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  • [Solved] DB Response WK2

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    See Attached. – ## DiscussionAssignmentInstructionsCJUS350.docx – ## AbrahamGamboa.docx – ## BookerPitts.docx **## DiscussionAssignmentInstructionsCJUS350.docx** CJUS 350 **Discussion Assignment Instructions** The student will complete 8 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread o…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    See Attached.

    – ## DiscussionAssignmentInstructionsCJUS350.docx

    – ## AbrahamGamboa.docx

    – ## BookerPitts.docx

    **## DiscussionAssignmentInstructionsCJUS350.docx**

    CJUS 350

    **Discussion Assignment Instructions**

    The student will complete 8 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of at least 400 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post at least 2 replies of at least 200 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 2 scholarly citation(s) in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, the Bible, journal articles and professional experiences.

    **## AbrahamGamboa.docx**

    Abraham Gamboa

    1/
    **Is equal protection under the 14th Amendment fully realized in our criminal justice system? Do bias-based policing practices exist?**

         To have equal protection under the 14th Amendment, there would need to be similar treatment for offenders of the same crime. Realistically, this is not always the case. According to Stelter et al. (2022), Black drivers are more likely to be stopped and searched compared to White drivers, even when no greater evidence of wrongdoing exists. Even with those statistics, studies also reveal that contraband is actually found at higher rates among White drivers. Additionally, the U.S. Sentencing Commission reports that Black men often receive longer sentences than White men convicted of the same crimes. Yes, I believe we do have bias-based policing in our country with the facts above.

    2/
    **Do people control their actions, and should they be held accountable? Please read 1 Kings 3:16-28 and describe the importance of having the right people in justice administration roles.**

         Individuals are responsible for their actions and should be held accountable. In 1 Kings 3:16-28, Solomon showed great wisdom when deciding between two women claiming to be the child’s mother (King James Bible, 1611/2025). His discernment revealed the truth and ensured justice. This story highlights why it is essential to have wise and fair people in positions of authority, such as judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement officers. The King had no intentions of killing the child, but to truly expose the liar in this scenario. When leaders lack discernment, bias, or corruption can undermine justice. Godly wisdom and fairness are necessary to administer justice correctly.

    3/
    **Do you possess a Biblical worldview? Please explain why or why not.**

         Yes, I possess a Biblical worldview. Because of this, I believe that all people were created in the image of God, so they shall be treated fairly. Isaiah 30:18 shows us an example of a Biblical worldview that emphasizes justice, mercy, and accountability, while recognizing that God is the ultimate Judge (King James Bible, 1611/2025). This perspective provides a moral foundation for decisions in law and leadership and demands that Christians reflect God’s justice in how they treat others, including criminals.

    4/
    **Dilemma: As President, how would you respond to a hijacked airliner headed toward Yankee Stadium?**

         As a leader, it is sometimes difficult to make the "right" decision. This is a great example that reflects how difficult it is to make those decisions. At the cost of 310 passengers of the hijacked plane, I would order the fighters to engage the airliner before it reaches the stadium. My thought is I would sacrifice the 310 for potentially thousands of lives at the stadium. Of course, this decision takes a lot of thought and prayer, but ultimately, in my eyes, this is the only right answer with no other options

    **## BookerPitts.docx**

    Booker Pitts

    The 14th Amendment guarantees that people in similar circumstances should be treated the same under the law, yet the

    reality of the U. S. criminal justice system often contradicts this promise. Disparities persist across sentencing, policing, and

    corrections, revealing that equal protection is not always achieved. Ferguson (2024) explains that systemic inequities tied

    to both race and socioeconomic status mean defendants with similar cases may receive vastly different outcomes. This

    undermines public trust and challenges the very spirit of the amendment.

    When it comes to policing, research demonstrates that bias continues to shape outcomes. A Michigan study found that

    black drivers were significantly more likely than white drivers to be stopped and searched, even though these searches

    resulted in fewer discoveries of contraband (University of Michigan, 2024). This evidence shows that bias-based policing

    does exist, and it creates a ripple effect that influences how entire communities perceive law enforcement. Equal treatment

    under the law can not be realized until such disparities are addressed.

    The issue of accountability is central to this discussion. Leaders in the justice system, judges, prosecutors, and officers must

    control their actions and be held accountable for them. A powerful biblical illustration of this principle is found in 1 Kings

    3:16-28, where King Solomon was faced with the dispute between two women claiming the same child. Instead of acting

    rashly or unfairly, Solomon exercised wisdom, discernment, and restraint, ultimately uncovering the truth and protecting

    justice. His example highlights the importance of self-control and integrity in positions of authority. In the same way,

    modern justice administrators must act with impartiality and fairness, not prejudice. Research directly reinforces this:

    Behavioral-science-based training has been shown to reduce use-of-force incidents and racial disparities in arrests (Crime

    Lab, 2023). Just as Solomon's judgment upheld justice, intentional training and accountability can keep leaders aligned

    with constitutional values.

    A Biblical worldview further strengthens this argument. Yes, I possess a Biblical Worldview. Scripture emphasizes the equal

    worth of every human being, teaching us that justice, mercy, and humility must guide our treatment of others. I see this as a

    moral safeguard that pushes us toward fairer policies and humane decisions in the justice system.

    **Dilemma Response**

    If faced with the hijacking scenario as President of the United States, I would resist choosing to sacrifice the passengers on

    board. While utilitarian reasoning may directly argue for the "greater good," the Constitution and the 14th Amendment

    affirm the equal right to life and due process. Like Solomon, who chose discernment over rash action, a leader in this

    moment must seek alternatives such as negotiation, evacuation, or precise interception. To deliberately take innocent lives,

    strip them of equal protection, and contradict both constitutional and biblical principles. This scenario requires a tough

    decision, but as President, I would exhaust all means to preserve life.

    **Conclusion**

    Ultimately, the 14th Amendment challenges us to measure justice not by ideals alone, but by the many outcomes they

    achieve. Solomon's wisdom reminds us that true justice requires fairness, discernment, and moral courage. Modern research

    confirms that accountability and reform can help close the gap between principle and practice. Living out the values

    of the 14th Amendment is more than a legal obligation; it is a moral commitment to honor the dignity of every person, no

    matter their circumstances.

    **## BookerPitts.docx**

    Booker Pitts

    The 14th Amendment guarantees that people in similar circumstances should be treated the same under the law, yet the

    reality of the U. S. criminal justice system often contradicts this promise. Disparities persist across sentencing, policing, and

    corrections, revealing that equal protection is not always achieved. Ferguson (2024) explains that systemic inequities tied

    to both race and socioeconomic status mean defendants with similar cases may receive vastly different outcomes. This

    undermines public trust and challenges the very spirit of the amendment.

    When it comes to policing, research demonstrates that bias continues to shape outcomes. A Michigan study found that

    black drivers were significantly more likely than white drivers to be stopped and searched, even though these searches

    resulted in fewer discoveries of contraband (University of Michigan, 2024). This evidence shows that bias-based policing

    does exist, and it creates a ripple effect that influences how entire communities perceive law enforcement. Equal treatment

    under the law can not be realized until such disparities are addressed.

    The issue of accountability is central to this discussion. Leaders in the justice system, judges, prosecutors, and officers must

    control their actions and be held accountable for them. A powerful biblical illustration of this principle is found in 1 Kings

    3:16-28, where King Solomon was faced with the dispute between two women claiming the same child. Instead of acting

    rashly or unfairly, Solomon exercised wisdom, discernment, and restraint, ultimately uncovering the truth and protecting

    justice. His example highlights the importance of self-control and integrity in positions of authority. In the same way,

    modern justice administrators must act with impartiality and fairness, not prejudice. Research directly reinforces this:

    Behavioral-science-based training has been shown to reduce use-of-force incidents and racial disparities in arrests (Crime

    Lab, 2023). Just as Solomon's judgment upheld justice, intentional training and accountability can keep leaders aligned

    with constitutional values.

    A Biblical worldview further strengthens this argument. Yes, I possess a Biblical Worldview. Scripture emphasizes the equal

    worth of every human being, teaching us that justice, mercy, and humility must guide our treatment of others. I see this as a

    moral safeguard that pushes us toward fairer policies and humane decisions in the justice system.

