Category: Nursing

Holistic Assessment of an Adult Ear Using an Otoscope (Observation) and Palpation

Assessment or examination of the ear for appropriate and correct diagnosis uses the techniques of inspection or observation as well as palpation. Because there are internal structures in the ear, the inspection aspect is facilitated by the use of an otoscope (Ball et al., 2019). This paper presents some of the findings that may come out of the examination of an adult patient’s ears.

Table 1: Examination of an adult ear

Part/ Procedure

Findings

Inspection of the external ear structures (including the auricle, tragus, and lobule)

·       The gross structure of the ears including the lobules of the auricles appears the same in size and shape on both sides.

·       The tragus and antitragus do not appear swollen or inflamed bilaterally.

·       There are no piercings bilaterally on the lobule, the helix, or the tragus.

·       The intertragic notch shows no sign or evidence of otorrhea or ear discharge bilaterally.

·       There are no visible lesions bilaterally on both ears, and the color of the ears is homogeneous with the rest of the body.

·       There is no discoloration on both sides.

Palpation of the external structures of the ear (including the auricle and mastoid process)

·       The auricle, the helix, the tragus, and antitragus all do not show any tenderness or swelling bilaterally.

·       Also, there are no masses that are palpable bilaterally.

·       On palpation of the mastoid process, the patient denies any tenderness on both sides.

·       The auricle feels soft and flexible bilaterally on palpation.

Bilateral inspection of the external auditory canal using the otoscope

·       The patient denies any discomfort when the otoscope is inserted in the external auditory canal on both sides.

·       Inspection of the external auditory canal reveals a clear canal with just a little cerumen that is brown in color.

·       There is no otorrhea visible bilaterally.

·       The canal walls are smooth with no evidence of nodules or inconsistencies bilaterally.

Bilateral inspection of the tympanic membranes

·       The tympanic membrane shows no perforation or sclerosis on both sides.

·       There are also no visible fluid levels behind the tympanic membrane bilaterally.

·       However, there are bubbles that are visible on otoscopy on the right side.

·       There is no cholesteatoma in the attic area of the membrane bilaterally.

·       The tympanic membrane shows a visible bulge and demonstrates reduced mobility on pneumatic otoscopy on the right side too.

·       The tympanic membrane on the left is round, smooth, and has no bulge or any other visible abnormality.

A common ear disorder or abnormal finding discoverable in an ear assessment

Acute otitis media (AOM)

·       In this condition, the tympanic membrane shows an opaque reaction to light and may also bulge.

·       Fluid may be demonstrated in the middle ear through otoscopy and visible through the tympanic membrane.

·       There is inflammation shown by redness of the tympanic membrane and the patient may have fever and tenderness on inserting the otoscope.

·       The fluid behind the tympanic membrane may also be pus at times (Hammer & McPhee, 2018).

Nursing Diagnoses for AOM in Adults

A health promotion nursing diagnosis for AOM

A risk nursing diagnosis for AOM

A collaborative problem or actual nursing diagnosis for AOM

Readiness for enhanced learning on the prevention of acute otitis media

Risk for developing intra-temporal abscess if AOM is left untreated

Risk for complications of intracranial and intra-temporal conditions

 

 

 

References

Ball, J., Dains, J.E., Flynn, J.A., Solomon, B.S., & Stewart, R.W. (2019).
Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach, 9
th
ed
. Elsevier.

Hammer, D.G., & McPhee, S.J. (Eds). (2018).
Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine, 8
th
ed
. McGraw-Hill Education.

 

OTOSCOPE Assignment
Ear Assessment and appropriate nursing diagnoses (Do assessment on an adult) In the boxes, describe your findings. Do not use the word “Normal” or approximations of it, such as N/A, expected, etc. State what you found using terminology appropriate for the area. See the textbook for appropriate wording. If there are no signs or symptoms of any problems, for instance, it would be appropriate to write: Denies tenderness, pain, and paresthesia; no lesions or breakdown observed. No evidence of pathology noted. Then proceed to describe what you assess in terms of observation, (auscultation and percussion are not used in ear assessments) and palpation. Weber and Kelley’s textbook has a helpful guide with pictures and verbiage you may find helpful: Assessment Guide 17-1, in the chapter on ear assessment (note especially the textbook verbiage in the center and right columns.) You may use textbook terminology in this class because it is expected. Many videos are also available to assist you. There is one on Blackboard in the current module, and YouTube has a number of them as well. Do not use the work of other students. That is plagiarism, and our detection program will flag it. If confirmed it will mean the grade of F in the class: It isn’t worth it!
Current Symptoms: Ears Assessment Findings External Ear Structures 1. Inspect the auricle, tragus, and lobule for size and shape, bilaterally. Describe bilateral position, lesions/discoloration, and discharge. Auricle is 6.5 cm vertical dimension, rounded, and light brown flesh-colored bilaterally (in keeping with client’s skin color.) No lesions or tenderness bilaterally. Tragus is triangular, non-tender, no lesions, color consistent with auricle, no piercings bilaterally. Lobules are attached, with one piercing bilaterally, nontender without lesions bilaterally.
2. Palpate the auricle and mastoid process bilaterally. Describe findings, including symptomatology or tenderness if they are present. Auricle and mastoid process are without lesions, and client denies tenderness; auricle is flexible and soft.
Otoscopic Examination 3. Bilaterally inspect the external auditory canal with the otoscope for discharge, color and consistency of cerumen, color and consistency of canal walls, and any nodules. (Address each of these items bilaterally.) Auditory canals: smooth walls, slightly pink color, no nodules bilaterally. Dark brown cerumen is present in the right canal, left canal has no visible cerumen.
4. Inspect and describe the tympanic membranes bilaterally, using the otoscope, for color and shape, and The tympanic membranes on the right cannot be visualized due to brown cerumen blocking the ear canal; the left tympanic membrane appears round, smooth, and pearly gray. The cone-shaped reflection of the otoscope light is landmarks. reflected at 7 O’clock.
5. List a common ear disorder or abnormal assessment finding that would be discoverable in an ear or hearing assessment on a hypothetical patient. (You may include the medical diagnosis, but it is not required. You may select a problem that has not yet been diagnosed since this is a very realistic scenario—often nurses are the one who discover problems first and then refer the client.) The patient has been diagnosed with a basal cell carcinoma on his right auricle, but has not yet been treated. Surgical removal and use of fluorouracil cream are planned by dermatologist beginning next week. Skin lesion is on the very top of the auricle and extends over both the front and back of it. The lesion is rough/uneven, 6 mm at largest diameter, and has a small amount of yellow discharge dried around the edges. The edges of the lesion appear “rolled” and pink. The lesion is non-tender. Patient states he never has used sunscreen. Adapted from Weber, Kelly & Sprengel, 2014: Lippincott, with permission. Using the diagnostic reasoning process described in chapter 5 of your textbook, synthesize one of each of the three types of nursing diagnoses described below for a potential client with the problem you listed in area #5, above. You will use the three of the types of nursing diagnoses (ND) described in Chapter 5 of your Weber and Kelley textbook: 1. A Health Promotion ND 2. A Risk ND and 3. Either a Collaborative Problem OR an Actual ND. You will find a list of possible diagnoses in Appendix C and D in your textbook. Synthesis Instructions/Items to include Nursing Diagnosis List one “Health Promotion” (HP) nursing diagnosis appropriate for your client with the condition you describe in section 5, above. (Do not use “none at this time.”) Health Promotion (HP) nursing diagnoses often begin with “Readiness for enhanced learning” as described in Appendix C of your textbook, under Domain 1. They are also discussed in Table 5-1 and 5-2. (Note to students: you are listing a hypothetical patient, so you can assume a few things if you want to. For instance in Appendix C for a HP ND I could use “Risk-prone health behavior” or “readiness for enhanced self-care”—(my hypothetical client states he never uses sunscreen) a risk factor for skin cancer. I could also use Readiness for enhanced health management because now he has to have surgery and use a topical cream as treatment.) Readiness for enhanced health management re: surgical procedure, use of topical fluorouracil and sun screen. List one “risk for” nursing diagnosis for the condition you listed above in section 5. Risk diagnoses are described in tables 5-1 and 5-2, and in Appendix C in each of the domains, but particularly in Domain 11. They usually begin with the words, “Risk for….” Here I could, for instance, use Risk for impaired skin integrity (he already has current impaired skin integrity, but now he is a risk for extending that, or Risk for delayed surgical recovery— the area is in a place that his hat could rub– ) Risk for delayed surgical recovery due to location of lesion, on the top of his ear where his hat rubs. List EITHER one “Collaborative Problem” that would be appropriate for a client with the condition described in section 5, above OR list an actual nursing diagnosis from Appendix C. Collaborative problems are describe in table 5-2 and are listed in Appendix D. They begin with “Risk for Complications (RC) of….” Actual nursing diagnoses are scattered through Appendix C Students, I could use something like Risk for Complications of antineoplastic therapy adverse effects due the fluorouracil, or I could list an actual ND like “impaired tissue integrity.” (since the lesion has extended deep into the auricle, I chose it rather than impaired skin integrity. RC of Antineoplastic Therapy due to use of fluorouracil.
PLEASE THE ASSIGNMENT IS IN TABLE FORM. HOPE YOU UNDERSTAND
Current symptoms :Ears
External ears structures(TAB 1)
1. Inspect the auricle, tragus, and lobule for size and shape, bilaterally. Describe bilateral position, lesions/discoloration, and discharge.

2. Palpate the auricle and mastoid process bilaterally. Describe findings, including symptomatology or tenderness if they are present.
Otoscopic Examination 3.etc till no.5 Assessment findings(TAB 2)

Auricle is 6.5 cm vertical dimension, rounded, and light brown flesh-colored bilaterally (in keeping with client’s skin color.) No lesions or tenderness bilaterally. Tragus is triangular, non-tender, no lesions, color consistent with auricle, no piercings bilaterally. Lobules are attached, with one piercing bilaterally, nontender without lesions bilaterally.
Auricle and mastoid process are without lesions, and client denies tenderness; auricle is flexible and soft.

Current Symptoms: Ears >Assessment Findings External Ear Structures >1. Inspect the auricle, tragus, and lobule for size and shape, bilaterally. Describe bilateral position, lesions/discoloration, and discharge. Auricle is 6.5 cm vertical dimension, rounded, and light brown flesh-colored bilaterally (in keeping with client’s skin color.) No lesions or tenderness bilaterally. Tragus is triangular, non-tender, no lesions, color consistent with auricle, no piercings bilaterally. Lobules are attached, with one piercing bilaterally, nontender without lesions bilaterally.

