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    6116 chelle asses 2 **files (2)** – ## cf_course_definition_alignment_table_template.docx – ## cf_sample_course_definition_alignment_table.pdf **## cf_course_definition_alignment_table_template.docx** **Full Title of Your Assessment** Learner's Full Name Capella University Course Titl…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    6116 chelle asses 2

    **files (2)**

    – ## cf_course_definition_alignment_table_template.docx

    – ## cf_sample_course_definition_alignment_table.pdf

    **## cf_course_definition_alignment_table_template.docx**

    **Full Title of Your Assessment**

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Title and Number

    Faculty Name

    Month, Year

    2

    ### Program Offering

    ##### Program Description

    Text for program description here . . .

    ##### Program Outcomes

    1. [Program Outcome].

    2. [Program Outcome].

    3. [Program Outcome].

    4. Et cetera.

    ### Course Title: [Insert Title Here]

    ##### Course Description, Vision, and Rationale

    Text for course description here . . .

    ##### Course Learning Objectives

    1. [Learning objective].

    2. [Learning objective].

    3. [Learning objective].

    4. Et cetera.

    ##### Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples

    Text for evaluation and assessment strategies, including examples of assessment and evaluation tasks or assignments here . . .

    ### Alignment Tables

    ##### Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning

    | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — |
    | **Number** | **Course Learning Objectives** | **Assessments** | **Domains of Learning** |
    | 1 | | | |
    | 2 | | | |
    | 3 | | | |
    | 4 | | | |

    ##### Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | **Number** | **Course Learning Objectives** | **Program Outcomes** |
    | 1 | | |
    | 2 | | |
    | 3 | | |
    | 4 | | |

    ##### Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | | | **Course Learning Objectives** |
    | | | | | | |
    | **Course Learning Objectives to External Standards**<br>**_(example)_** |
    | External Standards Name and Citation | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |

    2

    ###### References

    **## cf_sample_course_definition_alignment_table.pdf**

    1

    Full Title of Your Assessment

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Title and Number

    Faculty Name

    Month, Year

    2

    Program Offering

    Program Description
    The Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree program is designed to prepare registered nurses to
    assume roles as nurse educators, diabetes nurse specialists, or nurse executives in a variety of health
    care delivery settings. The core curriculum presents advanced nursing concepts, theories, research, and
    practices and includes a focused exploration of health care policy and regulations, health care
    information systems and technology, leadership and management in professional nursing practice, and
    field-related ethical and legal standards. Throughout the program, learners explore culturally
    competent, evidence-based professional nursing practices and the ways they can be applied to foster
    health care promotion and disease management and prevention to promote a positive patient experience
    using evidence-based care that is equitable and reduces cost while promoting a healthy work
    environment.

    Program Outcomes
    1. Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    2. Collaborate in the design, development, and revision of nursing curricula.

    3. Function as a nurse educator and leader within an educational or health care environment.

    4. Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    Course Title: Community Assessment Strategies for Nurse Educators

    Course Description, Vision, and Rationale
    In this three-credit hybrid master’s level Education course, learners will study effective community
    health assessment methods, communication strategies, and interdisciplinary collaboration techniques
    used in a variety of health care settings to improve healthcare literacy and healthcare outcomes

    This course offering is intended to provide learners with the opportunity to increase their knowledge of
    strategies for individuals, families, and community assessment strategies. This course offering will
    provide learners with the skills to analyze the most recent and effective evidence-based assessment
    methods, proper communication strategies, and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration
    techniques used in a variety of health care arenas.

    Learners will conduct comprehensive, evidence-based health assessments that encompass
    environmental, genetic, cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. They will also consider the skills
    needed by members of collaborative interdisciplinary teams to promote quality, evidence-based care for
    individuals, groups, communities, and diverse populations. Focusing on a community service
    educational program to mitigate vaccine hesitancy, the learner will work with the interdisciplinary team
    to perform a needs assessment, interviews, and prepare a presentation for lay person education.

    Learners will also explore ways of adapting their communication style to meet the specific needs of
    their audience and learn to adapt the research process to nursing assessments.

    Course Learning Objectives
    1. Exhibit effective communication with patients, families, and members of the Interdisciplinary

    team, demonstrating respect for self and others.

    3

    2. Utilize academic writing and communication skills appropriate to the profession.

    3. Conduct comprehensive evidence-based health assessments to identify current and future
    community-based patient conditions and barriers to care.

    4. Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop, implement, and evaluate the plan for the
    community education program.

    Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples
    1. Multiple choice exams – Cognitive.

    2. Interviews with human or high-fidelity simulations – Psychomotor, Cognitive, Affective.

    3. Develop a proposal that includes needed resources, including budget and timeline –
    Cognitive.

    4. Journaling – Affective.

    5. Physical examination with motivational interviewing – Psychomotor, Cognitive, Affective.

    6. Develop a screening tool for a chronic healthcare condition – Cognitive.

    4

    Alignment Tables
    Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning

    Number Course Learning Objectives Assessments Domain of Learning

    1 Exhibit effective communication with
    members on the Interdisciplinary team,
    demonstrating respect for self and others.

    Conduct a needs assessment to determine
    priorities for meeting the needs of the under-or
    uninsured patients in a diverse community to
    develop a patient education plan.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    2 Utilize academic writing and
    communication skills appropriate to the
    profession.

    Prepare a stakeholder presentation to request
    funding for a project to improve health literacy
    and equity in the community.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    3 Conduct comprehensive evidence-based
    health assessments to identify current and
    future community-based patient conditions
    and barriers to care.

    Perform physical assessments on patients,
    including motivational interviewing to address
    Determinants of Social Healthcare needs in the
    community agency.

    Psychomotor

    Cognitive

    Affective

    4 Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team
    to develop, implement, and evaluate the
    plan for the community education program.

    Develop a plan to implement the intervention,
    including resources required and timeline.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    5

    Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes

    Number Course Learning Objectives Program Outcomes

    1

    Exhibit effective communication with members on the
    Interdisciplinary team, demonstrating respect for self and others.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Collaborate in the design, development, and revision of nursing
    curricula.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    2

    Utilize academic writing and communication skills appropriate to the
    profession.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    3

    Conduct comprehensive evidence-based health assessments to identify
    current and future community-based patient conditions and barriers to
    care.

    Function as a nurse educator and leader within an educational or
    health care environment.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    4

    Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop, implement, and
    evaluate the plan for the community education program.

    Develop and Apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    6

    Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards

    Course Learning Objectives

    Exhibit effective
    communication
    with patients,
    families, and
    members of the
    Interdisciplinary
    team,
    demonstrating
    respect for self
    and others.

    Utilize academic
    writing and
    communication
    skills appropriate
    to the profession.

    Conduct
    comprehensive
    evidence-based
    health
    assessments to
    identify current
    and future
    community-based
    patient conditions
    and barriers to
    care.

    Collaborate
    with the
    interdisciplinary
    team to
    develop,
    implement, and
    evaluate the
    plan for the
    community
    education
    program.

    Course Learning Objectives to External Standards (example)

    National League for Nursing (Core
    Competencies for Nurse Educators
    2.0)

    (Keating et al., 2021)

    1. Implements a variety of teaching strategies
    appropriate to learner needs, desired learner
    outcomes, content, and context. X X X

    3. Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies.
    .

    X X X

    5. Function as a Change Agent and Leader. X X X

    American Nurses Association Position
    Statement on Immunizations (2021)

    American Nurses Association Code of
    Ethics (2015)

    Reduce or eliminate vaccine-preventable
    diseases in community populations. X X X X

    Demonstrate the ethical commitment to model
    health maintenance and promotion, including
    immunizations.

    X X X X

    7

    References

    American Nurses Association. (2021, June 29). Position statement: Immunizations.

    https://www.nursingworld.org/~497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-

    statement-062921.pdf

    Keating, S. A., Berland, A., Capone, K., & Chickering, M. J. (2021). Global nursing education:

    International resources meet the NLN course competencies for nurse educators. The

    Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 26(1).

    https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08

    [https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf](https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf)

    [https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf](https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf)

    [https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08](https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08)

    – Full Title of Your Assessment
    – Learner's Full Name
    – Capella University

    – Program Offering

    – Program Description
    – Program Outcomes

    – Course Title: Community Assessment Strategies for Nurse Educators

    – Course Description, Vision, and Rationale
    – Course Learning Objectives
    – Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples

    – Alignment Tables
    – Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning
    – Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes
    – Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards
    – References

    – 3. Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies.
    – 5. Function as a Change Agent and Leader.

    **## cf_sample_course_definition_alignment_table.pdf**

    1

    Full Title of Your Assessment

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Title and Number

    Faculty Name

    Month, Year

    2

    Program Offering

    Program Description
    The Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree program is designed to prepare registered nurses to
    assume roles as nurse educators, diabetes nurse specialists, or nurse executives in a variety of health
    care delivery settings. The core curriculum presents advanced nursing concepts, theories, research, and
    practices and includes a focused exploration of health care policy and regulations, health care
    information systems and technology, leadership and management in professional nursing practice, and
    field-related ethical and legal standards. Throughout the program, learners explore culturally
    competent, evidence-based professional nursing practices and the ways they can be applied to foster
    health care promotion and disease management and prevention to promote a positive patient experience
    using evidence-based care that is equitable and reduces cost while promoting a healthy work
    environment.

    Program Outcomes
    1. Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    2. Collaborate in the design, development, and revision of nursing curricula.

    3. Function as a nurse educator and leader within an educational or health care environment.

    4. Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    Course Title: Community Assessment Strategies for Nurse Educators

    Course Description, Vision, and Rationale
    In this three-credit hybrid master’s level Education course, learners will study effective community
    health assessment methods, communication strategies, and interdisciplinary collaboration techniques
    used in a variety of health care settings to improve healthcare literacy and healthcare outcomes

    This course offering is intended to provide learners with the opportunity to increase their knowledge of
    strategies for individuals, families, and community assessment strategies. This course offering will
    provide learners with the skills to analyze the most recent and effective evidence-based assessment
    methods, proper communication strategies, and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration
    techniques used in a variety of health care arenas.

    Learners will conduct comprehensive, evidence-based health assessments that encompass
    environmental, genetic, cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. They will also consider the skills
    needed by members of collaborative interdisciplinary teams to promote quality, evidence-based care for
    individuals, groups, communities, and diverse populations. Focusing on a community service
    educational program to mitigate vaccine hesitancy, the learner will work with the interdisciplinary team
    to perform a needs assessment, interviews, and prepare a presentation for lay person education.

    Learners will also explore ways of adapting their communication style to meet the specific needs of
    their audience and learn to adapt the research process to nursing assessments.

    Course Learning Objectives
    1. Exhibit effective communication with patients, families, and members of the Interdisciplinary

    team, demonstrating respect for self and others.

    3

    2. Utilize academic writing and communication skills appropriate to the profession.

    3. Conduct comprehensive evidence-based health assessments to identify current and future
    community-based patient conditions and barriers to care.

    4. Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop, implement, and evaluate the plan for the
    community education program.

    Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples
    1. Multiple choice exams – Cognitive.

