Tag: Clinical-Nursing

Assignment: Paraphrasing: Putting It Into Your Own Words

Paraphrasing is at the center of scholarly writing. One of the habits that many undergraduate students develop when discussing information from references is to quote that information. As graduate students, you are expected to advance your academic writing style to rely on paraphrasing—or putting what you read into your own words; however, the ideas and information are still always cited.

To prepare for this Assignment
:

Review the Learning Resources for this week and pay close attention to good paraphrasing.

Select a peer reviewed article from your previous search in Week 2 or based on a topic of interest and consider a paragraph you would like to paraphrase for your Assignment Assignment: Paraphrasing: Putting It Into Your Own Words.

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Assignment (1 page):

Copy a paragraph from the article you chose with a reference to your article.

Next, using the Learning Resources related to good paraphrasing for guidance, paraphrase this paragraph and include this in your assignment.

Note: 
Cite your source in APA style. Use your APA Manual to help guide your referencing.

By Day 7

Submit
 your Assignment.

Note
: When you submit this Assignment, you will submit to SafeAssign and generate an originality report. Please make sure to save this report since you will use this in Week 5. To access SafeAssign tutorial and the Originality Report support and help, please access the “Classroom Help” feature in the dashboard of your classroom as well as the “Academic Integrity” source in the Learning Resources Assignment: Paraphrasing: Putting It Into Your Own Words.

purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence concepts in writing

Discussion: Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing

Scholarly or academic writing is comprised of a number of key ideas, including purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence. It is important to understand these terms in order to incorporate them in your writing.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the “Example Articles” found in the Learning Resources and select one of the articles for this Discussion. consider how the four concepts (purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence) relate to the article you chose.

Review the 
Study Notes: Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Purpose, Audience, and Evidence
 and the media presentation 
Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Purpose, Audience, and Evidence purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence concepts in writing
.

With these thoughts in mind:

By Day 4

Post 
a description of the four key concepts (purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence) of scholarly writing as they relate to the article you chose. Further explain why you believe these concepts are important to writing and communication in the field of psychology. Include at least one example to illustrate one of the concepts.

Read
 a selection of your colleagues’ postings.

By Day 6

Respond 
to at least 
two 
of your colleagues’ posts and continue the Discussion through 
Day 7 
by providing an example or personal experience that illustrates one of the points made by your colleague. Refer back to the “Purpose, Audience, and Evidence” media program to review the personal experience illustration to guide you. Further explain to your colleague this example from a personal experience perspective.

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In the article that I decided for this conversation is In the article that I decided for this conversation is ‘Youth Focused Training in School Psychology’ by Rachel Stein and Kizzy Albritton. The purpose for this article was to focus light on the way that graduate review projects could make a superior showing of including youth content into their school brain research graduate projects. The design was to advise the crowd regarding current school clinicians and advanced education foundations that the consequences of this review “propose that most school brain science graduate projects incorporate restricted data uncommon c to youth populaces”, (Stein and Albritton, 2020) purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence concepts in writing. By changing the restricted measure of data uncommon cot youth populaces in graduate review programs, there is the likely that future specialists in the end could give more e effective and “complete school-based mental administrations to little youngsters and their families”, (Stein and Albritton, 2020). I accept that the proof in this article was solid yet might have been something more. Of the 252 school brain research programs that were reached simply 52 alumni programs reacted to the email demand for schedules and just 50 prospectuses from 37 alumni programs were utilized. As I would see it, considering the number of projects of study exist for school brain research, I was concerned that the review would not pass on an exact outcome. Nonetheless, the creators worked really hard of guaranteeing their proof would not need representativeness because of the correlation of reacting versus non-reacting uncovering “comparable extents of program accreditation and preparing level”, (Stein and Albritton, 2020). They additionally brought up that that past cooperation rates in distributed schedules studies yielded a reaction pace of 14% to 40% with the investment rate in this review being 23%, (Stein and Albritton, 2020). I didn’t get on any predispositions from the creators. The data gave in this article was totally founded on the consequences of this review or recently finished examinations that the writers referred to. They additionally included, in their article, the expected constraints of the review to address support predisposition and examined the requirement for additional and future examination to develop the current work.

 

The four critical ideas of insightful composing are so significant in light of the fact that they set up dependability and legitimacy, however they likewise set up believability. Before starting a review, the audience and purpose should be set up with the end goal for it to be the most beneficial . If the nature of the proof is disappointing or has neither rhyme nor reason your compositions and interchanges become questionable and invalid. In case you are needing to set up believability your proof should be sound. Inclination is additionally staggeringly significant. If I somehow managed to lead a review on pack viciousness in my state and the review set up that the pace of group savagery has went down definitely in the course of the most recent few decades yet in my decision I drew that posse brutality has really gone up on account of my very own predisposition or discernment, my whole work just lost the entirety of its believability.’ by Rachel Stein and Kizzy Albritton. The reason for this article was to focus light on the way that graduate review projects could make a superior showing of including youth content into their school brain research graduate projects. The design was to advise the crowd regarding current school clinicians and advanced education foundations that the consequences of this review “propose that most school brain science graduate projects incorporate restricted data uncommon c to youth purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence concepts in writing

Stein, R., & Albritton, K. (2020). Early childhood-focused training in school psychology. Training and Education in Professional Psychology. https://doi- prg.ezp.waldenlibrary.org/10.1037/tep0000350

 

 

sample 2

During my reading of the article by Rachel Stein, I discovered that she wanted to highlight the training and education of school psychologists versus the on-the-job training they received. I can relate to this on a personal level. There were some things that you couldn’t learn or experience while in school. It was something you could only get while on the job. This article talks about how a school psychologist can have a big impact on children in early childhood programs if given the right tools.

The article leans on early childhood as that is where you can make the most difference. “School psychologists play an important role in collaborating with teachers and families to conduct assessments to gain a better understanding of the behavioral and/or social-emotional needs of a child.” (Stein, 2020).

The studies included analysis of courses and course syllabi. It also took data on how programs were set up to train and educate school psychologists. The amount of data they gave is a lot to consider for the importance of proper education and training for school psychologists in early childhood versus the other ages. I feel that it is necessary to cover all areas in a program and give further training on a content area.  For example, I’m a SID/PID teacher, and my program was for an adapted curriculum with a concentration in reading. I received more in-depth classes for what I’d be doing. I see that this is where they were going with this data and what they wanted to prove purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence concepts in writing.

 

Stein, R., & Albritton, K. (2020). Early childhood-focused training in school psychology. 
Training and Education in Professional Psychology
. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/tep0000350 purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence concepts in writing

Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example

The article I read this week, “Early childhood-focused training in school psychology” by Stein and Albritton (2020), examines the preparation of graduate school psychology program for working in early childhood settings.  The study examines the roles of school psychologists, the proportion of their work involving preschool children, and the content and volume of graduate school psychology programs related to early childhood.  Subsequently, the authors conclude that the coverage of early childhood topics was highly variable from program to program, and most of the programs include limited information about early childhood.  Finally, given the extent of work school psychologist engage in early childhood services, the author advocate for more in-depth graduate training on early childhood in school psychology graduate programs Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example.

The 
purpose
 of this article was to present facts (including the proportion of early childhood – related work school psychologists engage in, and the course content of school psychology graduate programs) and to advocate for adding more early childhood specific courses and training in school psychology graduate program.  The intended 
audience
 included program chairs, directors, and committee members of graduate programs in school psychology across the United States.  In terms of 
bias
, it can be speculated that since the authors themselves are teaching faculty of school psychology programs at two separate universities, they may experience first-hand the deficit in the current courses related to early childhood training.  As a result, the authors may feel more strongly on the topic discussed in this study.  The 
quality of evidence
is generally solid, in that the authors cited various studies regarding the proportion of school psychologists’ work involving early childhood, (Walcott, Charvat, McNamara, & Hyson, 2016), the various social, emotional, behavioral, and academic challenges facing preschoolers (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n. d.), and how school psychologists obtained training in early childhood services (i.e., through on-the-job training) (Albritten et a., 2018).  Even though the authors cite two studies they previous participated in, they also include a variety of other resources on the same topic and are able to present strong evidence for their arguments Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example.

When reading a research article, it is important to discern its purpose and intended audience, and determine if the evidences are presented without bias.  This can be determined by variety of sources in citations, approaching the topic from different angles, and collection and analysis of representative data.  The quality of evidence in generally sound.  Except for the two studies the authors cite from their own previous research, many studies of other researchers on the same topic were also included and cited.

References

Walcott, C. M., Charvat, J. McNamara, K. M., & Hyson, D. M. (2016, February).  
School psychology at a glance: 2015 Member Survey results
.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists, New Orleans, LA.

Albritten, K., Matthews, R. E., & Boyle, S. G. (2018).  Is the role of the school psychologist in early childhood truly expanding?  A national survey examining school psychologists’ practices and training experiences.  
Journal of Applied school psychology
. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2018.1462280

 et a., 2018) Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example.

Stein, R., & Albritton, K. (2020, September 3).  Early Childhood-Focused Training in School

Psychology. 
Training and Education in Professional Psychology
. Advance online publication.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tep0000350

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.) Early childhood education development. Retrieved from 
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/ecd/developmental-and-behavioral-screening

 

Discussion: Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing

Scholarly or academic writing is comprised of a number of key ideas, including purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence. It is important to understand these terms in order to incorporate them in your writing.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the “Example Articles” found in the Learning Resources and select one of the articles for this Discussion. consider how the four concepts (purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence) relate to the article you chose.

Review the 
Study Notes: Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Purpose, Audience, and Evidence
 and the media presentation 
Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Purpose, Audience, and Evidence
.

With these thoughts in mind:

By Day 4

Post 
a description of the four key concepts (purpose, audience, presence of bias, and quality of evidence) of scholarly writing as they relate to the article you chose. Further explain why you believe these concepts are important to writing and communication in the field of psychology. Include at least one example to illustrate one of the concepts Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example.

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Read
 a selection of your colleagues’ postings.

The purpose of the article is important because while some are written to inform the readers, others may have a goal in mind. If an article is to inform the reader about the subject that’s being written about, the article will explain the subject as clearly and as thoroughly as the research can. When an article’s main purpose is to sway the support of its readers, then the article is more likely to highlight information that supports its agenda while omitting information that isn’t in the article’s favour. At the end of the first paragraph under the header School Psychologists Addressing the Needs of Young Children, the article clearly states its purpose: “The present article explores potential training gaps related to preparedness for working with young children to better leverage school psychologists’ ability to support young children’s academic, behavioral, and social– emotional needs.” (Stein & Albritton, 2020).

The audience is also an important factor to consider as an article’s tone may change as its audience changes. If an article is directed towards the general public, then it will be written for ease of reading, to keep the reader’s attention, and it will define the jargon used. However, if an article is written for a scholarly audience, it will have references and statistics from other trustworthy sources to support its evidence in addition to operationally defined variables and terms. Since Stein and Albritton (2020) wrote for a scholarly audience, they used additional research as support throughout their article Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example.

When reading an article it’s vital to know the presence of bias, especially if the article’s purpose is to persuade or support something. The presence of bias will show the limitations of the research discussed. For example, if a company wishes to have a study done to support their product then the study may be biased towards supporting said product. Furthermore, they can write the article so that it highlights how wonderful their product seems and either completely omit or gloss over its negative aspects. These biases would be important to address when debating the usefulness of the product. One of the areas Rachael Stein focuses her research is in teaching and learning (West Virginia University, n.d.), while Kizzy Albritton’s research is specific to early childhood school psychologists (The University of Texas at Austin, n.d.). Together, they have a great deal of experience in the field and are focusing their research towards improving a lack of resources that they’ve observed. Because of their investment in the field of psychology, their biases will most likely lean towards the support of psychology and the positives of having a school psychologist in early childhood settings.

The quality of evidence can make or break an argument. If the authors are using poor evidence to attempt to support their argument, then it may lead to it being dismissed entirely. The use of other related peer reviewed research to back up their claims can strengthen their argument beyond what their evidence can do alone. The more research that’s able to back up the evidence in the article, the less likely it’s going to be refutable. While I didn’t look through each one of the thirty-some references Stein and Albritton used throughout their article, most appear to be coming from journals or other trustworthy sources. This would help their argument by showing it’s not only their research suggesting the improvement with school psychologists in early childhood settings, but that there are many other studies done on related topics that can support it Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example.