    **Dilemma Response**

    If faced with the hijacking scenario as President of the United States, I would resist choosing to sacrifice the passengers on

    board. While utilitarian reasoning may directly argue for the "greater good," the Constitution and the 14th Amendment

    affirm the equal right to life and due process. Like Solomon, who chose discernment over rash action, a leader in this

    moment must seek alternatives such as negotiation, evacuation, or precise interception. To deliberately take innocent lives,

    strip them of equal protection, and contradict both constitutional and biblical principles. This scenario requires a tough

    decision, but as President, I would exhaust all means to preserve life.

    **Conclusion**

    Ultimately, the 14th Amendment challenges us to measure justice not by ideals alone, but by the many outcomes they

    achieve. Solomon's wisdom reminds us that true justice requires fairness, discernment, and moral courage. Modern research

    confirms that accountability and reform can help close the gap between principle and practice. Living out the values

    of the 14th Amendment is more than a legal obligation; it is a moral commitment to honor the dignity of every person, no

    matter their circumstances.

    **## DiscussionAssignmentInstructionsCJUS350.docx**

    CJUS 350

    **Discussion Assignment Instructions**

    The student will complete 8 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of at least 400 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post at least 2 replies of at least 200 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 2 scholarly citation(s) in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, the Bible, journal articles and professional experiences.

    **## AbrahamGamboa.docx**

    Abraham Gamboa

    1/
    **Is equal protection under the 14th Amendment fully realized in our criminal justice system? Do bias-based policing practices exist?**

         To have equal protection under the 14th Amendment, there would need to be similar treatment for offenders of the same crime. Realistically, this is not always the case. According to Stelter et al. (2022), Black drivers are more likely to be stopped and searched compared to White drivers, even when no greater evidence of wrongdoing exists. Even with those statistics, studies also reveal that contraband is actually found at higher rates among White drivers. Additionally, the U.S. Sentencing Commission reports that Black men often receive longer sentences than White men convicted of the same crimes. Yes, I believe we do have bias-based policing in our country with the facts above.

    2/
    **Do people control their actions, and should they be held accountable? Please read 1 Kings 3:16-28 and describe the importance of having the right people in justice administration roles.**

         Individuals are responsible for their actions and should be held accountable. In 1 Kings 3:16-28, Solomon showed great wisdom when deciding between two women claiming to be the child’s mother (King James Bible, 1611/2025). His discernment revealed the truth and ensured justice. This story highlights why it is essential to have wise and fair people in positions of authority, such as judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement officers. The King had no intentions of killing the child, but to truly expose the liar in this scenario. When leaders lack discernment, bias, or corruption can undermine justice. Godly wisdom and fairness are necessary to administer justice correctly.

    3/
    **Do you possess a Biblical worldview? Please explain why or why not.**

         Yes, I possess a Biblical worldview. Because of this, I believe that all people were created in the image of God, so they shall be treated fairly. Isaiah 30:18 shows us an example of a Biblical worldview that emphasizes justice, mercy, and accountability, while recognizing that God is the ultimate Judge (King James Bible, 1611/2025). This perspective provides a moral foundation for decisions in law and leadership and demands that Christians reflect God’s justice in how they treat others, including criminals.

    4/
    **Dilemma: As President, how would you respond to a hijacked airliner headed toward Yankee Stadium?**

         As a leader, it is sometimes difficult to make the "right" decision. This is a great example that reflects how difficult it is to make those decisions. At the cost of 310 passengers of the hijacked plane, I would order the fighters to engage the airliner before it reaches the stadium. My thought is I would sacrifice the 310 for potentially thousands of lives at the stadium. Of course, this decision takes a lot of thought and prayer, but ultimately, in my eyes, this is the only right answer with no other options

    **## BookerPitts.docx**

    Booker Pitts

    The 14th Amendment guarantees that people in similar circumstances should be treated the same under the law, yet the

    reality of the U. S. criminal justice system often contradicts this promise. Disparities persist across sentencing, policing, and

    corrections, revealing that equal protection is not always achieved. Ferguson (2024) explains that systemic inequities tied

    to both race and socioeconomic status mean defendants with similar cases may receive vastly different outcomes. This

    undermines public trust and challenges the very spirit of the amendment.

    When it comes to policing, research demonstrates that bias continues to shape outcomes. A Michigan study found that

    black drivers were significantly more likely than white drivers to be stopped and searched, even though these searches

    resulted in fewer discoveries of contraband (University of Michigan, 2024). This evidence shows that bias-based policing

    does exist, and it creates a ripple effect that influences how entire communities perceive law enforcement. Equal treatment

    under the law can not be realized until such disparities are addressed.

    The issue of accountability is central to this discussion. Leaders in the justice system, judges, prosecutors, and officers must

    control their actions and be held accountable for them. A powerful biblical illustration of this principle is found in 1 Kings

    3:16-28, where King Solomon was faced with the dispute between two women claiming the same child. Instead of acting

    rashly or unfairly, Solomon exercised wisdom, discernment, and restraint, ultimately uncovering the truth and protecting

    justice. His example highlights the importance of self-control and integrity in positions of authority. In the same way,

    modern justice administrators must act with impartiality and fairness, not prejudice. Research directly reinforces this:

    Behavioral-science-based training has been shown to reduce use-of-force incidents and racial disparities in arrests (Crime

    Lab, 2023). Just as Solomon's judgment upheld justice, intentional training and accountability can keep leaders aligned

    with constitutional values.

    A Biblical worldview further strengthens this argument. Yes, I possess a Biblical Worldview. Scripture emphasizes the equal

    worth of every human being, teaching us that justice, mercy, and humility must guide our treatment of others. I see this as a

    moral safeguard that pushes us toward fairer policies and humane decisions in the justice system.

    **Dilemma Response**

    If faced with the hijacking scenario as President of the United States, I would resist choosing to sacrifice the passengers on

    board. While utilitarian reasoning may directly argue for the "greater good," the Constitution and the 14th Amendment

    affirm the equal right to life and due process. Like Solomon, who chose discernment over rash action, a leader in this

    moment must seek alternatives such as negotiation, evacuation, or precise interception. To deliberately take innocent lives,

    strip them of equal protection, and contradict both constitutional and biblical principles. This scenario requires a tough

    decision, but as President, I would exhaust all means to preserve life.

    **Conclusion**

    Ultimately, the 14th Amendment challenges us to measure justice not by ideals alone, but by the many outcomes they

    achieve. Solomon's wisdom reminds us that true justice requires fairness, discernment, and moral courage. Modern research

    confirms that accountability and reform can help close the gap between principle and practice. Living out the values

    of the 14th Amendment is more than a legal obligation; it is a moral commitment to honor the dignity of every person, no

    matter their circumstances.

    **## DiscussionAssignmentInstructionsCJUS350.docx**

    CJUS 350

    **Discussion Assignment Instructions**

    The student will complete 8 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of at least 400 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post at least 2 replies of at least 200 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 2 scholarly citation(s) in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, the Bible, journal articles and professional experiences.

    **## AbrahamGamboa.docx**

    Abraham Gamboa

    1/
    **Is equal protection under the 14th Amendment fully realized in our criminal justice system? Do bias-based policing practices exist?**

         To have equal protection under the 14th Amendment, there would need to be similar treatment for offenders of the same crime. Realistically, this is not always the case. According to Stelter et al. (2022), Black drivers are more likely to be stopped and searched compared to White drivers, even when no greater evidence of wrongdoing exists. Even with those statistics, studies also reveal that contraband is actually found at higher rates among White drivers. Additionally, the U.S. Sentencing Commission reports that Black men often receive longer sentences than White men convicted of the same crimes. Yes, I believe we do have bias-based policing in our country with the facts above.

    2/
    **Do people control their actions, and should they be held accountable? Please read 1 Kings 3:16-28 and describe the importance of having the right people in justice administration roles.**

         Individuals are responsible for their actions and should be held accountable. In 1 Kings 3:16-28, Solomon showed great wisdom when deciding between two women claiming to be the child’s mother (King James Bible, 1611/2025). His discernment revealed the truth and ensured justice. This story highlights why it is essential to have wise and fair people in positions of authority, such as judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement officers. The King had no intentions of killing the child, but to truly expose the liar in this scenario. When leaders lack discernment, bias, or corruption can undermine justice. Godly wisdom and fairness are necessary to administer justice correctly.