    2. Interviews with human or high-fidelity simulations – Psychomotor, Cognitive, Affective.

    3. Develop a proposal that includes needed resources, including budget and timeline –
    Cognitive.

    4. Journaling – Affective.

    5. Physical examination with motivational interviewing – Psychomotor, Cognitive, Affective.

    6. Develop a screening tool for a chronic healthcare condition – Cognitive.

    4

    Alignment Tables
    Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning

    Number Course Learning Objectives Assessments Domain of Learning

    1 Exhibit effective communication with
    members on the Interdisciplinary team,
    demonstrating respect for self and others.

    Conduct a needs assessment to determine
    priorities for meeting the needs of the under-or
    uninsured patients in a diverse community to
    develop a patient education plan.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    2 Utilize academic writing and
    communication skills appropriate to the
    profession.

    Prepare a stakeholder presentation to request
    funding for a project to improve health literacy
    and equity in the community.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    3 Conduct comprehensive evidence-based
    health assessments to identify current and
    future community-based patient conditions
    and barriers to care.

    Perform physical assessments on patients,
    including motivational interviewing to address
    Determinants of Social Healthcare needs in the
    community agency.

    Psychomotor

    Cognitive

    Affective

    4 Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team
    to develop, implement, and evaluate the
    plan for the community education program.

    Develop a plan to implement the intervention,
    including resources required and timeline.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    5

    Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes

    Number Course Learning Objectives Program Outcomes

    1

    Exhibit effective communication with members on the
    Interdisciplinary team, demonstrating respect for self and others.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Collaborate in the design, development, and revision of nursing
    curricula.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    2

    Utilize academic writing and communication skills appropriate to the
    profession.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    3

    Conduct comprehensive evidence-based health assessments to identify
    current and future community-based patient conditions and barriers to
    care.

    Function as a nurse educator and leader within an educational or
    health care environment.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    4

    Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop, implement, and
    evaluate the plan for the community education program.

    Develop and Apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    6

    Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards

    Course Learning Objectives

    Exhibit effective
    communication
    with patients,
    families, and
    members of the
    Interdisciplinary
    team,
    demonstrating
    respect for self
    and others.

    Utilize academic
    writing and
    communication
    skills appropriate
    to the profession.

    Conduct
    comprehensive
    evidence-based
    health
    assessments to
    identify current
    and future
    community-based
    patient conditions
    and barriers to
    care.

    Collaborate
    with the
    interdisciplinary
    team to
    develop,
    implement, and
    evaluate the
    plan for the
    community
    education
    program.

    Course Learning Objectives to External Standards (example)

    National League for Nursing (Core
    Competencies for Nurse Educators
    2.0)

    (Keating et al., 2021)

    1. Implements a variety of teaching strategies
    appropriate to learner needs, desired learner
    outcomes, content, and context. X X X

    3. Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies.
    .

    X X X

    5. Function as a Change Agent and Leader. X X X

    American Nurses Association Position
    Statement on Immunizations (2021)

    American Nurses Association Code of
    Ethics (2015)

    Reduce or eliminate vaccine-preventable
    diseases in community populations. X X X X

    Demonstrate the ethical commitment to model
    health maintenance and promotion, including
    immunizations.

    X X X X

    7

    References

    American Nurses Association. (2021, June 29). Position statement: Immunizations.

    https://www.nursingworld.org/~497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-

    statement-062921.pdf

    Keating, S. A., Berland, A., Capone, K., & Chickering, M. J. (2021). Global nursing education:

    International resources meet the NLN course competencies for nurse educators. The

    Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 26(1).

    https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08

    [https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf](https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf)

    [https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf](https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf)

    [https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08](https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08)

    – Full Title of Your Assessment
    – Learner's Full Name
    – Capella University

    – Program Offering

    – Program Description
    – Program Outcomes

    – Course Title: Community Assessment Strategies for Nurse Educators

    – Course Description, Vision, and Rationale
    – Course Learning Objectives
    – Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples

    – Alignment Tables
    – Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning
    – Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes
    – Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards
    – References

    – 3. Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies.
    – 5. Function as a Change Agent and Leader.

    **## cf_course_definition_alignment_table_template.docx**

    **Full Title of Your Assessment**

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Title and Number

    Faculty Name

    Month, Year

    2

    ### Program Offering

    ##### Program Description

    Text for program description here . . .

    ##### Program Outcomes

    1. [Program Outcome].

    2. [Program Outcome].

    3. [Program Outcome].

    4. Et cetera.

    ### Course Title: [Insert Title Here]

    ##### Course Description, Vision, and Rationale

    Text for course description here . . .

    ##### Course Learning Objectives

    1. [Learning objective].

    2. [Learning objective].

    3. [Learning objective].

    4. Et cetera.

    ##### Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples

    Text for evaluation and assessment strategies, including examples of assessment and evaluation tasks or assignments here . . .

    ### Alignment Tables

    ##### Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning

    | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — |
    | **Number** | **Course Learning Objectives** | **Assessments** | **Domains of Learning** |
    | 1 | | | |
    | 2 | | | |
    | 3 | | | |
    | 4 | | | |

    ##### Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | **Number** | **Course Learning Objectives** | **Program Outcomes** |
    | 1 | | |
    | 2 | | |
    | 3 | | |
    | 4 | | |

    ##### Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | | | **Course Learning Objectives** |
    | | | | | | |
    | **Course Learning Objectives to External Standards**<br>**_(example)_** |
    | External Standards Name and Citation | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |

    2

    ###### References

    **## cf_sample_course_definition_alignment_table.pdf**

    1

    Full Title of Your Assessment

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Title and Number

    Faculty Name

    Month, Year

    2

    Program Offering

    Program Description
    The Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree program is designed to prepare registered nurses to
    assume roles as nurse educators, diabetes nurse specialists, or nurse executives in a variety of health
    care delivery settings. The core curriculum presents advanced nursing concepts, theories, research, and
    practices and includes a focused exploration of health care policy and regulations, health care
    information systems and technology, leadership and management in professional nursing practice, and
    field-related ethical and legal standards. Throughout the program, learners explore culturally
    competent, evidence-based professional nursing practices and the ways they can be applied to foster
    health care promotion and disease management and prevention to promote a positive patient experience
    using evidence-based care that is equitable and reduces cost while promoting a healthy work
    environment.

