[Solved] What are some of the racial and cultural dynamics that Alice may be experiencing in the group?

Assignment Prompt & Instructions

What are some of the racial and cultural dynamics that Alice may be experiencing in the group?

**files (5)**

– ## Chapter24Presentation.pdf

– ## Chapter18Presentation.pdf

– ## Chapter5Presentation.pdf

– Chapter16Presentation.pdf
– DISCUSSION.docx

**## Chapter24Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 2 4 : G R O U P D Y N A M I C S I N A
M U L T I C U L T U R A L W O R L D

B Y M A R Y B . M C R A E

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Twenty Four Objectives

Primary Objective

 To provide a conceptual framework for
understanding racial and cultural dynamics in
group and organizational life

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Groups are microcosms of the societies in
which they are formed

Many differences related to
Attitudes

Beliefs

Stereotypes

Hidden assumptions about others

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model

 Part of the Tavistock tradition of experiential
learning

 Theoretical Framework

 Based on
Psychoanalytic theory

Systems theory

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Psychoanalytic Theory

 Defense mechanisms helpful for understanding
the dynamic processes that occur
interpersonally, in groups, and in intergroup
relations

Splitting

Projection

Projective identification

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Systems and Context

 Systems exist in social, political, and economic
contexts that affect attitudes, beliefs,
perceptions, and values

 A group can be examined in terms of its overall
structure as well as its various levels of
functioning

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Overall structure of the group

 BART (boundaries, authority, role, and task)
Boundaries – psychological and physical spaces

Authority – the right to do work in the service of
the task

Role – the individual functions of members

Task – work that the group is supposed to be
doing

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Experiential Learning

 Deals with “knowledge of acquaintance”

Learning through interpersonal, group, and
intergroup behavior

The method values both emotion and intellect,
providing space for direct and honest feedback

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Racial and Cultural Group Dynamics

 Group dynamics are related to the stages of
groups’ development

 Bion (1961) identifies three basic assumptions
in groups
Basic assumption dependency

Basic assumption fight/flight

Basic assumption pairing

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Intergroup Dynamics

 Embedded intergroup relations theory

 Five characteristics can be observed in groups:
Group boundaries

Power differences

Affective patterns

Cognitive formations

Distortions

Leadership behavior
Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics

 The A. K. Rice Institute for the Study of Social
Systems (2003), competencies for leaders
working with groups

The capacity to maintain task and role
boundaries

The courage to speak what is felt to be
unspeakable

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

The ability to reflect on and express one’s
internal experience

An understanding of how elements of one’s own
identity and history affect one’s work

The ability to recognize that individuals “carry”
or express some aspect of the experience of the
group as a whole

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

An understanding that the exercise of leadership
and representation affects, and is affected by,
group and intergroup dynamic

An understanding of how group and
organizational dynamics are reflections of the
larger sociopolitical context

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

 Here-and-Now Experience of Differences

 “How could this discussion be brought to your
experience here, now, in this group?”

 Representation

 Some diversity in all groups

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conclusion

 The group relations model provides unique
opportunities for students to learn through
experience

 The model promotes learning through
interpersonal, group, and intergroup behavior

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Twenty Four Objectives
– Introduction
– The Group Relations Model
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– Racial and Cultural Group Dynamics
– Intergroup Dynamics
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Conclusion

**## Chapter18Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 1 8 : T H E E C O L O G Y O F
A C C U L T U R A T I O N : I M P L I C A T I O N S F O R

C O U N S E L I N G A C R O S S C U L T U R E S

B Y J A I M E E S T U A R T A N D C O L L E E N W A R D

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Eighteen Objectives

Primary Objective

 To provide a conceptual framework for
understanding the acculturation experience and
how it influences counseling

Secondary Objective

 To help students understand the various research
perspectives in the psychology of acculturation and
adaptation

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Acculturation

The changes that result from continuous
firsthand intercultural contact (Redfield, Linton,
& Herskovits, 1936)

