apps for anxiety or depression. By recommending digital tools that are HIPAA-compliant and evidence-based, APNs can promote wellness beyond the clinical setting.

Supporting Goal 2: Enhancing the Delivery and Experience of Care

To address Goal 2, I can implement telehealth and remote patient monitoring (RPM) services to provide accessible and high-quality care. These are the particularly useful tools in those populations that are underserved or patients who are immobile. As an example, RPM can be availed to patients with congestive heart failure to identify the exacerbation of the condition as early as possible, providing relevant interventions and preventing readmission to the healthcare unit.

As it was noted in the presentation by Tyler, the APNs should also consider the issue of telehealth equipment security and make sure that platforms employed are HIPAA-compliant alongside being not straining the budget of people working in the practice (Mitch., 2022). In this role, APNs act both as clinical leaders and decision makers of technology adoption, leaving the integration with care models seamless and safe.

Health IT as an Enabler and Barrier

Health IT can significantly enable APNs by providing real-time data, predictive analytics, and decision-support systems. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) increase continuity of care, limit the occurrence of errors related to medications, and improve the way interdisciplinary teams communicate with each other (Health IT., 2020). AI and machine learning might help APNs to diagnose complex situations and determine the outcome of patients.

However, health IT can also be a barrier. A major obstacle is interoperability—the lack of standardized communication across platforms. One of the greatest challenges to this would be interoperability, or standard lack of communication between platforms. This sets a constraint on the exchange of information among providers especially when it carries with it, the presence of multiple specialists or facilities. Besides, implementation of technology may raise the level of administrative work, causing clinician burnout unless the systems are user-friendly or supported by ample training Role of the APN in federal strategic planning for health information technology..

There is also a danger of cybersecurity risks. Tyler wrote that the proliferation of mobile health apps and connectivity of devices broadens the attack surface thus, increasing the attack surface vulnerability to cyberattacks, including ransomware (Health IT., 2020). APNs should remain alert in regard to the protection of data and security and encourage the state of robust encryption methods and secure logging in on all devices.

Required Changes Across the Four Domains of Nursing Practice

To support the implementation of the Federal Health IT Strategic Plan, coordinated changes are necessary in all four domains of the CARE model—Clinical, Administration, Research, and Education.

Clinical Domain

APNs are supposed to acquire evidence-based technologies in their clinical practice in order to assist their patients. This involves being educated on the manner of introducing decision-support, mobile health monitoring equipment as well as the telemedicine platform in everyday practice (Everson et al., 2024). The existing clinical workflows might have to be re-designed incorporating these tools in a manner that the face-to-face interaction is not neglected.

Administrative Domain

APNs performing leadership functions should provide promotional efforts concerning strategic investments in health IT infrastructure. This entails setting aside resources to train employees, revise cyber-protection techniques and choose interoperable tools. Moreover, APNs are able to participate in the creation of policies of the organizations in order to make the internal rules conform to the national standards outlined in the strategic plan.

Research Domain

APNs can use big data analytics in their research field to determine the trends in the health of the population and enhance care plans. It can be beneficial to contribute to clinical studies utilizing EHR data and machine learning models as a means of personally offering innovations in personalized care. APNs should also know how to use research instruments that rely on digital information to confirm the results and practice standards.

Education Domain

Nurse education should transform to continue such changes. The curriculum in nursing training ought to incorporate informatics, cybersecurity and data analytics. As a nurse educator, APNs have to prepare future nurses in knowing how to navigate through the digital systems with some sense of certainty and with some code of ethics. As part of a continue education process, APNs are expected to participate in professional development programs connected with studying of new health technologies and digital literacy

 
Conclusion

The Federal Health IT Strategic Plan (2020–2025) presents a bold vision for transforming health care delivery through digital innovation. As APNs, we play a critical role in making this vision a reality—empowering patients with data access, improving care through telehealth, and ensuring the safe and efficient use of technology (Mitch, 2022).

References

Everson, J., Chang, W., Patel, V., & Adler-Milstein, J. (2024). The state of health information organizations and plans to participate in the federal exchange framework. 
Health Affairs Scholar
, 
2
(8). 
https://doi.org/10.1093/haschl/qxae098

HealthIT.gov. (2020).
Federal Health IT Strategic Plan 2020–2025
. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/facas/2020-01-15_2020-2025_Federal_HealthIT_Strategic_Plan.pdf

Mitch I, I. (2022, July 25). 
Federal Health IT Strategic Plan (2020-2015) – Oral Presentation
 [Video]. YouTube. 

  Role of the APN in federal strategic planning for health information technology.

Moral Controversy on Abortion

Introduction

Abortion is a practice that has ignited a heated debate as various groups and individuals have different perspectives on the subject matter. The controversies surrounding abortion are because of the multitude of aspects from individuals including ethical, moral, religious, social, economic, medical, and legal perspectives (Niţă et al., 2020). From an ethical point of view, the issue of abortion is viewed on both sides between the woman’s right over her body and the child’s right to life. For religious individuals, abortion is unacceptable and is considered a homicide. From a socio-economic perspective, the decision to consider an abortion is guided by relations with family or financial frame.

In some countries, abortion is guided by certain regulations that establish conditions where abortion can be considered. Nevertheless, despite the aspect guiding an individual’s perspective on the matter, women undergo a notable moral dilemma regarding the issue of abortion as the decision takes into account harm to the child, the risk of complications, and the responsibility that comes with childbirth. This paper presents a dilemma situation experienced by a woman and applies different theories to establish the most ethical decision to the dilemma.

LET’S HELP WITH YOUR CLASS WORK 

 

Summary of the Dilemma

Amelia, a 29-year-old Hispanic woman recently discovered that she is pregnant. She is the eldest in a family of six and he helps in providing for her family. She is pursuing her degree in accounting and works part-time at a local bookstore. She is aware of the responsibility that comes with childbirth and does not think she is ready or has the financial capability to take care of the child. She is aware of her legal right to an abortion but faces challenges in accessing the service due to her racial background. On the other hand, she is a believer and is aware of the sanctity of life.  Amelia faces a dilemma as she navigates her autonomy, desires, the sanctity of life, and health disparities she may encounter when accessing safe abortion due to her minority status.

Key Terms Associated with the Dilemma

Health disparities; This is the difference in health outcomes of a particular group resulting from a social or economic disadvantage. Minority groups including blacks and Hispanics face health disparities in the United States. In this case, Amelia is facing an agonizing situation where in a situation where she may choose to terminate the pregnancy, she may not have access to legal services on the same.

Woman’s rights; this term is central to the controversy surrounding abortion. It illustrates the fundamental principle that women have the autonomy to decide on their reproductive health. In this case, Amelia is an ardent advocate for woman’s rights and believed that women should have control of their lives.

Sanctity of life; this term puts into consideration the value of human life. Rachels & Rachels (2023) state this is a Christian narrative where life is viewed as valuable and precious regardless of age, race, social As such, abortions are perceived as a lack of value for human life.

Analysis of the Controversy Surrounding the Dilemma

The controversy highlighted in Amelia’s case is that experienced by minority groups including blacks and Hispanic women. The dilemma highlights a multifaceted interplay between women’s autonomy, social inequities, and healthcare access. According to Keegan et al. (2023), structural inequalities result in the over-representation of ethnic populations, and as such, acute care surgeons may encounter increased cases of complications resulting from self-managed abortion from minority populations. In addition, the situation also illuminated a debate over how women especially from ethnic groups exercise their reproductive anatomy. Given that black and Hispanic women face health disparities when accessing abortion (Watson, 2022) and (Lanphier 2022) suggests that bioethicists and equity advocates should strengthen their advocacy for the increased access to medical care including reproductive health care for black, Hispanic, and poor women.

Ethical Egoist and Social Contract Approach to Abortion

In their book, Rachels & Rachels (2022) states, “Ethical Egoism claims that each person ought to pursue his or her own self-interest exclusively”. “Ethical Egoism makes a claim about morality, or

about how things should be” In the debate of the existing controversy on the issue of abortion, the decision to either support or oppose abortion must align with their desires and well-being. As such, an action that supports one interest is that which maximizes one benefit with minimal potential harm. For example, in a situation where one faces an unplanned pregnancy, one should access the potential consequence of continuing or terminating the pregnancy. One should consider their ambitions, long-term goals, financial status, and emotional well-being. After delving deeper, if one sees the pregnancy as a barrier to their ambitions, long-term goals, and emotional well-being, then the decision to arrive upon is terminating the pregnancy. On the other hand, if the pregnancy aligns with the self-interest of the party, then the ultimate decision would be to continue with the pregnancy. The decision to terminate the pregnancy is made without the worry of community moral judgment or pressure so long as it aligns with self-interest. While this may be the best decision from an ethical egoist, Rachels & Rachels (2022) claims “ethical Egoism fails as a moral theory” as it fails to recognize other people’s needs Moral Controversy on Abortion.

According to Rachels & Rachels (2022) “social contrast morality consists in the set of rules, governing behavior, that rational people will accept, on the condition that others accept them as well.” As such, when faced with controversy on a certain issue, one’s decision is guided by mutual consent and societal obligation dependent on the agreement. On the topic of abortion, the decision to support or oppose a pregnancy is guided by the widely held societal agreement. For example, in a state where abortion is allowed only when it puts the life of the mother at risk, then the moral obligation of a person who does not want the pregnancy is to continue with the pregnancy. Contrarily, if the pregnancy poses a threat to the mother’s life, as per the state agreement, then one can consider terminating the pregnancy. As such, this approach creates a debate on the dynamic interplay between the principle of autonomy and societal responsibility as one’s decision is guided by the social contract implicit agreement.

