B. First put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, and identify its mood and figure Then use the rules to determine whether it is valid or invalid. If it is invalid, state the rule that it violates.
1. It’s obvious that Tom has something to hide. He pled the Fifth Amendment in court last week; people with things to hide always plead the Fifth.
2. Protestant churches do not accept the authority of the pope. Since the United Church of Christ does not accept the pope’s authority, it must be a Protestant Church.
3. Some of the students in this class are freshmen, and of course no freshman will graduate this year. So, none of the students in this class will graduate this year.
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