A phenomenon that influences the lives of all
people

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (1)

 Changes at the group level

 The social structure of the group

 The group’s economic and value base

 Changes in the psychology of the individual

 Identity

 Values

 Behavior

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (2)

 Unidimensional models

 Cultural adaptation goes hand in hand with a loss of
attachment to one’s own ethnic and cultural ties

 Bidimensional model

 Two major choices: whether to have contact with
others outside one’s group, and whether to maintain
traditional culture

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (3)

 Choice places one in one acculturation category

 Assimilation
 Individuals place little value on maintaining their

cultural heritage and choose to take on parts of
the majority culture

 Separation
 Individuals place a high value on retaining their

culture while avoiding interaction with other
cultures

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (4)

Integration
Individuals retain their ethnic culture as well as

interact with and adopt elements of the
majority culture

Marginalization
Individuals neither maintain their ethnic

culture nor participate in or adopt elements of
the wider society

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (5/5)

 Acculturating groups can be distinguished on
three dimensions:

Mobility

Permanence

Voluntariness

 Adaptation outcomes
The psychological and behavioral changes that

take place in an individual or group

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (1)

 Bronfenbrenner’s (1994) ecological theory of
development

 Life-course development takes place across a variety
of contexts in which the individual is in constant
interaction with other individuals and groups

 Behavior occurs within a set of overlapping
ecological systems that all operate together, creating
a comprehensive set of influences on the individual

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (2)

 Contextual level

Where and under what conditions acculturation
is taking place

The multicultural context

Public and private domains

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (3)

 Relational level

Who is involved in the acculturation process

Takes place across a variety of social interaction
contexts

Family, community, peer group, workplace, and
educational settings

Social support

The family

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (4)

 Individual level

What characteristics of the individual affect the
management of cultural transitions

Personal background

Personality

 Identity

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Acculturation and the Counselor

 Counselors’ multicultural competencies

Culturally appropriate knowledge

Awareness

Skills

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Acculturation and the Counselor (cont.)

 Intercultural counseling approaches (Tatar,
1998)

Counselor as a “culturally encapsulated
assimilator”

Counselor as “self-facilitator”

Counselor as “specialist”

Counselor as “translator”

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conclusion

 Counselors are challenged to consider cross-
cultural contact and change from a broad
perspective and to acknowledge the
sociopolitical, community, institutional, and
relational influences on both client well- being
and the wider outcomes of the counseling
process.

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Eighteen Objectives
– Introduction
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (1)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (2)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (3)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (4)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (5/5)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (1)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (2)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (3)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (4)
– Acculturation and the Counselor
– Acculturation and the Counselor (cont.)
– Conclusion

**## Chapter5Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 5 : C O U N S E L I N G N O R T H A M E R I C A N
I N D I G E N O U S P E O P L E S

B Y J O H N G O N Z A L E Z & J O S E P H E . T R I M B L E

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Five Objectives

Primary Objective

 To describe the essential sociocultural factors that
lead to effective strategies for counseling with
American Indian clients

Secondary Objectives

 To describe effective counselor characteristics

 To present a framework designed to guide counselors
in making culturally resonant choices

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Mental health and wellness are integral parts of
the “good life” for indigenous peoples

 Healing ceremonies are performed to help
individuals maintain or achieve wellness

 Not all indigenous people choose not to seek
the services of traditional healers

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Overview: Providing Counseling to American
Indians and Alaska Natives

 Knowledge of nature and history of indigenous
communities is essential to counseling
effectiveness

 Barriers to working successfully with Natives

Counselor’s lack of basic knowledge about the
client’s ethnic and historical background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Overview: Providing Counseling to American
Indians and Alaska Natives (cont.)