Professional Code of Ethics Relevant to Abortion

A relevant code of ethics that guides the topic of abortion is the American Medical Association of Medical Ethics. It provides a guideline on how to deal with issues related to abortion to physicians and medical professionals. According to Watson, K. (2018) professionals have a responsibility to support the patient’s autonomy over their reproductive health. The code emphasizes that physicians are also human beings guided by individual religious and moral beliefs that may at times conflict with that of the patient. The code guides physicians that they must not impose their personal beliefs on their patients. The code admits that law and ethics are intertwined but they do not always align. As such as stated American Medical Association (n.d) in some cases, the law may be ethically unacceptable and vice versa. Therefore, the AMA code of ethics aims to bring a balance between patient rights and as professionals uphold their duty to provide compassionate and comprehensive care.

Conflicts that Arise from the Topic of Abortion

The topic of abortion can create a conflict between professionals and familial duties and a conflict between self and community loyalty. The professional conflict that may arise is one when professional religious and moral beliefs are contrary to the patient’s autonomy to seek an abortion. Balancing their moral conviction and the responsibility to respect individual autonomy creates an inner conflict. Regarding familial conflict, a patient may be torn between following family beliefs and personal values concerning abortion. Loyalty between community and self may also create a conflict. This arises when one is faced with a dilemma to uphold their commitment to their interest or the collective interest of the community. These conflicts represent the complex interplay between personal values, professional duty, and societal demands.

Moral Thing the Person Facing the Dilemma Should Do

In this case, Amelia is faced with a dilemma as to whether or not she should keep her child. The moral thing to do in this case is to carefully analyze the situation while considering the value of autonomy, compassion, and justice. When considering the autonomy value, she has a right to make decisions about her reproductive body. She also should consider justice where she may not have access to safe abortion. Given all considerations, the most moral thing Amelia should do is continue with the pregnancy and later give up the baby for adoption.

Theories to Address the Dilemma

The Aristotle Golden Mean to dilemma states that one should seek a balance between two extreme decisions. In this case, Amelia should make a choice based on a balanced approach between women’s autonomy and long-term interest. Applying utilitarianism to the dilemma seeks to do good that is most beneficial to the involved parties. It takes into account assessing the available options such as financial constraints, social support, education, and work status. Natural Law ethics emphasizes the value of human life and protecting it at all costs. In Amelia’s case, the most ethical theory that could apply is the utilitarianism theory to the dilemma. Sheskin & Baumard (2016) claims the utilitarianism approach emphasizes minimizing risks and maximizing benefit thus focusing on the overall well-being of all parties involved. In this case, Amelia should consider the potential consequences on both herself and her child.

Aristotle’s Golden Rule and natural law ethics may not work as well for Amelia’s situation. For Aristotle’s Golden role, it emphasizes seeking a balance between two conflicting values. In this case, the nature of Amelia’s situation is complex as it involves her limited access to care and also her self-interest. The Natural law of ethics may also not well apply as it focuses on the value of life without considering other values such as women’s rights and the principle of compassion for the unborn child. Utilitarianism aligns with the moral decision I highlighted and should be considered by Amelia. For Utilitarianism, the decision Amelia should consider is the overall happiness and well-being of her and the unborn child.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the topic of abortion creates a profound dilemma as different individuals are guided by different personal, societal, and ethical principles. Amelia’s situation illustrates the conflicting values that bring about controversies on the topic. Addressing ethical dilemmas like those of abortion may involve the application of ethical theories to guide decision-making. Natural law ethics emphasizes value for human life, and utilitarianism theory emphasizes making a decision that maximizes benefit and minimizes harm to the parties involved. Aristotle’s Golden Mean focuses on creating a balance between conflicting values. Therefore, Amelia’s situation prompts her to apply the utilitarian approach to
solve the dilemma
.

References

American Medical Association. (n.d.). AMA Code of Medical Ethics. https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/sites/default/files/2023-08/4.2.7.pdf

Keegan, G., Francis, M., Chalmers, K., Hoofnagle, M., Noory, M., Essig, R., … & Chor, J. (2023). Trauma of abortion restrictions and forced pregnancy: urgent implications for acute care surgeons. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 8(1), e001067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2022-001067

Lanphier, E. (2022). Abortion and the Intersection of Ethics, Activism, and Politics. The American Journal of Bioethics, 22(8), 72-74.

Rachels , J., & Rachels, S. (2022). The Elements of Moral Philosophy (10th ed.) Moral Controversy on Abortion.

Sheskin, M., & Baumard, N. (2016). Switching away from utilitarianism: The limited role of utility calculations in moral judgment.
PLOS ONE
,
11
(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160084

Watson, K. (2018). Why we should stop using the term “elective abortion”. 
AMA journal of ethics
, 
20
(12), 1175-1180.

Watson, K. (2022). The ethics of access: Reframing the need for abortion care as a health disparity. The American Journal of Bioethics, 22(8), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2022.2075976

Moral Controversy on Abortion

For egoism, you do not show if abortion is in the interests of the self or not. Social contract is not about saying that if something causes mental suffering to someone else, it is wrong. Social contract is not about saying all life is valuable. You are providing text that needs quotation marks and has none. Return to the topic you chose in the week three assignment. Articulate a specific dilemma in a situation faced by a particular person based on that topic. The situation can be real or fictional.