    3/
    **Do you possess a Biblical worldview? Please explain why or why not.**

         Yes, I possess a Biblical worldview. Because of this, I believe that all people were created in the image of God, so they shall be treated fairly. Isaiah 30:18 shows us an example of a Biblical worldview that emphasizes justice, mercy, and accountability, while recognizing that God is the ultimate Judge (King James Bible, 1611/2025). This perspective provides a moral foundation for decisions in law and leadership and demands that Christians reflect God’s justice in how they treat others, including criminals.

    4/
    **Dilemma: As President, how would you respond to a hijacked airliner headed toward Yankee Stadium?**

         As a leader, it is sometimes difficult to make the "right" decision. This is a great example that reflects how difficult it is to make those decisions. At the cost of 310 passengers of the hijacked plane, I would order the fighters to engage the airliner before it reaches the stadium. My thought is I would sacrifice the 310 for potentially thousands of lives at the stadium. Of course, this decision takes a lot of thought and prayer, but ultimately, in my eyes, this is the only right answer with no other options

    **## BookerPitts.docx**

    Booker Pitts

    The 14th Amendment guarantees that people in similar circumstances should be treated the same under the law, yet the

    reality of the U. S. criminal justice system often contradicts this promise. Disparities persist across sentencing, policing, and

    corrections, revealing that equal protection is not always achieved. Ferguson (2024) explains that systemic inequities tied

    to both race and socioeconomic status mean defendants with similar cases may receive vastly different outcomes. This

    undermines public trust and challenges the very spirit of the amendment.

    When it comes to policing, research demonstrates that bias continues to shape outcomes. A Michigan study found that

    black drivers were significantly more likely than white drivers to be stopped and searched, even though these searches

    resulted in fewer discoveries of contraband (University of Michigan, 2024). This evidence shows that bias-based policing

    does exist, and it creates a ripple effect that influences how entire communities perceive law enforcement. Equal treatment

    under the law can not be realized until such disparities are addressed.

    The issue of accountability is central to this discussion. Leaders in the justice system, judges, prosecutors, and officers must

    control their actions and be held accountable for them. A powerful biblical illustration of this principle is found in 1 Kings

    3:16-28, where King Solomon was faced with the dispute between two women claiming the same child. Instead of acting

    rashly or unfairly, Solomon exercised wisdom, discernment, and restraint, ultimately uncovering the truth and protecting

    justice. His example highlights the importance of self-control and integrity in positions of authority. In the same way,

    modern justice administrators must act with impartiality and fairness, not prejudice. Research directly reinforces this:

    Behavioral-science-based training has been shown to reduce use-of-force incidents and racial disparities in arrests (Crime

    Lab, 2023). Just as Solomon's judgment upheld justice, intentional training and accountability can keep leaders aligned

    with constitutional values.

    A Biblical worldview further strengthens this argument. Yes, I possess a Biblical Worldview. Scripture emphasizes the equal

    worth of every human being, teaching us that justice, mercy, and humility must guide our treatment of others. I see this as a

    moral safeguard that pushes us toward fairer policies and humane decisions in the justice system.

    **Dilemma Response**

    If faced with the hijacking scenario as President of the United States, I would resist choosing to sacrifice the passengers on

    board. While utilitarian reasoning may directly argue for the "greater good," the Constitution and the 14th Amendment

    affirm the equal right to life and due process. Like Solomon, who chose discernment over rash action, a leader in this

    moment must seek alternatives such as negotiation, evacuation, or precise interception. To deliberately take innocent lives,

    strip them of equal protection, and contradict both constitutional and biblical principles. This scenario requires a tough

    decision, but as President, I would exhaust all means to preserve life.

    **Conclusion**

    Ultimately, the 14th Amendment challenges us to measure justice not by ideals alone, but by the many outcomes they

    achieve. Solomon's wisdom reminds us that true justice requires fairness, discernment, and moral courage. Modern research

    confirms that accountability and reform can help close the gap between principle and practice. Living out the values

    of the 14th Amendment is more than a legal obligation; it is a moral commitment to honor the dignity of every person, no

    matter their circumstances.

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    – 2
    – 3

  • [Solved] d

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    – ## week2.docx **## week2.docx** Week 2 – What are your questions about how and why crime distributes disproportionately across space and time. What factors might contribute to these distributions? There is a large knowledge base out there that discusses the temporal and spatial distribution of cri…

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    – ## week2.docx

    **## week2.docx**

    Week 2 – What are your questions about how and why crime distributes disproportionately across space and time. What factors might contribute to these distributions?

    There is a large knowledge base out there that discusses the temporal and spatial distribution of crime. This literature base also explores the myriad of factors that are environmental predictors of these spatial and temporal distributions (Newman, 1973; Sherman, 1995; Sherman et al. 1989). Discuss what you believe are the factors that might contribute to the unequal distribution of crime across space and time? I also encourage each of you to bring additional questions to the community that pertains to this topic from current events.

    There is a large knowledge base out there that discusses the temporal and spatial distribution of crime. This literature base also explores the myriad of factors that are environmental predictors of these spatial and temporal distributions (Newman, 1973; Sherman, 1995; Sherman et al. 1989). Discuss what you believe are the factors that might contribute to the unequal distribution of crime across space and time?

    **## week2.docx**

    Week 2 – What are your questions about how and why crime distributes disproportionately across space and time. What factors might contribute to these distributions?

    There is a large knowledge base out there that discusses the temporal and spatial distribution of crime. This literature base also explores the myriad of factors that are environmental predictors of these spatial and temporal distributions (Newman, 1973; Sherman, 1995; Sherman et al. 1989). Discuss what you believe are the factors that might contribute to the unequal distribution of crime across space and time? I also encourage each of you to bring additional questions to the community that pertains to this topic from current events.

    There is a large knowledge base out there that discusses the temporal and spatial distribution of crime. This literature base also explores the myriad of factors that are environmental predictors of these spatial and temporal distributions (Newman, 1973; Sherman, 1995; Sherman et al. 1989). Discuss what you believe are the factors that might contribute to the unequal distribution of crime across space and time?

  • [Solved] Briefing on cases

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    In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering Briefing on cases.

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Full assignment prompt and step-by-step guidance are included in the downloadable solution file.

  • [Solved] Brief: re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).

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    In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering Brief: re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967)..

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    Full assignment prompt and step-by-step guidance are included in the downloadable solution file.

  • [Solved] Forensic

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    Detective Smith brings in 50 items that he wants tested. He wants it done now. What impact does that have on a lab? Things to consider – size of the lab, types of testing, type of case, suspect at large or not.

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    Detective  Smith brings in 50 items that he wants tested.  He wants it done now.   What impact does that have on a lab?  Things to consider – size of the  lab, types of testing, type of case, suspect at large or not.

  • [Solved] Law – Criminal Wk 3 Summative Assignment: Community Policing Presentation

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    Executive Solution Overview

    **Victim advocates** provide support to victims and their families navigating the criminal justice process, from **community policing** throughout sentencing and corrections. To be an empowered advocate for victims of all demographics, it is important to be able to **identify the major aspects of mu…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    **Victim advocates** provide support to victims and their families navigating the criminal justice process, from **community policing** throughout sentencing and corrections. To be an empowered advocate for victims of all demographics, it is important to be able to **identify the major aspects of multiculturalism and societal diversity within the American criminal justice system**.
    ##### **Scenario**
    Leaders at your agency for victim support services have asked the victim advocates to give presentations at an upcoming meeting of the city council or state legislature to advocate for improvements to community policing. Your agency wants to show the city or state leaders the current, accurate data that supports their claim that a particular demographic group has been disproportionately targeted or treated unethically by community policing practices and is in need of change.
    ##### **Preparation**
    Refer to the gender, racial, or ethnic group you selected in your Wk 2: State Demographic Data assignment. This group should be represented in the prison demographics for your state and will be your focus as you examine the influence of gender, racial, or ethnic aspects of diversity in community policing.
    – Research statistical demographic information on the imprisoned populations in your state or local area. (You may use the same resources from last week’s assignment.) Examine data for the racial, ethnic, or gender group that you choose to study. Access the [Detailed Data Tool](https://www.sentencingproject.org/research/detailed-state-data-tool/) from The Sentencing Project for data on these groups.
    – Research at least 2 scholarly sources about issues in policing the selected gender, racial, or ethnic group.
    **NOTE: Please Review the Sample Presentation at the Bottom**
    ##### **Assessment Deliverable**
    Using data from your state or local area, **create a 10- to 12-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation to city or state officials as if you were a victim advocate working on behalf of a community to recommend a plan for reducing disparity in the policing of minority groups**.
    **Your presentation should include the following information with supportive examples from your research:**
    – Cite relevant demographic information from state or local statistics on the race, ethnicity, or gender of the group you selected. Note any relevant disparities between groups.
    – Explain the roles of the various criminal justice agencies and representatives engaged in building rapport with the group you chose. Summarize the ethical responsibilities of criminal justice professionals to serve multicultural populations. Give an example of a risk to effective community policing that could occur based on an officer’s biases or lack of cultural competence with the selected population.
    – Identify aspects of multiculturalism and societal diversity to consider when policing this group. Describe how cultural, spiritual, or other factors may cause challenges for a minority defendant from this group during their interactions with law enforcement. Describe challenges to developing community policing practices impartial to gender, race, or ethnicity.
    – Propose at least 1 recommendation based on your findings for how to address the gender, racial, or ethnic disparity identified. Make a call to action for the city council or state legislature to implement changes based on your recommendation. (If no improvements are needed, recommend a strategy for maintaining the results that you identified.)
    ###### **Formatting Requirements**
    Download and review the [Presentation Template Example](https://multimedia.phoenix.edu/cms/202234526). This example has been customized to reflect your summative assessment presentation components and will help you get a better idea of how to organize your presentation so that you can focus on the slide content. Inputting your content into this presentation template is optional; you can use presentation software and design layouts of your choice to customize your presentation’s appearance (i.e., color, images, and font). However, ensure you have faculty member approval in advance to use other software.
    **Whether you use the presentation template example or another template of your choice, include the following slides and topics in your presentation:**
    – **Title**
    – **Introduction**
    – **Demographics and disparities**
    – **Criminal justice agencies and roles in community rapport**
    – **Ethical responsibilities in serving diverse communities**
    – **Risk of bias or cultural incompetence in policing the selected group**
    – **Multicultural factors in policing the selected group**
    – **Challenges to developing impartial policing practices**
    – **Recommendation to address identified disparity**
    – **Conclusion**
    – **References**
    – **Presentation recording link (if recording using video software)**
    **Format citations and references for any sources and images according to APA guidelines. Include citations either within the slide’s content or in the speaker notes on the slide where they are mentioned. Use the references slide to list your references. Cite at least 2 scholarly sources.**
    **Record yourself delivering the presentation in one of the following ways:**
    – **Record narrations within the presentation slides without appearing on screen**: If you record narrations for each slide within the presentation software, such as Microsoft® PowerPoint®, you do not need to record a video.
    – **Record a video or screencast of yourself delivering the presentation**: If you record a video of yourself delivering the presentation, either by appearing on screen or by recording a voiceover, paste the link to your completed video on the presentation recording link slide at the end of your presentation.
    For either format, ensure that slides are visible and your voice is heard clearly. Contact your faculty member for alternate deliverable formats if you need accommodations.
    \
    SampleofPrisonPopulationGraphs.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/sampleofprisonpopulationgraphs-docx "SampleofPrisonPopulationGraphs.docx")
    \
    StateDemographicData.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/statedemographicdata-docx "StateDemographicData.docx")
    \
    Wk3DevanCrowSAMPLEPRESENTATION.pptx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/wk3devancrowsamplepresentation-pptx "Wk3DevanCrowSAMPLEPRESENTATION.pptx")

  • [Solved] Crime Stop

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    – ## USSCT.docx – ## CrackCocaineDisparity1.docx **## USSCT.docx** DISCUSSION (USSCT): The US Supreme Court is not bound by the traditional rules of ethics for judges. Should there be rules and if so, what should they be? At least 250 words Two outside references are all scholarly (peer reviewed jou…

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    – ## USSCT.docx

    – ## CrackCocaineDisparity1.docx

    **## USSCT.docx**

    DISCUSSION

    (USSCT): The US Supreme Court is not bound by the traditional rules of ethics for judges. Should there be rules and if so, what should they be?

    At least 250 words

    Two outside references are all scholarly (peer reviewed journal article, law review) in APA format

    **## CrackCocaineDisparity1.docx**

    Read the passage on Crack Cocaine. Do you think these laws were discriminatory on the basis of race or ethnicity? Why or why not? In your opinion, which ethical foundation are you basing your position on.

    Crack Cocaine

    **HOW DESTRUCTIVE IS CRACK COCAINE?**

    News sources and government agencies in the 1980's and 1990's declared crack cocaine as “
    [the most dangerous and quickly addictive drug known to man](https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ondcp/119466.pdf).” (White House, National Drug Control Strategy, p. 3, Sept. 1989).
    _The New York Times_ [quoted](http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/25/nyregion/drug-researchers-try-to-treat-a-nearly-unbreakable-habit.html) a University of Pennsylvania medical school professor warning in 1988 that, “We see people who feel they lost control almost from the first time they used it. Most people who got started with crack were addicted in six months to a year.” Two years later, a
    _New York Times_ columnist, Anna Quindlen,
    [described](http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/07/opinion/public-private-hearing-the-cries-of-crack.html) crack as “a stimulant so powerful that it makes people forget everything they once loved or lived for.” Facing growing use of crack, these authorities were repeating the anecdotes about dangers that, even if not verifiable, were believed would discourage experimentation and use. But now, more than three decades later, some anti-drug campaigns and educational materials make similar claims: the Foundation for a Drug-Free World, which provides anti-drug pamphlets to US public schools (and which claims to have distributed over 50 million such pamphlets worldwide) includes
    [one user's warning](http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/crackcocaine.html) that “‘one pipe [of crack] can be all it takes to turn you into an immoral monster.’ — Audrey.” (Accessed, August 30, 2019)

    But these claims about crack are quite exaggerated. In reality:

    **MOST PEOPLE WHO TRY CRACK NEVER BECOME ADDICTED.**

    · While crack cocaine is addictive, it is not instantly or universally habit-forming as was claimed in the 1980s, or as some anti-drug materials insist. An analysis of 2016 data from the
    [National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf) shows that while (0.2 percent) of Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 reported that they had used crack cocaine at some point in their lives, only 38,000 reported using it in the month prior to the survey. In 2016, an
    [estimated](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf) 432,000 Americans over age 12 were current users of crack (p.17). That suggests that fewer than 6% of young people who tried crack became regular users, much less single-minded “crack fiends.”

    **MOST OF THE VIOLENCE ASSOCIATED WITH CRACK COMES FROM THE ILLEGAL MARKET AND GANG ACTIVITY, NOT THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG ITSELF.**

    · Crack cocaine can cause paranoia, which can incline people to acts of violence. And withdrawal from crack, especially involuntary withdrawal when a user has no money or cannot find a dealer, can also make dependent crack users irritable and angry. But as
    [c](http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/http:/www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/) [olumnist Jacob Sullum](http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/) put it, “the vast majority of violence attributed to crack grew out of black-market disputes, as opposed to the drug’s pharmacological effects.” A
    [study](http://www.drugtext.org/Drug-Policy-Letter-march/april-1990/most-drug-related-murders-result-from-crack-sales-not-us.html) by researcher Paul Goldstein found that among drug-related homicides in New York City in 1988, 74% were a result of “systemic” violence, such as violence arising from commercial disputes, fights over turf, or drug sales. Only 15% of the drug-related homicides stemmed from the physical effects of intoxicants (with over two thirds caused by alcohol), and of those, only a small fraction were related to crack.