 The client may

Be driven away by the counseling style

Sense that his or her worldview is not valued

Feel uncomfortable talking openly with a
stranger

Be apprehensive about the counselor’s ethnic
background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (1/3)

 As a consequence of European contact, many
indigenous communities continue to experience
various degrees of individual and community
trauma

 Historical loss include

Massacres, disease, forced relocations, forced
removal of children, loss of land, broken treaties,
unemployment, extreme poverty, and racism

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (2/3)

 Historical trauma contributes to

High levels of social and individual problems

Alcoholism, suicide, domestic violence, child
abuse, negative career ideation

Anxiety may be central to most mental health
and social problems

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (3/3)

 Counselors must

Acknowledge the legitimacy of Native ways of
knowing

Attempt to understand intergenerational and
cultural trauma

Acknowledge the influence of unresolved
historical grief

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(1/3)

 Counselors

Must examine their motives for wanting to work
in Indian and Native health settings

Must be self-aware of their biases

Must not make assumptions or rush into a
treatment plan before listening carefully to the
client

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(2/3)

 Counselors should consider

Their awareness of and sensitivity to Native
family structures

Clients’ language preferences

Cultural and community conflicts

Cultural factors that influence the counseling
relationship

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(3/3)

 Counselors must adjust their own values,
beliefs, and practices to accommodate
bicultural or cultural expectations

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

An Indian in the Room

 Indigenous persons differ from one another in
many ways

 To determine suitable counseling techniques,
counselors must account for

Degree of ethnic identity and acculturation

Residential situation

Tribal background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Worldviews and Values

 Collectivistic

Emphasize the group over the individual

Places importance on keeping harmony and
maintaining balance in their relationships

 Time orientation

Things will happen when they are supposed to
happen

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Counseling Approaches

 The directive counseling style seems to be more
effective

 Cognitive-behavioral approaches can be
effective with Native clients

 Consider using strategies and techniques that
resonate with Indian traditions

Humor, story telling, art

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Native Healing Approaches

 It is recommend that counselors establish
working relationships with traditional healers

 Support the viability of traditional healing as an
effective treatment system

 Actively refer clients to indigenous healers

 Actively work together with indigenous healers

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Summary

 Counselors need to be adaptive and flexible

 Counselor and client should discuss racial and
cultural differences early

 How the counselor conducts him or herself in
the community is critical

 Culture and context are important

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– �Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Five Objectives
– Introduction
– Overview: Providing Counseling to American Indians and Alaska Natives
– Overview: Providing Counseling to American Indians and Alaska Natives (cont.)
– Historical Loss and Grief (1/3)
– Historical Loss and Grief (2/3)
– Historical Loss and Grief (3/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (1/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (2/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (3/3)
– An Indian in the Room
– Worldviews and Values
– Counseling Approaches
– Native Healing Approaches
– Summary

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**## Chapter24Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 2 4 : G R O U P D Y N A M I C S I N A
M U L T I C U L T U R A L W O R L D

B Y M A R Y B . M C R A E

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Twenty Four Objectives

Primary Objective

 To provide a conceptual framework for
understanding racial and cultural dynamics in
group and organizational life

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Groups are microcosms of the societies in
which they are formed

Many differences related to
Attitudes

Beliefs

Stereotypes

Hidden assumptions about others

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model

 Part of the Tavistock tradition of experiential
learning

 Theoretical Framework

 Based on
Psychoanalytic theory

Systems theory

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Psychoanalytic Theory

 Defense mechanisms helpful for understanding
the dynamic processes that occur
interpersonally, in groups, and in intergroup
relations

Splitting

Projection

Projective identification

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Systems and Context

 Systems exist in social, political, and economic
contexts that affect attitudes, beliefs,
perceptions, and values

 A group can be examined in terms of its overall
structure as well as its various levels of
functioning

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Overall structure of the group

 BART (boundaries, authority, role, and task)
Boundaries – psychological and physical spaces

Authority – the right to do work in the service of
the task

Role – the individual functions of members

Task – work that the group is supposed to be
doing

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Experiential Learning

 Deals with “knowledge of acquaintance”