Summarize the dilemma.

Define any needed key terms associated with the dilemma.

Analyze the conflicts or controversies involved in the dilemma.

Revise and rewrite based on any feedback you received in your previous draft (week three). Reference and discuss any professional code of ethics relevant to your topic such as the AMA code for doctors, the ANA code for nurses, etc. State whether and how your chosen topic involves any conflicts between professional and familial duties or conflicts between loyalty to self and loyalty to a community or nation.

What in your view is the most moral thing for that person to do in that dilemma? Why is that the most moral thing? Use moral values and logical reasoning to justify your answer

Next, apply the following:

Aristotle’s Golden Mean to the dilemma

Utilitarianism to the dilemma

Natural Law ethics to the dilemma

Which of those three theories works best ethically speaking? Why that one?

Why do the other two not work or not work as well?

Is it the same as what you said is the most moral thing earlier? Why or why not?

Use the 5 articles from your annotated bibliography to support your answers. (Additional academic scholarly research from the past 5 years can be included as well.)

Include a reference page at the end of your paper in APA format that includes your bibliography with the annotations removed and any other sources used in your final Moral Controversy on Abortion paper.

NURS-6053 Module 1: Discussion – Nurse burnout and staffing nurse shortages

Current Stressing Issues in the Healthcare Industry

The issue of nurse burnout and staffing nurse shortages is one of today’s most pressing national healthcare issues. Aging populations, the prevalence of chronic disease, and the lasting impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased the demand for nurses. However, with high workloads, emotional burnout, and a lack of organizational support, many nurses are leaving the profession (Chen et al., 2024). These issues can also result in lower patient satisfaction, higher rates of medical errors, and lower quality of healthcare overall. Furthermore, prolonged staff shortages also stress the remaining nurses more, amplifying burnout and exacerbating turnover (American Nurses Foundation, 2023). To address this, systemic changes in workforce management, mental health support, and policies regarding working conditions are required.

BUY ESSAY HERE

Impact on My Work Setting

Nurse burnout and staffing shortages have resulted in an increased workload and longer shifts, decreasing morale in my healthcare setting. The outcome is that nurses cannot provide the high-quality, patient-centered care expected from a professional healthcare environment. Higher nurse-to-patient ratios due to the shortage can also result in delays in care, medication errors, and an increased risk of adverse patient outcomes (Shah et al., 2021). Moreover, overworked nurses are more stressed out, making it difficult for them to engage with patients meaningfully, resulting in lower patient satisfaction and, by extension, health outcomes. This cycle underscores the importance of workforce interventions to forestall further deterioration in healthcare services.

Social Determinants Affecting This Issue

Social determinants of health (SDOH) largely influence nurse burnout and staffing shortages. Recruitment and retention are also affected by economic stability, as low wages and high student loan debts dissuade people from getting into or staying in the profession. The availability of qualified nurses is related to education and workforce training; some regions are constrained by the lack of adequate capacity in nursing schools, which results in critical shortages. Access and quality of healthcare are also impacted, with communities with fewer resources suffering more significant disparities where less healthcare is available due to the reduced availability of staff (Shah et al., 2021). These social determinants can be addressed, beginning with improved financial incentives, additional nursing education programs, and changes in workforce policy nurse burnout and staffing nurse shortages.

Organizational Response to Nurse Burnout

My healthcare organization has, therefore, tackled this challenge by introducing Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programs to assist nurses in dealing with workplace stress and enhancing their mental well-being. At the same time, flexible scheduling to better balance work and life is being introduced to reduce the risk of burnout. My organization has also invested in technology to decrease administrative burdens so nurses can spend more time on patient care (Tamata & Mohammadnezhad, 2022). Tuition reimbursement and sign-on bonuses are being offered as recruitment efforts have been expanded to attract and retain staff. While these measures are important, more systemic solutions like mandated nurse-to-patient ratios are necessary to ensure lasting improvements.

Potential Future Changes

In the future, my healthcare system could introduce further strategies to reduce the burnout rate and increase the staffing level. If advocated for by legislative means, safe staffing laws could lower workloads and improve the quality of care. Mental health support programs designed with healthcare work in mind could alleviate emotional exhaustion. The ease of the workload pressure on hospital bedside nurses may also increase through increased interdisciplinary collaboration by bringing more nurse practitioners and physician assistants into care teams (Chen et al., 2024). Finally, there could be promising avenues through the promotion of strong mentorship and retention programs for new nurses that could increase job satisfaction and long-term workforce stability. From a holistic viewpoint, my organization will address the ongoing healthcare crisis much better nurse burnout and staffing nurse shortages

 

References

American Nurses Foundation. (2023, November 7). 
The American Nurses Foundation says action is still needed to address serious nursing workforce challenges
. American Nurses Foundation. 
https://www.nursingworld.org/news/news-releases/2023/the-american-nurses-foundation-says-action-is-still-needed-to-address-serious-nursing-workforce-challenges/
Links to an external site.

Chen, G., Ogata, Y., & Sasaki, M. (2024). Factors associated with burnout among internationally educated nurses: A scoping review. 
International Nursing Review
, 
72
(1). 
https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.13073
Links to an external site.

Shah, M. K., Gandrakota, N., Cimiotti, J. P., Ghose, N., Moore, M., & Ali, M. K. (2021). Prevalence of and factors associated with nurse burnout in the US. 
JAMA Network Open
, 
4
(2), 1–11. 
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36469
Links to an external site.

Tamata, A. T., & Mohammadnezhad, M. (2022). A systematic review study on the factors affecting the shortage of nursing workforce in the hospitals. 
Nursing Open
, 
10
(3), 1247–1257. 
https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1434
 nurse burnout and staffing nurse shortages

Infection control and the use of medical tape PICOT essay

Please write a paper detailing how medical tape used in the operating room should be used for 1 patient then thrown out. This is versus using 1 roll of medical tape for multiple patients. We examined 7 rolls of tape from different operating rooms and all the tape came back showing germs under a blue light. Infection control practices prove this tape should be thrown out to keep infection rates down. Please use journal articles to prove points.

Infection control and the use of medical tape PICOT essay

Infection Control and Medical Tape Use in the Operating Room

A health care-associated infection (HAI) is a major healthcare system problem, of which various medical institutions in countries around the world are a part, and it plays a large role in mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs that patients face. Operating room (OR) environment, as carefully moderate and regulated as it is, does not exclude the dangers of pathogen transmission, specifically related to surgical site infections (SSIs). Of the numerous fomites that can carry microorganisms, medical tape, an ubiquitous consumable, has become a possible though not obvious vehicle of cross contamination. In this paper, I will be discussing the alarming aspect of medical tape contamination in the operating room by proposing a paradigm change in the use of multi-patient medical tapes to using single patient medical tapes. Based on the concept of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP), this dialogue will develop a PICOT question, explain the specified problem observed, organize the literature synthesis, and present the implications regarding the improved infection control.

PICOT Question

In hospitalized patients undergoing surgical procedures (P), does implementing a policy of single-patient use for medical tape rolls (I), compared to the current practice of using one medical tape roll for multiple patients (C), reduce the incidence of surgical site infections (O) during their hospital stay (T)?

Problem Description and Evidence-Based Practice Rationale

A high standard of aseptic practice with excellent infection control strategies is required in the operating room in order to protect patient outcomes. Although environmental cleaning and incorporation of sterile technique can be extremely rigorous, minute and important reservoirs of pathogens may remain and ideally add to the risk of HAIs. Another important, sometimes underestimated issue is associated with the risk of cross-contamination through shared medical supplies, namely, medical tape rolls. Seven observation rooms showed some worrying consistency: tape rolls of all those inspected, regardless of the look, presented evidence of there being microbial contamination when viewed in a blue light (which makes such contamination visible). This is an empirical evidence that practice(s) of re-using single roll of medical tapes across more than one patient have a risk of pathogen transfer in themselves.

 BUY PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

This is an indication that the existing infection prevention strategies have a gap that emphasizes the need of the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) approach. EBP is the use of the best available evidence in collaboration with clinical expertise and the values of the subjects to make clinical judgments to enhance the outcome of people. The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other national healthcare organizations have been repeatedly insisting on the prevention of HAIs, especially SSIs, that may cause extended hospital stays, enhanced antimicrobial resistance, and extreme financial burden (Klompas et al., 2021). As has been observed by Bernatchez and Schommer (2020), the absence of special recommendations on the medical tape use as a possible source of cross-contamination is currently a neglectful gap and immediately needs to be considered through the prism of EBP. A change in practice and probably evidence of contamination should be implemented and justified by the concepts of infection control to alleviate this unidentified danger Infection control and the use of medical tape PICOT essay.

Evidence from Literature

The issue of contamination by medical tape is not limited by the presented empirical data; it appears in peer-reviewed literature to a greater extent as well. In their review of the American Journal of Infection Control, Bernatchez and Schommer (2020) even distinguish that the medical tape, as well as many other products used in healthcare, is ubiquitous, and there is not yet guidance on its storage, use, or whether tape can be or should be cleaned and/or disinfected. In their own studies they are referring to various published studies and case reports of contamination incidents related to usage of medical tape and other adhesive devices. The reports show examples of cross-contamination that causes healthcare-related infections, in particular, the infections that caused patients harm and death (Bernatchez & Schommer, 2020). The authors urge specifically the introduction of national guidelines that will help to decrease the possibility of the cross-contamination that may occur in regards to the medical tape and claim that there has been an apparent gap in infection prevention that has to be filled.

Secondary research supports the possible use of tape as a fomite. Although it may be difficult to identify direct evidence that multi-patient tape rolls can be responsible to cause a certain SSI outbreak because SSIs are a multi-factorial problem, the general principles of microbiology and infection control lead to a strong argument in favor of the risk. It is known that microorganisms, even pathogenic bacteria can live on unliving surfaces over a long time (Kramer et al., 2021). When medical staff uses a roll of tape on one patient, puts it away and uses it again on a different patient it provides a direct route of indirect contact transmission. The adhesive quality of the tape itself has the potential of collecting contaminants in the environment or even patient flora and then transporting them to a succeeding patient or worse still directly to the hands of the medical professional. The transmissive process is already proven to be effective regarding other common non-essential objects in the clinical setting (Donskey, 2020). Hence, the visualization of germs under a blue-light is a visual equivalence to the presence of microorganisms, which is a physical risk that can be described with respect to the documented routes of HAIs transmission.

Proposed Intervention: Single-Patient Use for Medical Tape Rolls

The offered intervention implies the use of a stringent regulation of the single-patient use of operating room rolls of medical tape. In this policy, every person who is undergoing a surgical procedure would be issued with a special roll of medical tapes, which would remain unpeeled. Unused segment of this roll would also be discarded once the case of the patient is exhausted. This strategy directly interferes with the determined risk of cross-contamination since it prevents the existence of the common fomite Infection control and the use of medical tape PICOT essay.

Comparison: Current Multi-Patient Tape Use

The existing practice, that this proposal aims to eliminate, is related to the usage of the same roll of the medical tape by several patients. This implies that a tape roll which is used once and opened is stored and re-used again and again on different patients in the OR over the period of a day or even into another day. As this practice has turned out to be one of the culprits as indicated by the blue light test, there is a possibility of accruing microorganisms, and their transfer inter-patiently or inter-environment within a patient.

Outcome

The key outcome measure is reduction in the surgical site infection (SSI) frequency. The result can be evaluated by means of a well-developed surveillance, as well as post-discharge surveillance protocols. Infection control departments actively monitor SSI rates, which is accomplished with universally accepted definitions (e.g., those of CDC National Healthcare Safety Network [NHSN]). Decreased SSI rates after implementing the use of single-patient tapes would furnish strong support of the effectiveness of the intervention. Although the specific effects of tape cannot be separated, other infection control interventions need to be used in well-designed studies, the consistent trend of the increased reduction of SSI rates, especially without evident alternative causes, would help prove the effect of the intervention.

Conclusion

Microbial contamination of the medical tape rolls employed to tape across various patients in the operating room constitutes a realistic and avoidable threat to healthcare-related infections, especially those that can compromise surgical-site infections. Available literature, albeit suggesting greater details, allows assuming that both general principles are desirable, namely that universal items, shared by non-critical entities, may be vehicles of spreading pathogens. This risk can be directly addressed by a policy of single-patient use on medical tape rolls since a single-patient use policy will result in an Evidence-Based Practice approach working to reduce this risk. Such simple intervention, in comparison to the current practice of multi-patient use, will help to reduce the cases of SSIs dramatically and, therefore, will improve patient safety, enhance healthcare quality, and support the fundamental frameworks of the infection control in perioperative setting. The apparently modest modification in practice can be viewed as an important step to more resistant and holistic approach to preventing infections.

References

Bernatchez, S., & Schommer, K. (2020). Infection prevention practices and the use of medical tape.
American Journal of Infection Control, 49
(1), 1177-1182.

Donskey, C. J. (2020). The role of the inanimate environment in the transmission of
Clostridioides difficile
and other healthcare-associated pathogens.
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 41
(S1), S19-S24.

Klompas, M., Baker, D., & DeRycke, E. (2021). The epidemiology of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the United States.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72
(Supplement_2), S105-S113.

Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., & Kampf, G. (2021). How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review.
BMC Infectious Diseases, 21
(1), 1-10 Infection control and the use of medical tape PICOT essay

Six Domains Discussed by AHRQ Essay Example

Healthcare Quality and Safety

Introduction

Healthcare practice often ensures that patients receive good care through proper quality and safety. Healthcare quality and safety are primarily based on the six domains discussed by AHRQ. The six domains include safety, effectiveness, patient-centered care, timeliness, efficiency, and equities (Kuziemsky et al., 2024). The domain needs to ensure that healthcare services are enhanced through improved healthcare delivery Six Domains Discussed by AHRQ Essay Example.

y.

High-quality healthcare services aim to minimize healthcare delivery errors and negative impacts on patients. For example, EHRs promote medication safety by immediately providing alerts regarding drug interactions. The practical need for improving healthcare quality and safety aims to improve adherence to standards of practice using improved evidence-based practices on patient care (Karimi et al., 2024).

 BUY PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

Patient safety is improved through increased healthcare provider and patient partnership. This is always achieved through communication and decision-making with the patient. Employing patient-centered approaches ensures that the patient’s preferences and circumstances are considered to achieve adequate patient satisfaction and compliance during treatments (Karimi et al., 2024). Secondly, high-quality care services are achieved through efficient time usage in providing care. Besides improving patient satisfaction, efficient time management helps directly impact the patient’s health, which would otherwise take a long time to achieve. In addition, high-quality healthcare delivery can be achieved through proper management of resources. They prioritize care service delivery to help attain maximum care delivery through the excellent utilization of resources. Excellent allocation of resources ensures patients receive the same quality service with minimal costs (Vaismoradi et al., 2024).

Conclusion

My practice setting targets the six healthcare domains to improve healthcare services’ quality and safety undertakings by minimizing the gap between the institution and the recommended practices needed to serve patients efficiently and optimally.

 
Reference

Karimi-Dehkordi, M., Hanson, H. M., Kennedy, M., & Wagg, A. (2024, July). Mapping Quality Indicators to Assess Older Adult Health and Care in Community-, Continuing-, and Acute-Care Settings: A Systematic Review of Reviews and Guidelines. In 
Healthcare
 (Vol. 12, No. 14, p. 1397). MDPI.

Kuziemsky, C. E., Chrimes, D., Minshall, S., Mannerow, M., & Lau, F. (2024). AI Quality Standards in Health Care: Rapid Umbrella Review. 
Journal of Medical Internet Research
, 
26
, e54705.

Vaismoradi, M., Rae, J., Turunen, H., & Logan, P. A. (2024). Specialized nurses’ role in ensuring patient safety within telehealth in home care: A scoping review. 
Digital Health
, 
10
, 20552076241287272 Six Domains Discussed by AHRQ Essay Example

 

Instructions

It is anticipated that the initial discussion post should be in the range of 250-300 words. Response posts to peers have no minimum word requirement but must demonstrate topic knowledge and scholarly engagement with peers. Substantive content is imperative for all posts. All discussion prompt elements for the topic must be addressed. Please proofread your response carefully for grammar and spelling. Do not upload any attachments unless specified in the instructions. All posts should be supported by a minimum of one scholarly resource, ideally within the last 5 years. Journals and websites must be cited appropriately. Citations and references must adhere to APA format.

Classroom Participation

Students are expected to address the initial discussion question by Wednesday of each week. Participation in the discussion forum requires a minimum of three (3) substantive postings (this includes your initial post and posting to two peers) on three (3) different days. Substantive means that you add something new to the discussion supported with citation(s) and reference(s), you are not just agreeing. This is also a time to ask questions or offer information surrounding the topic addressed by your peers. Personal experience is appropriate for a substantive discussion, however should be correlated to the literature.

All discussion boards will be evaluated utilizing rubric criterion inclusive of content, analysis, collaboration, writing and APA. If you fail to post an initial discussion or initial discussion is late, you will not receive points for content and analysis, you may however post to your peers for partial credit following the guidelines above.

Initial Response

Instructions:

AHRQ speaks to the six domains of health care quality Links to an external site..

Review the website and discuss the quality and safety foci of your practice setting.

Your initial response is due by Wednesday at 11:59 pm CT.

Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) online example

Bipolar and Related Disorders

Week X

DSM
: Used for screening Bipolar Spectrum Disorder

 
Instrument:
Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ)

 
Article:
The Properties of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire

 
Appropriateness for Dx:
The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is an instrument developed by a team of researchers, psychiatrists, and consumer advocates to assist in accurate and timely screening and diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder. The tool comprises of questionnaires that provide great insights about the disorders diagnosis and require about five minutes to answer (Nerys, 2017). It screens Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Bipolar NOS disorders.

Response to Therapy/Treatment:
Although the tool has been widely used to diagnose Bipolar Disorders in both primary and other healthcare settings, it does not measure a patient’s response to therapy or treatment (Nerys, 2017).

 BUY PLAGIARISM-FREE WORK HERE

 
Psychometrics:
MDQ is a self-report inventory instrument with 15 items derived from both clinical experience and DSM-IV criteria. The bipolar presence is determined by a positive screening followed by a comprehensive medical evaluation for the disorder (MDQ,n.d.). In order to screen positively for the disorder, the patient is required to meet the following three criteria; he should answer a ‘YES’ to seven or more 13 items presented in question 1;  answer a ‘YES’ to question 2; and indicate a ‘SERIOUS’ or ‘MODERATE’ problem to question 3 (Nerys, 2017). Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) has been tested in clinical trials and rated as highly accurate, reliable, and valuable. It can screen 9 out of 10 individuals without bipolar disorder and identify about seven out of ten people with the condition (MDQ, n.d.).

 
Limitations:
MDQ is highly sensitive and can easily detect Bipolar I one compared to Bipolar II and Bipolar NOS disorders. Additionally, the tool uses a yes/no screening format that can detect the presence of the Bipolar symptoms and not their severity (Nerys, 2017).

 
References

Nerys Williams, The Properties of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, 
Occupational Medicine
, Volume 67, Issue 2, 1 March 2017, Pages 165–166, 
https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqw152

The Mood Disorder Questionnaire. (n.d.), https://www.sadag.org/images/pdf/mdq.pdf

 

Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) online example

Instructions

Choose one diagnosis from the Bipolar and Related Disorders group

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Scan pages 123 through 188

Overview 

As you will learn throughout the program, the diagnosis of a variety of psychiatric illnesses is not always an easy or straightforward process. Multiple observations and assessment methods are often employed to reach a diagnosis. This approach can include the use of standardized assessment instruments.  This then aids you in defining a treatment plan and choosing specific treatment plans to use in the care of your clients. 

You are tasked with identifying a standardized assessment instrument/tool to measure the disorders listed for each week. You will keep these instruments in the form of a “portfolio” that you can use in your clinical practice to assess clients who present with a variety of symptoms. 

Instructions: 

Instrument/ Tool criteria: 

For each assessment, you are tasked with selecting, you will identify an instrument and: 

List what DSM diagnosis the tool/instrument is used for.

Identify an assessment/diagnosis instrument.

Appraise a scholarly, peer-reviewed article that addresses the use of the instrument to support your choice as an evidence-based instrument for practice. 

Evaluate the instrument’s appropriateness for diagnosing the condition it is designed to assess or if the developers of the instrument reported that the instrument is only part of a comprehensive assessment for the disorder. 

Describe whether or not the instrument can be used to measure patient response to therapy/treatment or if it is strictly for assessment and diagnosis. 

Discuss the psychometrics/scoring of the instrument, including reliability and validity. 

Discuss any limitations associated with the use of the instrument.

Include a link to view the assessment if possible.

Use the following template in completing your portfolio assignments. Your information can be in bulleted format or just a couple of sentences for each criterion listed above. However, you must use APA citations.  You are NOT required to write this in a paper format.  Turn in one document for each week’s topics.  (However, create a file on your desktop to compile your portfolio as you move through the term.)  This will ensure you can have easy access to show the full portfolio and once you begin clinicals and practice. Throughout the program, you will continue to add to the portfolio in each course Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) online example

Mental Status Exam (MSE) Example

Each week you will be given a prompt to write a reflective journal assignment that will allow you to investigate areas for clinical preparation in psychiatric mental health. The reflective journal should be substantive, containing a minimum of 250 words. Supporting evidence for your thoughts and ideas should come from a minimum of one scholarly source. Sources should have in-text citations where appropriate and be referenced on a reference page according to APA 7th Edition standards.

Review the video showcasing the mental status exam:

Estimated Time to Complete: 6 minutes

Review the following resources for mental status exam:

PsychPage. (n.d.). How to conduct a mental status exam (Links to an external site.). http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/advpract/mse.htm

Mental Status Exam Handout

Give a brief summary of the components of the mental status exam. Why is this critical to the care of the mental health patient?

 

Mental Status Exam (MSE) Example

The mental status exam (MSE) is a structured tool to assess the patient’s behaviour and cognitive functioning. It is used to quantitatively and qualitatively describe a patient’s mental state and behaviours during a given period. This paper summarises the components of the mental status exam (Voss & Das,2021).The MSE is composed of the following components. Appearance is the first component of the exam, and its variables such as stated age, grooming and dressing mannerisms give the examiner an overall impression of the patient, thus enabling them to appreciate some syndromes promptly. Manner and Approach are other essential facets of the exam. Here the examiner examines the interpersonal characteristics and Approach to evaluation, such as submissiveness, friendliness or hostility of the patient. Moreover, the behavioural Approach such as depressive mood, agitation or exhibitionistic and the rate of speech of the patient, and his ability to make eye contact and recall is examined (Voss & Das,2021).The Orientation, Alertness, Thought Processes and Content of the patient are also assessed during the exam. In orientation, the patient is familiarization with self, place, and time presidents are considered. On the other hand, variables such as sleepiness, dullness, uninterest, and distractability are observed to appreciate the patient’s alertness. In the same domain, the examiner should also examine attention and concentration. For instance, the patient is asked to name the days of the week or months of the year in reverse order.. Thought process and Content assess the Judgment, Insight and Abstraction Skills of the patient. It also examines the logicality of thinking and the presence of aspects such as hallucinations and delusions (Voss & Das,2021).The mood and Affect component evaluate factors such as how patients often feel or in a given moment. It also unravels how easily they make rapport, facial and emotional expressions, and impulsivity and anxiety levels.Insight and judgement are also critical components of MSE.In evaluating the patient’s insight, the examiner assesses the degree to which the patient understands their illness and need for treatment. On the other hand, judgement assesses the patient’s ability to identify some actions’ consequences logically.According to Voss & Das (2021), the MSE tool is critical in treating mental health patients as it aids physicians in making psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, familiarity with the examination tenets helps healthcare professionals evaluate for and differentiate psychiatric disorders and guide appropriate diagnostic testing and referral to a psychiatrist or other mental health professional.           ReferencesVoss RM, M Das J. Mental Status Examination. 2021 Sep 16. In: Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. PMID: 31536288. Mental Status Exam (MSE) Example