2. Palpate the auricle and mastoid process bilaterally. Describe findings, including symptomatology or tenderness if they are present. Auricle and mastoid process are without lesions, and client denies tenderness; auricle is flexible and soft. Otoscopic Examination 3. Bilaterally inspect the external auditory canal with the otoscope for discharge, color and consistency of cerumen, color and consistency of canal walls, and any nodules. (Address each of these items bilaterally.) Auditory canals: smooth walls, slightly pink color, no nodules bilaterally. Dark brown cerumen is present in the right canal, left canal has no visible cerumen. 4. Inspect and describe the tympanic membranes bilaterally, using the otoscope, for color and shape, and The tympanic membranes on the right cannot be visualized due to brown cerumen blocking the ear canal; the left tympanic membrane appears round, smooth, and pearly gray. The cone-shaped reflection of the otoscope light is landmarks. reflected at 7 O’clock. 5. List a common ear disorder or abnormal assessment finding that would be discoverable in an ear or hearing assessment on a hypothetical patient. (You may include the medical diagnosis, but it is not required. You may select a problem that has not yet been diagnosed since this is a very realistic scenario—often nurses are the one who discover problems first and then refer the client.) The patient has been diagnosed with a basal cell carcinoma on his right auricle, but has not yet been treated. Surgical removal and use of fluorouracil cream are planned by dermatologist beginning next week. Skin lesion is on the very top of the auricle and extends over both the front and back of it. The lesion is rough/uneven, 6 mm at largest diameter, and has a small amount of yellow discharge dried around the edges. The edges of the lesion appear “rolled” and pink. The lesion is non-tender. Patient states he never has used sunscreen. Adapted from Weber, Kelly & Sprengel, 2014: Lippincott, with permission.
Using the diagnostic reasoning process described in chapter 5 of your textbook, synthesize one of each of the three types of nursing diagnoses described below for a potential client with the problem you listed in area #5, above. You will use the three of the types of nursing diagnoses (ND) described in Chapter 5 of your Weber and Kelley textbook: synthesize one of each of the three types of nursing diagnoses described below for a potential client with the problem you listed in area #5, above.
1. A Health Promotion ND
2. A Risk ND and
3. Either a Collaborative Problem OR an Actual ND.
You will find a list of possible diagnoses in Appendix C and D in your textbook.
Synthesis(TAB 1). Instructions/Items to include(TAB 2)Nursing Diagnosis(TAB 3)
List one “Health Promotion” (HP) nursing diagnosis appropriate for your client with the condition you describe in section 5, above. (Do not use “none at this time.”)

n0 2 UNDER SYNTHESIS: List one “risk for” nursing diagnosis for the condition you listed above in section 5.

N0.3 UNDER SYNTHESIS List EITHER one “Collaborative Problem” that would be appropriate for a client with the condition described in section 5, above OR list an actual nursing diagnosis from Appendix C Instructions/Items to include
Health Promotion (HP) nursing diagnoses often begin with “Readiness for enhanced learning” as described in Appendix C of your textbook, under Domain 1. They are also discussed in Table 5-1 and 5-2.

Risk diagnoses are described in tables 5-1 and 5-2, and in Appendix C in each of the domains, but particularly in Domain 11. They usually begin with the words, “Risk for….”

Collaborative problems are describe in table 5-2 and are listed in Appendix D. They begin with “Risk for Complications (RC) of….” Actual nursing diagnoses are scattered through Appendix C Nursing Diagnosis
(Note to students: you are listing a hypothetical patient, so you can assume a few things if you want to. For instance in Appendix C for a HP ND I could use “Risk-prone health behavior” or “readiness for enhanced self-care”—(my hypothetical client states he never uses sunscreen) a risk factor for skin cancer. I could also use Readiness for enhanced health management because now he has to have surgery and use a topical cream as treatment.) Readiness for enhanced health management re: surgical procedure, use of topical fluorouracil and sun screen.

Here I could, for instance, use Risk for impaired skin integrity (he already has current impaired skin integrity, but now he is a risk for extending that, or Risk for delayed surgical recovery— the area is in a place that his hat could rub– ) Risk for delayed surgical recovery due to location of lesion, on the top of his ear where his hat rubs

Students, I could use something like Risk for Complications of antineoplastic therapy adverse effects due the fluorouracil, or I could list an actual ND like “impaired tissue integrity.” (since the lesion has extended deep into the auricle, I chose it rather than impaired skin integrity. RC of Antineoplastic Therapy due to use of fluorouracil.

Risk assessment

Strengths and weakness of the aggregate

The aggregate has been identified as RISE program participants from Albany in Georgia. The program is offered at the Aspire Behavioral Health Facility in Albany, Georgia. A review of the aggregate and the community in which it resides reveals some strengths and weakness. Three strengths were identified. The first strength is an awareness of the detriments of opiate addiction and the need to seek treatment. RISE program attends to volunteer patients who recognize that they are addicted to opiates and need treatment to address the addiction. The personal recognition makes the aggregate more receptive to treatment. The second strength is the presence of a treatment program (RISE program) that offers the aggregate both technical and professional assistance to manage the addiction. The program makes use of professional knowledge to leverage technical tools (medication and equipment) that help in managing opiate addiction within a safe and controlled environment. The third strength is that the treatment and counseling services offered as part of the program are freely available to the aggregate (Milstead & Short, 2019).

In addition to the three strengths, four weaknesses were identified. The first weakness is the continued availability of opiates; especially their availability through drug peddlers who consider opiates a profitable business opportunity. The second weakness is discrimination that identifies the aggregate as ‘miscreants’ who are out to cause trouble. This is a widely held notion whereby the aggregate is considered criminal in nature since they are influenced by the addiction to engage in criminal activity. The third weakness is familiar venues of opiates use. The aggregate have an intimate knowledge of their environment and know where they can get opiates so that they can easily access them even as they seek treatment. The final weakness is peer influence whereby the aggregate has created a small community of fellow opiate users so that they are easily influenced to use the opiates as they remain within the same community (Milstead & Short, 2019). As a result, the aggregate and community has three strengths and four weaknesses.

Risk assessment

The community was assessed as a client since the issue of interest is opiate addiction management and treatment, which is of interest to the whole community. The risk assessment was applied in a step-wise process. The first step entailed organizing and planning to engage in community health intervention. This step identified the available strengths and capabilities, such as feasible scope and accessible resources. For instance, the current program acknowledges that there are limited resources thereby restricting the scope of the intervention. The second step entailed engaging the community whereby the community of interest was identified in terms of geographical area and demographics. The present program identified the community as Albany, Georgia. The third step entailed developing a goal/vision for the identified community and aggregate. In the present case, opiates addiction has been identified as a concern in the community thus resulting in the need to identify this concern. As a result, the aggregate restricted to participants in the RISE program offered at the Aspire Behavioral Health Facility since they are opiate addicts seeking treatment for the addiction (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2016).

The fourth step involved conducting a community health assessment to determine the specific needs of the population. At this step, the key persons who can identify the principal data themes that represent the popular community opinions were engaged and their opinions collected. In addition, community health statistics was evaluated. The fifth step involved prioritizing the health issues with a focus on organizing the themes in terms of need for attention and impact. This step determined that although RISE program is a tool for addressing opiate addiction in the community, its effectiveness can be improved for better results. The sixth step entailed developing a community health improvement plan that would target the identified aggregate for improved public health. This step suggested the specific strategies for improving the RISE program. The seventh step entailed implementing and monitoring the plan with a focus on applying and collecting data on the performance of the improvement strategies. The final step involved evaluating the plan for process and outcomes with a focus on how well the strategies performed and whether there was a need for changes (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2016).

 

 

References

Milstead, J. & Short, N. (2019).
Health policy and politics: a nurse’s guide
(6
th
ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2016).
Public health nursing: population-centered health care in the community
(9
th
ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Care and disaster management plan

Nursing care plan

The project has identified the aggregate as RISE program participants from Albany in Georgia. This population of interest comprises of opiate addicts who are seeking treatment for the addiction. Opiates are identified to include Oxycodone, Morphine, Methadone, Codeine, and Heroin. The first step in the care plan is the patient diagnosis. In this case, opiate addiction would be defined as the constant and unending need for opiates even when it causes the patient to have serious economic, social, psychological and/or physical harm and consequences that include a loss of control over the opiate use and abuse. It is important to note that a diagnosis for opiate addiction can occur with or without physical dependence. Also, the patient would be subjected to standardized tests to assess addiction and recovery. These tests include CAGE-AID Test, Recovery Attitude and Treatment Evaluation, Addiction Severity Index, and Drug Abuse Screening Test (Sperry, 2016; Wheeler, 2014).

Notable features in the diagnosis are psychological dependence and physical dependence. Psychological dependence refers to the continued use of opiates to avoid unpleasant experiences and occur that could occur if the opiate is not taken. Physical dependence ensues if ceasing to use the opiate causes adverse physical effects that could be heightened if the cessation is abrupt and rapid. As previously indicated, physical dependence is not necessarily an indication of opiate addiction; since addiction could be present with or without any physical dependence (Sperry, 2016).

An important aspect of the patient diagnosis is the client assessment for opiate dependencies, toxicities, withdrawal, and other related risk factors. Some of the notable risk factors include a vulnerability to peer pressure, present of a psychiatric disorder, proneness to self-medication, risk-taking tendencies, unsuccessful life, poor pain tolerance, and low self-esteem. The general physical symptoms and signs identified during diagnosis include poor health state, cool and moist hands, shakiness, poor hygiene, and hyperactivity. The general behavioral symptoms and signs include poor attention span, drug seeking behaviors, possession of opiates and associated paraphernalia, problems with law enforcement, school and other social institutions, poor work performance, forgetfulness, low tolerance for frustration, and irritability (Sperry, 2016).

The symptoms and signs of opiate addiction, use and abuse that the nurse would be keen on include piloerection (goose bumps), diarrhea, spasms, muscular pain, tremors, diaphoresis, poor attention span, memory loss, slurred speech, sedation, euphoria, confusion, impaired gait and coordination, and pupil constriction. The withdrawal symptoms and signs for opiates include dilated pupils, weakness, muscular spasms, dysphoria, perspiration, loss of appetite, vomiting, nausea, fever, insomnia, and piloerection (Sperry, 2016).

Once the patient has been diagnosed with opiate abuse and/or addiction condition, the next step is to conduct treatment. The first treatment approach is pharmacotherapy whereby antipsychotic medication are prescribed to manage the symptoms. These medication restore the brains natural chemical balance to eliminate or reduce the psychotic symptoms. The second treatment approach is supportive psychosocial interventions that are used as adjuncts to the psycho-education programs and pharmacotherapy. They are intended to reduce relapse, improve medication adherence, quality of life and social functioning, and alleviate residual symptoms. They include individual and group approaches (Sperry, 2016).

An important consideration when offering nursing treatment for opiate addiction is the presentation of opioid withdrawal syndrome, an uncomfortable and distressing but typically not life-threatening experience for the patient. It occurs when opiates intake is stopped or markedly decreased. The symptoms for syndrome typically include nausea, muscle cramps, joint aches, irritability, gooseflesh, pupillary dilation, feeling tired, poor sleep, depression (dysphoria), perspiration, diarrhea, yawning, vomiting, runny nose, runny eyes, and restlessness. Three of medication can be prescribed for the syndrome. Firstly, Methadone that is prescribed to prevent the withdrawal symptoms through decreasing opioid craving, relieving pain, and blocking ‘highs’ if the opioid is substituted. It helps in detoxification and maintenance of abstinence. Secondly, Buprenorphine that is prescribed to prevent the withdrawal symptoms. It blocks ‘highs’ if opioid is substituted. It acts as a pain medication and reduces opioid craving.  Thirdly, Naltrexone that is prescribed after the patient has completely withdrawn from the opiate since taking it alongside opiates could precipitate the withdrawal syndrome. It helps with detoxification and maintaining abstinence. The three medication are supplemented by counseling to improve outcomes (Sperry, 2016; Wheeler, 2014).