Learning through interpersonal, group, and
intergroup behavior

The method values both emotion and intellect,
providing space for direct and honest feedback

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Racial and Cultural Group Dynamics

 Group dynamics are related to the stages of
groups’ development

 Bion (1961) identifies three basic assumptions
in groups
Basic assumption dependency

Basic assumption fight/flight

Basic assumption pairing

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Intergroup Dynamics

 Embedded intergroup relations theory

 Five characteristics can be observed in groups:
Group boundaries

Power differences

Affective patterns

Cognitive formations

Distortions

Leadership behavior
Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics

 The A. K. Rice Institute for the Study of Social
Systems (2003), competencies for leaders
working with groups

The capacity to maintain task and role
boundaries

The courage to speak what is felt to be
unspeakable

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

The ability to reflect on and express one’s
internal experience

An understanding of how elements of one’s own
identity and history affect one’s work

The ability to recognize that individuals “carry”
or express some aspect of the experience of the
group as a whole

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

An understanding that the exercise of leadership
and representation affects, and is affected by,
group and intergroup dynamic

An understanding of how group and
organizational dynamics are reflections of the
larger sociopolitical context

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

 Here-and-Now Experience of Differences

 “How could this discussion be brought to your
experience here, now, in this group?”

 Representation

 Some diversity in all groups

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conclusion

 The group relations model provides unique
opportunities for students to learn through
experience

 The model promotes learning through
interpersonal, group, and intergroup behavior

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Twenty Four Objectives
– Introduction
– The Group Relations Model
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– Racial and Cultural Group Dynamics
– Intergroup Dynamics
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Conclusion

**## Chapter18Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 1 8 : T H E E C O L O G Y O F
A C C U L T U R A T I O N : I M P L I C A T I O N S F O R

C O U N S E L I N G A C R O S S C U L T U R E S

B Y J A I M E E S T U A R T A N D C O L L E E N W A R D

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Eighteen Objectives

Primary Objective

 To provide a conceptual framework for
understanding the acculturation experience and
how it influences counseling

Secondary Objective

 To help students understand the various research
perspectives in the psychology of acculturation and
adaptation

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Acculturation

The changes that result from continuous
firsthand intercultural contact (Redfield, Linton,
& Herskovits, 1936)

A phenomenon that influences the lives of all
people

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (1)

 Changes at the group level

 The social structure of the group

 The group’s economic and value base

 Changes in the psychology of the individual

 Identity

 Values

 Behavior

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (2)

 Unidimensional models

 Cultural adaptation goes hand in hand with a loss of
attachment to one’s own ethnic and cultural ties

 Bidimensional model

 Two major choices: whether to have contact with
others outside one’s group, and whether to maintain
traditional culture

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (3)

 Choice places one in one acculturation category

 Assimilation
 Individuals place little value on maintaining their

cultural heritage and choose to take on parts of
the majority culture

 Separation
 Individuals place a high value on retaining their

culture while avoiding interaction with other
cultures

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (4)

Integration
Individuals retain their ethnic culture as well as

interact with and adopt elements of the
majority culture

Marginalization
Individuals neither maintain their ethnic

culture nor participate in or adopt elements of
the wider society

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (5/5)

 Acculturating groups can be distinguished on
three dimensions:

Mobility

Permanence

Voluntariness

 Adaptation outcomes
The psychological and behavioral changes that

take place in an individual or group

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (1)

 Bronfenbrenner’s (1994) ecological theory of
development

 Life-course development takes place across a variety
of contexts in which the individual is in constant
interaction with other individuals and groups

 Behavior occurs within a set of overlapping
ecological systems that all operate together, creating
a comprehensive set of influences on the individual

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (2)

 Contextual level

Where and under what conditions acculturation
is taking place

The multicultural context

Public and private domains

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (3)

 Relational level

Who is involved in the acculturation process

Takes place across a variety of social interaction
contexts

Family, community, peer group, workplace, and
educational settings

Social support

The family

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (4)

 Individual level

What characteristics of the individual affect the
management of cultural transitions

Personal background

Personality

 Identity

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Acculturation and the Counselor

 Counselors’ multicultural competencies

Culturally appropriate knowledge

Awareness

Skills

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Acculturation and the Counselor (cont.)