Stein, R., & Albritton, K. (2020). Early Childhood-Focused Training in School Psychology. Training and Education in Professional Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tep0000350.

The University of Texas at Austin (n.d.). Kizzy Albritton. College of Education. Retrieved from https://education.utexas.edu/faculty/kizzy_albritton.

West Virginia University (n.d.). Rachel Stein, ph.D. Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Retrieved from https://soca.wvu.edu/faculty-and-staff/faculty-directory/rachel-stein.

 

By Day 6

Respond 
to at least 
two 
of your colleagues’ posts and continue the Discussion through 
Day 7 
by providing an example or personal experience that illustrates one of the points made by your colleague. Refer back to the “Purpose, Audience, and Evidence” media program to review the personal experience illustration to guide you. Further explain to your colleague this example from a personal experience perspective Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example.

You make a good point about biases. I hadn’t thought that while evidence-based research supports their idea, it could be biased since it is a topic they are passionate about. Stein (2020) did use a lot of scholarly verbiages that the general public may not understand. They directed it towards administrators and collaborators of graduate programs. The purpose of an article or journal is to appeal to your audience to be swayed to your side of an argument. It is also good to know who you want to reach and what you want them to know or understand about the topic you are presenting. Thank you for sharing. Your post had me rethinking the article by Stein and my views on what I considered their audience, biases and quality of evidence.

References

Stein, R., & Albritton, K. (2020). Early Childhood-Focused Training in School Psychology. Training and Education in Professional Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tep0000350 Discovering Key Concepts in Scholarly Writing Essay Example

Assignment: The Value of Critical Thinking in the Field of Psychology

Over familiarity with an idea can lead you to accept the information as true without questioning it. Just like the psychology myth that opposites attract, have you heard these other common psychology myths? Smiling makes you happier. We only use 10 percent of our brain. Memory is like a video recording. People are either left-brained or right-brained.

Have you ever wondered where these ideas  originated and why  so widely believed? Are they completely false or partially true? When you begin to look more closely at ideas and where the information came from,  you have started the critical-thinking process The Value of Critical Thinking in the Field of Psychology Essay Example.

Critical thinking is inherent in scholarly work because it forces you to separate opinions and biases from the evidence found in the research literature

In this Assignment, you will examine the value of critical thinking by exploring facts and opinions and how they are distinguished from one to the other.

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To Prepare for this Assignment:

Review the readings in this week’s Learning Resources and specifically focus on the critical thinking resources.

Think of and choose a common psychology myth that you have heard. If you have trouble of thinking of an example, identify one using a general Internet search.

The Assignment (1-page):

Based on the psychology myth you chose, write a short paragraph that would be considered an opinion and why this is an opinion.

Search the Walden Library databases for a peer-reviewed article on this same topic. Based on what you learn from the article, write a second paragraph that would be considered a fact and why it would be considered factual. Support your ideas with information cited from the article and include the reference to the article in APA format.

Explain the differences between the two paragraphs. Explain how a reader would know which statement is opinion and which is factual.  Use the Learning Resources to support your rationale.

By Day 7

Submit
your Assignment The Value of Critical Thinking in the Field of Psychology Essay Example.

Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library

The peer reviewed article I found by Garinger, Chow, & Luzzeri (2018) focused heavily on the relationships between stress, perfectionism, and burnout in athletes at the college level. The internet article I found by Gunter simultaneously discussed reasons for athlete stress and how to manage symptoms for it. I noticed in the peer review study that Garinger, Chow, and Luzzeri (2018) did not hold back on the perceived intellectual level of their readers. They defined specific tests and terminology that they wanted readers to be more familiar with, but clearly expected that their overall audience would be of a certain intellectual level. In contrast, Gunter’s article was posted on a website that is accessible to the public and their writing, while still informational, was much more defined and easily understandable to the general public Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library. Garinger, Chow, and Luzzeri (2018) were writing and sharing the results they found during their research which resulted in definitive, research-based reasons behind athlete burnout and stress. Gunter approached the relationship more clinically by describing potential symptoms of stress and burnout in athletes and different methods people can use to combat the stress. Additionally, the peer reviewed article has a much more focused topic that is discussed throughout the entire article. The authors focus specifically on the relationships between stress, burnout, and perfection in college athletes. The internet article approaches stress and athletes on a much broader scale, including things like symptoms and management while also discussing a generalized group of athletes experiencing stress.

The peer reviewed article would help me to approach my writing more critically and intellectually. My writing would become more scholarly in the sense that it would not be easily understandable by the general public because I’m not writing for the general public. The internet article is written for the general public, and I feel like because of this the author leaves out crucial points and topics about the relationships between athletes and their burnout. The peer review article goes into great detail about the psychological understanding of stress and burnout that the internet article does and can not because it is meant for the public, not a specific audience Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library.

As a professional, I would definitely use the peer reviewed article over the one from the internet. Peer review articles are put through massive changes and alterations by other professionals before it can be published. Articles found on the internet might not be reviewed at all, leading to misinformation and incorrect findings. Peer reviewed articles have a higher respect in any profession as opposed to internet articles.

Peer Reviewed Article –

Garinger, L., Chow, G., & Luzzeri, M. (2018). The effect of perceived stress and specialization   on the relationship between perfectionism and burnout in collegiate athletes
. Anxiety,       Stress, and Coping, 31
(6), 714-727. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1521514

 

Internet Article: 
Managing Stress in Sport — Gunter Psychological ServicesGunter Psychological Services (drkensagunter.com)

Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library

Scholarly information comes from a wide variety of sources including academic books, encyclopedias, handbooks, and journals. “Scholarly” is a broad term for publications written by and for researchers and scholars. These publications are typically not found in your local bookstore or public library because they are written for a very specific audience. They are mostly available in university and specialized libraries, not freely available online. This is why it is essential to learn to navigate the Walden Library and use it often!

During your time at Walden, you will be focusing on peer reviewed journal articles, a specific type of scholarly publication that goes through a specialized review process. These types of articles may report on original research or review the work of other researchers.