In addition, nursing diagnoses will be conducted for anxiety, sleep deprivation, and imbalanced nutrition as existing concerns. The nursing diagnosis for anxiety would identify feelings of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger among the patients. The nursing assessment would be conducted for presence of culture-bound anxiety states, level of anxiety, influence of cultural values and beliefs, coping techniques, and physical reactions. Nursing interventions would focus on awareness, supportive environments, interactions, conversations, and reducing sensory stimuli (Wayne, 2019a). The nursing diagnosis for sleep deprivation would identify disruptions in the quality and amount of sleep. Nursing assessment would note sleep patterns and circumstances hindering sleep. Nursing interventions would focus on helping patients to obtain optimal amounts of sleep as evidenced by improved sleep patterns, and rested appearance (Wayne, 2019c).  The nursing diagnosis for imbalanced nutrition would identify the patient’s nutritional status and if nutrient intake is less than the body requirements. Nursing assessment would note the patient’s weight, nutritional history, relevant etiological factors, review laboratory values, and check physical signs. The nursing intervention would offer nutritional support (Wayne, 2019b).

Disaster management plan

The geographical location of the aggregate is Albany, Georgia. A review of the natural disasters that have occurred in the location reveal that it has a high probability of experiencing tornadoes. In fact, its tornado index is reported at 221.78, a figure that is higher than the Georgia State average at 179.92 and the US national average at 136.45. This implies that the risk of tornado damage is higher in Albany when compared to the state average and national average. In fact, the location has experienced 82 tornado events with magnitude of 2 or higher in the period between 1951 and 2007. These events have resulted in 42 fatalities and property damage approximated at $250 million. Other natural disasters of significance to the area are thunderstorm winds, hail and floods of which 1,174, 368 and 96 events (respectively) were recorded from 1950 to 2010 within 50 miles of Albany (World Media Group, 2020).

It is evident that Albany has a higher risk of experiencing tornadoes and hail than any other natural disaster since they have occurred with the highest frequency from 1950. Strategies for handling these disasters would be presents from two perspectives. The first perspective is preparedness involving continuously planning, equipping, training and exercises. Planning for the two disasters entails identifying places in which to take shelter, familiarizing with and monitoring the warning system systems, and establishing procedures to account for individuals in case the disasters occur. Underground locations are preferred for sheltering (such as storm cellars and basements) since they offer the best protection. In addition, there is a need to implement accountability procedures presented as warning systems to ensure that aggregate remains safe in case the disasters occur. Two warning systems are typically used. Firstly, a watch system that requires the aggregate to closely monitor media stations (television and radio) for information on the disaster progress so that they are able to take shelter prior to occurrence, and can check for supply kits. Secondly, a warning system that offers information on an imminent threat if the disaster has been sighted or indicated through radar with the aggregate expected to immediately take shelter (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2020).

Equipping activities involve getting emergency supplies kits and keeping them in shelter locations. The recommended items for the kit include cellphones with chargers and backup batteries, local maps, manual can opener, wrench for utilities, personal sanitation items, dust masks, signal whistle, first aid kit, flashlight, battery powered radio, food and water. In addition, prescription and non-prescription medication should be stocked to include laxatives, antidiarrheal medication, and pain relievers (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2020).

Training and exercises activities involve ensure that the aggregate know what to do in case of an emergency. In addition, it requires regularly practicing for shelter-in-place plans, and updating procedures and plans based on lessons learned from the exercises (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2020).

 

 

References

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2020).
OSHA: Tornado preparedness and response
. References https://www.osha.gov/dts/weather/tornado/preparedness.html

Sperry, L. (2016).
Handbook of diagnosis and treatment of DSM-5 personality disorders:
assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment
(3
rd
ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Wayne, G. (2019a).
Anxiety
. Retrieved from https://nurseslabs.com/anxiety/

Wayne, G. (2019b).
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
. Retrieved from https://nurseslabs.com/imbalanced-nutrition-less-body-requirements/

Wayne, G. (2019c).
Insomnia
. Retrieved from https://nurseslabs.com/insomnia/

Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014).
Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: a how-to-guide for evidence-based practice
(2
nd
ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.

World Media Group (2020).
Albany, GA natural disasters and weather extremes
. Retrieved from http://www.usa.com/albany-ga-natural-disasters-extremes.htm

 

Instructions

Developing a Care Plan

Last week, you conducted a risk assessment to identify the health risks faced by the aggregate you selected. This week, begin working on a comprehensive care plan for the aggregate.

The care plan should propose a nursing diagnosis for the aggregate and include strategies to tackle the major health risks identified during the risk assessment.

In addition, it should include a disaster management plan with the following components:

List of disasters that might affect your aggregate (take into consideration the geographical location of the aggregate, past history, etc.)

Strategies for handling at least two disasters from the list.

Recommendation for a disaster supplies kit.

(Project Recap: Propose a nursing diagnosis and suggest interventions that address the major health risks identified from the risk assessment. In your care plan, include a list of disasters that may affect the aggregate and a disaster management plan.)

Submission Details:
Your comprehensive care plan should be in a 4- to 5-page Microsoft Word document and name your document. SU_NSG4076_W6_Project_LastName_FirstInitial.doc.
Submit your document to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned.
Support your responses with examples.
Cite all sources in APA.

(I have attached a copy of last weeks
Risk Assessment
and any other documentation you may need. Please let me know if you have any questions.)

NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Legislation Grid and Advocacy Statement

Legislation Grid

Health-related Bill Name

Promoting Physical Activity for Americans Act

Bill Number

S. 1301

Description

The identified bill is sponsored by Sharrod Brown, the senior Senator for Ohio (Govtrack, 2021). The Senator is a democrat. The bill was first introduced to the House of Representatives on April 22, 2021.The bill seeks to authorize the Secretary for Health and Human Services (HHS) to be publishing a report on physical activity and the interventions aimed at controlling specific measures of interest. The bill also requires that the secretary for HHS to publish evidence-based intervention aimed at promoting physical activity among specific populations of the community. The bill would also require that any other federal agency that would wish to promote physical activity among the community members should base on the published research-based report. NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement.

 

Federal or State?

Federal

Legislative Intent

The legislative intent of the bill is to foster the utilization of the latest medical innovation and research in the promotion of physical activity among the communities. The other intent is to ensure that population specific interventions are used when promoting physical activity. With the increase in the rate of obesity and lifestyle diseases, the legislative intent of the bill is to improve effectiveness of physical activity promotion practices so as to further improve the rate of community members involved in physical activity within the community. NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement The rate of obesity and lifestyle related diseases would be fostered in the quality of the patient intervention.

 

Proponents/ Opponents

Proponents: Sponsoring legislators, the healthcare professionals and the members of the community especially at risk of developing obesity and lifestyle diseases.

 

Opponents: The secretary for HHS would likely challenge the bill with the basis of the cost of carrying out research for publishing the report after every 10 years.

Target Population

NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement The bill targets all the citizens of the United States especially considering that a large proportion are at risk of being obese because of not meeting the minimum requirements for physical activity.

 

Status of the bill (Is it in hearings or committees?)

The bill was passed by the Senate on 30
th
July 2021 through a voice vote (Govtrack, 2021). The bill will be forwarded to the House for the second time before proceeding to the next subsequent stages.

 

 

General Notes/Comments

 

 

The bill, presented by Sherrod Brown is considered to offer a uniquely important opportunity for the promotion of physical activity and in essence improve the intervention to combat obesity. The bill with two sponsors is projected to be having at least 48% probability of being ascended into law because of its feasibility and relevance to the prevailing situation.

 

Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement

The personal position in the bill in question is to join the proponents and thus support the bill. The bill proposes a suitable approach for promoting physical activity considering that it proposes the implementation of evidence-based intervention (Bowen, et al. 2021). The rate of obesity in the United States has been consistently growing over time. The rate of obesity between 1999 and 2000 was 30.5% as compared to the rate of 42.4% between 2017 and 2018 (Gelius, et al. 2020) NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement. Obesity is also closely associated with an increased risk of various lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and certain types of cancers. The lifestyle health conditions are among the top ten leading causes of death in the United States. Only 19.3% of the United States citizens meet the minimum recommended physical activity rate and thus indicating a significantly high demand for better interventions to promote physical activity. Physical activity is a key element that contributes to body weight besides diet. Promoting physical activity is therefore considered to be important.

Considering the opponents for the bill the bill base counter-arguments on the cost carrying out research to publish the reports after 10 years, it would be vital to consider that 10 years is a significantly wide interval (Bowen, et al. 2021). The opponents should also be informed about the extreme cost incurred annually due to obesity. It is estimated that the cost associated with adult obesity ranges between $147 billion to 210 billion annually (Piercy, et al. 2018). The high cost due to unproductivity at workplace and the cost of treatment for obesity related conditions is higher as compared to the cost of carrying out research for 10 years to publish a report. NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement The opponents should also be informed about the importance of utilizing evidence-based intervention since it helps to promote the utilization of the latest research findings into practice. Considering the dynamic nature of clinical practices, it is important to embrace research even when promoting physical activity.

References

Bowen, P. G., Opoku-Agyeman, W., Clay, O. J., McCaskill, G., Mixon, V., Sen, B. P., … & Martin, M. Y. (2021). Promoting Physical Activity Through Policy at a Single Safety-Net Clinic: A Pilot Study. 
Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine
, 
6
(2), e000160.

Gelius, P., Messing, S., Goodwin, L., Schow, D., & Abu-Omar, K. (2020). What are effective policies for promoting physical activity? A systematic review of reviews. 
Preventive medicine reports
, 
18
, 101095.

Govtrack, (2021) S. 1301: Promoting Physical Activity for Americans Act. Retrieved from: https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/s1301 NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., … & Olson, R. D. (2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. 
Jama
, 
320
(19), 2020-2028.

 

Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

As a nurse, how often have you thought to yourself, 
If I had anything to do about it, things would work a little differently?
 Increasingly, nurses are beginning to realize that they do, in fact, have a role and a voice.

Many nurses encounter daily experiences that motivate them to take on an advocacy role in hopes of impacting policies, laws, or regulations that impact healthcare issues of interest. Of course, doing so means entering the less familiar world of policy and politics. While many nurses do not initially feel prepared to operate in this space effectively, the reward is the opportunity to shape and influence future health policy.

To Prepare:

Select a bill that has been proposed (not one that has been enacted) using the congressional websites provided in the Learning Resources. NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement.

The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Legislation Grid; 1-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement)

Be sure to add a title page, an introduction, purpose statement, and a conclusion. This is an APA paper.

Part 1: Legislation Grid

Based on the health-related bill (proposed, not enacted) you selected,
complete the Legislation Grid Template
. Be sure to address the following:

Determine the legislative intent of the bill you have reviewed.

Identify the proponents/opponents of the bill.

Identify the target populations addressed by the bill.

Where in the process is the bill currently? Is it in hearings or committees?

Part 2: Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Based on the health-related bill you selected, develop a 1-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement that addresses the following:

Advocate a position for the bill you selected and write testimony in support of your position.

Describe how you would address the opponent to your position. Be specific and provide examples.

At least 2 outside resources and 2-3 course specific resources are used. NURS 6050 Assignment: Legislation Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement.

Developing a Care Plan

Name

Institution

Date

 

 

Developing a Care Plan

Introduction

Care planning in nursing is a vital aspect of nursing practice as it provides the outline for patient care. A good care plan should include aspects such as accuracy, completeness, and the content should be relevant (Johnson et al., 2018). Accordingly, this paper will provide a care plan for the aggregate population (
S
outh Charlotte), as well as the disaster management plan to address the major health risks in the population.   

Comprehensive Care Plan

Assessment

The aggregate participants in
S
outh Charlotte
are older adults aged 65 years and over. The main health risks for this aggregate population include A1C management, surgical risks of diabetes, and increased BMI (obesity).

Nursing Diagnosis

Ineffective A1C management deficit and increased of infections, wound healing and slow healing surgical outcomes

Imbalanced nutrition more than body requirements as indicated by a BM1>40

Strategies to Address the Major Health Risks

A multidisciplinary team should be formed to promote health in the target population. Health promotion should include providing support for self-management education for people with diabetes. The health promotion program in
S
outh Charlotte should ensure that all older adults with diabetes take part in
diabetes self-management education. This will equip them with the required skills, knowledge, and ability for diabetes self-care, and especially managing and reducing the AIC values, as a measure of effective glycemic control (Al-Rasheedi, 2015). Effective HbA1c control will also prevent long-term complications associated with diabetes. M
oreover, the participants should be provided with self-management support that will help them implement and sustain the gained self-management skills and behaviors.

Implement an exercise program in
S
outh Charlotte targeting older adults with diabetes: The older population with type 2 diabetes will be recruited to the exercise program where they will be encouraged to perform at least two weekly sessions of resistance exercise. Evidence shows that resistance training among older adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes reduces AIC (
Alvarez et al., 2017)
. Moreover, the increased physical activity will help in lowering the BMI for the target population and thus address the issue of obesity in this population.

Recommend compulsory influenza and
anti-pneumococcal
immunization for all older adults in South Charlotte. These immunizations will reduce respiratory infections, hospitalization, and the mortalities associated with respiratory tract infections (
Alvarez et al., 2017)
. Infections, including respiratory tract infections, are very prevalent in people with type 2 diabetes.

Smoking cessation counseling programs should be integrated into the routine element of diabetes care. In addition, all individuals with type 2 diabetes should be educated to stop smoking or inhaling secondary tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoking is attributed to numerous health risks, including the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and premature death. Smoking cessation is associated with the improvement of metabolic parameters, as well as decreased blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes (
Hieshima et al., 2018)
.

Integrating nutritional therapy in diabetes treatment: All older adults with type 2 diabetes in South Charlotte should be provided with a personalized eating plan. Nutrition therapy is a key aspect of diabetes management and plays a big role in stabilizing AIC values; therefore, the older adults with type 2 diabetes should be vigorously involved in education, treatment planning, and self-management with their healthcare team, and this should include the collaborative development of the personalized eating plan (
Franz & MacLeod, 2018)
. All people with type 2 diabetes in South Charlotte should be referred and linked with a registered dietitian with the required skills and knowledge to provide diabetes-specific nutrition therapy. Emphasis should focus on providing healthy eating patterns. Also, to reduce weight in the target population, the participants should be educated to eat healthily by consuming a variety of fruits and high vegetable intake, while reducing intake of carbohydrates (
Franz & MacLeod, 2018)
. This will assist in weight loss.

Lastly, all
aggregate participants in
S
outh Charlotte should be educated on the importance of adhering to the prescribed medications. Improved adherence to treatment in individuals with type 2 diabetes will enhance glycemic control and thus reduce morbidity and mortality allied to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (
Polonsky & Henry, 2016)
.

Disaster Management Plan

Charlotte NC region is mainly typified by a moderate climate with a clear discrepancy between warm and cold seasons. Winters are normally characterized by cold weather with a lot of snowing and heavy rainfalls. The likely disasters that may affect the aggerate population in Charlotte NC include hurricanes and flooding. Charlotte NC is a region at a high risk of flooding and storm surge associated with hurricanes. Floods and hurricanes lead to effects such as deaths, injuries, adverse effects on human health and welfare, destruction to the infrastructure, and interruptions to education and business (Tullos D. (2018).

The national climate assessment shows that Charlotte NC has a high probability of experiencing flooding and hurricanes. However, flooding the most likely environmental risk to affect Charlotte NC. This is because Charlotte NC has varying physiography that makes it extremely venerable to flooding and also hurricanes. Charlotte NC has many areas that are low-lying and flat and also coastlines and valleys that make it predisposed to flooding, after an accumulation of heavy rainfall (Lickley, et al., 2014). From the historical evidence, there is a high likelihood that Charlotte NC will continue experiencing flooding and a moderate likelihood of Charlotte NC experiencing hurricanes in the future.

To mitigate the effects of possible hurricanes and flooding, projects, and policies aimed to lower or eliminate the effects of flooding and hurricanes on people and property should be implemented (Tullos D. (2018). This should include evacuation plans and procedures in case of a disaster. Additionally, the shelter and feeding of the affected individuals should be prioritized, and more importantly provision of treatment to the injured.

Secondly, education, training, and outreach efforts emphasizing the effects of the hazards and methods to increase resiliency should be conducted. This should include educating and training the community members on the appropriate precautionary measures to take in case of flooding or hurricanes Lickley, et al., 2014). For example, community members should be educated to avoid low spots such as basements or underpasses during flooding and avoid low-lying areas. People should also be advised to always remain indoor during hurricanes since strong winds blow away anything around and if their homes are not on higher ground, to access a shelter. It is also important to avoid driving into flooded areas.  In case the emergency managers advise people to evacuate, the community members should be advised to ensure they evacuate immediately (Tullos D. (2018). This type of education will inform community members on actions to take in case of a disaster.

More importantly, healthcare providers in the area, and especially nurses who are the front-line healthcare workers should be educated and trained regarding disaster management. This will equip them with the required skills and knowledge to handle victims of disasters such as hurricanes and flooding within healthcare organizations.

Lastly, a flood/hurricane insurance program should be in place to provide residents of Charlotte NC with incentives to adopt land-use regulations and prohibit constructions lower than the 100-year flood elevation (Lickley, et al., 2014).

Conclusion

The nursing diagnosis for the aggregate population includes ineffective A1C management deficit and increased infections, wound healing and slow healing surgical outcomes; and imbalanced nutrition more than body requirements. Strategies include outreach education to the community members on diabetes self-management, including implementation of weight loss programs, promoting physical activities, and integrating a healthy diet in the diabetes treatment plan. The most likely disasters in Charlotte NC include flooding and hurricanes.

 

 

References

Al-Rasheedi A. A. (2015). Glycemic Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Countries of Arabic Gulf.
International journal of health sciences
,
9
(3), 345–350.

Alvarez, C. E., Clichici, L., Patricia Guzmán-Libreros, A., Navarro-Francés, M., & Ena, J. (2017). Survey of vaccination practices in patients with diabetes: A report examining patient and provider perceptions and barriers.
Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology
,
9
, 15–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2017.06.002

Franz, M. J., & MacLeod, J. (2018). Success of nutrition-therapy interventions in persons with type 2 diabetes: challenges and future directions.
Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity: targets and therapy
,
11
, 265–270.
https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S141952
.

Hieshima, K., Suzuki, T., Sugiyama, S., Kurinami, N., Yoshida, A., Miyamoto, F., Kajiwara, K., Jinnouchi, T., & Jinnouchi, H. (2018). Smoking Cessation Ameliorates Microalbuminuria With Reduction of Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in Patients With Already Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus.
Journal of clinical medicine research
,
10
(6), 478–485.
https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3400w
.

Johnson, L., Edward, K. L., & Giandinoto, J. A. (2018). A systematic literature review of accuracy in nursing care plans and using standardized nursing language.
Collegian
,
25
(3), 355-361.

Lickley, M. J., Lin, N., & Jacoby, H. D. (2014). Analysis of coastal protection under rising flood risk.
Climate Risk Management
,
6
, 18-26.

Polonsky, W. H., & Henry, R. R. (2016). Poor medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: recognizing the scope of the problem and its key contributors.
Patient preference and adherence
,
10
, 1299–1307.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S106821
.

Tullos D. (2018). Opinion: How to achieve better flood-risk governance in the United States.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
,
115
(15), 3731–3734. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722412115

 

 

Developing a Care Plan
Last week, you conducted a risk assessment to identify the health risks faced by the aggregate you selected. This week, begin working on a comprehensive care plan for the aggregate and submit it to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned.

The care plan should propose a nursing diagnosis for the aggregate and include strategies to tackle the major health risks identified during the risk assessment.

In addition, it should include a disaster management plan with the following components:

List of disasters that might affect your aggregate (take into consideration the geographical location of the aggregate, past history, etc.)
Strategies for handling at least two disasters from the list
Recommendation for a disaster supplies kit
Propose a nursing diagnosis and suggest interventions that address the major health risks identified from the risk assessment. In your care plan, include a list of disasters that may affect the aggregate and a disaster management plan.

Submission Details:
Your comprehensive care plan should be in a 4- to 5-page Microsoft Word document.

Care Plan on Hemorrhage

 

Student Name

Program Name, Institution

COURSE CODE: Course Title

Instructor Name

Month, Year

 

 

Care Plan on Hemorrhage

Case Scenario

30-year-old G1 P1, Caucasian female, came to the facility at 0800hrs today, 40-week gestation female  baby weighing 10lbs 3oz, prolonged labor under  vacuum-assisted delivery and a midline episiotomy, EBL of 250ml during delivery, 600ml Oxytocin IV in 1000ml of LR given after delivery, labor complicated with chorioamnionitis, IV antibiotics given immediately after delivery, history of Asthma with inhaler use, and fundus is boggy at midline umbilicus that firms with massage, moderate bleeding and passing of clots with massage, lochia soaked 3 perineal pads within the last hour.

Pathophysiology of the disease

Hemorrhage entails blood leaking from the blood vessels to the surrounding tissue. When a vessel is damaged, the hemorrhage occurs as long as the vessel stays open and the pressure inside the vessel dominates the pressure outside of the vessel. Coagulation usually seals the vessel and prevents bleeding (Macdonald & Schweizer, 2017). Uncontained hemorrhage can lead to anticoagulant medication, hemophilia, or substantial injury to the blood vessel, resulting in extensive loss of blood and shock. The signs and symptoms include breathlessness, unconsciousness, vomiting, nausea, and swollen abdomen.

Steps of the disease

The steps of hemorrhage disorder which involve four classes. The first class involves loss of around 15% of the amount of blood. There is generally no improvement in common signs, and there is typically no need for fluid resuscitation (Gayet-Ageron et al., 2018). The second class involves 20 percent of the overall blood flow. The patient is frequently tachycardic (increased heartbeat) with a drop in the disparity among diastolic and systolic blood pressures. The body is attempting to recompense for peripheral vasoconstriction. Skin may start to appear thin and be soft when touched. The patient can undergo minor behavioral changes. Volume recovery with colloids is all that is usually needed. Transfusion of blood is not typically needed.

The third class entails a reduction of 30 to 40 per cent of flowing blood volume. The client’s blood pressure reduces, the pulse rate elevates, peripheral hypo perfusion and reduced capillary fill-up develops, and the emotional state worsens (Gayet-Ageron et al., 2018). Fluid rebirth with crystalloid and transfusion of blood is typically expected.  Class IV Hemorrhage entails a depletion of less than40 per cent of circulating blood flow. The body’s remuneration cap is exhausted and rapid resuscitation is needed to avoid death.

Nursing Diagnosis:

Measurable Goal:

Nursing Interventions:

Outcome:

Interrupted

Breastfeeding R/T

separation of

infant for medical

treatment AEB

emotional distress

second to balloon

tamponade and

uterine curettage

Patient will achieve

satisfaction with

effective breastfeeding

before discharge home

from hospital

1. Assess patients’

level of distress

and support her by

teaching that

breastfeeding can

continue when the

procedures are

complete and PPH

is under control

2. Teach patient the

importance of the

medical treatments

to manage

postpartum

hemorrhage and

complications

3. Notify Lactation

Consultant/Specialist

st to schedule time

when mother can

breastfeed after

procedure

4. Assist with

emotional distress

by providing skin to

skin, comfort,

holding techniques,

support with

latching to breast,

identifying infant

cues, and providing

resources for

breastfeeding once

bleeding is under

control

The goal was partially

met. The mother was

able to effectively

breastfeed her infant

once the postpartum

hemorrhage was under

control, but she is not

completely satisfied

with breastfeeding. She

expressed that she

would continue to

work on breastfeeding,

and she will use the

resources she was

given to get more

lactation help with a

Specialist.

Scarce Fluid

Volume R/T

extreme blood

loss after giving birth AEB

3 soaked perineal

pads within 1 hr second

to postpartum

hemorrhage

Client will have a

lochia drift of less than

1 saturated perineal

pad/hr by discharge

from hospital

1. Evaluate and record

type, quantity, and

bleeding site

2. Weigh and count

perineal pads to

assess accurate

amount of bleeding

3. Consider the location

and level  of

contractility of the

uterus/fundus with

massage

4. Monitor VS- BP and

HR to assess for s/s

of hypovolemia or

shock

The goal was met. With

the interventions in

place, the postpartum

hemorrhage was

managed and the

patient now has a

lochia flow of less than

1 saturated perineal

pad/hr before

discharge home

Severe Pain R/T

nursing and

therapeutic

interventions to

manage bleeding

AEB pain of 7 on 0-

10 pain assessment

scale second to

postpartum haemorrhage

Patient will report

below 3 on the pain

assessment scale

within 2 hours after

interventions are

performed

Clean and position

patient to promote

comfort and

decrease bleeding

2. Provide icepacks

and proper

padding to help

with pain and

swelling

3. Provide pain

medication

ordered for

interventions as

needed per patient

Provide adequate teaching for interventions such as fundal massage to manage bleeding so the patient knows what to expect

The goal was met. The

pain management and

comfort techniques in

place allowed the

patient to report a pain

of 2 on the pain

assessment scale 2

hours after

interventions were

performed

 

 

 

References

Gayet-Ageron, A., Prieto-Merino, D., Ker, K., Shakur, H., Ageron, F. X., Roberts, I., … & Gilliam, C. (2018). Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. 
The Lancet
, 
391
(10116), 125-132.

-Macdonald, R. L., & Schweizer, T. A. (2017). Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. 
The Lancet
, 
389
(10069), 655-666.

Shakur, H., Roberts, I., Edwards, P., Elbourne, D., Alfirevic, Z., & Ronsmans, C. (2016). The effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death and hysterectomy in women with post-partum haemorrhage: statistical analysis plan for the WOMAN trial. 
Trials
, 
17
(1), 249.

What would be the best idea for a psychology thesis topic? Coming up with a paper idea is more challenging than research and writing. It is a requirement nonetheless for you to write a thesis to graduate. Striking a balance between your academics and personal life can be frustrating. Fortunately, there are many places where you can find inspiration.

Finding a topic is the most crucial step while writing any paper. It is essential while writing a psychology thesis. Psychology is a broad topic and requires you to settle for a topic you are conversant with. This will allow you to cover the thesis topic without being overwhelmed easily.

In a general class, you may be required to select a topic within the broad psychology reach. In other cases, you may be required to base your thesis on a specific subject. It is essential to consider the set guidelines before you begin searching for a psychology thesis topic.

You should conduct research and data analysis before deciding on a topic. This is why it is better to settle for a narrow topic to allow you to focus on the subject but not so narrow that you won’t find sources of information to write about. It becomes easier to analyze a topic with proper details.

How to choose a suitable psychology thesis topic

You can choose a topic from any social branch in psychology. Alternatively, you can opt to select a topic related to mental illness or disorder. The complexity of the topic requires in-depth research and analytical study. You should cover all aspects of the topic.

Choosing a good topic is very important when writing a psychology thesis. An interesting topic will draw the attention of your professor. This will, together with a well-written thesis, guarantee acceptance of your idea.  

Researching and studying various psychology thesis topics for your paper is also very important. Once you have selected the topic, the other step is to write your paper. For example, you can choose social psychology topics for your thesis. You can focus on how persuasion can be used to influence behavior.

Other topics in the same branch you can choose from are

Social control and cults

Attitudes

Prejudice and discrimination

Non-verbal communication

Leadership

Attraction and romance

Persuasion, propaganda, and marketing

Psychology thesis papers present a severe undertaking by psychology students during their academic studies. You may feel anxious about writing and also be conflicted on how to choose a suitable psychology thesis topic. Selecting a topic that interests you and one that offers enough information for you to write about is not easy. Below, we try to provide a wide variety of choices of topics and general guidelines for writing good topics for clinical psychology undergraduate thesis.

Psychology thesis paper purpose

A psychology thesis paper aims to inform the reader about new ideas, theories, or experiments on the human mind and behavior. It presents the latest development in psychology by providing facts supported by data and any other hard evidence.

Further, a thesis presents the research you have done throughout your course. Its writing follows in-depth research, usually limited to academic articles only. It analyzes data, assembles evidence, and efficiently delivers it to the reader.

If there is an experimental component, the paper might require an understanding of the methods used. They may include statistical procedures, survey sampling techniques, effect size, etc.

The purpose of papers on specific psychology topics is to demonstrate students’ deep knowledge in the field, testing originality and efficiency through finding reliable evidence and efficient written communication.

Writing tips for psychology thesis paper

Writing a good psychology thesis paper relies on various factors

Choosing a catchy topic

Select a topic that will draw the reader’s attention. It’s undeniably true that some topics are more interesting and others are boring if you can choose one, even better! Otherwise, there is no need to worry. There are ways you can make less attractive topics more gripping by narrowing down the topic to a group of subjects that will be more interesting.

Write an outline

A guide with a clear hypothesis will ensure your paper flows

Offer relevant ideas

Ideas define your content. They will keep the reader interested. Make sure to raise intriguing and shocking questions. Propose and argue your points for the current paradigm shift. Explore different ideas by checking out relevant literature and other sources. Include other sources in online psychology journals. Before narrowing down to a single idea, gather and evaluate facts

Carry out quality research

Site reliable sources and adequately reference them. Avoid plagiarism and convey your messages appropriately. Watch out for journal impact factors or other citation metrics. Ensure that you have carried out in-depth research on your topic for the quality delivery of your argument.

Write edifyingly

Every detail is important. Good introduction and proper conclusion, use of professional terms, precision, proper paper structure, correct language, etc., follow the laid guidelines and ensure your workflows. All these makeup for a winning paper.

Cite all your sources

Use proper citations for all your references to credit the original authors. Include in-text citations and make a reference list at the end of your paper.

How to choose a suitable psychology thesis topic

While looking for psychology thesis topics, several strategies would assist.

Think of an idea

Considering you have been studying for a while by the time you are doing your thesis, research it for better phrasing. If the idea is justifiable, it is likely that It has been researched in the past. You will therefore find academic links and articles on the topic. Alternatively, you may find related or better ideas. This is among the best method for identifying an original and interesting idea.

Identify other large topics

They should be close to the area that interests you. you should be able to get more information by skimming through these. This strategy ensures that you have a broad selection of psychology thesis topics rather than limiting yourself to a few ideas.

Find general articles

Research about your subfield and read through You are likely to find more interesting topics that can be explored in detail.

Narrow down to a specific area

If you have more than one topic and are unable to decide, try exploring more on each to assess the abundance and quality of information available for each topic. Unless you intend to have someone write the thesis for you, you have to perform the research yourself.

Focus more on what will be covered ahead

This will enable you to develop a more exciting and informative psychology thesis topic.

Topics for psychology thesis papers

To name but a few, psychology has different disciplines such as social, experimental, educational, cognitive, forensic, and developmental psychology.

How do you ensure you make the right choice for your thesis paper?

How do you ensure that your thesis topic is exciting and captivating?

How do you ensure that your topic is unique?

How do you ensure that your topic adds value to the community?

Below is a variety of psychology thesis topics list for all academic levels. Read on to explore helpful insights and tips for picking the best topic. Select any topic and start writing your thesis.

Topics for thesis in psychology for undergraduates

Selecting psychology thesis topics is difficult but choosing the right one makes writing easier. Deciding on what to write is very important as it will set precedence for the rest of the paper. Take time to figure out the area you want to concentrate on. Consider all options and make sure you choose something you are passionate about. Picking a topic, you are interested in will no doubt keep you motivated.

 If you are struggling to develop an interesting topic about psychology for a thesis, the ideas below will help you draft a compelling paper.

What are the effects of bullying on children?

The social identity of Tajfel and Turner

Relationship between molarity and law

Similarities and differences in midlife crisis in both men and women

Health benefits of socializing

Effects of postpartum depression on children

The difference in brain functioning in men and women

Causes and effects of sleep paralysis

Symptoms, causes, and treatment of dementia

Social factors that cause panic attacks

Can PTSD cause Alzheimer’s?

Psychology thesis topics for college students

Every student can find a topic for their thesis, given the diversity of psychology. If you ever feel overwhelmed by ideas for your psychology senior thesis topics, remember many good papers available. It is easy to find and an easily researchable topic for your thesis. Stay positive as it is easy to write a custom thesis paper.

How to quit bad behavior?

Gender roles in modern society

What causes schizophrenia?

Symptoms and treatment of ADHD

Importance of sports psychology

The health effects of a bad relationship

Mental and emotional health effects of abortion on women.

Homelessness and mental health

Psychological effects of hate crime

Religion is social psychology

Social psychology topics for thesis

Social psychology is hard but interesting since it entails topics concerning our daily lives. Here is a list of social psychology topics

Gender roles in modern society

Experimental social psychology

Psychological effects of miscarriage on couples

Effects of racism

Socials issues on culture

What is social depression?

What is homophobia?

How does peer pressure affect teenagers?

Causes of gender discrimination

How does violence affect children and their development?

Clinical psychology thesis topics

While clinical psychology is complicated, it is an interesting branch as it addresses behavioral and mental issues faced by individuals across a lifespan. From types of therapies to childhood disorders, students are conflicted on how to choose a suitable psychology thesis topic. Good topics for a clinical psychology undergraduate thesis are available for everyone.

How can psychology be used to control chronic pain?

How to treat insomnia?

Psychological disorders and their clinical treatments

Childhood trauma and its effects on adulthood

Effects of anxiety disorders on one’s daily life

Role of emotional support for treating patients with addiction

Innovative approaches to treating phobias

Factors that contribute to post-traumatic disorders

Causes and treatment of social anxiety

Causes of eating disorders in adolescents

Experimental psychology thesis topics

An experimental method requires you to design your own psychology experiments. This science branch is the most engaging study of the human brain. The results however are useful in improving the understanding of certain human behaviors.

Most of these experiments can be performed at home or school. Finding a good idea for your experimental psychology topic can be difficult. The following are some questions you could answer as part of your thesis.

Does color affect mood?

Can the color of a room or clothes or even exam paper have any psychological impact on your mood?

Can types of music elicit different psychological responses?

Heart rates from different participants may show differences or similarities

Can individual music preference tell about a person’s personality?

Past research indicate that people who prefer certain music style exhibit similar personality traits.

Does social media cause addiction?

Does color affect appetite?

Does smell affect taste?

Does conformity influence behavior?

This experiment investigates the impact of pressure on individual behavior

What is hindsight bias and can it be prevented?

Can facial symmetry cause attraction?

Are individuals with perfectly symmetrical faces rated as more beautiful than those with asymmetrical faces?

Does sex influence short-term memory?

Test whether males or females are better at remembering specific information

Developmental psychology thesis topics

You might have wondered which events in your childhood have shaped you into the person you are today. That is what developmental psychology is about. It is a topic that helps create a better understanding of the family roles in one’s development.

Developmental psychology is one of the most popular topics in psychology and it is very fascinating. It is quite a broad subject that includes anything from prenatal development to health in the final stages of life. The following are some topics that might inspire you.

Developmental psychology topics in Children

How does bullying affect a child?

Are students who are bullied likely to have worse grades than their non-bullied peers?

Does teaching a child sign language hinder or help the language acquisition process?

Does parenting style have any impact on a child’s level of physical activity?

What affects a child’s food choice?

Does birth order define procrastinating?

Are first-borns less likely to procrastinate than last-born?

Permissive and authoritative parenting

Are children raised by uninvolved parents less active than those raised by authoritative parents?

Developmental psychology topics in older adults

Do short-term memory limits change with age?

How does the limit compare to the ages of 15,25, and 45?

Do mental games help elderly adults keep their cognitive skills?

How does behavior change with age?

Does high self-efficacy translate to better memory compared to low self-efficacy?

Cognitive psychology thesis

It is fascinating how the human mind works. Cognitive psychology aims at understanding more about how we think, learn, and remember. This science further aims to understand how we perceive events and make decisions.

If you have an assignment on cognitive psychology, explore perceptive issues and the application of individual decision-making behaviors and patterns. Below is an extensive list of cognitive psychology thesis topics to choose from.

Explore cognitive process shifts in individuals over a period of time and explain the reason for it

Reasoning process

What is the comparative reasoning between children and adults?

Children with reading disabilities

Provide qualitative study depicting traces and trends in two different generations

Why do some people age prematurely while others stay young?

Differentiate between make-believe from reality

Does talking to oneself and self-counseling affect memory?

Habit formation versus habit maintenance. Which of the two phenomena is stronger?

How to measure critical thinking

How do improve memory and concentration?

How does cognition relate to perception?

Health psychology thesis topics

This field of psychology also referred to as medical psychology focuses on psychology and biology influencing health and general wellness. This is a diverse field that is worth exploring if you are studying to be a health professional.

Health psychology ideas

Consider the following ideas if you are looking for thesis topics for your paper. These can be inspirations for your experiment or a class project. Ensure that the topic of interest is as per the specific assignment. Choose a topic that will offer a variety of sources.

Family health ideas

How has public awareness of infant safety changed?

How has it influenced occurrences of CIDS? Has the number of “crib death” declined?

Why do some parents ignore these safety measures?

Childhood approach to immunization

Why do some parents choose not to have their children immunized? How is public health impacted by such choices? What can be done by health professionals to increase the likelihood of children being immunized?

What factors contribute to teen suicide? Are suicide prevention programs effective?

What are the emotional, social, and psychological impacts of caregiving?

Public health topics

What help can be offered to people after a disaster?

Are there better long-term strategies that can yield better results?

What factors contribute to PTSD among veterans?

What mental health interventions are most effective in treating this disorder?

How can stress management help patients who suffer from chronic pain?

How effective are the methods used in comparison to other pharmacological approaches?

Compare and contrast the different approaches to the cessation of smoking.

Look at the different safety equipment

Is there any public safety program you would devise to encourage the use of products such as seat belts and helmets?

Eating and exercise behaviors

What are the psychological strategies that assist people to stick to a diet and exercise program? Is there a strategy that is more effective than others?

Is the media depiction of ideal bodies influence disorders such as bulimia and anorexia? What is the link if any of the pictures are shown and the eating disorders?

Forensic psychology thesis

The field of forensic psychology encompasses diverse approaches to psychology. Each major psychological subdivision has attributes to legal issues research.

Cognitive psychology is used in eyewitness testimonies

Developmental psychology is used in children’s testimonies

Social psychology is used to determine jury behavior

Clinical psychology is used in the assessment of competence

Biological psychology is used while performing a polygraph test

Industrial psychology is used in cases of sexual harassment in the workplace

The below topics represent areas that are of critical importance in today’s society. Check them out if you want your thesis to be impressive and unique.

Early signs of serial killers

Juvenile offenders and corporal punishment

Antisocial personalities disorders

Domestic violence against men

Has society neglected cases of domestic violence against men?

Psychopathy in criminal behaviors

Psychological evaluation in a court trial

Effectiveness of rehabilitation in the criminal justice system

How does a role in law enforcement impact an individual’s private life?

Could the actions of a serial killer have been prevented with a more stable upbringing?

Are there ways to minimize the risks of offenders ending up in the penal system?

Criminal psychology

Understanding criminal psychology can help prevent crime. This field is both interesting and valuable. Below are some criminal psychology thesis topics available for your college assignment.

Competence to stand trial

Prejudice in jury selection

Prison system and rehabilitation

Incarceration and education

Mental illness and the death penalty

Socio-economic status and criminal behavior

Dissociative disorders

Antisocial personality disorder

Effects of social media on copycat crimes

Causes and effects of the mass shooting

Industrial organization psychology thesis topics

This is the scientific study of human behavior in organizations and workplaces. The knowledge acquired through the study of individual, group, and organizational behavior is used to improve workplace problems. The following sources will help you narrow down on the specific topic you wish to concentrate on.

The effects of globalization in workplaces

How do factors such as the internet, social media, and improved travel capabilities fuel the rapidly enveloping globe compared to past demographic constraints?

Workplace stress and coping mechanisms

What are the ways that people deal with workplace stress? Do gender, age, and race affect these coping mechanisms?

Positive job outcomes and work-family balance

What marks a perfect point at which a balance can be struck between work and family?

Privacy and information in organizations

Does an employing organization have the right to know about the personal details of their employee? What validates this point or is it an infringement on personal privacy?

The novice manager and growth toward efficacy

How does one grow as a manager and does that growth have any correlation with success and failure?

Sports psychology thesis topics

You will probably find out that the majority love sports. The hobby is more interesting since the human brain is related to one’s physical activity. As a result, sports psychology is an interesting science branch to write about.

What are the most effective training programs for successful athletes?

What tactics can athletes use to avoid fatigue?

What are the main physical differences between other athletes and gymnasts?

Challenges faced by coaches

Why is team chemistry more important than individual talent?

How do control emotions in sports?

What are the attributes of a good coach?

The evolution of sports psychology

How do deal with stress in sports?

Currents trends in sports psychology

Topics for master’s thesis in cultural psychology

Cultural psychologist aims to understand the behaviors, values, beliefs, and symbols of different cultural groups. This is an interesting field as it offers an insight into diversity. Below are tailored cultural psychology topics guaranteed to give you first-class in your assignment. 

Examine various coping mechanisms of being culturally different

What are the benefits of cultural studies in promoting brands internationally?

What are the impacts of feminism on promoting women’s equality?

Culture conservation in isolated communities

How does religion influence culture?

How does particular language influence culture?

What is the correlation between sex and attitude as tools of culture?

Positive psychology thesis topics

Traditionally, psychology is focused on mental illness or other psychological problems and how to treat them. Positive psychology examines how to be happier and live fulfilled lives. While research suggests that happiness is genetically influenced, people can be happier by developing optimism. Some of the major topics of interest in positive psychology include

Mindfulness

Optimism

Happiness

Positive thinking

Hope

Resilience

Character strength

Virtues

Further, major findings in happiness psychology claim that

People are generally happy

Social relationships and character strengths can combat disappointment and setbacks

Money doesn’t guarantee happiness but it makes individuals happier when spent it is on them

What to consider before choosing a topic

Understand the established rules for the assignment

Check the official guidelines

Consult for any clarifications

If you are conducting an experiment, present your idea to your instructor to gain permission to proceed

Bottom line

Though a psychology paper is based on what you think of the topic, you can get more insight from past research journals and studies. Make sure you include credible sources and back your claims with genuine proof. Hopefully, the above topics and guidelines will help you in choosing and deciding on a psychology thesis topic for your paper.

Awareness of Palliative Care and Advanced Care Planning among Asian Population

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Awareness of Palliative Care and Advanced Care Planning among Asian Population

Introduction

Advance care planning (ACP) is a process that involves proactive communication and discussion about end-of-life care (Zwakman et al., 2018). Patients with terminal diseases and advanced progressive diseases make decisions about the medical care they would prefer to receive in advance, in case they become incapable of making decisions. Advanced care planning includes discussing individual values and preferences; selecting surrogate decision-makers; discussing treatment options; and documentation of advance directives (Zwakman et al., 2018). Palliative care aims to improve and optimize the quality of life for patients with serious illness and their families by preventing and relieving the suffering that comes with serious and terminal diseases (Hall et al., 2019). Facilities that provide advance care planning identify and document individual preferences and this aligns with the objective of palliative care. Other benefits associated with ACP include unnecessary futile treatments, decreased hospitalization, reduced healthcare costs, and reduced anxiety, stress, and depression for the patients and their family members (Hall et al., 2019). This paper will analyze and discuss the awareness of palliative and ACP among Asian populations.

Target

The selected target population is the Asian community. Just like other populations, the Asian community recognizes aging as a critical and important healthcare issue. According to La et al (2020), the Asian community views advance care planning as the honor to patient autonomy. Asians are influenced by the concept of ‘filial piety,’ and Confucianism, and hence patient autonomy is secondary to the family values and the authority of healthcare practitioners (Cheng et al., 2020). The supremacy from the family and healthcare practitioners during the end-of-life decision-making for patients is recognized as a cultural aspect among Asians. Healthcare practitioners normally reveal the poor prognosis for patients and the appropriate treatment options to the male family members and not the patient. This, therefore, means that the patient in the Asian community is not actively involved in their end-of-life care and advance care planning.

A study carried out by Lee et al (2018) indicated that there are a low knowledge level and misconceptions about palliative care, hospice, and advance care planning. This study indicated that advance planning directive is not common among the Asian community and the community experiences challenges in conceptualizing advance care planning. For example, families often put all their efforts to try to prevent death for their loved ones and they prefer a family member to stay with the patient in the hospital to ensure the resuscitation process is attempted (La et al., 2020). This is because the family members do not want to have any guilt for not doing enough for their loved ones during the last moments of life. Additionally, Asians mostly focus on the longevity of life, rather than the quality of life.

Additionally, in the Asian community, the decision of the physician and the family overrides patient autonomy. Moreover, the family members may choose to protect their loved one by not informing the patient about the serious prognosis and this may be reluctant to place the patient for palliative care or discuss advance care planning (Cheng, 2018). Asians are normally influenced by traditional Asian culture and thus discussing taboo subjects like death or dying is uncommon.

Assessment

ACP for life-timing and serious illness is vital in promoting and communicating an individual’s values, preferences, and interests when one is no longer able to make such medical decisions. In various countries including the US, ACP provides a framework to document preferences about palliative and curative interventions, including appointing a substitute decision-maker. Studies within the US indicate that majority of people think regarding end-of-life issues and think that it is important to educate patients and their families about end-of-life and palliative care options (Jimenez et al., 2018). In the US, the use of ACP has significantly evolved while in the UK ACP related to end-of-life care was implemented through. Mental Capacity Act (MCA) of 2005. The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) guides the advance care planning within the UK, while within the US ACP is guided by parts of federal and state laws that contain overlapping policies.

Living wills are legal in all American states. State legislation endorses a legal ideal for advance care planning that provides the legal procedures that protect the susceptible populations from harm due to the diminished capacity to make decisions (Jimenez et al., 2018). The evidence of the patient’s wishes is supposed to be documented according to the state and federal laws within the US. Durable attorney powers for healthcare statues allow patients to select a trusted person to make decisions on their behalf in case one is incapacitated to make medical decisions. All states within the US have laws that allow patients to appoint a healthcare proxy who is the first-lie to make treatment decisions if one is not in a position (Stein & Fineberg, 2015). Additionally, the federal Patient Self-Determination Act requires healthcare organizations and nursing homes to let patients know their rights about executing advances and directions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledges that Americans need to be educated regarding advance care planning in order to improve the quality of life during the end-of-life. In the US, end-of-life is progressively being perceived as a public health issue, due to its ability to prevent unnecessary suffering and support the decisions and preferences of the patient regarding end-of-life care.

There are more than 1800 hospitals providing palliative care programs, which indicates that over 80% of American patients who are admitted for serious and terminal illnesses have access to palliative care services (Stein & Fineberg, 2015). However, some studies indicate that even in the US, where palliative care is progressive being used, the number of people that have advance directives to express their end-of-life care wishes, is not as high (Stein & Fineberg, 2015).

However, even though more than 80% of Americans can access palliative care services, the uptake of palliative care among the Asian community is low. Additionally, the number of Asians who have advance care directives is insignificant (Biondo et al., 2017). According to the Asian culture, it is taboo to discuss death and dying as such discussions are associated with bad luck and bad omen to the family. Therefore, initiating topics such as advance care planning is considered taboo and disrespectful among Asian community members. When managing end-of-life care of family members, the family is expected to put efforts to prolong the life of their loved ones. The cultural and moral concerns for the Asian community explain why a limited number of the population enrolls for advance care planning or palliative care (Lee et al., 2018). The lack of awareness and knowledge regarding what defines a good death deters the refinement of the quality of life end-of-life care for the Asian community.

Data

Analysis

Cultural beliefs and values, as well as ethnicity and spiritual aspects, provide the necessary support to patients and family members when faced with serious illness and during the transition from life to death (Cheng et al., 2020). For example, in the Asian community, the spiritual aspect provides a sense of connection to self, God, and other people when facing a serious illness or crisis.

The cultural beliefs significantly affect their utilization of palliative care. The Asian community is family-centered and thus the community prefers not to disclose a poor prognosis to the patient, avoid advance directives, avoid palliative care, and instead seek aggressive treatment for their loved ones (Cheng, 2018). Making end-of-life and death decisions is a tremendous burden for the Asian community due to their beliefs and values.

Additionally, the Asian community lacks accurate information about palliative care and their families may not be able to access personal advice from other Asians who have benefited from palliative care. The low enrollments rate in palliative care and advance directives is thus attributable to lack of knowledge, cultural beliefs that make it a taboo to talk about death, and the potential feelings of failure are someone else is allowed to take care of their seriously ill and aging family members (Cheng, 2018).

Determinants of health also influence the ability of the Asian community to utilize palliative care services. According to Cheng et al (2020), ethnic minority groups such as Asian Americans are less likely to utilize palliative care services. Lack of access, low educational levels, and low health literacy are some the factors that hinder the Asian community from accessing and utilizing palliative care services. Moreover, differential utilization of palliative care services between urban and rural settings may exist due to the lack of dissemination of information regarding palliative care services instead of geographic proximity, or factors like lack of high bed supply within an urban region, proximity to the healthcare organization, access to a reliable family member, as well as low available of palliative care facilities (Biondo et al., 2017).

 

Diagnosis

The cultural beliefs for the Asian community affect priorities at the end-of-life, for instance, the need to manage pain, respect for the individual’s dignity, and the significance of involving the patient, healthcare providers, and family members when managing end-of-life care issues. Biondo et al (2017) suggest that a comprehensive end-of-life care plan for the Asian community should integrate considerations within the psychosocial, physical, and spiritual needs.

Additionally, the Asian community is unaware of the importance of palliative care and advance care planning for patients with serious illness and progressive terminal diseases. Therefore, the Asian community needs education in palliative care to design an approach to meet the cultural values, needs, and beliefs of the Asian community. A culturally suitable model of palliative care that integrates and respects the cultural values and beliefs of the Asians would be suitable to address the knowledge gap regarding palliative care and directive care planning for this population. This will ensure that the Asian community will start embracing palliative care and advance care planning and view them as an important part of the end-of-life journey.

Conclusion

Evidence indicates that there is low reuptake of palliative care services and the use of directive care planning among the Asian community members. The cultural beliefs and values hinder this population group from utilizing palliative care services. For example, the Asian community considers it taboo to talk about issues related to death, and thus they are unlikely to make advance care planning. Similarly, the Asian community prefers taking care of their loved one when they are seriously sick and thus may not be keen to enroll the patient for palliative care. Other aspects likely to contribute to the low level of utilization of palliative care services and advance care planning include lack of awareness, social determinants of health, and spirituality.

 

 

 

References

Biondo, P. D., Kalia, R., Khan, R. A., Asghar, N., Banerjee, C., Boulton, D., … & Simon, J. E. (2017). Understanding advance care planning within the South Asian community.
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Cheng, S. Y., Lin, C. P., Chan, H. Y. L., Martina, D., Mori, M., Kim, S. H., & Ng, R. (2020). Advance care planning in Asian culture.
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Cheng, H. W. B. (2018). Advance care planning in Chinese seniors: cultural perspectives.
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Hall, A., Rowland, C., & Grande, G. (2019). How should end-of-life advance care planning discussions be implemented according to patients and informal carers? A qualitative review of reviews.
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Jimenez, G., Tan, W. S., Virk, A. K., Low, C. K., Car, J., & Ho, A. H. Y. (2018). Overview of systematic reviews of advance care planning: summary of evidence and global lessons.
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La, I. S., Lee, M. C., Hinderer, K. A., Chi, I., Liu, R., Liu, M., & Fu, Y. (2020). Palliative Care for the Asian American Adult Population: A Scoping Review.
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Lee, M. C., Hinderer, K. A., & Alexander, C. S. (2018). What Matters Most at the End-of-Life for Chinese Americans?.
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Stein, G. L., & Fineberg, I. C. (2015). Advance care planning in the USA and UK: a comparative analysis of policy, implementation, and the social work role.
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Zwakman, M., Jabbarian, L. J., van Delden, J., van der Heide, A., Korfage, I. J., Pollock, K., Rietjens, J., Seymour, J., & Kars, M. C. (2018). Advance care planning: A systematic review about experiences of patients with a life-threatening or life-limiting illness.
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Choosing college essay topics to write about can be more challenging than the writing process. You need to brainstorm various ideas and analyze different topics, which is not a cup of tea for many students. This article compiles 200+ best college essay topics to write about.

Before looking at the topics, it is crucial to know the tips for choosing good college essay topics. It is also essential to know the qualities of good essay topics.

Tips for choosing good essay topics

Brainstorm various topics to come up with multiple potential ideas

Write down all the ideas you think about

Research the topics you select to see if you can find enough information for each topic selected

Narrow your topics down and select one topic

After settling down with one topic, continue with your research. You may choose a topic that will give you a headache to research. Ask yourself these questions after selecting a topic:

Can I finish the paper before the deadline?

Will I reach the specified word count for the topic?

Is it possible to access the resources I need for the article?

Does the topic provide room to showcase my understanding of the topic?

Does the topic demonstrate my writing skills?

Do I feel motivated to write about this topic?

Qualities good essay topics

Concrete and specific

A good essay topic has specific goals and expected results. The goals and results should be clear and met after the writing process.

Highly relevant

A good essay topic should be relevant to the readers. If it is not, you might end up with poor scoring grades.

Trending

While selecting essay topics, ensure you choose emerging and current issues. They are likely to be more interesting to read. Choosing emerging issues shows your research is updated, which is a plus point in academics.

Important

An essay topic should be impactful to the field of academics, society, and community in general. For example, you cannot use a geography topic while writing an English essay. It might be right but irrelevant to the issue.

Essay topics for different categories

There are different types of essays for college students. The character of the topics depends on the specifics of the paper. Some topics like argumentative and persuasive seem to be identical, while narrative and cause and effect are different.

Argumentative essay topics for college

If you have been assigned an argumentative essay to write, you can use our ideas to develop a current essay topic. Worry not if you choose an idea but find it challenging to write the essay. We can help you write a quality argumentative essay at affordable rates. here are some argumentative college essay topics you can write about:

Is there an excessive amount of pressure on youngsters to attend college?

Should immigrants be granted more rights?

Is it the responsibility of TV shows and movies to be more diverse?

What impact does “false news” have on political and social life?

What impact do reality shows have on society?

Should English be made the official national language of the United States?

Can we ever stop using social media in our free will?

Cameras placed at public places; do you feel like they infringe on people’s privacy?

Should teenagers be controlled from the time they take playing internet games?

Should we use cosmetics that are animal tested to protect ourselves from dangerous consequences?

Persuasive college essay topics

Should kids in elementary and secondary schools be permitted to use cell phones?

Should all Americans be required to serve in the community for a year?

Should adolescent girls be permitted to acquire birth control without their parent’s permission?

Is now the right moment to change immigration laws?

Should youngsters be charged as adults for violent crimes?

Should students be allowed to have phones at school?

In American history, the Antebellum and Reconstruction periods are contrasted

Star Wars and Star Trek have similarities and contrasts, explain

Which makes a better pet: cats or dogs?

Middle Colonies vs. New England Colonies OR Southern Colonies vs. Middle Colonies

Capitalism vs. Communism

Compare and contrast essay topics

The selection of compare and contrast essay themes is challenging since you must demonstrate your analytical abilities. Here are several ideas for compare and contrast essay topics

Traditional Education vs Distance Learning: Which Is the Better Option for Today’s Students?

Are Fascism and Nazism the Same or Different Concepts?

Gender Differences in Mental Processes: Female and Male Mental Processes

Is working as a freelancer a viable option to working full-time?

Which Social Network Has More Possibilities: Facebook or Myspace?

What Is More Dangerous: Anorexia Nervosa or Obesity?

Should We Protect Intellectual Property from Free-to-Access Sources with Rights Reserved?

Which one is the best option for students to get a part-time job in college or party all their free time?

Actual versus virtual classrooms, which one is more effective?

Which ones are more effective? Mobile healthcare units or stationary units?

If you choose one of these topics, you will undoubtedly succeed in attracting your audience’s attention because they are current discussion issues. Compared to other types of essays, compare and contrast essays are the hardest to create because they involve strong analytical skills. This is your chance to flourish academically!

Informative college essay topics

A good
informative essay
topic should focus on emerging critical issues. It should offer value to the paper and keep readers interested. Here are some examples of informative essay topics you can consider to get you started:

Methods for Improving School Health Standards in Germany

What can we do to make American football safer?

The Importance of Having a Democratic Political System

In less developed countries, there are various types of social evils

Why Should Your Company Implement Reliable Cyber Security Measures?

Pregnant Women Traveling by Plane: What Are the Most Important Health Tips?

Methods for Preventing Excessive Factory Air Pollution

Does the college dress code improve the academic efficiency of all students?

Influence of video games on students’ grades

Factors that influence the academic performance of college students

Unlike compare and contrast essays, Informative essays do not compare and contrast distinct subjects, acts, or occurrences. Informative essays are more descriptive than narrative essays. You can also choose serious or funny informative college essay topics to write about.

Topics for Controversial Essays

Controversial essay themes offer a wide range of engaging conversation topics. You are, however, always in danger of expressing a viewpoint that differs from the one that your instructor endorses.

Some instructors will welcome alternative viewpoints, while others may penalize you if you express an opposing view. As a result, be cautious when selecting topics for controversial essays. Below are some ideas for controversial essay themes.

The Importance of a teacher’s behavior in the case of child abuse signs

Factors that can turn computer games into violent stimulators in real life

The role of prostitution in the Canadian economy and its impact

Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide ethics

Is Global Warming real, or is it just propaganda?

Vaccinations are required for admission to public schools, according to the LGBTQ community’s history, explain

Should animals be used in experiments testing?

Is the process of United States elections fair?

Should the death penalty be included in the constitution?

Explain how religious movements cause war

Controversial essays are fun to write, but the subjects are often shocking. As a result, choose your topic carefully to prevent receiving poor grades.

Narrative essay topics

Narrative essays tell stories about the writer’s personal experience. What makes the paper unique is the writing style and the voice. Some students confuse these topics with social argumentative essay topics. Here are some topics you can choose for your narrative essay:

Describe an instance when you were injured on the playground; what went wrong?

Describe a time in your life when you rebelled

Tell us about moral issues that you are concerned about and why

Cowardice in its worst form

Tell us about a time when you faced a moral dilemma

Topics for expository essays (click here to see the remaining 50+ options)

Describe the social relevance of wearing a school uniform

Describe the ramifications of dropping out of college

Explain how communication has changed in the previous 20 years since the internet’s inception

Explain why workplace tolerance is so important

Define the reasons for not voting in elections and the consequences of not voting

Cause and effects essay topics

When writing a cause-and-effect essay, ensure you choose an important topic to make your essay successful. Here are some fantastic topic ideas for your cause-and-effect essay:

Do family vacations have any effects on family relationships?

Describe the causes of environmental catastrophes

Is there any relationship between human curiosity and our planet?

Has development in technology affected the state of nature?

Discuss the causes of technological advancements in Japan

What are the effects and causes of terrorism in the world today?

Does world travel affect personality and life in any way?

Describe the effects of genetically modified foods on human bodies today

How can smoking affect a pregnant woman?

Describe the impacts of stress on health

Proposal essay topics

Proposal essay topics aim at proving that a particular idea can be put into practice. Here are several ideas you can get proposal essay topics from:

Can money motivate you to put more effort into work? Tips on leading a light-hearted life without worrying about your income

Should Religious Studies be included in the curriculum for high school students? What is the best way to make it work for all religions?

How do students and teachers play a role in the educational process? How can students and teachers improve the educational process?

Why do we mistake misunderstanding for hatred: coping with powerful emotions in parent-child relationships?

Do people with disabilities get fair treatment in society? Is there anything we can do to make people with disabilities’ lives better?

Is it still necessary to protect the environment? what can we do every day to help change things?

Apart from monetary compensation, how should businesses reward their employees?

Ideas for proposal essay topics are developed. Do not attempt to polish them before speaking with your instructor or professor. Before finishing your essay, talk to your teacher about it, and then polish your theme.

Funny informative college essay topics

Sincerity vs politeness: the games people play and masks they wear

Why is the internet being ruined by stupid cat videos?

Is adrenaline worth the risk in extreme sports?

Why do skinny models remain a modern beauty standard?

Ethical concerns surrogate motherhood and its environment

Can women be considered today’s weaker sex?

Is laziness a path to success?

Data in the media has a dubious track record.

The Chernobyl disaster’s consequences

The problems of happy and unhappy marriages.

Television creates a new culture

Your choice of profession is directly related to your level of interest in personal development

The human body’s possibilities are endless

Errors are unavoidable in any sphere. Is it OK for doctors, judges, and teachers to make mistakes?

Why do managers use a stick and a carrot approach to motivating employees? Isn’t it enough to have stick policies?

Is it necessary for an artist to be talented at creating abstract art?

Remakes of classic plays and modern theatre – New interpretation or outrage?

Do you want to eat to live or live to eat? favorite dishes vs healthy diets

E-books and audiobooks vs printed publications–can you save trees by downloading e-books?

Visitors have the potential to harm historical sites, should tourists be allowed to visit

Reflection essay paper topics

Is it true that art pays?

Is it possible to classify music and cinematography as arts as well?

Is Gothic Art the Most Admired and Magnificent Work of Art in Human History?

Can You Make It in Life if You Work in the Arts?

Is today’s music educational or meaningful in any way?

Is it possible that today’s lyrics are too explicit for a young audience?

In the majority of recent films, there is no plot

Which side are you on when it comes to architecture, modern or classic?

Why should we attend an opera performance in the twenty-first century?

Van Gogh is regarded as a modern-day style icon

We have compiled a list of top topics in the current scientific and societal debates. These ideas will make your essay more intriguing and help you get better grades. Additionally, humorous essay topics can help you capture your audience’s attention.

Good college essay topics

Because college is the next step after high school, instructors expect more from college students. Professors at colleges may decline to teach popular topics among high school students.

As a result, coming up with college essay ideas is challenging. To make your life easier, we’ve come up with a list of good college essay topics you can write about. They are as follows:

Are test scores the most reliable indicator of a person’s ability?

What aspects of the current tax system should be altered?

Why are left-handed guitarists more gifted than right-handed guitarists?

What factors are contributing to the rise in the number of adolescent mothers?

Is the competition for college admissions becoming too fierce?

Is the pay for project managers and CEOs excessive?

The role of gender in military service

Select a quote that explains your life and explain about it

What event, occasion, or person makes you angry, and what are you doing about it?

If you were asked to give a speech to high school students, how would it be?

Health essay topics for college students

Health is a very significant factor in the lives of human beings. College students should be ready to write healthy essays in their academic life. If you have no idea the topic to choose for your health essay, you can consider the following:

How can people be encouraged to make healthier lifestyle choices in the most effective way possible?

Do TV Shows on Obese People Losing Weight Harm or Help Obese People Lose Weight?

Is Pollution of the Environment Harmful to Human Health?

How Can Antibiotic Resistance Be Addressed Most Effectively?

Is the Use of Drugs in the Treatment of Mental Illness Excessive?

What Gives Some People the Ability to Live a Century?

Is it possible for Internet medical advice to improve people’s health?

Eating disorders and obesity have a variety of causes

How to cope with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

The phenomenon of feminism’s effect on anorexic women

Process analysis essay topics for college students

Process analysis essays explain the process that needs to be followed to develop a particular product or task. For example, you can think of a recipe and state all the ingredients and techniques. Here are some fantastic topics for your process analysis essay:

How is ice cream made?

Ways to play chess

How do people choose their partners?

Five methods for quitting smoking

How to raise your dog to be obedient

Tips for acing a job interview

How to get started with photography 8

How does a bad habit form?

How to have a good time for less than $20 this weekend

How to create the best brownies possible

How to lose weight without oozing your mind

How to get rid of a roommate without hurting them

How can one achieve academic success in college?

How to make Christmas outfits

Describe the process of winning an argument

Analogy essay topic suggestions

Starting a new job

How to get out of a debt

Have you ever been in a car that caused an accident? Explain the whole scenario

Explain your experience of falling in love for the first time

Explain any time you experienced grief

Having a good time, what is it like?

Choosing a college major

For the first time, you’re leaving home

Delivering a speech, the most effective way

Drug addiction is number ten on the list.

Good exemplification essay topics for college students

People Who Have Achieved Success Despite Having No Formal Education

Is homeschooling beneficial to students or not? Does it draw a thin line between the rich and the poor?

Consequences of Social Media Sites, do they affect students negatively or positively

The discipline of children, should children be disciplined every time they go wrong?

People with animal Characteristics should be embraced in society today?

Embarrassing Commercials

Genetic Modification

Goblins and Ghosts, are they actual creatures?

School Religion and its impact on students

Discrimination and its effects in society today

Essay topics on ethics and society

Are there circumstances where abortion should be allowed?

Should shoplifters be taken to jail?

Violence against women and children is becoming common in many parts of the world; explore this in an essay

Animal cruelty can range from dog bites to factory farming, explain

Is it ethical to take capital punishments on crimes that cause profound societal implications?

In developed countries, children should eat, rest and learn, which is the opposite of developing countries, explain

Causes of high unemployment rates in developing countries

Cases against abortion in the world today

Sample application college essay topics list

Many students have identity, background, talents or interests that are so meaningful that they believe their application essay would be incomplete without talking about it; talk about your story

Write about a time when you faced a failure challenge or setback, how you were affected, and the lessons you learnt

The lessons we learn from the challenges we go through can be the basics for success later in life, explain

Is there a time you challenged or questioned an idea or belief? What were the results?

Describe any problem you ever solved or ever wished to solve; it can be an ethical query, an intellectual or a research query

Describe an idea, topic, or a concept that you find very engaging and makes you lose track all the time; why do you think it captivates you that much?

Discuss any event, realization, or accomplishment that sparked a period of your personal growth and a better understanding of yourself and other people

Write an essay on any topic of your choice; it can be a response to a prompt or an essay you have ever written

Creative college essay topics

Creative college essay topics aim to test the ability of a student to think beyond what they have learned in class. If you have the assignment to write such kind of an essay, you can consider the following topics:

Describe an occasion where you were not successful in achieving your targeted results, are there any lessons you learned from the experience?

Is there any situation where you had to decide between playing it safe and taking a risk? Which choice did you make and why?

Which musical composition, poem, novel, or movie influenced your life, and how?

Talk about any situation that changed your life completely

What are your plans after graduating from college?

Talk about your long-term goals in school

If you had the opportunity to change one aspect of your life, what would it be and why?

What are the unique features that differentiate you from all the other people?

Do you have any accomplishments in the last two years that are not connected to academics?

If you had an opportunity to talk with any person in human history, who would it be? Why?

Talk about the best advice you have ever received

Have your neighborhoods contributed to the person you are today? How?

If you could read through other people’s lives, would you use the ability?

Talk about a story that describes your characteristics

The most embarrassing moment in your life, did you learn anything from experience?

In a nutshell

If you are just joining college, be ready to write different types of essays. Many students get stuck in choosing suitable topics for essays. This article has outlined 200+ best college essay topics you can write about.

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