 Intercultural counseling approaches (Tatar,
1998)

Counselor as a “culturally encapsulated
assimilator”

Counselor as “self-facilitator”

Counselor as “specialist”

Counselor as “translator”

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conclusion

 Counselors are challenged to consider cross-
cultural contact and change from a broad
perspective and to acknowledge the
sociopolitical, community, institutional, and
relational influences on both client well- being
and the wider outcomes of the counseling
process.

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Eighteen Objectives
– Introduction
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (1)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (2)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (3)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (4)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (5/5)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (1)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (2)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (3)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (4)
– Acculturation and the Counselor
– Acculturation and the Counselor (cont.)
– Conclusion

**## Chapter5Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 5 : C O U N S E L I N G N O R T H A M E R I C A N
I N D I G E N O U S P E O P L E S

B Y J O H N G O N Z A L E Z & J O S E P H E . T R I M B L E

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Five Objectives

Primary Objective

 To describe the essential sociocultural factors that
lead to effective strategies for counseling with
American Indian clients

Secondary Objectives

 To describe effective counselor characteristics

 To present a framework designed to guide counselors
in making culturally resonant choices

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Mental health and wellness are integral parts of
the “good life” for indigenous peoples

 Healing ceremonies are performed to help
individuals maintain or achieve wellness

 Not all indigenous people choose not to seek
the services of traditional healers

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Overview: Providing Counseling to American
Indians and Alaska Natives

 Knowledge of nature and history of indigenous
communities is essential to counseling
effectiveness

 Barriers to working successfully with Natives

Counselor’s lack of basic knowledge about the
client’s ethnic and historical background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Overview: Providing Counseling to American
Indians and Alaska Natives (cont.)

 The client may

Be driven away by the counseling style

Sense that his or her worldview is not valued

Feel uncomfortable talking openly with a
stranger

Be apprehensive about the counselor’s ethnic
background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (1/3)

 As a consequence of European contact, many
indigenous communities continue to experience
various degrees of individual and community
trauma

 Historical loss include

Massacres, disease, forced relocations, forced
removal of children, loss of land, broken treaties,
unemployment, extreme poverty, and racism

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (2/3)

 Historical trauma contributes to

High levels of social and individual problems

Alcoholism, suicide, domestic violence, child
abuse, negative career ideation

Anxiety may be central to most mental health
and social problems

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (3/3)

 Counselors must

Acknowledge the legitimacy of Native ways of
knowing

Attempt to understand intergenerational and
cultural trauma

Acknowledge the influence of unresolved
historical grief

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(1/3)

 Counselors

Must examine their motives for wanting to work
in Indian and Native health settings

Must be self-aware of their biases

Must not make assumptions or rush into a
treatment plan before listening carefully to the
client

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(2/3)

 Counselors should consider

Their awareness of and sensitivity to Native
family structures

Clients’ language preferences

Cultural and community conflicts

Cultural factors that influence the counseling
relationship

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(3/3)

 Counselors must adjust their own values,
beliefs, and practices to accommodate
bicultural or cultural expectations

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

An Indian in the Room

 Indigenous persons differ from one another in
many ways

 To determine suitable counseling techniques,
counselors must account for

Degree of ethnic identity and acculturation

Residential situation

Tribal background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Worldviews and Values

 Collectivistic

Emphasize the group over the individual

Places importance on keeping harmony and
maintaining balance in their relationships