    Program Outcomes
    1. Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    2. Collaborate in the design, development, and revision of nursing curricula.

    3. Function as a nurse educator and leader within an educational or health care environment.

    4. Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    Course Title: Community Assessment Strategies for Nurse Educators

    Course Description, Vision, and Rationale
    In this three-credit hybrid master’s level Education course, learners will study effective community
    health assessment methods, communication strategies, and interdisciplinary collaboration techniques
    used in a variety of health care settings to improve healthcare literacy and healthcare outcomes

    This course offering is intended to provide learners with the opportunity to increase their knowledge of
    strategies for individuals, families, and community assessment strategies. This course offering will
    provide learners with the skills to analyze the most recent and effective evidence-based assessment
    methods, proper communication strategies, and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration
    techniques used in a variety of health care arenas.

    Learners will conduct comprehensive, evidence-based health assessments that encompass
    environmental, genetic, cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. They will also consider the skills
    needed by members of collaborative interdisciplinary teams to promote quality, evidence-based care for
    individuals, groups, communities, and diverse populations. Focusing on a community service
    educational program to mitigate vaccine hesitancy, the learner will work with the interdisciplinary team
    to perform a needs assessment, interviews, and prepare a presentation for lay person education.

    Learners will also explore ways of adapting their communication style to meet the specific needs of
    their audience and learn to adapt the research process to nursing assessments.

    Course Learning Objectives
    1. Exhibit effective communication with patients, families, and members of the Interdisciplinary

    team, demonstrating respect for self and others.

    3

    2. Utilize academic writing and communication skills appropriate to the profession.

    3. Conduct comprehensive evidence-based health assessments to identify current and future
    community-based patient conditions and barriers to care.

    4. Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop, implement, and evaluate the plan for the
    community education program.

    Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples
    1. Multiple choice exams – Cognitive.

    2. Interviews with human or high-fidelity simulations – Psychomotor, Cognitive, Affective.

    3. Develop a proposal that includes needed resources, including budget and timeline –
    Cognitive.

    4. Journaling – Affective.

    5. Physical examination with motivational interviewing – Psychomotor, Cognitive, Affective.

    6. Develop a screening tool for a chronic healthcare condition – Cognitive.

    4

    Alignment Tables
    Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning

    Number Course Learning Objectives Assessments Domain of Learning

    1 Exhibit effective communication with
    members on the Interdisciplinary team,
    demonstrating respect for self and others.

    Conduct a needs assessment to determine
    priorities for meeting the needs of the under-or
    uninsured patients in a diverse community to
    develop a patient education plan.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    2 Utilize academic writing and
    communication skills appropriate to the
    profession.

    Prepare a stakeholder presentation to request
    funding for a project to improve health literacy
    and equity in the community.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    3 Conduct comprehensive evidence-based
    health assessments to identify current and
    future community-based patient conditions
    and barriers to care.

    Perform physical assessments on patients,
    including motivational interviewing to address
    Determinants of Social Healthcare needs in the
    community agency.

    Psychomotor

    Cognitive

    Affective

    4 Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team
    to develop, implement, and evaluate the
    plan for the community education program.

    Develop a plan to implement the intervention,
    including resources required and timeline.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    5

    Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes

    Number Course Learning Objectives Program Outcomes

    1

    Exhibit effective communication with members on the
    Interdisciplinary team, demonstrating respect for self and others.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Collaborate in the design, development, and revision of nursing
    curricula.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    2

    Utilize academic writing and communication skills appropriate to the
    profession.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    3

    Conduct comprehensive evidence-based health assessments to identify
    current and future community-based patient conditions and barriers to
    care.

    Function as a nurse educator and leader within an educational or
    health care environment.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    4

    Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop, implement, and
    evaluate the plan for the community education program.

    Develop and Apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    6

    Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards

    Course Learning Objectives

    Exhibit effective
    communication
    with patients,
    families, and
    members of the
    Interdisciplinary
    team,
    demonstrating
    respect for self
    and others.

    Utilize academic
    writing and
    communication
    skills appropriate
    to the profession.

    Conduct
    comprehensive
    evidence-based
    health
    assessments to
    identify current
    and future
    community-based
    patient conditions
    and barriers to
    care.

    Collaborate
    with the
    interdisciplinary
    team to
    develop,
    implement, and
    evaluate the
    plan for the
    community
    education
    program.

    Course Learning Objectives to External Standards (example)

    National League for Nursing (Core
    Competencies for Nurse Educators
    2.0)

    (Keating et al., 2021)

    1. Implements a variety of teaching strategies
    appropriate to learner needs, desired learner
    outcomes, content, and context. X X X

    3. Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies.
    .

    X X X

    5. Function as a Change Agent and Leader. X X X

    American Nurses Association Position
    Statement on Immunizations (2021)

    American Nurses Association Code of
    Ethics (2015)

    Reduce or eliminate vaccine-preventable
    diseases in community populations. X X X X

    Demonstrate the ethical commitment to model
    health maintenance and promotion, including
    immunizations.