As you use the Walden Library to search the peer reviewed literature to support your discussion posts and assignments, it is important to understand how the Library is organized. Most modern libraries make their materials available electronically through searchable databases. Here in the Walden Library, you have access to specialized academic databases, many of which are specific to psychology and the social and behavioral sciences Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library.

As part of this week’s Discussion, you will explore the databases in the Walden Library and compare and contrast peer reviewed articles found in these databases to those found online.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review Learning Resources for this week and familiarize yourself with navigating the Walden Library, searching Library databases, and limiting your searches to full text, peer review, and publication date.

Search the “APA PsycINFO database” in the Walden Library and locate a peer reviewed article on a psychology topic you would like to explore relevant to your area of specialization in your program.

Next, search the Internet and locate an article related to the same topic.

Reflect on the sources of both articles, and evaluate each article using the evaluation methods listed in the Learning Resources.

With these thoughts in mind:

By Day 3

Post 
a brief description of the articles you found. Next, compare and contrast the articles and explain the differences you noticed between them.  Further explain how the use of peer review articles will improve the arguments  in your scholarly writing. As a professional in the field of psychology, which article would you use as evidence to support your ideas? Provide the article title and journal name for the article you find in the Library and the URL for the article you found online Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library.

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Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to this week’s Learning Resources.

Read
 a selection of your colleagues’ postings.

By Day 5

Respond 
to 
two
 of your colleagues and continue the discussion through 
Day 7
. When researching a topic, often leads to another. Choose one of your colleague’s posts and search the Walden Library databases to locate another peer reviewed article on the same topic as your colleague’s article. Describe the article you found and why it might be of interest to your colleague. Include the name of the database where you found it (i.e., APA PsycINFO, etc.) and further provide the citation to the article in APA format (author, publication, year, article title, journal title, and volume/issue/page numbers).

In recent years, I developed interest in mental health of the individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.  From the Walden University library’s PsycInfo database, I was able to find several peer-reviewed articles about this topic.  One of them that particularly caught my attention is a research article named “Repeat Emergency Department Visits for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Psychiatric Disorders” by Durbin et al. (2019), which found that individuals with dual diagnosis are more likely to repeat emergency department visit within 30 days from the initial discharge (p. 206).  On the other hand, from internet search, I also found another article related to mental health of the individuals with intellectual disabilities: 
“
Co-Occurring Mental Illness and Developmental Disabilities”
written by Quintero and Flick (2010).  In this article, the authors cautioned that mental health needs of those with dual diagnosis are not adequately met through the current mental health care system, and introduced a specific rehabilitation program consisting of a multidisciplinary team situated in Houston, Texas (paras, 12) Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library.

In comparison, the authors of the two articles made similar arguments that the mental health needs of those with dual diagnosis are not adequately met through the current mental health care system.  However, Quantero and Flicks (2010) did not cite any specific study to back up this claim.  They only cited one article published in 1997 (
Silka & Hauser, paras 7
) to explain that overshadowing often occurs when clinicians mistakenly attribute psychiatric symptoms to one’s intellectual and developmental disabilities, and as a result leave those symptoms untreated.  On the contrary, 
Durbin et al. (2019) attempted to find out how under-treated 
psychiatric disorders in individuals with dual diagnosis may impact the health care system by comparing and contrasting repeat emergency department visits by group identities (i.e., psychiatric disorder with or without IDD).  They used population-base retrospective cohort study (Durbin et al., 2019, p. 207), stringent data collection, statistical methods, and specific variables to ascertain their findings.  Furthermore, they also noted the limitations in their study in not being able to rule out other socioeconomic factors as potential extraneous variables, which may have impacted repeating emergency department visits (Drubin et al, 2019, p. 213). 

 

Working towards becoming a professional in the field of psychology, it is my belief that we should emphasize facts over opinions by focusing our search in peer-reviewed scholarly journals to strengthen our arguments.  According to Walden University library (2021), peer-reviewed journals “use a specific… process to try to ensure the accuracy and reliability of published articles (paras 2).”  Although reading popular articles on the internet may help us understand the common beliefs and concerns shared by the general public, peer-reviewed scholarly articles should be what we focus on in our effort to further understand specific clinical issues and contribute to more understanding in the field in psychology Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library. 

References

Durbin, A., Balogh, R., Lin, E., Wilton, A. S., Selick, A., Dobranowski, K. M. & Lunsky, Y. (2019). 
Repeat Emergency Department Visits for Individuals with Intellectual and developmental Disabilities and Psychiatric Disorders. 
 American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 
124
(3), 206-219.

Quantero, M. & Flick, S. (2010).  
Co-occurring mental illness and developmental disabilities.  
Social Work 
Today
, 
10
(5), 6.  https://www.socialworktoday.com/archive/092310p6.shtml

 

Silka, V. R., & Hauser, M, J. (1997). Psychiatric assessment of the person with mental retardation. 
Psychiatric Annals
, 27(3). 
http://www.pipatl.org/bibliography/hauser/assessment.html

Walden University (2010).  Evaluating resources: Peer review.  Retrieved October 19, 2021, retrieved from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/evaluating/peer-review
Discussion 1: Scholarly Sources and the Walden Library

Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay

Comparison, Contrast, and Critiques of Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies.

Introduction

Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic management that supports clients’ learn how to recognize and adjust damaging and troubling thought patterns that adversely impact their feelings and conduct. The Therapy focuses on clients’ mood, behavior, and automatic negative thought patterns that contribute to depression, emotional difficulties, and anxiety (Lin, 2001). CBT helps identify the challenges, thoughts and substitutes them with realistic ideas that are more objective. CBT focuses on a range of role-playing, journaling, mental distraction, and relaxation techniques to help people overcome negative thought patterns. The therapist challenges some of the client’s believes and actions as either irrational or self-destructive Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

On the other hand, person-centered therapy also called Client-Centered Therapy, is a counseling approach where the client takes an active role in the treatment process, and the therapist assumes a supportive role. The client chooses the treatment path while the therapist helps classify the client’s reactions to encourage self-actualization. The main aim of Client-Centered Therapy is to increase openness and self-esteem. The therapist helps clients to reduce defensiveness, insecurity, and guilt by advocating for self-realization. This, in turn, improves relations with other people and enhances the ability to express and increase capacity to have a more comfortable relationship.