 Time orientation

Things will happen when they are supposed to
happen

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Counseling Approaches

 The directive counseling style seems to be more
effective

 Cognitive-behavioral approaches can be
effective with Native clients

 Consider using strategies and techniques that
resonate with Indian traditions

Humor, story telling, art

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Native Healing Approaches

 It is recommend that counselors establish
working relationships with traditional healers

 Support the viability of traditional healing as an
effective treatment system

 Actively refer clients to indigenous healers

 Actively work together with indigenous healers

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Summary

 Counselors need to be adaptive and flexible

 Counselor and client should discuss racial and
cultural differences early

 How the counselor conducts him or herself in
the community is critical

 Culture and context are important

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– �Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Five Objectives
– Introduction
– Overview: Providing Counseling to American Indians and Alaska Natives
– Overview: Providing Counseling to American Indians and Alaska Natives (cont.)
– Historical Loss and Grief (1/3)
– Historical Loss and Grief (2/3)
– Historical Loss and Grief (3/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (1/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (2/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (3/3)
– An Indian in the Room
– Worldviews and Values
– Counseling Approaches
– Native Healing Approaches
– Summary

**Chapter16Presentation.pdf**

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**DISCUSSION.docx**

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**## Chapter24Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 2 4 : G R O U P D Y N A M I C S I N A
M U L T I C U L T U R A L W O R L D

B Y M A R Y B . M C R A E

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Twenty Four Objectives

Primary Objective

 To provide a conceptual framework for
understanding racial and cultural dynamics in
group and organizational life

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Groups are microcosms of the societies in
which they are formed

Many differences related to
Attitudes

Beliefs

Stereotypes

Hidden assumptions about others

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model

 Part of the Tavistock tradition of experiential
learning

 Theoretical Framework

 Based on
Psychoanalytic theory

Systems theory

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Psychoanalytic Theory

 Defense mechanisms helpful for understanding
the dynamic processes that occur
interpersonally, in groups, and in intergroup
relations

Splitting

Projection

Projective identification

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Systems and Context

 Systems exist in social, political, and economic
contexts that affect attitudes, beliefs,
perceptions, and values

 A group can be examined in terms of its overall
structure as well as its various levels of
functioning

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Overall structure of the group

 BART (boundaries, authority, role, and task)
Boundaries – psychological and physical spaces

Authority – the right to do work in the service of
the task

Role – the individual functions of members

Task – work that the group is supposed to be
doing

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Group Relations Model (cont.)

 Experiential Learning

 Deals with “knowledge of acquaintance”

Learning through interpersonal, group, and
intergroup behavior

The method values both emotion and intellect,
providing space for direct and honest feedback

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Racial and Cultural Group Dynamics

 Group dynamics are related to the stages of
groups’ development

 Bion (1961) identifies three basic assumptions
in groups
Basic assumption dependency

Basic assumption fight/flight

Basic assumption pairing

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Intergroup Dynamics

 Embedded intergroup relations theory

 Five characteristics can be observed in groups:
Group boundaries

Power differences

Affective patterns

Cognitive formations

Distortions

Leadership behavior
Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics

 The A. K. Rice Institute for the Study of Social
Systems (2003), competencies for leaders
working with groups

The capacity to maintain task and role
boundaries

The courage to speak what is felt to be
unspeakable

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

The ability to reflect on and express one’s
internal experience

An understanding of how elements of one’s own
identity and history affect one’s work

The ability to recognize that individuals “carry”
or express some aspect of the experience of the
group as a whole

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

An understanding that the exercise of leadership
and representation affects, and is affected by,
group and intergroup dynamic

An understanding of how group and
organizational dynamics are reflections of the
larger sociopolitical context

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Strategies for Working With Racial and
Cultural Dynamics (cont.)

 Here-and-Now Experience of Differences

 “How could this discussion be brought to your
experience here, now, in this group?”

 Representation

 Some diversity in all groups

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conclusion

 The group relations model provides unique
opportunities for students to learn through
experience

 The model promotes learning through
interpersonal, group, and intergroup behavior

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Twenty Four Objectives
– Introduction
– The Group Relations Model
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– The Group Relations Model (cont.)
– Racial and Cultural Group Dynamics
– Intergroup Dynamics
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Strategies for Working With Racial and Cultural Dynamics (cont.)
– Conclusion

**## Chapter18Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 1 8 : T H E E C O L O G Y O F
A C C U L T U R A T I O N : I M P L I C A T I O N S F O R

C O U N S E L I N G A C R O S S C U L T U R E S

B Y J A I M E E S T U A R T A N D C O L L E E N W A R D

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Eighteen Objectives

Primary Objective

 To provide a conceptual framework for
understanding the acculturation experience and
how it influences counseling

Secondary Objective

 To help students understand the various research
perspectives in the psychology of acculturation and
adaptation

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Acculturation

The changes that result from continuous
firsthand intercultural contact (Redfield, Linton,
& Herskovits, 1936)

A phenomenon that influences the lives of all
people

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (1)

 Changes at the group level

 The social structure of the group

 The group’s economic and value base

 Changes in the psychology of the individual

 Identity

 Values

 Behavior

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (2)

 Unidimensional models

 Cultural adaptation goes hand in hand with a loss of
attachment to one’s own ethnic and cultural ties

 Bidimensional model

 Two major choices: whether to have contact with
others outside one’s group, and whether to maintain
traditional culture

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (3)

 Choice places one in one acculturation category

 Assimilation
 Individuals place little value on maintaining their

cultural heritage and choose to take on parts of
the majority culture

 Separation
 Individuals place a high value on retaining their

culture while avoiding interaction with other
cultures

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (4)

Integration
Individuals retain their ethnic culture as well as

interact with and adopt elements of the
majority culture

Marginalization
Individuals neither maintain their ethnic

culture nor participate in or adopt elements of
the wider society

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (5/5)

 Acculturating groups can be distinguished on
three dimensions:

Mobility

Permanence

Voluntariness

 Adaptation outcomes
The psychological and behavioral changes that

take place in an individual or group

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (1)

 Bronfenbrenner’s (1994) ecological theory of
development

 Life-course development takes place across a variety
of contexts in which the individual is in constant
interaction with other individuals and groups

 Behavior occurs within a set of overlapping
ecological systems that all operate together, creating
a comprehensive set of influences on the individual

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (2)

 Contextual level

Where and under what conditions acculturation
is taking place

The multicultural context

Public and private domains

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (3)

 Relational level

Who is involved in the acculturation process

Takes place across a variety of social interaction
contexts

Family, community, peer group, workplace, and
educational settings

Social support

The family

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications
for Counseling (4)

 Individual level

What characteristics of the individual affect the
management of cultural transitions

Personal background

Personality

 Identity

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Acculturation and the Counselor

 Counselors’ multicultural competencies

Culturally appropriate knowledge

Awareness

Skills

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Acculturation and the Counselor (cont.)

 Intercultural counseling approaches (Tatar,
1998)

Counselor as a “culturally encapsulated
assimilator”

Counselor as “self-facilitator”

Counselor as “specialist”

Counselor as “translator”

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conclusion

 Counselors are challenged to consider cross-
cultural contact and change from a broad
perspective and to acknowledge the
sociopolitical, community, institutional, and
relational influences on both client well- being
and the wider outcomes of the counseling
process.