    **CRACK COCAINE IS NOT MORE POTENT THAN POWDER COCAINE—AND IT’S NOT THE MOST DANGEROUS FORM OF COCAINE USE.**

    ·
    [Crack cocaine is cocaine base, which is the active ingredient in powder cocaine.](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918856) Crack is made out of powder cocaine in a simple preparation with baking soda and water. Upon evaporation, the mixture becomes a solid "rock" and when heated the cocaine base is vaporized (that is, "smoked"). Inhaling cocaine vapor, "smoking crack," leads to more intense sensations than snorting powder cocaine because inhaling cocaine vapor into the lungs allows the body to absorb a much greater dosage of the drug more quickly than by snorting – not because of any chemical difference between the two forms of cocaine. In fact, the most dangerous form of cocaine, measured by risk of overdose or death, isn’t crack, but
    [powder cocaine delivered through injection](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918856).

    **“CRACK BABIES” ARE A MYTH.**

    · Media in the 1980's popularized the idea that children of women who used crack while pregnant were, as Charles Krauthammer put it, a neurologically damaged “
    [bio-underclass](http://articles.philly.com/1989-08-01/news/26148256_1_cocaine-babies-crack-babies-damage).” One expert testifying before the US Senate Government Affairs Committee dramatically predicted that these children would grow up “
    [unable to make rational decisions, without capacity for sympathy or even respect for human life](http://www.cjpf.org/child-abuse-pregnancy).” But now, follow-up research over decades has definitively debunked the claim of the irreversible impairment of “crack babies.” Although infants born to women who use crack during pregnancy are more likely to be born prematurely (which is a serious negative outcome and not to be minimized), those who are born at full term have
    [no worse outcomes](http://articles.philly.com/2013-07-22/news/40709969_1_hallam-hurt-so-called-crack-babies-funded-study) than demographically similar children born to women not using crack cocaine during pregnancy. Researchers of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) studying images of “crack babies” from the 1980's
    [believe](http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/04/science/alcohol-s-toll-on-fetuses-even-worse-than-thought.html) that the infants depicted may actually have been suffering from FAS, which continues to cause
    [far more harm](http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27coca.html?_r=0) to newborns than the effects of crack.
    [More than 30 states](http://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/default/files/documents/pub_bp_punishingwomen.pdf) passed laws that punish or imprison pregnant women addicted to crack, but despite the facts, they have not repealed them. The criminal justice consequences of crack laws for such mothers have had more striking negative outcomes on the psychological and social development of their children than the maternal use of crack cocaine. The handicaps caused by prenatal cocaine use are now
    [speculative](http://healthland.time.com/2013/05/28/crack-babies-dont-necessarily-turn-into-troubled-teens/), but the developmental and psychological harms of having an incarcerated parent are
    [well-documented](http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-42ParentsBehindBars.pdf).

    **WHY THIS MATTERS:**

    The myths about crack cocaine have led to staggering injustices in sentencing for crack cocaine offenses. For over two decades, crack cocaine distribution was punished 100 times more harshly than powder cocaine distribution on a months per gram basis set by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. (Crack possession much less frequently prosecuted in federal court than in state courts, if equal to or exceeding 5 grams, was subject to a mandatory 5 years of imprisonment. Possession of 5 grams of powder cocaine often resulted in a time served sentence or probation.)  Under the federal crack cocaine mandatory sentencing laws of 1986, distributing 5 g. of crack carried a sentence of at least 5 years up to 40 years, and distributing 50 g. of crack carried a sentence of at least 10 years up to life imprisonment. For powder cocaine, these sentences were triggered by at least 500 g. or 5000 g. respectively — the infamous "100-to-1" disparity. With the federal Sentencing Guidelines, beginning in 1987, quantities of these drugs larger than the minimum triggered sentences greater than the minimums.

    Though most crack cocaine users are white, as a result of U.S. Department of Justice case selection practices, over 80 percent of all crack cocaine defendants have been black. Thus, the intense federal enforcement of these laws from 1987 to 2010 led to very long prison sentences for large numbers of low-level African American crack offenders. Congress refused to fix the sentencing disparity for decades. The 2010
    [Fair Sentencing Act](http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/oip/legacy/2014/07/23/fair-sentencing-act-memo.pdf), which finally reduced the "100-to-1" disparity, left an
    [18-fold difference](http://famm.org/projects/federal/us-congress/crack-cocaine-mandatory-minimum-sentences/) between the trigger for crack and the trigger for powder cocaine.
    Today, a five-year mandatory minimum prison sentence is still triggered by 500 grams of powder cocaine but only 28 grams of crack cocaine.

    Do crack’s dangers justify this disparity? No. Chemically, crack and powder cocaine are just two types of mixtures that contain the same substance that affects the nervous system in just one way. We do not punish illegal alcohol possession differently depending on whether the user planned to drink whiskey or beer. In fact, the most lethal method of administering cocaine is injecting powder cocaine — the form of cocaine that federal law punishes less severely — not smoking crack.

    At least 250 words

    Outside references are all scholarly (peer reviewed journal article, law review) in APA format

    **## CrackCocaineDisparity1.docx**

    Read the passage on Crack Cocaine. Do you think these laws were discriminatory on the basis of race or ethnicity? Why or why not? In your opinion, which ethical foundation are you basing your position on.

    Crack Cocaine

    **HOW DESTRUCTIVE IS CRACK COCAINE?**

    News sources and government agencies in the 1980's and 1990's declared crack cocaine as “
    [the most dangerous and quickly addictive drug known to man](https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ondcp/119466.pdf).” (White House, National Drug Control Strategy, p. 3, Sept. 1989).
    _The New York Times_ [quoted](http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/25/nyregion/drug-researchers-try-to-treat-a-nearly-unbreakable-habit.html) a University of Pennsylvania medical school professor warning in 1988 that, “We see people who feel they lost control almost from the first time they used it. Most people who got started with crack were addicted in six months to a year.” Two years later, a
    _New York Times_ columnist, Anna Quindlen,
    [described](http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/07/opinion/public-private-hearing-the-cries-of-crack.html) crack as “a stimulant so powerful that it makes people forget everything they once loved or lived for.” Facing growing use of crack, these authorities were repeating the anecdotes about dangers that, even if not verifiable, were believed would discourage experimentation and use. But now, more than three decades later, some anti-drug campaigns and educational materials make similar claims: the Foundation for a Drug-Free World, which provides anti-drug pamphlets to US public schools (and which claims to have distributed over 50 million such pamphlets worldwide) includes
    [one user's warning](http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/crackcocaine.html) that “‘one pipe [of crack] can be all it takes to turn you into an immoral monster.’ — Audrey.” (Accessed, August 30, 2019)

    But these claims about crack are quite exaggerated. In reality:

    **MOST PEOPLE WHO TRY CRACK NEVER BECOME ADDICTED.**

    · While crack cocaine is addictive, it is not instantly or universally habit-forming as was claimed in the 1980s, or as some anti-drug materials insist. An analysis of 2016 data from the
    [National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf) shows that while (0.2 percent) of Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 reported that they had used crack cocaine at some point in their lives, only 38,000 reported using it in the month prior to the survey. In 2016, an
    [estimated](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf) 432,000 Americans over age 12 were current users of crack (p.17). That suggests that fewer than 6% of young people who tried crack became regular users, much less single-minded “crack fiends.”

    **MOST OF THE VIOLENCE ASSOCIATED WITH CRACK COMES FROM THE ILLEGAL MARKET AND GANG ACTIVITY, NOT THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG ITSELF.**

    · Crack cocaine can cause paranoia, which can incline people to acts of violence. And withdrawal from crack, especially involuntary withdrawal when a user has no money or cannot find a dealer, can also make dependent crack users irritable and angry. But as
    [c](http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/http:/www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/) [olumnist Jacob Sullum](http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/) put it, “the vast majority of violence attributed to crack grew out of black-market disputes, as opposed to the drug’s pharmacological effects.” A
    [study](http://www.drugtext.org/Drug-Policy-Letter-march/april-1990/most-drug-related-murders-result-from-crack-sales-not-us.html) by researcher Paul Goldstein found that among drug-related homicides in New York City in 1988, 74% were a result of “systemic” violence, such as violence arising from commercial disputes, fights over turf, or drug sales. Only 15% of the drug-related homicides stemmed from the physical effects of intoxicants (with over two thirds caused by alcohol), and of those, only a small fraction were related to crack.

    **CRACK COCAINE IS NOT MORE POTENT THAN POWDER COCAINE—AND IT’S NOT THE MOST DANGEROUS FORM OF COCAINE USE.**

    ·
    [Crack cocaine is cocaine base, which is the active ingredient in powder cocaine.](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918856) Crack is made out of powder cocaine in a simple preparation with baking soda and water. Upon evaporation, the mixture becomes a solid "rock" and when heated the cocaine base is vaporized (that is, "smoked"). Inhaling cocaine vapor, "smoking crack," leads to more intense sensations than snorting powder cocaine because inhaling cocaine vapor into the lungs allows the body to absorb a much greater dosage of the drug more quickly than by snorting – not because of any chemical difference between the two forms of cocaine. In fact, the most dangerous form of cocaine, measured by risk of overdose or death, isn’t crack, but
    [powder cocaine delivered through injection](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918856).

    **“CRACK BABIES” ARE A MYTH.**

    · Media in the 1980's popularized the idea that children of women who used crack while pregnant were, as Charles Krauthammer put it, a neurologically damaged “
    [bio-underclass](http://articles.philly.com/1989-08-01/news/26148256_1_cocaine-babies-crack-babies-damage).” One expert testifying before the US Senate Government Affairs Committee dramatically predicted that these children would grow up “
    [unable to make rational decisions, without capacity for sympathy or even respect for human life](http://www.cjpf.org/child-abuse-pregnancy).” But now, follow-up research over decades has definitively debunked the claim of the irreversible impairment of “crack babies.” Although infants born to women who use crack during pregnancy are more likely to be born prematurely (which is a serious negative outcome and not to be minimized), those who are born at full term have
    [no worse outcomes](http://articles.philly.com/2013-07-22/news/40709969_1_hallam-hurt-so-called-crack-babies-funded-study) than demographically similar children born to women not using crack cocaine during pregnancy. Researchers of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) studying images of “crack babies” from the 1980's
    [believe](http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/04/science/alcohol-s-toll-on-fetuses-even-worse-than-thought.html) that the infants depicted may actually have been suffering from FAS, which continues to cause
    [far more harm](http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27coca.html?_r=0) to newborns than the effects of crack.
    [More than 30 states](http://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/default/files/documents/pub_bp_punishingwomen.pdf) passed laws that punish or imprison pregnant women addicted to crack, but despite the facts, they have not repealed them. The criminal justice consequences of crack laws for such mothers have had more striking negative outcomes on the psychological and social development of their children than the maternal use of crack cocaine. The handicaps caused by prenatal cocaine use are now
    [speculative](http://healthland.time.com/2013/05/28/crack-babies-dont-necessarily-turn-into-troubled-teens/), but the developmental and psychological harms of having an incarcerated parent are
    [well-documented](http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-42ParentsBehindBars.pdf).

    **WHY THIS MATTERS:**

    The myths about crack cocaine have led to staggering injustices in sentencing for crack cocaine offenses. For over two decades, crack cocaine distribution was punished 100 times more harshly than powder cocaine distribution on a months per gram basis set by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. (Crack possession much less frequently prosecuted in federal court than in state courts, if equal to or exceeding 5 grams, was subject to a mandatory 5 years of imprisonment. Possession of 5 grams of powder cocaine often resulted in a time served sentence or probation.)  Under the federal crack cocaine mandatory sentencing laws of 1986, distributing 5 g. of crack carried a sentence of at least 5 years up to 40 years, and distributing 50 g. of crack carried a sentence of at least 10 years up to life imprisonment. For powder cocaine, these sentences were triggered by at least 500 g. or 5000 g. respectively — the infamous "100-to-1" disparity. With the federal Sentencing Guidelines, beginning in 1987, quantities of these drugs larger than the minimum triggered sentences greater than the minimums.

    Though most crack cocaine users are white, as a result of U.S. Department of Justice case selection practices, over 80 percent of all crack cocaine defendants have been black. Thus, the intense federal enforcement of these laws from 1987 to 2010 led to very long prison sentences for large numbers of low-level African American crack offenders. Congress refused to fix the sentencing disparity for decades. The 2010
    [Fair Sentencing Act](http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/oip/legacy/2014/07/23/fair-sentencing-act-memo.pdf), which finally reduced the "100-to-1" disparity, left an
    [18-fold difference](http://famm.org/projects/federal/us-congress/crack-cocaine-mandatory-minimum-sentences/) between the trigger for crack and the trigger for powder cocaine.
    Today, a five-year mandatory minimum prison sentence is still triggered by 500 grams of powder cocaine but only 28 grams of crack cocaine.

    Do crack’s dangers justify this disparity? No. Chemically, crack and powder cocaine are just two types of mixtures that contain the same substance that affects the nervous system in just one way. We do not punish illegal alcohol possession differently depending on whether the user planned to drink whiskey or beer. In fact, the most lethal method of administering cocaine is injecting powder cocaine — the form of cocaine that federal law punishes less severely — not smoking crack.

    At least 250 words

    Outside references are all scholarly (peer reviewed journal article, law review) in APA format

    **## USSCT.docx**

    DISCUSSION

    (USSCT): The US Supreme Court is not bound by the traditional rules of ethics for judges. Should there be rules and if so, what should they be?

    At least 250 words

    Two outside references are all scholarly (peer reviewed journal article, law review) in APA format

    **## CrackCocaineDisparity1.docx**

    Read the passage on Crack Cocaine. Do you think these laws were discriminatory on the basis of race or ethnicity? Why or why not? In your opinion, which ethical foundation are you basing your position on.

    Crack Cocaine

    **HOW DESTRUCTIVE IS CRACK COCAINE?**

    News sources and government agencies in the 1980's and 1990's declared crack cocaine as “
    [the most dangerous and quickly addictive drug known to man](https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ondcp/119466.pdf).” (White House, National Drug Control Strategy, p. 3, Sept. 1989).
    _The New York Times_ [quoted](http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/25/nyregion/drug-researchers-try-to-treat-a-nearly-unbreakable-habit.html) a University of Pennsylvania medical school professor warning in 1988 that, “We see people who feel they lost control almost from the first time they used it. Most people who got started with crack were addicted in six months to a year.” Two years later, a
    _New York Times_ columnist, Anna Quindlen,
    [described](http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/07/opinion/public-private-hearing-the-cries-of-crack.html) crack as “a stimulant so powerful that it makes people forget everything they once loved or lived for.” Facing growing use of crack, these authorities were repeating the anecdotes about dangers that, even if not verifiable, were believed would discourage experimentation and use. But now, more than three decades later, some anti-drug campaigns and educational materials make similar claims: the Foundation for a Drug-Free World, which provides anti-drug pamphlets to US public schools (and which claims to have distributed over 50 million such pamphlets worldwide) includes
    [one user's warning](http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/crackcocaine.html) that “‘one pipe [of crack] can be all it takes to turn you into an immoral monster.’ — Audrey.” (Accessed, August 30, 2019)

    But these claims about crack are quite exaggerated. In reality:

    **MOST PEOPLE WHO TRY CRACK NEVER BECOME ADDICTED.**

    · While crack cocaine is addictive, it is not instantly or universally habit-forming as was claimed in the 1980s, or as some anti-drug materials insist. An analysis of 2016 data from the
    [National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf) shows that while (0.2 percent) of Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 reported that they had used crack cocaine at some point in their lives, only 38,000 reported using it in the month prior to the survey. In 2016, an
    [estimated](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf) 432,000 Americans over age 12 were current users of crack (p.17). That suggests that fewer than 6% of young people who tried crack became regular users, much less single-minded “crack fiends.”

    **MOST OF THE VIOLENCE ASSOCIATED WITH CRACK COMES FROM THE ILLEGAL MARKET AND GANG ACTIVITY, NOT THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG ITSELF.**

    · Crack cocaine can cause paranoia, which can incline people to acts of violence. And withdrawal from crack, especially involuntary withdrawal when a user has no money or cannot find a dealer, can also make dependent crack users irritable and angry. But as
    [c](http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/http:/www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/) [olumnist Jacob Sullum](http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/) put it, “the vast majority of violence attributed to crack grew out of black-market disputes, as opposed to the drug’s pharmacological effects.” A
    [study](http://www.drugtext.org/Drug-Policy-Letter-march/april-1990/most-drug-related-murders-result-from-crack-sales-not-us.html) by researcher Paul Goldstein found that among drug-related homicides in New York City in 1988, 74% were a result of “systemic” violence, such as violence arising from commercial disputes, fights over turf, or drug sales. Only 15% of the drug-related homicides stemmed from the physical effects of intoxicants (with over two thirds caused by alcohol), and of those, only a small fraction were related to crack.

    **CRACK COCAINE IS NOT MORE POTENT THAN POWDER COCAINE—AND IT’S NOT THE MOST DANGEROUS FORM OF COCAINE USE.**

    ·
    [Crack cocaine is cocaine base, which is the active ingredient in powder cocaine.](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918856) Crack is made out of powder cocaine in a simple preparation with baking soda and water. Upon evaporation, the mixture becomes a solid "rock" and when heated the cocaine base is vaporized (that is, "smoked"). Inhaling cocaine vapor, "smoking crack," leads to more intense sensations than snorting powder cocaine because inhaling cocaine vapor into the lungs allows the body to absorb a much greater dosage of the drug more quickly than by snorting – not because of any chemical difference between the two forms of cocaine. In fact, the most dangerous form of cocaine, measured by risk of overdose or death, isn’t crack, but
    [powder cocaine delivered through injection](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918856).

    **“CRACK BABIES” ARE A MYTH.**

    · Media in the 1980's popularized the idea that children of women who used crack while pregnant were, as Charles Krauthammer put it, a neurologically damaged “
    [bio-underclass](http://articles.philly.com/1989-08-01/news/26148256_1_cocaine-babies-crack-babies-damage).” One expert testifying before the US Senate Government Affairs Committee dramatically predicted that these children would grow up “
    [unable to make rational decisions, without capacity for sympathy or even respect for human life](http://www.cjpf.org/child-abuse-pregnancy).” But now, follow-up research over decades has definitively debunked the claim of the irreversible impairment of “crack babies.” Although infants born to women who use crack during pregnancy are more likely to be born prematurely (which is a serious negative outcome and not to be minimized), those who are born at full term have
    [no worse outcomes](http://articles.philly.com/2013-07-22/news/40709969_1_hallam-hurt-so-called-crack-babies-funded-study) than demographically similar children born to women not using crack cocaine during pregnancy. Researchers of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) studying images of “crack babies” from the 1980's
    [believe](http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/04/science/alcohol-s-toll-on-fetuses-even-worse-than-thought.html) that the infants depicted may actually have been suffering from FAS, which continues to cause
    [far more harm](http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27coca.html?_r=0) to newborns than the effects of crack.
    [More than 30 states](http://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/default/files/documents/pub_bp_punishingwomen.pdf) passed laws that punish or imprison pregnant women addicted to crack, but despite the facts, they have not repealed them. The criminal justice consequences of crack laws for such mothers have had more striking negative outcomes on the psychological and social development of their children than the maternal use of crack cocaine. The handicaps caused by prenatal cocaine use are now
    [speculative](http://healthland.time.com/2013/05/28/crack-babies-dont-necessarily-turn-into-troubled-teens/), but the developmental and psychological harms of having an incarcerated parent are
    [well-documented](http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-42ParentsBehindBars.pdf).

    **WHY THIS MATTERS:**

    The myths about crack cocaine have led to staggering injustices in sentencing for crack cocaine offenses. For over two decades, crack cocaine distribution was punished 100 times more harshly than powder cocaine distribution on a months per gram basis set by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. (Crack possession much less frequently prosecuted in federal court than in state courts, if equal to or exceeding 5 grams, was subject to a mandatory 5 years of imprisonment. Possession of 5 grams of powder cocaine often resulted in a time served sentence or probation.)  Under the federal crack cocaine mandatory sentencing laws of 1986, distributing 5 g. of crack carried a sentence of at least 5 years up to 40 years, and distributing 50 g. of crack carried a sentence of at least 10 years up to life imprisonment. For powder cocaine, these sentences were triggered by at least 500 g. or 5000 g. respectively — the infamous "100-to-1" disparity. With the federal Sentencing Guidelines, beginning in 1987, quantities of these drugs larger than the minimum triggered sentences greater than the minimums.

    Though most crack cocaine users are white, as a result of U.S. Department of Justice case selection practices, over 80 percent of all crack cocaine defendants have been black. Thus, the intense federal enforcement of these laws from 1987 to 2010 led to very long prison sentences for large numbers of low-level African American crack offenders. Congress refused to fix the sentencing disparity for decades. The 2010
    [Fair Sentencing Act](http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/oip/legacy/2014/07/23/fair-sentencing-act-memo.pdf), which finally reduced the "100-to-1" disparity, left an
    [18-fold difference](http://famm.org/projects/federal/us-congress/crack-cocaine-mandatory-minimum-sentences/) between the trigger for crack and the trigger for powder cocaine.
    Today, a five-year mandatory minimum prison sentence is still triggered by 500 grams of powder cocaine but only 28 grams of crack cocaine.

    Do crack’s dangers justify this disparity? No. Chemically, crack and powder cocaine are just two types of mixtures that contain the same substance that affects the nervous system in just one way. We do not punish illegal alcohol possession differently depending on whether the user planned to drink whiskey or beer. In fact, the most lethal method of administering cocaine is injecting powder cocaine — the form of cocaine that federal law punishes less severely — not smoking crack.

    At least 250 words

    Outside references are all scholarly (peer reviewed journal article, law review) in APA format

    **## USSCT.docx**

    DISCUSSION

    (USSCT): The US Supreme Court is not bound by the traditional rules of ethics for judges. Should there be rules and if so, what should they be?

    At least 250 words

    Two outside references are all scholarly (peer reviewed journal article, law review) in APA format

    **## CrackCocaineDisparity1.docx**

    Read the passage on Crack Cocaine. Do you think these laws were discriminatory on the basis of race or ethnicity? Why or why not? In your opinion, which ethical foundation are you basing your position on.

    Crack Cocaine

    **HOW DESTRUCTIVE IS CRACK COCAINE?**

    News sources and government agencies in the 1980's and 1990's declared crack cocaine as “
    [the most dangerous and quickly addictive drug known to man](https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ondcp/119466.pdf).” (White House, National Drug Control Strategy, p. 3, Sept. 1989).
    _The New York Times_ [quoted](http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/25/nyregion/drug-researchers-try-to-treat-a-nearly-unbreakable-habit.html) a University of Pennsylvania medical school professor warning in 1988 that, “We see people who feel they lost control almost from the first time they used it. Most people who got started with crack were addicted in six months to a year.” Two years later, a
    _New York Times_ columnist, Anna Quindlen,
    [described](http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/07/opinion/public-private-hearing-the-cries-of-crack.html) crack as “a stimulant so powerful that it makes people forget everything they once loved or lived for.” Facing growing use of crack, these authorities were repeating the anecdotes about dangers that, even if not verifiable, were believed would discourage experimentation and use. But now, more than three decades later, some anti-drug campaigns and educational materials make similar claims: the Foundation for a Drug-Free World, which provides anti-drug pamphlets to US public schools (and which claims to have distributed over 50 million such pamphlets worldwide) includes
    [one user's warning](http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/crackcocaine.html) that “‘one pipe [of crack] can be all it takes to turn you into an immoral monster.’ — Audrey.” (Accessed, August 30, 2019)

    But these claims about crack are quite exaggerated. In reality:

    **MOST PEOPLE WHO TRY CRACK NEVER BECOME ADDICTED.**

    · While crack cocaine is addictive, it is not instantly or universally habit-forming as was claimed in the 1980s, or as some anti-drug materials insist. An analysis of 2016 data from the
    [National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf) shows that while (0.2 percent) of Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 reported that they had used crack cocaine at some point in their lives, only 38,000 reported using it in the month prior to the survey. In 2016, an
    [estimated](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf) 432,000 Americans over age 12 were current users of crack (p.17). That suggests that fewer than 6% of young people who tried crack became regular users, much less single-minded “crack fiends.”

    **MOST OF THE VIOLENCE ASSOCIATED WITH CRACK COMES FROM THE ILLEGAL MARKET AND GANG ACTIVITY, NOT THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG ITSELF.**

    · Crack cocaine can cause paranoia, which can incline people to acts of violence. And withdrawal from crack, especially involuntary withdrawal when a user has no money or cannot find a dealer, can also make dependent crack users irritable and angry. But as
    [c](http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/http:/www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/) [olumnist Jacob Sullum](http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/2013/11/04/everything-youve-heard-about-crack-and-meth-is-wrong/) put it, “the vast majority of violence attributed to crack grew out of black-market disputes, as opposed to the drug’s pharmacological effects.” A
    [study](http://www.drugtext.org/Drug-Policy-Letter-march/april-1990/most-drug-related-murders-result-from-crack-sales-not-us.html) by researcher Paul Goldstein found that among drug-related homicides in New York City in 1988, 74% were a result of “systemic” violence, such as violence arising from commercial disputes, fights over turf, or drug sales. Only 15% of the drug-related homicides stemmed from the physical effects of intoxicants (with over two thirds caused by alcohol), and of those, only a small fraction were related to crack.

    **CRACK COCAINE IS NOT MORE POTENT THAN POWDER COCAINE—AND IT’S NOT THE MOST DANGEROUS FORM OF COCAINE USE.**

    ·
    [Crack cocaine is cocaine base, which is the active ingredient in powder cocaine.](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918856) Crack is made out of powder cocaine in a simple preparation with baking soda and water. Upon evaporation, the mixture becomes a solid "rock" and when heated the cocaine base is vaporized (that is, "smoked"). Inhaling cocaine vapor, "smoking crack," leads to more intense sensations than snorting powder cocaine because inhaling cocaine vapor into the lungs allows the body to absorb a much greater dosage of the drug more quickly than by snorting – not because of any chemical difference between the two forms of cocaine. In fact, the most dangerous form of cocaine, measured by risk of overdose or death, isn’t crack, but
    [powder cocaine delivered through injection](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918856).

    **“CRACK BABIES” ARE A MYTH.**

    · Media in the 1980's popularized the idea that children of women who used crack while pregnant were, as Charles Krauthammer put it, a neurologically damaged “
    [bio-underclass](http://articles.philly.com/1989-08-01/news/26148256_1_cocaine-babies-crack-babies-damage).” One expert testifying before the US Senate Government Affairs Committee dramatically predicted that these children would grow up “
    [unable to make rational decisions, without capacity for sympathy or even respect for human life](http://www.cjpf.org/child-abuse-pregnancy).” But now, follow-up research over decades has definitively debunked the claim of the irreversible impairment of “crack babies.” Although infants born to women who use crack during pregnancy are more likely to be born prematurely (which is a serious negative outcome and not to be minimized), those who are born at full term have
    [no worse outcomes](http://articles.philly.com/2013-07-22/news/40709969_1_hallam-hurt-so-called-crack-babies-funded-study) than demographically similar children born to women not using crack cocaine during pregnancy. Researchers of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) studying images of “crack babies” from the 1980's
    [believe](http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/04/science/alcohol-s-toll-on-fetuses-even-worse-than-thought.html) that the infants depicted may actually have been suffering from FAS, which continues to cause
    [far more harm](http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27coca.html?_r=0) to newborns than the effects of crack.
    [More than 30 states](http://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/default/files/documents/pub_bp_punishingwomen.pdf) passed laws that punish or imprison pregnant women addicted to crack, but despite the facts, they have not repealed them. The criminal justice consequences of crack laws for such mothers have had more striking negative outcomes on the psychological and social development of their children than the maternal use of crack cocaine. The handicaps caused by prenatal cocaine use are now
    [speculative](http://healthland.time.com/2013/05/28/crack-babies-dont-necessarily-turn-into-troubled-teens/), but the developmental and psychological harms of having an incarcerated parent are
    [well-documented](http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-42ParentsBehindBars.pdf).

    **WHY THIS MATTERS:**

    The myths about crack cocaine have led to staggering injustices in sentencing for crack cocaine offenses. For over two decades, crack cocaine distribution was punished 100 times more harshly than powder cocaine distribution on a months per gram basis set by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. (Crack possession much less frequently prosecuted in federal court than in state courts, if equal to or exceeding 5 grams, was subject to a mandatory 5 years of imprisonment. Possession of 5 grams of powder cocaine often resulted in a time served sentence or probation.)  Under the federal crack cocaine mandatory sentencing laws of 1986, distributing 5 g. of crack carried a sentence of at least 5 years up to 40 years, and distributing 50 g. of crack carried a sentence of at least 10 years up to life imprisonment. For powder cocaine, these sentences were triggered by at least 500 g. or 5000 g. respectively — the infamous "100-to-1" disparity. With the federal Sentencing Guidelines, beginning in 1987, quantities of these drugs larger than the minimum triggered sentences greater than the minimums.

    Though most crack cocaine users are white, as a result of U.S. Department of Justice case selection practices, over 80 percent of all crack cocaine defendants have been black. Thus, the intense federal enforcement of these laws from 1987 to 2010 led to very long prison sentences for large numbers of low-level African American crack offenders. Congress refused to fix the sentencing disparity for decades. The 2010
    [Fair Sentencing Act](http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/oip/legacy/2014/07/23/fair-sentencing-act-memo.pdf), which finally reduced the "100-to-1" disparity, left an
    [18-fold difference](http://famm.org/projects/federal/us-congress/crack-cocaine-mandatory-minimum-sentences/) between the trigger for crack and the trigger for powder cocaine.
    Today, a five-year mandatory minimum prison sentence is still triggered by 500 grams of powder cocaine but only 28 grams of crack cocaine.

    Do crack’s dangers justify this disparity? No. Chemically, crack and powder cocaine are just two types of mixtures that contain the same substance that affects the nervous system in just one way. We do not punish illegal alcohol possession differently depending on whether the user planned to drink whiskey or beer. In fact, the most lethal method of administering cocaine is injecting powder cocaine — the form of cocaine that federal law punishes less severely — not smoking crack.

    At least 250 words

    Outside references are all scholarly (peer reviewed journal article, law review) in APA format

    – 1
    – 2

  • [Solved] Law – Criminal Week 8 Assignment – System Security Monitoring, Patch Management, and Update Policies/NO PLAGARISM

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    **Introduction** In this assignment, you will develop corporate policies for system security monitoring, patch management, and updates that cover both wired and wireless components. A web search will provide multiple examples of policy documents. The following resources may also be helpful as you dr…

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    **Introduction**
    In this assignment, you will develop corporate policies for system security monitoring, patch management, and updates that cover both wired and wireless components. A web search will provide multiple examples of policy documents. The following resources may also be helpful as you draft your policy documents:
    – SANS. No date. [CIS Critical Security ControlsLinks to an external site.](https://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/?msc=main-nav). https://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/?msc=main-nav
    – This resource provides a list of case studies highlighting how security professionals have made improvements in their security controls.
    – SANS. No date. [Security Policy TemplatesLinks to an external site.](https://www.sans.org/information-security-policy/). https://www.sans.org/information-security-policy/
    – This resource provides a number of security policy templates that might be helpful in drafting your policy documents.
    The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:
    – Recommend best practices for monitoring, updating, and patching systems.
    ## **Instructions**
    Write a 6 page paper in which you:
    – Establish a system security monitoring policy addressing the need for monitoring, policy scope, and exceptions and supported by specific, credible sources.
    – Justify the need for monitoring.
    – Define the scope of the policy (the personnel, equipment, and processes to which the policy applies).
    – Provide guidelines for policy exceptions, if approved by the IT and Security departments.
    – Establish a system security patch management and updates policy addressing the need for patch management and updates, policy scope, and exceptions and supported by specific, credible sources.
    – Justify the need for patch management and updates, aligned with ISO/IEC 27002.
    – Define the scope of the policy (the personnel, equipment, and processes to which the policy applies).
    – Provide guidelines for policy exceptions, if approved by the IT and Security departments.
    – Support your main points, assertions, arguments, or conclusions with at least four specific and credible academic sources synthesized into a coherent analysis of the evidence.
    – Cite each source listed on your source page at least one time within your assignment.
    – For help with research, writing, and citation, access the [library](https://library.strayer.edu/) or review [library guides](https://library.strayer.edu/guides).
    This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The library is your home for SWS assistance, including citations and formatting. Please refer to the [Library site](https://library.strayer.edu/sws) for all supports. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.

  • [Solved] crime scene analysis and reconstruction

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    In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering crime scene analysis and reconstruction.

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