    X X X X

    7

    References

    American Nurses Association. (2021, June 29). Position statement: Immunizations.

    https://www.nursingworld.org/~497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-

    statement-062921.pdf

    Keating, S. A., Berland, A., Capone, K., & Chickering, M. J. (2021). Global nursing education:

    International resources meet the NLN course competencies for nurse educators. The

    Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 26(1).

    https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08

    [https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf](https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf)

    [https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf](https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf)

    [https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08](https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08)

    – Full Title of Your Assessment
    – Learner's Full Name
    – Capella University

    – Program Offering

    – Program Description
    – Program Outcomes

    – Course Title: Community Assessment Strategies for Nurse Educators

    – Course Description, Vision, and Rationale
    – Course Learning Objectives
    – Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples

    – Alignment Tables
    – Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning
    – Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes
    – Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards
    – References

    – 3. Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies.
    – 5. Function as a Change Agent and Leader.

    **## cf_course_definition_alignment_table_template.docx**

    **Full Title of Your Assessment**

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Title and Number

    Faculty Name

    Month, Year

    2

    ### Program Offering

    ##### Program Description

    Text for program description here . . .

    ##### Program Outcomes

    1. [Program Outcome].

    2. [Program Outcome].

    3. [Program Outcome].

    4. Et cetera.

    ### Course Title: [Insert Title Here]

    ##### Course Description, Vision, and Rationale

    Text for course description here . . .

    ##### Course Learning Objectives

    1. [Learning objective].

    2. [Learning objective].

    3. [Learning objective].

    4. Et cetera.

    ##### Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples

    Text for evaluation and assessment strategies, including examples of assessment and evaluation tasks or assignments here . . .

    ### Alignment Tables

    ##### Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning

    | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — |
    | **Number** | **Course Learning Objectives** | **Assessments** | **Domains of Learning** |
    | 1 | | | |
    | 2 | | | |
    | 3 | | | |
    | 4 | | | |

    ##### Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | **Number** | **Course Learning Objectives** | **Program Outcomes** |
    | 1 | | |
    | 2 | | |
    | 3 | | |
    | 4 | | |

    ##### Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | | | **Course Learning Objectives** |
    | | | | | | |
    | **Course Learning Objectives to External Standards**<br>**_(example)_** |
    | External Standards Name and Citation | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |
    | | | | | | |

    2

    ###### References

    **## cf_sample_course_definition_alignment_table.pdf**

    1

    Full Title of Your Assessment

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Title and Number

    Faculty Name

    Month, Year

    2

    Program Offering

    Program Description
    The Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree program is designed to prepare registered nurses to
    assume roles as nurse educators, diabetes nurse specialists, or nurse executives in a variety of health
    care delivery settings. The core curriculum presents advanced nursing concepts, theories, research, and
    practices and includes a focused exploration of health care policy and regulations, health care
    information systems and technology, leadership and management in professional nursing practice, and
    field-related ethical and legal standards. Throughout the program, learners explore culturally
    competent, evidence-based professional nursing practices and the ways they can be applied to foster
    health care promotion and disease management and prevention to promote a positive patient experience
    using evidence-based care that is equitable and reduces cost while promoting a healthy work
    environment.

    Program Outcomes
    1. Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    2. Collaborate in the design, development, and revision of nursing curricula.

    3. Function as a nurse educator and leader within an educational or health care environment.

    4. Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    Course Title: Community Assessment Strategies for Nurse Educators

    Course Description, Vision, and Rationale
    In this three-credit hybrid master’s level Education course, learners will study effective community
    health assessment methods, communication strategies, and interdisciplinary collaboration techniques
    used in a variety of health care settings to improve healthcare literacy and healthcare outcomes

    This course offering is intended to provide learners with the opportunity to increase their knowledge of
    strategies for individuals, families, and community assessment strategies. This course offering will
    provide learners with the skills to analyze the most recent and effective evidence-based assessment
    methods, proper communication strategies, and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration
    techniques used in a variety of health care arenas.

    Learners will conduct comprehensive, evidence-based health assessments that encompass
    environmental, genetic, cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. They will also consider the skills
    needed by members of collaborative interdisciplinary teams to promote quality, evidence-based care for
    individuals, groups, communities, and diverse populations. Focusing on a community service
    educational program to mitigate vaccine hesitancy, the learner will work with the interdisciplinary team
    to perform a needs assessment, interviews, and prepare a presentation for lay person education.

    Learners will also explore ways of adapting their communication style to meet the specific needs of
    their audience and learn to adapt the research process to nursing assessments.

    Course Learning Objectives
    1. Exhibit effective communication with patients, families, and members of the Interdisciplinary

    team, demonstrating respect for self and others.

    3

    2. Utilize academic writing and communication skills appropriate to the profession.

    3. Conduct comprehensive evidence-based health assessments to identify current and future
    community-based patient conditions and barriers to care.

    4. Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop, implement, and evaluate the plan for the
    community education program.

    Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples
    1. Multiple choice exams – Cognitive.

    2. Interviews with human or high-fidelity simulations – Psychomotor, Cognitive, Affective.

    3. Develop a proposal that includes needed resources, including budget and timeline –
    Cognitive.

    4. Journaling – Affective.

    5. Physical examination with motivational interviewing – Psychomotor, Cognitive, Affective.

    6. Develop a screening tool for a chronic healthcare condition – Cognitive.

    4

    Alignment Tables
    Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning

    Number Course Learning Objectives Assessments Domain of Learning

    1 Exhibit effective communication with
    members on the Interdisciplinary team,
    demonstrating respect for self and others.

    Conduct a needs assessment to determine
    priorities for meeting the needs of the under-or
    uninsured patients in a diverse community to
    develop a patient education plan.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    2 Utilize academic writing and
    communication skills appropriate to the
    profession.

    Prepare a stakeholder presentation to request
    funding for a project to improve health literacy
    and equity in the community.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    3 Conduct comprehensive evidence-based
    health assessments to identify current and
    future community-based patient conditions
    and barriers to care.

    Perform physical assessments on patients,
    including motivational interviewing to address
    Determinants of Social Healthcare needs in the
    community agency.

    Psychomotor

    Cognitive

    Affective

    4 Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team
    to develop, implement, and evaluate the
    plan for the community education program.

    Develop a plan to implement the intervention,
    including resources required and timeline.

    Cognitive

    Affective

    5

    Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes

    Number Course Learning Objectives Program Outcomes

    1

    Exhibit effective communication with members on the
    Interdisciplinary team, demonstrating respect for self and others.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Collaborate in the design, development, and revision of nursing
    curricula.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    2

    Utilize academic writing and communication skills appropriate to the
    profession.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    3

    Conduct comprehensive evidence-based health assessments to identify
    current and future community-based patient conditions and barriers to
    care.

    Function as a nurse educator and leader within an educational or
    health care environment.

    Develop and apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    4

    Collaborate with the interdisciplinary team to develop, implement, and
    evaluate the plan for the community education program.

    Develop and Apply assessment and evaluation tools and methods.

    Develop skills required to engage in scholarship.

    6

    Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards

    Course Learning Objectives

    Exhibit effective
    communication
    with patients,
    families, and
    members of the
    Interdisciplinary
    team,
    demonstrating
    respect for self
    and others.

    Utilize academic
    writing and
    communication
    skills appropriate
    to the profession.

    Conduct
    comprehensive
    evidence-based
    health
    assessments to
    identify current
    and future
    community-based
    patient conditions
    and barriers to
    care.

    Collaborate
    with the
    interdisciplinary
    team to
    develop,
    implement, and
    evaluate the
    plan for the
    community
    education
    program.

    Course Learning Objectives to External Standards (example)

    National League for Nursing (Core
    Competencies for Nurse Educators
    2.0)

    (Keating et al., 2021)

    1. Implements a variety of teaching strategies
    appropriate to learner needs, desired learner
    outcomes, content, and context. X X X

    3. Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies.
    .

    X X X

    5. Function as a Change Agent and Leader. X X X

    American Nurses Association Position
    Statement on Immunizations (2021)

    American Nurses Association Code of
    Ethics (2015)

    Reduce or eliminate vaccine-preventable
    diseases in community populations. X X X X

    Demonstrate the ethical commitment to model
    health maintenance and promotion, including
    immunizations.

    X X X X

    7

    References

    American Nurses Association. (2021, June 29). Position statement: Immunizations.

    https://www.nursingworld.org/~497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-

    statement-062921.pdf

    Keating, S. A., Berland, A., Capone, K., & Chickering, M. J. (2021). Global nursing education:

    International resources meet the NLN course competencies for nurse educators. The

    Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 26(1).

    https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08

    [https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf](https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf)

    [https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf](https://www.nursingworld.org/%7E497165/globalassets/docs/ana/immunization-position-statement-062921.pdf)

    [https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08](https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol26No01Man08)

    – Full Title of Your Assessment
    – Learner's Full Name
    – Capella University

    – Program Offering

    – Program Description
    – Program Outcomes

    – Course Title: Community Assessment Strategies for Nurse Educators

    – Course Description, Vision, and Rationale
    – Course Learning Objectives
    – Evaluation and Assessment Strategies and Examples

    – Alignment Tables
    – Table One: Course Learning Objectives to Assessments and Domains of Learning
    – Table Two: Course Learning Objectives to Program Outcomes
    – Table Three: Course Learning Objectives to External Standards
    – References

    – 3. Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies.
    – 5. Function as a Change Agent and Leader.

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    **files (1)** – ## Response7.docx **## Response7.docx** · QUESTION: Discuss Restless Leg Syndrome and Periodic Limb Syndrome. Include etiology and neurobiological principles. · Discuss treatments with an emphasis on pharmacologic treatments. · Don't forget to include why and how these medications wo…

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    – ## Response7.docx

    **## Response7.docx**

    · QUESTION: Discuss Restless Leg Syndrome and Periodic Limb Syndrome. Include etiology and neurobiological principles.

    · Discuss treatments with an emphasis on pharmacologic treatments.

    · Don't forget to include why and how these medications work to reduce symptoms by including the MOA, evidence for its use, and side effects along with patient education.

    ·

    ·
    **Reply** to at least one classmate (from a different discussion group)

    ·
    **Posts are a minimum of 250 words, scholarly written, APA formatted (with some exceptions due to limitations in the D2L editor), and a minimum of 2 references (which may include the course textbook).**

    Response to Misty:

    Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related sensorimotor disorder that is characterized by four cardinal symptoms, which include an overwhelming urge to move the legs, often with unpleasant sensations (achiness, tingling, internal feelings that “bugs” are inside your legs), symptoms provoked by rest or immobility, relief with movement, and worsening in the evening (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). RLS is diagnosed clinically, as polysomnography is not required (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Risk factors include family history, northern European descent, female sex, and older age (greater than 65 years) (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Secondary causes of RLS are associated with iron deficiency anemia, end-stage kidney disease, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, pregnancy, and Parkinson’s disease (Gabbard & M.d., 2014). Medications that can trigger or worsen RLS symptoms include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), dopamine antagonists, and centrally acting antihistamines (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026).

    Periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) are involuntary, repetitive flexion movements of the lower extremities that are detected on polysomnography and occur at 15- to 30-second intervals during sleep (Kouri et al., 2023). PLMS are present in over 75% of patients with RLS and are considered the movement symptoms of RLS, but most individuals with PLMS do not have RLS (Kouri et al., 2023). Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a distinct diagnosis requiring the process of exclusion, which requires a PLMS index greater than 15 hours in the adult population, has clinically significant sleep disruption or daytime dysfunction not explained by an obvious disorder, and has the absence of RLS, untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), REM sleep behavior disorder, or narcolepsy (Winkelman et al., 2025).

    The pathophysiology of RLS and PLMD involves brain iron deficiency (BID), genetic predisposition, and dopaminergic dysfunction (Winkelman et al., 2025). BID is the key initial pathobiological factor, and several studies have consistently demonstrated low brain iron levels in patients with RLS (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). BID leads to downstream hyperdopaminergic and hyperglutamatergic states that disrupt cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits (Xu et al., 2025). Approximately half of patients with RLS have a first-degree family member with RLS (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Researchers have found that people with RLS exhibit abnormal dopamine activity, particularly in brain and spinal cord regions that control movement and sensory signals (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). The balance between D3 and D1 receptors is central to understanding both the therapeutic and augmenting effects of medications used to treat RLS (Ferré et al., 2026).

    Iron supplementation is the guideline-recommended first-line treatment for all patients with serum ferritin levels below 100 ng/mL, as it replenishes brain iron stores (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Oral ferrous sulfate 325-650 mg daily or every other day showed similar efficacy to IV iron in patients with iron deficiency anemia who also had RLS, thus showing up to 75% improvement (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and a metallic taste, with symptom relief taking one to three months (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). First-line pharmacotherapy for RLS includes gabapentin, pregabalin, and gabapentin enacarbil, which act on voltage-gated calcium channels, thereby reducing calcium influx at presynaptic nerve terminals and decreasing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate (Winkelman et al., 2025). By inhibiting excitatory neurotransmitters, this drug class can reduce both sensory symptoms and hyperarousal states that disrupt sleep (Ferré et al., 2026). Through a systematic review of the management of RLS, gabapentin has shown over 70% improvement in symptoms related to this disorder over placebo (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Side effects include somnolence, dizziness, weight gain, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and suicidal ideation, as well as falls, which were of concern, particularly in the elderly population (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Educating patients on when to take this medication is important to stress, as it should be taken within one to two hours prior to symptom onset, as well as educating patients on the effects of sedation and to avoid driving until they know how the medication affects them, and continue to monitor their weight (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026).

    Second-line pharmacotherapy includes dopamine agonists, which are FDA-approved to treat RLS, including pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine (Winkelman et al., 2025). Dopamine receptor agonists, including D3 receptor agonists, activate inhibitory D2-like receptors and, at low doses, inhibit sensory signal transmission, thereby reducing the urge to move (Ferré et al., 2026). Side effects of dopamine agonists include somnolence, nausea, dizziness, nasal stuffiness, impulse control disorders, and worsening of RLS symptoms (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Patients must be questioned about impulse-control behaviors at each visit, and the possibility of worsening RLS symptoms, called augmentation, should be explained; for example, symptoms may occur earlier in the day and become more severe (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). If augmentation occurs, do not increase the dose, as this will worsen the problem; instead, transitioning to gabapentin would be prudent (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026).

    For PLMD without RLS, guidelines support the use of ropinirole to reduce periodic limb movements, and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine treats PLMD using the same methods as RLS (Winkelman et al., 2025). Overall, patients should be educated to avoid or minimize SSRIs/SNRIs, bupropion may be a safer alternative, dopamine antagonists, and diphenhydramine (Gabbard & M.d., 2014).

    **References**

    Ferré, S., García-Borreguero, D., & Earley, C. J. (2026). On the mechanisms of dopamine receptor agonists in restless legs syndrome.
    _Sleepj_,
    _49_(1), Article zsaf305.
    [https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf305](https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf305)

    Gabbard, G. O., & M.d. (2014).
    _Gabbard's treatments of psychiatric disorders, fifth edition_ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Pub.

    Kouri, I., Junna, M. R., & Lipford, M. C. (2023). Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep: From neurophysiology to clinical practice.
    _Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology_,
    _40_(3), 215–223.
    [https://doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000934](https://doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000934)

    Winkelman, J. W., Berkowski, J. A., DelRosso, L. M., Koo, B. B., Scharf, M. T., Sharon, D., Zak, R. S., Kazmi, U., Falck-Ytter, Y., Shelgikar, A. V., Trotti, L. M., & Walters, A. S. (2025). Treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: An American Academy of sleep medicine clinical practice guideline.
    _Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine_,
    _21_(1), 137–152.
    [https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.11390](https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.11390)

    Winkelman, J. W., & Wipper, B. (2026). Restless legs syndrome: A review.
    _JAMA_,
    _335_(8), 703.
    [https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.23247](https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.23247)

    Xu, Y., Guan, Y., & Lang, B. (2025). Unraveling restless legs syndrome: A comprehensive review of current research and future directions.
    _International Journal of General Medicine_,
    _18_, 4041–4055.
    [https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s544680](https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s544680)

    **## Response7.docx**

    · QUESTION: Discuss Restless Leg Syndrome and Periodic Limb Syndrome. Include etiology and neurobiological principles.

    · Discuss treatments with an emphasis on pharmacologic treatments.

    · Don't forget to include why and how these medications work to reduce symptoms by including the MOA, evidence for its use, and side effects along with patient education.

    ·

    ·
    **Reply** to at least one classmate (from a different discussion group)

    ·
    **Posts are a minimum of 250 words, scholarly written, APA formatted (with some exceptions due to limitations in the D2L editor), and a minimum of 2 references (which may include the course textbook).**

    Response to Misty:

    Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related sensorimotor disorder that is characterized by four cardinal symptoms, which include an overwhelming urge to move the legs, often with unpleasant sensations (achiness, tingling, internal feelings that “bugs” are inside your legs), symptoms provoked by rest or immobility, relief with movement, and worsening in the evening (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). RLS is diagnosed clinically, as polysomnography is not required (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Risk factors include family history, northern European descent, female sex, and older age (greater than 65 years) (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Secondary causes of RLS are associated with iron deficiency anemia, end-stage kidney disease, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, pregnancy, and Parkinson’s disease (Gabbard & M.d., 2014). Medications that can trigger or worsen RLS symptoms include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), dopamine antagonists, and centrally acting antihistamines (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026).

    Periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) are involuntary, repetitive flexion movements of the lower extremities that are detected on polysomnography and occur at 15- to 30-second intervals during sleep (Kouri et al., 2023). PLMS are present in over 75% of patients with RLS and are considered the movement symptoms of RLS, but most individuals with PLMS do not have RLS (Kouri et al., 2023). Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a distinct diagnosis requiring the process of exclusion, which requires a PLMS index greater than 15 hours in the adult population, has clinically significant sleep disruption or daytime dysfunction not explained by an obvious disorder, and has the absence of RLS, untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), REM sleep behavior disorder, or narcolepsy (Winkelman et al., 2025).

    The pathophysiology of RLS and PLMD involves brain iron deficiency (BID), genetic predisposition, and dopaminergic dysfunction (Winkelman et al., 2025). BID is the key initial pathobiological factor, and several studies have consistently demonstrated low brain iron levels in patients with RLS (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). BID leads to downstream hyperdopaminergic and hyperglutamatergic states that disrupt cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits (Xu et al., 2025). Approximately half of patients with RLS have a first-degree family member with RLS (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Researchers have found that people with RLS exhibit abnormal dopamine activity, particularly in brain and spinal cord regions that control movement and sensory signals (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). The balance between D3 and D1 receptors is central to understanding both the therapeutic and augmenting effects of medications used to treat RLS (Ferré et al., 2026).

    Iron supplementation is the guideline-recommended first-line treatment for all patients with serum ferritin levels below 100 ng/mL, as it replenishes brain iron stores (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Oral ferrous sulfate 325-650 mg daily or every other day showed similar efficacy to IV iron in patients with iron deficiency anemia who also had RLS, thus showing up to 75% improvement (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and a metallic taste, with symptom relief taking one to three months (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). First-line pharmacotherapy for RLS includes gabapentin, pregabalin, and gabapentin enacarbil, which act on voltage-gated calcium channels, thereby reducing calcium influx at presynaptic nerve terminals and decreasing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate (Winkelman et al., 2025). By inhibiting excitatory neurotransmitters, this drug class can reduce both sensory symptoms and hyperarousal states that disrupt sleep (Ferré et al., 2026). Through a systematic review of the management of RLS, gabapentin has shown over 70% improvement in symptoms related to this disorder over placebo (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Side effects include somnolence, dizziness, weight gain, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and suicidal ideation, as well as falls, which were of concern, particularly in the elderly population (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Educating patients on when to take this medication is important to stress, as it should be taken within one to two hours prior to symptom onset, as well as educating patients on the effects of sedation and to avoid driving until they know how the medication affects them, and continue to monitor their weight (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026).

    Second-line pharmacotherapy includes dopamine agonists, which are FDA-approved to treat RLS, including pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine (Winkelman et al., 2025). Dopamine receptor agonists, including D3 receptor agonists, activate inhibitory D2-like receptors and, at low doses, inhibit sensory signal transmission, thereby reducing the urge to move (Ferré et al., 2026). Side effects of dopamine agonists include somnolence, nausea, dizziness, nasal stuffiness, impulse control disorders, and worsening of RLS symptoms (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). Patients must be questioned about impulse-control behaviors at each visit, and the possibility of worsening RLS symptoms, called augmentation, should be explained; for example, symptoms may occur earlier in the day and become more severe (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026). If augmentation occurs, do not increase the dose, as this will worsen the problem; instead, transitioning to gabapentin would be prudent (Winkelman & Wipper, 2026).

    For PLMD without RLS, guidelines support the use of ropinirole to reduce periodic limb movements, and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine treats PLMD using the same methods as RLS (Winkelman et al., 2025). Overall, patients should be educated to avoid or minimize SSRIs/SNRIs, bupropion may be a safer alternative, dopamine antagonists, and diphenhydramine (Gabbard & M.d., 2014).

    **References**

    Ferré, S., García-Borreguero, D., & Earley, C. J. (2026). On the mechanisms of dopamine receptor agonists in restless legs syndrome.
    _Sleepj_,
    _49_(1), Article zsaf305.
    [https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf305](https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf305)

    Gabbard, G. O., & M.d. (2014).
    _Gabbard's treatments of psychiatric disorders, fifth edition_ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Pub.

    Kouri, I., Junna, M. R., & Lipford, M. C. (2023). Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep: From neurophysiology to clinical practice.
    _Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology_,
    _40_(3), 215–223.
    [https://doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000934](https://doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000934)

    Winkelman, J. W., Berkowski, J. A., DelRosso, L. M., Koo, B. B., Scharf, M. T., Sharon, D., Zak, R. S., Kazmi, U., Falck-Ytter, Y., Shelgikar, A. V., Trotti, L. M., & Walters, A. S. (2025). Treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: An American Academy of sleep medicine clinical practice guideline.
    _Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine_,
    _21_(1), 137–152.
    [https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.11390](https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.11390)

    Winkelman, J. W., & Wipper, B. (2026). Restless legs syndrome: A review.
    _JAMA_,
    _335_(8), 703.
    [https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.23247](https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.23247)

    Xu, Y., Guan, Y., & Lang, B. (2025). Unraveling restless legs syndrome: A comprehensive review of current research and future directions.
    _International Journal of General Medicine_,
    _18_, 4041–4055.
    [https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s544680](https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s544680)

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