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Eighteen Objectives
– Introduction
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (1)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (2)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (3)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (4)
– Conceptualizations of Acculturation (5/5)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (1)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (2)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (3)
– The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (4)
– Acculturation and the Counselor
– Acculturation and the Counselor (cont.)
– Conclusion

**## Chapter5Presentation.pdf**

Counseling Across Cultures
Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 5 : C O U N S E L I N G N O R T H A M E R I C A N
I N D I G E N O U S P E O P L E S

B Y J O H N G O N Z A L E Z & J O S E P H E . T R I M B L E

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Five Objectives

Primary Objective

 To describe the essential sociocultural factors that
lead to effective strategies for counseling with
American Indian clients

Secondary Objectives

 To describe effective counselor characteristics

 To present a framework designed to guide counselors
in making culturally resonant choices

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Mental health and wellness are integral parts of
the “good life” for indigenous peoples

 Healing ceremonies are performed to help
individuals maintain or achieve wellness

 Not all indigenous people choose not to seek
the services of traditional healers

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Overview: Providing Counseling to American
Indians and Alaska Natives

 Knowledge of nature and history of indigenous
communities is essential to counseling
effectiveness

 Barriers to working successfully with Natives

Counselor’s lack of basic knowledge about the
client’s ethnic and historical background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Overview: Providing Counseling to American
Indians and Alaska Natives (cont.)

 The client may

Be driven away by the counseling style

Sense that his or her worldview is not valued

Feel uncomfortable talking openly with a
stranger

Be apprehensive about the counselor’s ethnic
background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (1/3)

 As a consequence of European contact, many
indigenous communities continue to experience
various degrees of individual and community
trauma

 Historical loss include

Massacres, disease, forced relocations, forced
removal of children, loss of land, broken treaties,
unemployment, extreme poverty, and racism

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (2/3)

 Historical trauma contributes to

High levels of social and individual problems

Alcoholism, suicide, domestic violence, child
abuse, negative career ideation

Anxiety may be central to most mental health
and social problems

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (3/3)

 Counselors must

Acknowledge the legitimacy of Native ways of
knowing

Attempt to understand intergenerational and
cultural trauma

Acknowledge the influence of unresolved
historical grief

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(1/3)

 Counselors

Must examine their motives for wanting to work
in Indian and Native health settings

Must be self-aware of their biases

Must not make assumptions or rush into a
treatment plan before listening carefully to the
client

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(2/3)

 Counselors should consider

Their awareness of and sensitivity to Native
family structures

Clients’ language preferences

Cultural and community conflicts

Cultural factors that influence the counseling
relationship

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People
(3/3)

 Counselors must adjust their own values,
beliefs, and practices to accommodate
bicultural or cultural expectations

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

An Indian in the Room

 Indigenous persons differ from one another in
many ways

 To determine suitable counseling techniques,
counselors must account for

Degree of ethnic identity and acculturation

Residential situation

Tribal background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Worldviews and Values

 Collectivistic

Emphasize the group over the individual

Places importance on keeping harmony and
maintaining balance in their relationships

 Time orientation

Things will happen when they are supposed to
happen

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Counseling Approaches

 The directive counseling style seems to be more
effective

 Cognitive-behavioral approaches can be
effective with Native clients

 Consider using strategies and techniques that
resonate with Indian traditions

Humor, story telling, art

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Native Healing Approaches

 It is recommend that counselors establish
working relationships with traditional healers

 Support the viability of traditional healing as an
effective treatment system

 Actively refer clients to indigenous healers

 Actively work together with indigenous healers

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Summary

 Counselors need to be adaptive and flexible

 Counselor and client should discuss racial and
cultural differences early

 How the counselor conducts him or herself in
the community is critical

 Culture and context are important

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

– �Counseling Across Cultures�Seventh Edition
– Chapter Five Objectives
– Introduction
– Overview: Providing Counseling to American Indians and Alaska Natives
– Overview: Providing Counseling to American Indians and Alaska Natives (cont.)
– Historical Loss and Grief (1/3)
– Historical Loss and Grief (2/3)
– Historical Loss and Grief (3/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (1/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (2/3)
– So You Want to Work With Native People (3/3)
– An Indian in the Room
– Worldviews and Values
– Counseling Approaches
– Native Healing Approaches
– Summary

**Chapter16Presentation.pdf**

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