Client-centered therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are common concepts used in psychotherapy and counseling.  They have different theoretical approaches, so they have different uses in medicine.  Factors such as treatment setting and age of the client will determine the type of treatment to be applied.  Both therapies, however, guide patients on their own initiative and self-discovery journey.  This paper evaluates the application of theories and the effectiveness of counseling by comparing cognitive behavioral therapy and human-based models Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

Contrast

Client-Centered Therapy provides a non-judgmental and empathic environment to the person to help in a reflective assessment of emotions resulting from life scenarios. The counselor applies active listening to give a client a chance to reveal personal problems, emotions, and ways to manage them. However, the application and efficacy are pecked on the client’s life situation and age. In a study by Hanley and Gibbard (2008), the therapist used client-based counseling on mild mental health problems. The clients suffered from anxiety and mood disorders. The client was given time to narrate their experiences in a setting free from criticism and questioning. The result showed that client-Centered is an effective method in helping mentally ill patients understand their conditions and manage their life experiences. The aim of client centered is to enable clients to internalize their experiences to overcome them.

Cochran and Tursi’s (2006) study shows that the client-centered approach focuses on enhancing clients’ self-concept.  The counselor understands that the client’s behavior and feelings come out due to self-preservation when faced with distressing scenarios. The researcher observed that the counseling relationship is improved when the therapist provides an empathetic and warm counseling setting -This environment gives control to the client to narrate personal life information.

In Hanley and Gibbard (2008), they found that Client-Centered Therapy helps clients with anxiety and mood disorder to develop positive self-actualization. They concluded that Client-Centered Therapy is useful for clients with a mild mental illness. Lin (2001) found that the differences between Chinese and western culture hinder cognitive-behavioral Therapy’s effectiveness in giving Therapy to Chinese clients. The cognitive-behavior therapist should adjust their approaches when dealing with clients from different cultures. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

Similarities

Both concepts are relevant in different contexts and have been applied to current situations requiring group or individual treatment.  This paper evaluates the application of theories and the effectiveness of counseling by comparing cognitive behavioral therapy and human-based models.

The two scholars have shown some similarities between knowledge-based counseling and human-based counseling.  Both approaches are aimed at improving the customer’s journey of self-awareness.  In addition, treatments improve their clients’ self-concept and understanding of life.  Both models identify the need for action or behavior changes that come from the client’s perspective rather than the consultants’ suggestions.

The process of change The client-centered treatment involves psychological changes that eliminate the perception between ‘life’ and ‘self’ as a result of cognitive-behavioral therapy.  The effectiveness of client-centered therapy is limited to children, because they do not limit themselves to a therapist who impedes their development.  On the other hand, the cognitive-behavioral approach may not be appropriate for clients who do not express emotional expressions.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is intended to change the client’s beliefs that lead to more serious disorders.  The approach challenges customer perspectives, which can lead to self-harm.  Customer feedback is based on community and cultural factors.  A study by Lin (2001) examined the foundations of the concept of cognitive behaviors that describe the effectiveness of Chinese client psychotherapy.  Scholars have identified Western values, philosophies, personal relationships, socialization, and self-concept (Lin, 2001) Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

This shows the value, cognitive process and behavior of cultural forms.  Cognitive-behavioral approach is intended to encourage clients to develop more self-concept and self-confidence.  It therefore challenges the Chinese Confucianism and Collective Values.  In Chinese culture, public expression and self-confidence are considered deceptive.  Therefore, the application and effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on ethnic background (Lin, 2001).  The therapist must distinguish between the client and the concept of negative emotions.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is similar to client-centered counseling.  In a study by Pastor and Shechtman (2005), they compared the two approaches to the effectiveness of children’s counseling.  To some extent, scholars have evaluated children’s behavior and academic performance.  The results were better than the human approach to cognitive-behavioral therapy.  Cognitive-behavioral therapy disrupts group therapy in a structured environment.

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According to Cochran and Tursi (2006), cognitive-behavioral therapy is similar to client-centered therapies in that it facilitates self-stimulation in clients.  The researchers concluded that long-term psychotherapy can help victims cope with personal and emotional issues and improve individuals’ abilities.

Conclusion

Client-Centered Therapy and Cognitive-behavioral approaches are crucial to counseling. Both counseling’s have distinct and separate therapeutic uses based on clients’ settings and characteristics. Both methods can be used simultaneously to address client’s challenges. The therapist approach is vital in the client-centered approach than his skills—the therapist attitudes like unconditional positive regards, genuineness, and empathy. The therapists accelerate self-actualization by providing the right environment for the clients to feel freely involved, in-depth self-exploration, and focused Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

References

Basch, D. I. (2019). Exposure-based cognitive behavioral Therapy and client-centered Therapy: A pragmatic case study of a technically eclectic, integrationist approach (Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University-Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology).

Gibbard, I. & Hanley, T. (2008). A five-year evaluation of the effectiveness of person-centered Counseling in routine clinical practice in primary care.
Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 8
(4), 215-222.

Lin, Y. (2001). The Application of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Counseling Chinese.
American Journal of Psychotherapy, 55
(4), 46-52.

Shechtman, Z. & Pastor, R. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral and humanistic group treatment for Children with learning disabilities: A comparison of outcomes and process.
Journal of Counseling Psychology 52
(1), 322-336.

Tursi, M. & Cochran, J. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral tasks accomplished in person-centered Relational framework.
Journal of Counseling & Development, 84
(2), 387-398 Cognitive-Behavioral and Client-Centered therapies Essay.

Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay

According to Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, “children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world (Berk, 2018, pp. 17). Piaget used the concept of adaptation; he believed that “just as structures of the body are adapted to fit with the environment, so structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world” (Berk, 2018, pp. 17).  Piaget’s theory of cognitive development consists of stages; they are, sensorimotor (birth to two years), preoperational (two to seven years), concrete operational (seven to eleven), and formal operational (eleven years on) (Berk, 2018).

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory “focuses on how culture – the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group – is transmitted to the next generation” (Berk, 2018, pp. 22).  With this theory, social interaction is the key to giving children the knowledge, ways of thing, and behaving that make up the community’s culture (Berk, 2018) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

With both cognitive-developmental theory and sociocultural theory, children go through stages of development (Berk, 2018). These stages are divided into age groups and are more precise with Piaget’s theory. Piaget’s stages have clear developmental processes that happen in each stage (Berk, 2018). These stages consist of how children at different ages learn as they explore the world around them (Berk, 2018).  With Vygotsky’s theory, the stages are not divided by age but by the changes the child undergoes (Berk, 2018). The study of cognitive development has influenced Vygotsky’s theory; as he agreed with some of Piaget’s ideas, the difference was that “Piaget emphasized children’s independent efforts to make sense of their world, Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process, in which children depend on assistance from adults and more expert peers as they tackle new challenges” (Berk, 2018, pp. 22).

Piaget’s theory made significant contributions, but some believed Piaget’s stages pay insufficient attention to social and cultural influences on development (Berk, 2018). The field is divided over its loyalty to Piaget’s ideas (Berk, 2018). Vygotsky’s research reveals that every culture develops unique strengths; however, because of the emphasis on culture and social experiences, Vygotsky neglected the biological side of development (Berk, 2018). “Contemporary sociocultural theorists grant the individual and society more balanced, mutually influential roles” (Berk, 2018, pp. 23) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

Reference

Berk, L. E. (2018). Development through the lifespan (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Chapter 1, “History, Theory, and Research Strategies” (“Scientific Beginnings” through “Comparing and Evaluating Theories,” (pp. 12-26)

Discussion: The Contribution of Classical Theorists to Contemporary Developmental Theorists

While all major developmental theories attempt to explain the growth of individuals, each theory has a slightly different perspective. Some theories emphasize environmental (nurture) more than biological (nature) influences. Some theories focus on a particular construct (e.g., cognition), while others emphasize the impact of age range in shaping development. Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory emphasizes fixed stages during which the mind’s capacities allow an individual to learn about the world. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, on the other hand, is not stage-based and describes growth as an interaction between the individual and his or her environment.

Contemporary theories (e.g., Langer’s theory of mindfulness) typically build upon the foundation generated by earlier theories. Langer’s theory of mindfulness contains similarities to classical theories, such as Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, in that they both agree that development is contextual and the organism is an active “mindful” participant. Langer took Vygotsky’s theory to a new level, focusing specifically on education and the learner. Other contemporary theories include neo-Piagetian cognitive developmental theories, which attempt to address the limitations found within Piaget’s classical theory Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay. Robbie Case, Andreas Demetriou, and Kurt Fischer proposed theories that were extensions of Piaget’s theory. These theorists added concepts that expanded on cognitive functioning within the stages of development. Most developmental psychologists today do not believe that a single perspective or theory can sufficiently explain lifespan development; rather, an eclectic approach accounts for development better.

For this Discussion, you will examine classical and contemporary developmental theories as they relate to current applications in developmental psychology.

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To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the course text and other Learning Resources related to mid-20th-century theories and recent theoretical perspectives

Select two theories from the following list, one from each column (classical, contemporary), that examine the same developmental processes (i.e., cognitive, physical, and/or social-emotional) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

 

Classical Theories

Contemporary Theories

Psychoanalytic/Psychosexual

Psychosocial

Behaviorism/Learning

Social Learning

Cognitive-Developmental

Information Processing

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Ethology/Evolutionary Developmental

Sociocultural

Systems Theory

 

By Day 4

Post a brief description of the two theories you selected (one classical and one contemporary). Contrast the theories you selected. Specifically, identify important similarities and differences, including an explanation of the strengths and limitations of each theory in explaining developmental processes (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social-emotional). 
Note:
 Your descriptions should be in paragraph form, not bullet points. Use your Learning Resources and/or other scholarly sources to support your post. Use proper APA format and citations.

By Day 6

Respond to at least one of your colleagues’ posts and search the Internet and/or the Walden Library and select a current article (within the last 5 years) that is related to the same developmental process (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social-emotional) that your colleague posted. Summarize the article and describe the theory identified within the article.

Return
to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting and answer any questions. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained as a result of your colleagues’ comments.Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay

 

response

I think you did a good job in explaining Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theory, highlighting the strengths and limitations. In an article by Ahmad et al (2016), the role of play in cognitive development was examined.  Harris (2005) defines cognitive development as, “the process of reasoning, thinking, and problem solving, which changes over the course of the life span”, (para. 1). It aids in the development of imagination and memory in children, both of which are necessary for thinking about the past, present, and future. In a variety of ways, play aids in cognitive growth, (Ahmad et al, 2016). Jean  Piaget’s research led him to form this theory as he saw cognitive development as an active process in which an infant, child, or teenager organizes their experiences with their environment, adapts to it, and tries to preserve a feeling of balance with old and new information. He felt that the first 15 years of life were divided into discrete but interconnected stages of cognitive development, the latter stage ages 11-15 was referred to as the formal operant stage (Harris, 2005).

The study conducted by Ahmad et al (2016) indicated that “students feel curiosity to explore new things and new ideas by play”, (para.1). It also suggested that on the basis of play duration, there was a distinction between memorizing, exploration, comprehension, and problem-solving ability. It was suggested that the students who spend more time playing in a day have faster cognitive development and achieve higher levels at the formal operant stage. They are more logical thinkers who handle problems more effectively than others, (Ahmad et al, 2016).  The study concluded that children at the formal operational level improve their cognitive thinking based on the length of time they spend playing, not on their age, (Ahmad et al, 2016) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

References

Ahmad, S., Ch, A. H., Batool, A., Sittar, K., & Malik, M. (2016). Play and Cognitive Development: Formal Operational Perspective of Piaget’s Theory. 
Journal of Education and Practice
, 
7
(28), 72–79.

Harris, Y.R. (2005). Cognitive development. In Neil J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Development (pp. 275-280) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory essay.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act  (HIPAA)

The Health Insurance and Accountability Act (HIPAA), started operating in the year 1996, where it ensured the health of patient was provided with health facilities that would help them recover from their diagnosis without them knowing. According to HHS.gov (n,d), it was invented by the federal law, to ensure that there is creation of the national  standards for the protection of the sensitive patients, most especially those who are not in a position to support themselves, or sometimes no relatives who could help them overcome their diagnosis.
Th
e Health and Human Services (HHS), which the Department of the United States invented, issued out the HIPAA privacy rule so that HIPAA could be able to generate its requirements and be independent Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay.

Different scholarly studies have dissect that the HIPAA provision of safe harbor is linked with the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The HIPAA Privacy Rule has its own limitations, one of the most essential limitation is that it discloses Protected Health Information (PHI) Compliancy Group (2020). The HIPAA safe harbor rule is the rule that identifies protected health information that have already been identified. The HIPAA Privacy Rule is a rule that protects diagnosis of an individual that can be identified. The rule involves performing some diagnosis, then letter on provides relevant information which are transmitted through an entity that is covered, or its business associates, in various different forms such as; oral, paper, electronic or media. This information that is transmitted, is referred as the Protected Health Information (PHI).

The Individually Identifiable Health Information is an information that provides the demographic data that is linked to: the past, present and future mental or physical health of a patient, providing health care to the diagnosed patient, or the past present or future payment for the provision of health care to the patient. HIPAA Safe Harbor De – identification is the process that involves the removal of specific patient identifier, the relatives of the patient, employers and or the members of the household. The HIPAA Safe Harbor De – identification requirements process was to become satisfying if the specific identifiers had been removed. The moment the information of the protected health has been De – identified, the result is no longer known as the PHI Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay.

According to Sweeney, Loo and Brody (2017), there are some of the specific information that has to be De – identified with regards to HIPAA Safe Harbor Provision. This specific information include; specified data elements which can consequently be used to  identify a patient uniquely. The pieces of data that can be used to identify an individual uniquely include; geographic locators, names, the date elements that are related to the patient except the year, cellphone, telephone and fax numbers, email, IP addresses – this may be useful when identifying physical addresses, social security numbers, numbers of the medical record, among others.

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Finally, it is important to state that the HIPAA Safe Harbor De – identification is usually carried out for the purpose of De – identifying certain PHI. Once these elements of data have been De – identified, they are no longer known as the PHI. This means that they can now be used to perform other different diagnosis such as studies that are competitive or certain types of research which could be relevant in providing medical information Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay.

References.

HHS.gov (n,d). Summery of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Security Rule. Retrieved from
https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/security/laws-regulations/index.html

Compliancy Group (2020). What is the HIPAA Safe Harbor Provision? Retrieved from

What is the HIPAA Safe Harbor Provision?

Sweeney, L., Too, J. & Brody, G. (2017). Re – identification Risks in HIPAA Safe Harbor Data: A Study of Data from one Environmental Health Study. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344041/

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay

Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis

Pathophysiology

Gout is a form of arthritis characterized by severe pain and tenderness in the joints (Singh & Cleveland, 2018). Unlike other diseases, gout results from a combination of factors such as demographic factors of an individual to underlined health conditions, medications, and diet. It is therefore a condition that needs to be prevented by observing both social and lifestyle practices that promotes health and wellbeing.

The symptoms presented by the patient result from gout. Gout comes about as a result of the accumulation of urate crystals in an individual’s joint resulting in inflammation and severe pain in the joins. Urate crystals develop when an individual has excess uric acid in the blood, which then builds up in the joints hence causing pain (Burke, Kottgen, & McAdams-DeMarco, 2019). From the case study, the patient has excess uric acid meaning that he is likely suffering from gout Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis. Moreover, urate crystals can come about when a human kidney fails to excrete enough urate. If any of the two processes take place, then an individual is likely to develop gout. As presented in the case, gout majorly targets the big toe but can develop in any other joint such as the ankles, elbows, fingers, and knees. The pain develops fast and would be severe within 12 hours after the time it begins.

Gout affects an individual’s physical function, productivity, and even health-related quality of life (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2019). For instance, the severe pain in the joints affects mobility and can also interfere with other body functions such as resulting in headaches.  It also results in increased healthcare costs, where an individual, especially the old has to constantly seek medical attention due to severe pain in the joints. When not controlled on time, gout can increase the severity of other health conditions Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

The gout problem is different among diverse demographics. The problem is more prevalent among men than women at an early age. However, in older ages the gender variations and risk of gout reduces. In terms of race and ethnicity, blacks have a high chance of suffering from gout than whites (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2019). Additionally, research reveals that blacks and other ethnic minorities are not well exposed to quality healthcare than the white majority hence resulting in disproportionate morbidity.

There are various processes or risk factors that result in gout. The major risk factor is medical conditions. Here, individuals with certain health conditions like diabetes, kidney problems, Type II diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, heart problems, and high blood pressure can easily develop gout (Choi, Karlson, & Curhan, 2020). These conditions affect the way the kidney excretes uric acid or how uric acid is absorbed in the blood hence resulting in excess of the acid in the blood which is later transported into the joints Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis. The specific type of medical prescription might also increase the chance of being diagnosed with gout. For instance, some medications like thiazide diuretics for treating hypertension trigger the increase of uric acid in the human blood. When such medications are used without proper control, they might result in gout development. The age and sexual orientation of an individual have an impact on gout conditions. In most cases, gout is prevalent among men than women since women naturally have lower uric acid in their bodies. However, this changes after menopause, where the women uric acid levels are almost equal to that of men resulting from decreased levels of estrogen, and hence they have an almost equal risk of developing gout. Generally, gout affects older individuals of more than 50 years of age due to lower rates of excretion of urate in the kidney. Diet also affects the risk of being diagnosed with gout. Food rich in meat, fruit sugar, and seafood have a lot of uric acids which in turn increase their levels in the body (Choi, Karlson, & Curhan, 2020). Moreover, an individual whose family history presents persistent cases of gout has a higher possibility of developing the disease Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

In conclusion, gout conditions can result from different factors such as age, gender, medical conditions and interventions, and dietary patterns. The combination of these factors increases the risk of getting the disease, meaning that individuals should be careful about their lifestyle practices as a sure way of controlling gout.

 

References

Burke, B., Kottgen, A., & McAdams-DeMarco, M. (2019). Gout in Older Adults:The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
The Journals of Gerontology Serries A:Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
, 223-227.

Choi, H., Karlson, A., & Curhan, G. (2020). Obesity,weight change,hypertension,diuretic use,and risk of gout in men:the health professionals follow-up study.
Arch Intern Med
, 742-748.

McCance, K., Huether, S., Brashers, V., & Rote, N. (2019).
Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children.
New York: Elsevier.

Singh, J., & Cleveland, J. (2018). Gout and dementia in the elderly:a cohort study of medicare claims.
BMC Geriatrics
, 12-16 Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.

Photo Credit: yodiyim / Adobe Stock

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

How these processes interact to affect the patient.

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By Day 7 of Week 4

Submit 
your Case Study Analysis Assignment
 by Day 7 of Week 4

Reminder: 
The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at 
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates
). All papers submitted must use this formatting Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

 

NURS_6501_Module2_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric

Grid View

List View

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examing the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

Explain both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms.

28 
(28%)
 – 30 
(30%)

The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

25 
(25%)
 – 27 
(27%)

The response describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

23 
(23%)
 – 24 
(24%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.

The response includes reasons for the cardiovascular and/or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.

0 
(0%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.

The response does not include reasons for either the cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.

Explain how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

28 
(28%)
 – 30 
(30%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

25 
(25%)
 – 27 
(27%)

The response includes an accurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

23 
(23%)
 – 24 
(24%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

0 
(0%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.

Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

23 
(23%)
 – 25 
(25%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

20 
(20%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

18 
(18%)
 – 19 
(19%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations based on inappropriate evidence/research.

0 
(0%)
 – 17 
(17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.

Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:

Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.

5 
(5%)
 – 5 
(5%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

4 
(4%)
 – 4 
(4%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.

3 
(3%)
 – 3 
(3%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.

0 
(0%)
 – 2 
(2%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5  (5%)  – 5  (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4  (4%)  – 4  (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3  (3%)  – 3  (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0  (0%)  – 2  (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5  (5%)  – 5  (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4  (4%)  – 4  (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3  (3%)  – 3  (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 0  (0%)  – 2  (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100 Name: NURS_6501_Module2_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric Gout Essay- NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis

NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

Introduction

This essay describes the disease that is highlighted in the scenario of the 11-year old boy. In the scenario, the boy complains of wheezing and difficulty “getting enough air.” These symptoms especially increase when the boy is exercising, and there is an improvement when the activity stops. The mother suggests that the boy is allergic to cat dander, and since the next-door neighbor started sheltering cats, the symptoms have worsened even when the boy is at rest. Auscultation showed wheezes on forced expiration throughout all lung fields. This study will analyze the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of the diseases that are presented in the case study NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

The disease is likely a result of the blocking of the airways in the lungs. The blockage may be a result of narrowing, swelling, or production of extra mucus in the lungs. When this happens, the space for passing air is constricted, making a person force the passage of air, struggle to breathe, and this ends up producing the wheezing sound. The problem may be aggravated by the cat dander, a situation the mother says that the boy is allergic to. In this case, the inner walls of the lungs’ airways contain mucosal cells that produce mucus to act as a protective system against the foreign matters in the lungs. In the case there is dander from the cats in the air, these are tiny pieces of dead skin, the boy may inhale them and invoke a reaction that makes antigen-presenting cells in the airways to make extra mucus (McCance & Huether, 2019). As a result, the mucus further blocks the airways leading the boy to struggle to breathe and thus wheezing sound.

In genetics, children who have been born in families with cases of allergic asthma have had a high likelihood of developing the same conditions. According to research, certain gene variations that change the encoding of epithelial cell-derived cytokines like interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are involved in the pathogenesis of allergies (Min, 2010). These gene variations are inherited from parent to child, and thus the family history of the condition increases the risk of developing this condition. Other gene variations in the ORMDL3 and GSDML genes that are also hereditary are associated with early-onset of the condition NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

The other factor that may affect the propensity to develop the condition is race and ethnicity. According to studies, some races are less exposed to allergies and asthma more than others. The chance of developing such conditions varies dramatically based on the ethnicity and race of an individual. For example, Caucasians are found to have the highest rate of allergies that are about three times more than the Asians from presented with the lowest rate (Ortiz & Barnes , 2015).

In this case, the stimulus could include exercise activities and exposure to cat dander. In exercise activities, the body requires more oxygen than when the person is stationary. Therefore, the heightened oxygen requirement is faced with narrowed or swollen airways making the boy breathe hard to supply more oxygen. In the case of cat dander, they stimulate a reaction that produces more mucus that ends up blocking the airways NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

Conclusion

From the analysis, the boy is suffering from asthma that is worsened by the allergy to cat dander. The physiology of the problem involved narrowed or swollen airways in the lungs. The extra mucus may also block the airways causing heavy breathing and wheezing sound. Genetic factors could have played a role in predisposing the child to a hereditary condition NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

References

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019).
Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children.
New York: Elsevier.

Min, Y.-G. (2010). The Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.
Allergy Asthma Immunol Res.
, 65-76.

Ortiz, R. A., & Barnes , K. C. (2015). Genetics of Allergic Diseases.
Immunol Allergy Clin North Am
, 19-44.

Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.

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An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

By Day 7 of Week 2

Submit
 your Case Study Analysis Assignment 
by Day 7 of Week 2
.

Reminder: 
The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at 
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates
). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

 

NURS_6501_Module1_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric

Grid View

List View

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

28 
(28%)
 – 30 
(30%)

The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

25 
(25%)
 – 27 
(27%)

The response describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

23 
(23%)
 – 24 
(24%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.

The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.

0 
(0%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.

The response does not include reasons for the symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.

Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

23 
(23%)
 – 25 
(25%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

20 
(20%)
 – 22 
(22%)

The response includes an accurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

18 
(18%)
 – 19 
(19%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

0 
(0%)
 – 17 
(17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease is missing.

Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

28 
(28%)
 – 30 
(30%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

25 
(25%)
 – 27 
(27%)

The response includes an accurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

23 
(23%)
 – 24 
(24%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

0 
(0%)
 – 17 
(17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:

Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.

5 
(5%)
 – 5 
(5%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

4 
(4%)
 – 4 
(4%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.

3 
(3%)
 – 3 
(3%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.

0 
(0%)
 – 2 
(2%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5  (5%)  – 5  (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4  (4%)  – 4  (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3  (3%)  – 3  (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0  (0%)  – 2  (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5  (5%)  – 5  (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4  (4%)  – 4  (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3  (3%)  – 3  (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 0  (0%)  – 2  (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100 Name: NURS_6501_Module1_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis