Tag: Clinical-Nursing

Kirby Bauer examination (Antimicrobial sensitivity test)

Antimicrobial sensitivity test

The Kirby Bauer examination can also be referred to as disk diffusion technique, it is mostly used antibiotic test in the determination of the choice of antibiotics to be employed when treating an infection. The technique depends on the reserve of microbial development tested under normal circumstances.

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In the test, a culture medium, precisely Mueller Hinton agar, is consistently and aseptically cultured with the organism to be tested, and then sieve paper floppies, that is soaked with a particular saturation of a certain antibiotic, are positioned on the medium. The microorganism will nurture on the agar plate whereas the antibiotic functions to prevent the development.  If the microorganism is vulnerable to a particular antibiotic, no growth will be observed around the disc comprising the antibiotic. Therefore, a region of prevention may be detected and tested to decide the vulnerability to an antibiotic for the specific microorganism. The results are matched to the standards put in place by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The organism can later be grouped as either Resistant (R), Intermediate (I), or Susceptible (S) Kirby Bauer examination (Antimicrobial sensitivity test).

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory vs Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Essay

Cognitive Development theory The most well-known theorist in this area is Jean Piaget who concentrated his theories on children rather than other learners. His theory focuses on distinct stages of development marked by qualitative differences rather than a steady increase in the complexity and quantity of concepts, behaviors, or ideas. Piaget believed that an infant that grows into the child will develop into their own individual that could reason and think using hypotheses (Piaget, 1952, p. 369). Children build an understanding of the world they experience and compare that to what they already know in their environment. The three basic components of Piaget’s Cognitive Theory are: Schemas These are building blocks of knowledge Next is The Adaptation Processes which allow transition from one stage to another, and finally the Stages of Cognitive Development which include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational (Piaget, 1952, p. 85) Piaget’s Cognitive Theory vs Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Essay.

Social Cultural Theory Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of human learning describes learning as a social procedure and the initiation of human intellect in society or culture. The major theme of Vygotsky’s theoretical framework in social contact is a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky believed everything is learned on two levels. First, through interaction with others, and then combined into that individual’s mental structure. Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological) (Vygotsky, 1978, p.57). This applies equally to voluntary attention, logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals (Vygotsky, 1978, p.128). Similar to Piaget’s schema, Vygotsky describes scaffolding as an important part of the “zone of proximal development,” that supports a student’s severe-changing understanding of the knowledge needed to develop complex skills. Piaget and Vygotsky differ in their theories of cognitive development. While Piaget believed that children create an understanding based on their environment and compare this understanding based on their experience, Vygotsky believed that young learners depend on others with more experience and take responsibility for their own learning over time and that higher psychological functions are internalized through a social relationship which makes up the social structure of their personality (Valsiner, 1987, p. 153).

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Strengths & Weaknesses– Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky’s work did not receive the same amount of scrutiny mostly because it was a time-consuming process to translate Vygotsky’s work from Russian. Also, Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective does not provide a numerous amount of specific hypotheses that can be tested as Piaget’s theory, making it difficult to refute. The main criticism of Vygotsky’s works has been in regards to the assumption that it is relevant to all cultures and therefore culturally universal. His concept of scaffolding is heavily dependent on verbal instruction and may not be equally useful in all cultures for all types of learning Piaget’s Cognitive Theory vs Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Essay.

References:

Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.Valsiner, Jaan (1987). Culture and the Development of Children’s Action: A Cultural-historical Theory of Development Psychology

Vogotsky, Lev (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge MA. Harvard University Pr

Discussion: The Contribution of Classical Theorists to Contemporary Developmental Theorists

While all major developmental theories attempt to explain the growth of individuals, each theory has a slightly different perspective. Some theories emphasize environmental (nurture) more than biological (nature) influences. Some theories focus on a particular construct (e.g., cognition), while others emphasize the impact of age range in shaping development. Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory emphasizes fixed stages during which the mind’s capacities allow an individual to learn about the world. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, on the other hand, is not stage-based and describes growth as an interaction between the individual and his or her environment.

Contemporary theories (e.g., Langer’s theory of mindfulness) typically build upon the foundation generated by earlier theories. Langer’s theory of mindfulness contains similarities to classical theories, such as Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, in that they both agree that development is contextual and the organism is an active “mindful” participant. Langer took Vygotsky’s theory to a new level, focusing specifically on education and the learner. Other contemporary theories include neo-Piagetian cognitive developmental theories, which attempt to address the limitations found within Piaget’s classical theory. Robbie Case, Andreas Demetriou, and Kurt Fischer proposed theories that were extensions of Piaget’s theory. These theorists added concepts that expanded on cognitive functioning within the stages of development. Most developmental psychologists today do not believe that a single perspective or theory can sufficiently explain lifespan development; rather, an eclectic approach accounts for development better Piaget’s Cognitive Theory vs Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Essay.

For this Discussion, you will examine classical and contemporary developmental theories as they relate to current applications in developmental psychology.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the course text and other Learning Resources related to mid-20th-century theories and recent theoretical perspectives

Select two theories from the following list, one from each column (classical, contemporary), that examine the same developmental processes (i.e., cognitive, physical, and/or social-emotional).

 

Classical Theories

Contemporary Theories

Psychoanalytic/Psychosexual

Psychosocial

Behaviorism/Learning

Social Learning

Cognitive-Developmental

Information Processing

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Ethology/Evolutionary Developmental

Sociocultural

Systems Theory

 

By Day 4

Post a brief description of the two theories you selected (one classical and one contemporary). Contrast the theories you selected. Specifically, identify important similarities and differences, including an explanation of the strengths and limitations of each theory in explaining developmental processes (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social-emotional). 
Note:
Your descriptions should be in paragraph form, not bullet points. Use your Learning Resources and/or other scholarly sources to support your post. Use proper APA format and citations Piaget’s Cognitive Theory vs Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Essay.

By Day 6

Respond to at least one of your colleagues’ posts and search the Internet and/or the Walden Library and select a current article (within the last 5 years) that is related to the same developmental process (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social-emotional) that your colleague posted. Summarize the article and describe the theory identified within the article.

Return
 to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting and answer any questions. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained as a result of your colleagues’ comments.

 

response

Thanks for sharing, I agree that Piaget’s theory believes that children develop in stages. I also agree that children learn in different way which Vygotsky suggests, that children learn through interacting with others and then to what store in their mind (Newman, 2018). When children are developing they look to others for guidance such as parents, teachers, siblings and peers. Sociocultural theory and cogonitive development were mentioned in your discussion so I chose those when selecting an article to talk about.

Newman, S. (2018). Vygotsky, Wittgenstein, and sociocultural theory. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 48(3), 350–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12174 Piaget’s Cognitive Theory vs Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Essay.

Reflection On The Purpose, Value And Application Of The Healthcare Systems Framework.

Overview Of The System Framework

The committee of Communication Technology developed a four-level model to explain the structure and variability of the health care system, the division of labor and interdependence among key components of the system, and the need for change.  A brief description of the model follows.  This reflection paper provides a brief overview of the role that health care can play in the “system view” and information / communication systems.

Framework Components

This reflection does not attempt to cover all parts of the health system or establish different monitoring and evaluation frameworks.  Instead, within the framework of the World Health Organization, which defines health systems into six main categories or “construction blocks”: (1) service delivery, (ii) health workers, (iii) health information systems, (iv) essential medicines, (v) finance, and (vi)  ) Management Reflection on the Purpose, Value And Application of the Healthcare Systems Framework..

According to Batalden and Stoltz (2013), the six construction blocks contribute to the strengthening of health systems in various ways. Some crosses, such as management and health information systems, provide general policy and regulation for all other health system blocks.  Key resources for the health system include financial support and health workers.  The third group, medical products and technologies and service delivery, reflects the rapid results of the health system – access and distribution of care.

Complex constructions, such as the health system, are fraught with problems.  This is true of a framework that focuses on health sector action and reflects the need for action in other sectors.  It does not take into account the measures that promote human health by promoting and protecting the use of health and health care services. Another study by Shewhart (2020) dissects that the framework does not address the basic socio-economic indicators of health, such as social gender inequality or education, and does not address the tangible connections and interactions of each body. Focusing on these specific areas will help to identify boundaries and measurement strategies to set boundaries and track progress around this complex construction Reflection on the Purpose, Value And Application of the Healthcare Systems Framework..

System Resources

Glickman and Kribert et al (2007) brings to our attention that healthcare resources are, like all materials, staff, resources, money and other things that can be used to provide health care services.  Health care has always been an indispensable resource.  Everyone needs health care.  Until the 20th century, American health care was limited by the ability to pay or exchange, and individuals who used more resources had fewer, and fewer resources available to others.  Over the past 100 years, good personal and public health needs have led to the development of various forms of health insurance.

It is supported by employer-sponsored insurance plans and rights programs, including Health Insurance Medicare and Medicaid.  Despite these costs, all aspects of health care continue to use resources.  In the United States, millions of people, including children, continue to receive health insurance.  As technology advances, new drugs and therapies grow, and with age, health care costs increase dramatically. In 2014, 17.5 percent of GDP was spent on health care in the United States.

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System Processes

Citizenship focuses on health care systems, processes and improvements.  Five major processes have been identified in this regard – health care, identification of health problems, diagnosis of diseases, treatment of illnesses, and a better end for life.  Citizens should be seen as partners in the cost and improvement of these processes. If this initial work is properly defined, its use is not for commercial use and is subject to the will of .

System Outlook

The cost of care for millions of health care consumers in the United States is growing exponentially.  The evidence is in the information. In 2019, National Health Care Expenses (NHS) grew from 4.6% to $ 3.9 trillion, representing 17.7% of GDP.  It costs $ 11,582 per person, and according to Medicare and Medicaid Services (NMS), NH is projected to grow by 19.7% by 2028 Reflection on the Purpose, Value And Application of the Healthcare Systems Framework..

In addition, according to NRC Health, three out of four consumers feel that their health care decisions are important and expensive, but four out of five admit that it is difficult to compare value and quality at the time of the decision.  -Production process.  This is in stark contrast to other industries where a consumer finds costs, benefits, and characteristics to guide their purchasing decisions. From dynamic consumer demand to strong agreement areas, key areas are heating up for healthcare providers this summer and in the coming months.

Application Value Of The System Framework

Cost-effective health care needs generally provide better care at a lower cost, have grown around the world, and LHS is presented as a key strategy to improve health care values.  LHS is on the rise around the world and aims to improve the health system at a lower cost by promoting advances in science, technology and practice.  However, there is still a lot of mistrust about the implementation of LHS and the unique features of these systems.

Our framework shows how the unique structures, processes, and outcomes of LHSs can improve health system performance and integrate them with the goal of greater value in health systems Reflection on the Purpose, Value And Application of the Healthcare Systems Framework..

Reference

Gilbret M. (2010). Psychology of Management. Retrieved from
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16256/16256-h/16256-h.htm

Shewhart W. (2020). Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product. Milwaukee, WI: American Society for Quality Control.

Glickman S., Baggett K., and Krubert C., et al. (2007). Promoting quality: the health-care organization from a management perspective. Int J Qual Health Care 2007;19:341–8.

Batalden P., and Stoltz P., (2013). A framework for the continual improvement of health care. Jt Comm J Qual Improv;19:424–47 Reflection on the Purpose, Value And Application of the Healthcare Systems Framework..

Erik Erikson psychosocial theory essay

The classical developmental theory that I chose to discuss is the psychosocial theory by Erik Erikson. This theory expands and furthers Freud’s original psychoanalytical theory, which states human functioning is dependent upon the interaction of unconscious drives and forces per individual (McLeod, 2017). Further, Erikson expands the idea of development by noting that there are set stages/milestones in childhood and the stages also advance into adulthood. Moreover, psychosocial theory highlights the importance of culture and socialization on an individual’s social and emotional development. This theory also posits that early experiences in childhood will set the (staged) course for later development (Berk, 2018) Erik Erikson psychosocial theory essay.

The contemporary theory I chose to discuss is the ethology and evolutionary developmental theory. Traced back to the work of Darwin in evolutionary theory, ethology is a biological perspective concerned with human behavior, and social interaction in regards to survival (Berk, 2018). A major concept coined through research within this theory is that of a “critical period” (Berk, 2018, p. 21). The critical period is defined as an imperative stage or time in which an individual is biologically available to learn a new behavior. (Berk, 2018).

These two theories have similarities in that they both emphasize social and emotional development, and they both postulate that early experiences set a specific course for later human development. An example of this within the psychosocial theory by Erikson is his first developmental stage “basic Trust versus mistrust” (Berk, 2018, p. 15). Within this set stage, infants will learn trust from responsive caregiving. The opposite end of this spectrum would be mistrust due to neglect. In a similar vein, Ethology coined “imprinting” which was originated by observing young birds following and imitating the behavior of their mother for survival purposes. (Berk, 2018 p. 21). Imprinting inspired the concept of a critical period (noted above) which argues that social and emotional behavior is learned at a certain and optimal time. Both psychosocial theory and ethology highlight the necessity to have positive experiences in early development Erik Erikson psychosocial theory essay.

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A limitation for both developmental processes is that these theories could be too deterministic. These theories suggest that an individual’s social and emotional processes are determined by our child hood experiences and unconscious thoughts (McLeod, 2017). This does not allow for personal choice or free will.

 

References

Berk, L. E. (2018). 
Development through the lifespan
 (7
th
 ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.

McLeod, S.A. (2017) Psychodynamic approach. Retrieved from: 
Psychodynamic Approach | Simply Psychology

Discussion: The Contribution of Classical Theorists to Contemporary Developmental Theorists

While all major developmental theories attempt to explain the growth of individuals, each theory has a slightly different perspective. Some theories emphasize environmental (nurture) more than biological (nature) influences. Some theories focus on a particular construct (e.g., cognition), while others emphasize the impact of age range in shaping development. Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory emphasizes fixed stages during which the mind’s capacities allow an individual to learn about the world. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, on the other hand, is not stage-based and describes growth as an interaction between the individual and his or her environment.

Contemporary theories (e.g., Langer’s theory of mindfulness) typically build upon the foundation generated by earlier theories. Langer’s theory of mindfulness contains similarities to classical theories, such as Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, in that they both agree that development is contextual and the organism is an active “mindful” participant. Langer took Vygotsky’s theory to a new level, focusing specifically on education and the learner. Other contemporary theories include neo-Piagetian cognitive developmental theories, which attempt to address the limitations found within Piaget’s classical theory. Robbie Case, Andreas Demetriou, and Kurt Fischer proposed theories that were extensions of Piaget’s theory. These theorists added concepts that expanded on cognitive functioning within the stages of development. Most developmental psychologists today do not believe that a single perspective or theory can sufficiently explain lifespan development; rather, an eclectic approach accounts for development better Erik Erikson psychosocial theory essay.

For this Discussion, you will examine classical and contemporary developmental theories as they relate to current applications in developmental psychology.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the course text and other Learning Resources related to mid-20th-century theories and recent theoretical perspectives

Select two theories from the following list, one from each column (classical, contemporary), that examine the same developmental processes (i.e., cognitive, physical, and/or social-emotional).

 

Classical Theories

Contemporary Theories

Psychoanalytic/Psychosexual

Psychosocial

Behaviorism/Learning

Social Learning

Cognitive-Developmental

Information Processing

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Ethology/Evolutionary Developmental

Sociocultural

Systems Theory

 

By Day 4

Post a brief description of the two theories you selected (one classical and one contemporary). Contrast the theories you selected. Specifically, identify important similarities and differences, including an explanation of the strengths and limitations of each theory in explaining developmental processes (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social-emotional). 
Note:
 Your descriptions should be in paragraph form, not bullet points. Use your Learning Resources and/or other scholarly sources to support your post. Use proper APA format and citations.

By Day 6

Respond to at least one of your colleagues’ posts and search the Internet and/or the Walden Library and select a current article (within the last 5 years) that is related to the same developmental process (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social-emotional) that your colleague posted. Summarize the article and describe the theory identified within the article.

Return
to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting and answer any questions. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained as a result of your colleagues’ comments Erik Erikson psychosocial theory essay.

response

ou did a good job in explaining both theories; it was easy for me to understand. I found an interesting article by Nyam and Szymczynska(2016), purporting a link between current dementia activity programs to developmental psychology theories of aging. Facilitating people with dementia’s engagement in meaningful activities is an important feature of their care. They can be encouraged to participate in meaningful activities in both casual and formal settings to help them feel better. Memory cafes and organizations planned for peer support, reading, or singing for the brain’ are examples of this informally, (Nyam & Szymczynska, 2016).

This aspect of an individuals’ life is considered by socio-emotional development theories. The change in an individual’s understanding of, attitudes toward, and behavior toward others over time is referred to as social development, (Susskind, 2005). Erikson’s psychosocial theory suggests that personality is developed is a sequential order through the eight stages of development. The theory suggests that as each conflict is resolved at each stage an individual will acquire the necessary “attitudes” and “skills” to contribute positively to society, (Berk, 2014).

According to Nyam and Szymczynska (2016), spirituality and religion plays an integral role in providing meaning in life for dementia patients. It also aids the person with dementia in mentally preparing for death. Death, according to Erikson’s theory, is the ultimate objective for which people should strive, and that achieving this goal helps create a sense of purpose, with acceptance of death as the end of one’s life story.

This was a good article.

Reference

Berk. L.E. (2014). 
Development through the lifespan
 (7
th
 ed.). Pearson Education.

Nyman, S. R., & Szymczynska, P. (2016). Meaningful activities for improving the wellbeing of people with dementia: beyond mere pleasure to meeting fundamental psychological needs. 
Perspectives in Public Health
, 
136
(2), 99–107.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913915626193

Susskind, J. (2005). Social development. In Neil J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Development (pp.1191-1197) Erik Erikson psychosocial theory essay.

Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay

Comparison, Contrast, and Critiques of Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies.

Introduction

Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic management that supports clients’ learn how to recognize and adjust damaging and troubling thought patterns that adversely impact their feelings and conduct. The Therapy focuses on clients’ mood, behavior, and automatic negative thought patterns that contribute to depression, emotional difficulties, and anxiety (Lin, 2001). CBT helps identify the challenges, thoughts and substitutes them with realistic ideas that are more objective. CBT focuses on a range of role-playing, journaling, mental distraction, and relaxation techniques to help people overcome negative thought patterns. The therapist challenges some of the client’s believes and actions as either irrational or self-destructive Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

On the other hand, person-centered therapy also called Client-Centered Therapy, is a counseling approach where the client takes an active role in the treatment process, and the therapist assumes a supportive role. The client chooses the treatment path while the therapist helps classify the client’s reactions to encourage self-actualization. The main aim of Client-Centered Therapy is to increase openness and self-esteem. The therapist helps clients to reduce defensiveness, insecurity, and guilt by advocating for self-realization. This, in turn, improves relations with other people and enhances the ability to express and increase capacity to have a more comfortable relationship.

Client-centered therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are common concepts used in psychotherapy and counseling.  They have different theoretical approaches, so they have different uses in medicine.  Factors such as treatment setting and age of the client will determine the type of treatment to be applied.  Both therapies, however, guide patients on their own initiative and self-discovery journey.  This paper evaluates the application of theories and the effectiveness of counseling by comparing cognitive behavioral therapy and human-based models Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

Contrast

Client-Centered Therapy provides a non-judgmental and empathic environment to the person to help in a reflective assessment of emotions resulting from life scenarios. The counselor applies active listening to give a client a chance to reveal personal problems, emotions, and ways to manage them. However, the application and efficacy are pecked on the client’s life situation and age. In a study by Hanley and Gibbard (2008), the therapist used client-based counseling on mild mental health problems. The clients suffered from anxiety and mood disorders. The client was given time to narrate their experiences in a setting free from criticism and questioning. The result showed that client-Centered is an effective method in helping mentally ill patients understand their conditions and manage their life experiences. The aim of client centered is to enable clients to internalize their experiences to overcome them.

Cochran and Tursi’s (2006) study shows that the client-centered approach focuses on enhancing clients’ self-concept.  The counselor understands that the client’s behavior and feelings come out due to self-preservation when faced with distressing scenarios. The researcher observed that the counseling relationship is improved when the therapist provides an empathetic and warm counseling setting -This environment gives control to the client to narrate personal life information.

In Hanley and Gibbard (2008), they found that Client-Centered Therapy helps clients with anxiety and mood disorder to develop positive self-actualization. They concluded that Client-Centered Therapy is useful for clients with a mild mental illness. Lin (2001) found that the differences between Chinese and western culture hinder cognitive-behavioral Therapy’s effectiveness in giving Therapy to Chinese clients. The cognitive-behavior therapist should adjust their approaches when dealing with clients from different cultures. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

Similarities

Both concepts are relevant in different contexts and have been applied to current situations requiring group or individual treatment.  This paper evaluates the application of theories and the effectiveness of counseling by comparing cognitive behavioral therapy and human-based models.

The two scholars have shown some similarities between knowledge-based counseling and human-based counseling.  Both approaches are aimed at improving the customer’s journey of self-awareness.  In addition, treatments improve their clients’ self-concept and understanding of life.  Both models identify the need for action or behavior changes that come from the client’s perspective rather than the consultants’ suggestions.

The process of change The client-centered treatment involves psychological changes that eliminate the perception between ‘life’ and ‘self’ as a result of cognitive-behavioral therapy.  The effectiveness of client-centered therapy is limited to children, because they do not limit themselves to a therapist who impedes their development.  On the other hand, the cognitive-behavioral approach may not be appropriate for clients who do not express emotional expressions.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is intended to change the client’s beliefs that lead to more serious disorders.  The approach challenges customer perspectives, which can lead to self-harm.  Customer feedback is based on community and cultural factors.  A study by Lin (2001) examined the foundations of the concept of cognitive behaviors that describe the effectiveness of Chinese client psychotherapy.  Scholars have identified Western values, philosophies, personal relationships, socialization, and self-concept (Lin, 2001) Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

This shows the value, cognitive process and behavior of cultural forms.  Cognitive-behavioral approach is intended to encourage clients to develop more self-concept and self-confidence.  It therefore challenges the Chinese Confucianism and Collective Values.  In Chinese culture, public expression and self-confidence are considered deceptive.  Therefore, the application and effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on ethnic background (Lin, 2001).  The therapist must distinguish between the client and the concept of negative emotions.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is similar to client-centered counseling.  In a study by Pastor and Shechtman (2005), they compared the two approaches to the effectiveness of children’s counseling.  To some extent, scholars have evaluated children’s behavior and academic performance.  The results were better than the human approach to cognitive-behavioral therapy.  Cognitive-behavioral therapy disrupts group therapy in a structured environment.

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According to Cochran and Tursi (2006), cognitive-behavioral therapy is similar to client-centered therapies in that it facilitates self-stimulation in clients.  The researchers concluded that long-term psychotherapy can help victims cope with personal and emotional issues and improve individuals’ abilities.

Conclusion

Client-Centered Therapy and Cognitive-behavioral approaches are crucial to counseling. Both counseling’s have distinct and separate therapeutic uses based on clients’ settings and characteristics. Both methods can be used simultaneously to address client’s challenges. The therapist approach is vital in the client-centered approach than his skills—the therapist attitudes like unconditional positive regards, genuineness, and empathy. The therapists accelerate self-actualization by providing the right environment for the clients to feel freely involved, in-depth self-exploration, and focused Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

References

Basch, D. I. (2019). Exposure-based cognitive behavioral Therapy and client-centered Therapy: A pragmatic case study of a technically eclectic, integrationist approach (Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University-Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology).

Gibbard, I. & Hanley, T. (2008). A five-year evaluation of the effectiveness of person-centered Counseling in routine clinical practice in primary care.
Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 8
(4), 215-222.

Lin, Y. (2001). The Application of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Counseling Chinese.
American Journal of Psychotherapy, 55
(4), 46-52.

Shechtman, Z. & Pastor, R. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral and humanistic group treatment for Children with learning disabilities: A comparison of outcomes and process.
Journal of Counseling Psychology 52
(1), 322-336.

Tursi, M. & Cochran, J. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral tasks accomplished in person-centered Relational framework.
Journal of Counseling & Development, 84
(2), 387-398 Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay

According to Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, “children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world (Berk, 2018, pp. 17). Piaget used the concept of adaptation; he believed that “just as structures of the body are adapted to fit with the environment, so structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world” (Berk, 2018, pp. 17).  Piaget’s theory of cognitive development consists of stages; they are, sensorimotor (birth to two years), preoperational (two to seven years), concrete operational (seven to eleven), and formal operational (eleven years on) (Berk, 2018).

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory “focuses on how culture – the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group – is transmitted to the next generation” (Berk, 2018, pp. 22).  With this theory, social interaction is the key to giving children the knowledge, ways of thing, and behaving that make up the community’s culture (Berk, 2018) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

With both cognitive-developmental theory and sociocultural theory, children go through stages of development (Berk, 2018). These stages are divided into age groups and are more precise with Piaget’s theory. Piaget’s stages have clear developmental processes that happen in each stage (Berk, 2018). These stages consist of how children at different ages learn as they explore the world around them (Berk, 2018).  With Vygotsky’s theory, the stages are not divided by age but by the changes the child undergoes (Berk, 2018). The study of cognitive development has influenced Vygotsky’s theory; as he agreed with some of Piaget’s ideas, the difference was that “Piaget emphasized children’s independent efforts to make sense of their world, Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process, in which children depend on assistance from adults and more expert peers as they tackle new challenges” (Berk, 2018, pp. 22).

Piaget’s theory made significant contributions, but some believed Piaget’s stages pay insufficient attention to social and cultural influences on development (Berk, 2018). The field is divided over its loyalty to Piaget’s ideas (Berk, 2018). Vygotsky’s research reveals that every culture develops unique strengths; however, because of the emphasis on culture and social experiences, Vygotsky neglected the biological side of development (Berk, 2018). “Contemporary sociocultural theorists grant the individual and society more balanced, mutually influential roles” (Berk, 2018, pp. 23) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

Reference

Berk, L. E. (2018). Development through the lifespan (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Chapter 1, “History, Theory, and Research Strategies” (“Scientific Beginnings” through “Comparing and Evaluating Theories,” (pp. 12-26)

Discussion: The Contribution of Classical Theorists to Contemporary Developmental Theorists

While all major developmental theories attempt to explain the growth of individuals, each theory has a slightly different perspective. Some theories emphasize environmental (nurture) more than biological (nature) influences. Some theories focus on a particular construct (e.g., cognition), while others emphasize the impact of age range in shaping development. Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory emphasizes fixed stages during which the mind’s capacities allow an individual to learn about the world. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, on the other hand, is not stage-based and describes growth as an interaction between the individual and his or her environment.

Contemporary theories (e.g., Langer’s theory of mindfulness) typically build upon the foundation generated by earlier theories. Langer’s theory of mindfulness contains similarities to classical theories, such as Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, in that they both agree that development is contextual and the organism is an active “mindful” participant. Langer took Vygotsky’s theory to a new level, focusing specifically on education and the learner. Other contemporary theories include neo-Piagetian cognitive developmental theories, which attempt to address the limitations found within Piaget’s classical theory Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay. Robbie Case, Andreas Demetriou, and Kurt Fischer proposed theories that were extensions of Piaget’s theory. These theorists added concepts that expanded on cognitive functioning within the stages of development. Most developmental psychologists today do not believe that a single perspective or theory can sufficiently explain lifespan development; rather, an eclectic approach accounts for development better.

For this Discussion, you will examine classical and contemporary developmental theories as they relate to current applications in developmental psychology.

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To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the course text and other Learning Resources related to mid-20th-century theories and recent theoretical perspectives

Select two theories from the following list, one from each column (classical, contemporary), that examine the same developmental processes (i.e., cognitive, physical, and/or social-emotional) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

 

Classical Theories

Contemporary Theories

Psychoanalytic/Psychosexual

Psychosocial

Behaviorism/Learning

Social Learning

Cognitive-Developmental

Information Processing

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Ethology/Evolutionary Developmental

Sociocultural

Systems Theory

 

By Day 4

Post a brief description of the two theories you selected (one classical and one contemporary). Contrast the theories you selected. Specifically, identify important similarities and differences, including an explanation of the strengths and limitations of each theory in explaining developmental processes (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social-emotional). 
Note:
 Your descriptions should be in paragraph form, not bullet points. Use your Learning Resources and/or other scholarly sources to support your post. Use proper APA format and citations.

By Day 6

Respond to at least one of your colleagues’ posts and search the Internet and/or the Walden Library and select a current article (within the last 5 years) that is related to the same developmental process (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social-emotional) that your colleague posted. Summarize the article and describe the theory identified within the article.

Return
to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting and answer any questions. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained as a result of your colleagues’ comments.Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay

 

response

I think you did a good job in explaining Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theory, highlighting the strengths and limitations. In an article by Ahmad et al (2016), the role of play in cognitive development was examined.  Harris (2005) defines cognitive development as, “the process of reasoning, thinking, and problem solving, which changes over the course of the life span”, (para. 1). It aids in the development of imagination and memory in children, both of which are necessary for thinking about the past, present, and future. In a variety of ways, play aids in cognitive growth, (Ahmad et al, 2016). Jean  Piaget’s research led him to form this theory as he saw cognitive development as an active process in which an infant, child, or teenager organizes their experiences with their environment, adapts to it, and tries to preserve a feeling of balance with old and new information. He felt that the first 15 years of life were divided into discrete but interconnected stages of cognitive development, the latter stage ages 11-15 was referred to as the formal operant stage (Harris, 2005).

The study conducted by Ahmad et al (2016) indicated that “students feel curiosity to explore new things and new ideas by play”, (para.1). It also suggested that on the basis of play duration, there was a distinction between memorizing, exploration, comprehension, and problem-solving ability. It was suggested that the students who spend more time playing in a day have faster cognitive development and achieve higher levels at the formal operant stage. They are more logical thinkers who handle problems more effectively than others, (Ahmad et al, 2016).  The study concluded that children at the formal operational level improve their cognitive thinking based on the length of time they spend playing, not on their age, (Ahmad et al, 2016) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

References

Ahmad, S., Ch, A. H., Batool, A., Sittar, K., & Malik, M. (2016). Play and Cognitive Development: Formal Operational Perspective of Piaget’s Theory. 
Journal of Education and Practice
, 
7
(28), 72–79.

Harris, Y.R. (2005). Cognitive development. In Neil J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Development (pp. 275-280) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act  (HIPAA)

The Health Insurance and Accountability Act (HIPAA), started operating in the year 1996, where it ensured the health of patient was provided with health facilities that would help them recover from their diagnosis without them knowing. According to HHS.gov (n,d), it was invented by the federal law, to ensure that there is creation of the national  standards for the protection of the sensitive patients, most especially those who are not in a position to support themselves, or sometimes no relatives who could help them overcome their diagnosis.
Th
e Health and Human Services (HHS), which the Department of the United States invented, issued out the HIPAA privacy rule so that HIPAA could be able to generate its requirements and be independent Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay.

Different scholarly studies have dissect that the HIPAA provision of safe harbor is linked with the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The HIPAA Privacy Rule has its own limitations, one of the most essential limitation is that it discloses Protected Health Information (PHI) Compliancy Group (2020). The HIPAA safe harbor rule is the rule that identifies protected health information that have already been identified. The HIPAA Privacy Rule is a rule that protects diagnosis of an individual that can be identified. The rule involves performing some diagnosis, then letter on provides relevant information which are transmitted through an entity that is covered, or its business associates, in various different forms such as; oral, paper, electronic or media. This information that is transmitted, is referred as the Protected Health Information (PHI).

The Individually Identifiable Health Information is an information that provides the demographic data that is linked to: the past, present and future mental or physical health of a patient, providing health care to the diagnosed patient, or the past present or future payment for the provision of health care to the patient. HIPAA Safe Harbor De – identification is the process that involves the removal of specific patient identifier, the relatives of the patient, employers and or the members of the household. The HIPAA Safe Harbor De – identification requirements process was to become satisfying if the specific identifiers had been removed. The moment the information of the protected health has been De – identified, the result is no longer known as the PHI Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay.

According to Sweeney, Loo and Brody (2017), there are some of the specific information that has to be De – identified with regards to HIPAA Safe Harbor Provision. This specific information include; specified data elements which can consequently be used to  identify a patient uniquely. The pieces of data that can be used to identify an individual uniquely include; geographic locators, names, the date elements that are related to the patient except the year, cellphone, telephone and fax numbers, email, IP addresses – this may be useful when identifying physical addresses, social security numbers, numbers of the medical record, among others.

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Finally, it is important to state that the HIPAA Safe Harbor De – identification is usually carried out for the purpose of De – identifying certain PHI. Once these elements of data have been De – identified, they are no longer known as the PHI. This means that they can now be used to perform other different diagnosis such as studies that are competitive or certain types of research which could be relevant in providing medical information Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay.

References.

HHS.gov (n,d). Summery of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Security Rule. Retrieved from
https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/security/laws-regulations/index.html

Compliancy Group (2020). What is the HIPAA Safe Harbor Provision? Retrieved from

What is the HIPAA Safe Harbor Provision?

Sweeney, L., Too, J. & Brody, G. (2017). Re – identification Risks in HIPAA Safe Harbor Data: A Study of Data from one Environmental Health Study. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344041/

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay

Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis

Pathophysiology

Gout is a form of arthritis characterized by severe pain and tenderness in the joints (Singh & Cleveland, 2018). Unlike other diseases, gout results from a combination of factors such as demographic factors of an individual to underlined health conditions, medications, and diet. It is therefore a condition that needs to be prevented by observing both social and lifestyle practices that promotes health and wellbeing.

The symptoms presented by the patient result from gout. Gout comes about as a result of the accumulation of urate crystals in an individual’s joint resulting in inflammation and severe pain in the joins. Urate crystals develop when an individual has excess uric acid in the blood, which then builds up in the joints hence causing pain (Burke, Kottgen, & McAdams-DeMarco, 2019). From the case study, the patient has excess uric acid meaning that he is likely suffering from gout Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis. Moreover, urate crystals can come about when a human kidney fails to excrete enough urate. If any of the two processes take place, then an individual is likely to develop gout. As presented in the case, gout majorly targets the big toe but can develop in any other joint such as the ankles, elbows, fingers, and knees. The pain develops fast and would be severe within 12 hours after the time it begins.

Gout affects an individual’s physical function, productivity, and even health-related quality of life (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2019). For instance, the severe pain in the joints affects mobility and can also interfere with other body functions such as resulting in headaches.  It also results in increased healthcare costs, where an individual, especially the old has to constantly seek medical attention due to severe pain in the joints. When not controlled on time, gout can increase the severity of other health conditions Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

The gout problem is different among diverse demographics. The problem is more prevalent among men than women at an early age. However, in older ages the gender variations and risk of gout reduces. In terms of race and ethnicity, blacks have a high chance of suffering from gout than whites (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2019). Additionally, research reveals that blacks and other ethnic minorities are not well exposed to quality healthcare than the white majority hence resulting in disproportionate morbidity.

There are various processes or risk factors that result in gout. The major risk factor is medical conditions. Here, individuals with certain health conditions like diabetes, kidney problems, Type II diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, heart problems, and high blood pressure can easily develop gout (Choi, Karlson, & Curhan, 2020). These conditions affect the way the kidney excretes uric acid or how uric acid is absorbed in the blood hence resulting in excess of the acid in the blood which is later transported into the joints Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis. The specific type of medical prescription might also increase the chance of being diagnosed with gout. For instance, some medications like thiazide diuretics for treating hypertension trigger the increase of uric acid in the human blood. When such medications are used without proper control, they might result in gout development. The age and sexual orientation of an individual have an impact on gout conditions. In most cases, gout is prevalent among men than women since women naturally have lower uric acid in their bodies. However, this changes after menopause, where the women uric acid levels are almost equal to that of men resulting from decreased levels of estrogen, and hence they have an almost equal risk of developing gout. Generally, gout affects older individuals of more than 50 years of age due to lower rates of excretion of urate in the kidney. Diet also affects the risk of being diagnosed with gout. Food rich in meat, fruit sugar, and seafood have a lot of uric acids which in turn increase their levels in the body (Choi, Karlson, & Curhan, 2020). Moreover, an individual whose family history presents persistent cases of gout has a higher possibility of developing the disease Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

In conclusion, gout conditions can result from different factors such as age, gender, medical conditions and interventions, and dietary patterns. The combination of these factors increases the risk of getting the disease, meaning that individuals should be careful about their lifestyle practices as a sure way of controlling gout.

 

References

Burke, B., Kottgen, A., & McAdams-DeMarco, M. (2019). Gout in Older Adults:The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
The Journals of Gerontology Serries A:Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
, 223-227.

Choi, H., Karlson, A., & Curhan, G. (2020). Obesity,weight change,hypertension,diuretic use,and risk of gout in men:the health professionals follow-up study.
Arch Intern Med
, 742-748.

McCance, K., Huether, S., Brashers, V., & Rote, N. (2019).
Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children.
New York: Elsevier.

Singh, J., & Cleveland, J. (2018). Gout and dementia in the elderly:a cohort study of medicare claims.
BMC Geriatrics
, 12-16 Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.

Photo Credit: yodiyim / Adobe Stock

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

How these processes interact to affect the patient.

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By Day 7 of Week 4

Submit 
your Case Study Analysis Assignment
 by Day 7 of Week 4

Reminder: 
The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at 
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates
). All papers submitted must use this formatting Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

 

NURS_6501_Module2_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric

Grid View

List View

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examing the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

Explain both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms.

28 
(28%)
 – 30 
(30%)

The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

25 
(25%)
 – 27 
(27%)

The response describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

23 
(23%)
 – 24 
(24%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.

The response includes reasons for the cardiovascular and/or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.

0 
(0%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.

The response does not include reasons for either the cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.

Explain how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

28 
(28%)
 – 30 
(30%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

25 
(25%)
 – 27 
(27%)

The response includes an accurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

23 
(23%)
 – 24 
(24%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

0 
(0%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

23 
(23%)
 – 25 
(25%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

20 
(20%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

18 
(18%)
 – 19 
(19%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations based on inappropriate evidence/research.

0 
(0%)
 – 17 
(17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.

Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:

Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.

5 
(5%)
 – 5 
(5%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

4 
(4%)
 – 4 
(4%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.

3 
(3%)
 – 3 
(3%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.

0 
(0%)
 – 2 
(2%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5  (5%)  – 5  (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4  (4%)  – 4  (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3  (3%)  – 3  (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0  (0%)  – 2  (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5  (5%)  – 5  (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4  (4%)  – 4  (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3  (3%)  – 3  (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 0  (0%)  – 2  (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100 Name: NURS_6501_Module2_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis

NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

Introduction

This essay describes the disease that is highlighted in the scenario of the 11-year old boy. In the scenario, the boy complains of wheezing and difficulty “getting enough air.” These symptoms especially increase when the boy is exercising, and there is an improvement when the activity stops. The mother suggests that the boy is allergic to cat dander, and since the next-door neighbor started sheltering cats, the symptoms have worsened even when the boy is at rest. Auscultation showed wheezes on forced expiration throughout all lung fields. This study will analyze the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of the diseases that are presented in the case study NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

The disease is likely a result of the blocking of the airways in the lungs. The blockage may be a result of narrowing, swelling, or production of extra mucus in the lungs. When this happens, the space for passing air is constricted, making a person force the passage of air, struggle to breathe, and this ends up producing the wheezing sound. The problem may be aggravated by the cat dander, a situation the mother says that the boy is allergic to. In this case, the inner walls of the lungs’ airways contain mucosal cells that produce mucus to act as a protective system against the foreign matters in the lungs. In the case there is dander from the cats in the air, these are tiny pieces of dead skin, the boy may inhale them and invoke a reaction that makes antigen-presenting cells in the airways to make extra mucus (McCance & Huether, 2019). As a result, the mucus further blocks the airways leading the boy to struggle to breathe and thus wheezing sound.

In genetics, children who have been born in families with cases of allergic asthma have had a high likelihood of developing the same conditions. According to research, certain gene variations that change the encoding of epithelial cell-derived cytokines like interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are involved in the pathogenesis of allergies (Min, 2010). These gene variations are inherited from parent to child, and thus the family history of the condition increases the risk of developing this condition. Other gene variations in the ORMDL3 and GSDML genes that are also hereditary are associated with early-onset of the condition NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

The other factor that may affect the propensity to develop the condition is race and ethnicity. According to studies, some races are less exposed to allergies and asthma more than others. The chance of developing such conditions varies dramatically based on the ethnicity and race of an individual. For example, Caucasians are found to have the highest rate of allergies that are about three times more than the Asians from presented with the lowest rate (Ortiz & Barnes , 2015).

In this case, the stimulus could include exercise activities and exposure to cat dander. In exercise activities, the body requires more oxygen than when the person is stationary. Therefore, the heightened oxygen requirement is faced with narrowed or swollen airways making the boy breathe hard to supply more oxygen. In the case of cat dander, they stimulate a reaction that produces more mucus that ends up blocking the airways NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

Conclusion

From the analysis, the boy is suffering from asthma that is worsened by the allergy to cat dander. The physiology of the problem involved narrowed or swollen airways in the lungs. The extra mucus may also block the airways causing heavy breathing and wheezing sound. Genetic factors could have played a role in predisposing the child to a hereditary condition NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

References

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019).
Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children.
New York: Elsevier.

Min, Y.-G. (2010). The Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.
Allergy Asthma Immunol Res.
, 65-76.

Ortiz, R. A., & Barnes , K. C. (2015). Genetics of Allergic Diseases.
Immunol Allergy Clin North Am
, 19-44.

Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.

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Photo Credit: Getty Images/Hero Images

An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

By Day 7 of Week 2

Submit
 your Case Study Analysis Assignment 
by Day 7 of Week 2
.

Reminder: 
The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at 
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates
). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

 

NURS_6501_Module1_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric

Grid View

List View

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

28 
(28%)
 – 30 
(30%)

The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

25 
(25%)
 – 27 
(27%)

The response describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

23 
(23%)
 – 24 
(24%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.

The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.

0 
(0%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.

The response does not include reasons for the symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.

Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

23 
(23%)
 – 25 
(25%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

20 
(20%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response includes an accurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

18 
(18%)
 – 19 
(19%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

0 
(0%)
 – 17 
(17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease is missing.

Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

28 
(28%)
 – 30 
(30%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

25 
(25%)
 – 27 
(27%)

The response includes an accurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

23 
(23%)
 – 24 
(24%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

0 
(0%)
 – 17 
(17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:

Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.

5 
(5%)
 – 5 
(5%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

4 
(4%)
 – 4 
(4%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.

3 
(3%)
 – 3 
(3%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.

0 
(0%)
 – 2 
(2%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5  (5%)  – 5  (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4  (4%)  – 4  (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3  (3%)  – 3  (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0  (0%)  – 2  (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5  (5%)  – 5  (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4  (4%)  – 4  (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3  (3%)  – 3  (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 0  (0%)  – 2  (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100 Name: NURS_6501_Module1_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes

Pathophysiology case study discussion

Pathology is the study of disease diagnosis through the investigation of indicators for a given disease in samples of surgically removed tissues, organs, body fluids, and even the whole body. Proper understanding of disease symptoms and underlying pathophysiology is imperative in the mastery of pathology. Furthermore, competency in pathology is essential in advanced Practice Nursing since it ensures effective patient management through the employment of rational treatment plans. This discussion highlights the role of genetics, underlying reasons for symptom manifestation, and physiologic response to the stimulus presented in a case scenario Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes.

The case scenario involves a 16-year –old boy that presents with a sore throat that had persisted for three days with a negative past medical history of ear infections, nor treatment of colds and influenza. His posterior pharynx is reddened and produces a white exudate from the 3+ enlarged tonsils. The patient has no known food and drug allergies but later presents with anaphylaxis upon taking the first dose of amoxicillin.

Role of genetics.

Sore throat infections are commonly due to infection by streptococcus group A bacterium. Recurrent infection by the bacteria is linked to an underlying genetic predisposition that makes the body’s immune system unable to fight off the infection (Crotty, 2020). The large scale genome-wide association studies suggest shared genetics between autoimmunity, related phenotypes, and allergy. This finding is based on the identification of GWAS of monogenic diseases. Furthermore, these findings support the concept of an allergic response to particular triggers being affected by genetic factors (Klaus Bønnelykke, 2015).

Presentation of symptoms.

            
Signs and symptoms are indicative features of an underlying disease. Therefore, investigating and understanding the presenting signs and symptoms is imperative in establishing a rational diagnosis in pathology. For example, infection by the streptococcus bacteria caused an inflammatory response of the throat which presents as pain, reddening and swelling of the tonsils. Production of exudate is also a result of immune response to the bacterial invasion, which results in the production of pus. Anaphylactic response is a condition characterized by excessive release of chemical mediators upon exposure to specific allergens. This production of chemical triggers results in symptoms such as dyspnea, swelling of the tongue and lips, and wheezing. The patient having presented the anaphylactic response upon taking amoxicillin may be allergic to penicillin, which is commonly associated with such reactions Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes.

Physiologic response to the stimulus and involved cells.

Infection by streptococcus group A bacterium, as confirmed by a rapid strep test, presents as enlarged tonsils that produce an exudate and positive cervical adenopathy. This presentation is due to an underlying immune response in an attempt to fight off the infection through the release of mediators such as chemokines, PGE2, leukotriene B4, eicosanoids, proinflammatory cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides.

Anaphylactic presentation is due to the release of chemical mediators due to exposure to triggers. Chemical mediators that play a significant role include histamine that leads to increased vasodilation and permeability and changes in cardiac contractility and heart rate. Prostaglandin D is also a chemical mediator that functions as pulmonary and cardiac vasoconstrictor that also causes peripheral vasodilation and vital organs hypoperfusion. Leukotrienes also play a significant role in bronchoconstriction and airway remodeling, which causes difficulty in breathing. Other significant chemical mediators include platelet activation factor and TNF alpha (McLendon & Sternard., 2021).

Consideration of the patient’s age is essential in the management of group A streptococci infection. This consideration is especially significant in elderly populations, whereby it is considered a life-threatening condition, especially in individuals who reside in long term care facilities. Management of the disease in such population thereby requires a different response approach that involves large scale efforts which includes infectious disease practitioners, the staff, and public health officials in an attempt of preventing and managing GAS outbreak (Kevin P. High, 2007)

                                                                                              References

Crotty, S. (2020). 
Strep Throat
. Retrieved from La Jolla Institute For Immunology: https://www.lji.org/diseases/strep-throat/

Kevin P. High, H. T. (2007). Group A Streptococcal Disease in Long-Term Care Facilities: Descriptive Epidemiology and Potential Control Measures. 
Oxford ACADEMIC
.

Klaus Bønnelykke, R. S. (2015). Genetics of allergy and allergic sensitization: common variants, rare mutations. 
National Center for Biotechnology Information
.

McLendon, K., & Standard., B. T. (2021). Anaphylaxis. 
National Center for Biotechnology Information Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes
.

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Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes

At its core, pathology is the study of disease. Diseases occur for many reasons. But some, such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson’s Disease, occur because of alterations that prevent cells from functioning normally.

Understanding of signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

By Day 3 of Week 1

Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:

The role genetics plays in the disease.

Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.

The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.

The cells that are involved in this process.

How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.

Read
 a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

Genetic factors play two roles in this case first, as you have mentioned, genetics play a role in the recurrent  infection, especially in cases where genetics contributes to reduced immunity or allergies (Loh et al., 2017). It is also important to appreciate the role of genetics when it comes to triggering the hypersensitivity to amoxicillin.  It is likely that a mutation  in the patient’s HLA-B*55:01 has contributed to the development of mild forms of penicillin allergies in the patient (Krebs et al., 2020). This calls for extricate investigation in order to find an antibiotic that will not trigger anaphylaxis in the patient and thus guarantees positive outcomes in the patient Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes.

References

Krebs, K., Bovijn, J., Zheng, N., Lepamets, M., Censin, J. C., Jürgenson, T., … & Fadista, J. (2020). Genome-wide study identifies association between HLA-B∗ 55: 01 and self-reported penicillin allergy. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 107(4), 612-621.

Loh, J. M., Lorenz, N., Tsai, C. J. Y., Khemlani, A. H. J., & Proft, T. (2017). Mucosal vaccination with pili from Group A Streptococcus expressed on Lactococcus lactis generates protective immune responses. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-9 Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes.