Tag: Clinical-Nursing

Gibb’s model of reflection focuses on the self-reflecting ability of the actions of an individual with the view to engage in a continual learning process (Wilding, 2008). It is a framework for evaluating various experiences to understand specific areas which need improvement. Gibbs’ reflective cycle is considered one of the most popular cyclical reflection models. In this article, we will discuss what is Gibbs’ reflection model, among other vital insights. Therefore, read on to learn more. Gibbs’ model of reflection:

What is Gibbs’ reflective cycle?

Before we delve deeper into Gibb’s model of reflection, it is essential first to try and understand what is meant by Gibbs’ reflective cycle. In his book “Learning by Doing 1988,” Professor Graham Gibbs shows how important for people to learn through different situations they experience daily, especially when conditions are not favoring them.

From his book, you can learn that the reflective cycle is about self-reflection and a control mechanism that can aid people in figuring out things clearly and systematically. There are various things humans undergo daily that they can draw conclusions about.

Gibb’s reflective model’s plan was to implement various stages to explain the situation, and the cycle sounds sensible. In his reflective model, he believes people should learn from past experiences to figure out life afterward.

Gibb’s model of reflection is the best teaching method that defines situations and helps people reflect and adjust appropriately next time.

Gibbs reflective model

So, now that you understand what is Gibbs’s reflective cycle, it is equally vital for you to understand Gibbs’s reflective models and the various stages. As you have seen, the Gibbs model is cyclical with a framework that focuses on reoccurring events.

It involves six stages whereby each stage aids in reflecting and engaging in a particular learning experience. However, Gibb’s reflective model is easy to use as a guide for learning in a coaching class to examine a situation and draw conclusions.

Gibb’s model of reflection takes the form of six stages: feelings, description, evaluation, analysis, action plan, and conclusion. Below we will discuss each stage in detail.

Description

The first stage of the Gibbs reflective cycle is termed description. In this reflective phase, people can describe their situation or their experiences. However, this phase is not for drawing conclusions but for understanding what has happened.

The focus here is mainly on important information that can offer a factual description of the condition. Therefore, this stage is vital as it helps develop a suitable foundation for understanding the incident.

To understand this stage better, you can apply the following questions to understand more about the situations in the Gibbs model of the reflection description phase.

Who was present?

Why were you there?

When and where did it happen?

What actually happened?

What did you do?

According to you, what did you intend to happen?

What was the result of the situation?

What actions did other people take?

Feelings

Feelings are the second stage of the Gibbs reflective cycle. Here, people can describe their
description feelings
and thoughts and the way it has shown an effect on their experiences. Feelings are usually the state of mind of an individual.

The importance of this stage is to understand your thoughts about the different situations and to question yourself on some crucial aspects.

Here are questions that can help you understand the feelings about a certain situation clearly.

What were your feelings like before this situation happened?

What were your feelings at the time of that situation?

What and how did you feel after experiencing this situation?

What and how do you think other people felt when this situation occurred?

What are your thoughts about the situation right now?

How do you think other people will feel about this situation currently?

What do you think other people will feel after this situation?

Evaluation

Evaluation is the third and most crucial phase in the Gibbs model of reflection. Evaluation is marked by people evaluating their experiences either positively or negatively or either good or bad about the circumstance.

Evaluation is the stage where you need to be more objective and know what worked to your advantage and what did not.

You can take the help of the questions below to understand the circumstance in the evaluation phase described in the Gibbs model of reflection.

What went according to the plan in this situation?

What did not go so well in this situation?

What was the negative aspect of this situation?

What was the positive aspect of this situation?

What and how was your contribution to the success of this situation (it can either be positive or negative)

What and how was the participation of other individuals in the success of this situation (either positively or negatively)

Analysis

Another significant and fourth stage of the Gibbs reflective cycle is analysis. The analysis takes various forms to understand a particular situation. In this context, people can use analysis to feel, think and try to make the relevance of the situation and know what transpired.

In the past, an individual was aimed at details, but analysis allows thinking and drawing relevance from the experience and situation. You can do this at this phase if you want to incorporate academic literature.

This is the step to understanding the things that went well and aided the situation or the reason it did not succeed. Here are important questions you can apply to understand the situations in the Gibbs model of the reflection analysis stage.

Why did everything go as planned in this circumstance?

Why did things not go as planned in this situation?

What meaningful explanations can you make of the situation?

What knowledge and understanding can aid in unearthing this situation?

What skills of other people can be crucial to understand this situation better?

Conclusion

The conclusion is the fifth stage of the Gibbs reflective cycle. It comes after the above stages have been implemented to understand a situation clearly. In conclusion, people can figure out what they have learned and what can possibly be done differently next time.

The conclusions are the section where people can agree through understanding and concluding the actions that can be improved to better the results in the subsequent encounter.

Before drawing a conclusion, essential questions can help understand the situation better. Here are highlights

What did this situation teach me?

What did this circumstance teach other people?

What could have been done to make the situation more positive for everyone?

What activities could I do to improve the experience?

What skills and knowledge do I need to learn to cope with this situation better in the future?

Action plan

The action plan is the sixth and last stage of Gibb’s model of reflection. After learning all these phases, action is needed for the teachings to be effective.

In this stage, people can describe their thoughts on what they have learned and how they can implement the teachings to deal with similar situations in subsequent encounters. Therefore, this is the step to make adjustments and develop a plan to handle things differently in the future.

You can take the questions below to understand better the situations involved in the action plan.

What can I do to ensure that I will respond differently to situations the next time it happens?

How can I learn various skills required to deal with similar situations in the future?

If I had the chance to do the same things again, what could be my action plan, and what can I do differently?

The Gibbs model of reflection has been applied in different situations to boost understanding of a circumstance or an encounter to help people learn. The process is, however, considered an important tool that adapts so well to several situations and aids. Participants reflect appropriately on a situation and apply suitable action in the future.

Are there differences between Gibb’s and John’s reflective models?

We have discussed Gibb’s model of reflection above; however, other scholars contributed to
nursing
reflective models. One of them is John’s model of reflection. His model offers a pattern of actions that gives the means for reflective practice.

There are various phases involved in this model. For example, in the first stage of the activity, there exists a descriptive recalling experience and understanding of the major issues related to a particular experience.

John’s reflective model, as well as Gibb’s model of reflection, takes different approaches which are significant for a study. However, they have similarities in terms of how they describe certain situations. So, what are the differences between Gibb’s and John’s reflective models?

The differences between Gibb’s and Johns’ reflective models

The two models show differences in how they approach different parts of the reflective activity. Gibb’s model of reflection gives more attention to the individuals and experiences or sentiments of each person involved in the experience (Davies, Finlay & Bullman, 2000).

John’s model of reflection, on the other hand, is more individual-oriented and focuses more on internal as well as external elements and situational factors.

Gibbs’ model of reflection begins with the experience being considered, simply a description of the event as it occurred. The intricacies of the event and an emphasis on the participants, from the individual to the other participants in the event, are addressed.

John’s model of reflection, in contrast, begins with reviewing the event rather than just giving a rundown of its events and participants’ roles. It necessitates a thorough examination of the justifications for the actions taken in light of the goals pursued.

Gibb’s reflective cycle in nursing

You may be asking about the relevance of Gibb’s
reflective cycle in nursing
. The Gibbs reflective practice models play a significant role in nursing assignments. The nursing doctors and other staff can use the model to discuss the situation of the patient.

After examining the situation or the status of the patient, the nurses can consider other options to check whether they are other treatment alternatives that can be offered to the patient. Alternatively, they can go for an action plan for dealing with a similar situation differently.

Gibb’s reflective practice models

The Gibbs reflective cycle 1988 contends that in order to be successful, contemplation must be systematic and follow a set of predetermined procedures.

This model of reflection is an example of formal reflection; it is based on research and offers a theory of how to implement the process of reflection in the most effective way.

Reflective writing models Gibbs

How can Gibb’s model of reflection be applied in writing? From his teachings, as seen in his cycle, there are various lessons that you can draw to help you in reflective writing models Gibbs. As described in the form of stages, these theories can help predict the future.

You can draw conclusions about what happened by using highlights from past experiences.

Bottom line

Hopefully, you have learned about Gibb’s model of reflection and how it can be used effectively in one’s favor. You can agree that Gibbs’ reflective model is a feature that aids professionals learn and grow from their past encounters. Therefore, if a situation in the future faces you, you can apply these techniques to help cool demonstrative conditions and curb escalating tensions. For more information on reflective models, visit 
onlinenursingpapers.com
, or if you have concerns or would like to outsource your assignment, we can help you.

Nursing as they say is a calling is a full-time job that requires caring for their patients’ lives. Nurses offer encouragement to the patients and prescribe a best-fitting care plan for those with different conditions.

Urine retention is a condition where you are unable to completely empty the bladder anytime you pass urine. Let’s discuss some of the causes of urine retention, types of urine retention, and the nursing care plan for urinary retention.

Understanding urinary retention.

As earlier described that this is the condition where one is unable to completely empty their bladder, urinary retention has a number of causes that can be diagnosed by the doctor, and an appropriate nursing care plan is prescribed as per the degree of the retention.

Urinary retention can be caused by a number of situations and scenarios. Actually, it is very important to urinate with no complications and it is highly recommended that if you notice any kind of abnormalities when urinating you should find help as soon as possible.

Urine is held in the bladder and the other major organs involved with urine in the body are:

This is the tube that is to transport the urinary tract to the outside of the body.

Internal sphincter.

The internal sphincter also referred to as the bladder outlet and holds the urine before its time.

External sphincter.

The external sphincter is found on the outside of the canal. It contains muscles that can be contact red voluntarily. Controls the passing of the urine when you let me out

Prostate (only in men).

This is also part of urinary function and is close to another urinary tract system.

With the urinary system explained, now let’s see what happens when you urinate.

Urination or micturition just like any other process in the body starts to form the brain which is the central nervous system. To urinate, the brain signals the sphincters and then they relax slowly the bladder tightens, and squeezes the urine through the urethra, and then out of the body.

There are a number of possible causes of urinary retention in both men and women. Listed below are some causes of the common causes:

Obstruction

Obstruction occurs when the urine route is obstructed by a foreign object.  This could lead to chronic urinary retention as the swelling occurs over time and a small amount of urine is let out.  Possible causes of obstruction are a swollen urethra, urethras constriction which causes urine to struggle to come out, constipation, kidney stones, or a clot in the urethra.

 Medication

There are some medications that weaken the muscles and some affect the urinary system.  Such medications include pain relievers, medication for Parkinson’s disease, morphine, and antipsychotic drugs among others.

Nerve problems

Disruption or damage of the normal nerve flow would lead to urinary retentions.  The brain can therefore not receive adequate signals from the other part of the body want and cannot be controlled somehow. Conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, diabetes complications, spine or brain injury, and Parkinson’s disease among others.

Nursing care plan for urinary retention evaluation

When a patient visits a health facility with possible symptoms of urinary retention an evaluation must be carried out to ascertain whether chronic or acute. A urodynamic test will be ordered to ascertain the magnitude of the retention. Uroflowmetry is used to measure the released amount of urine from the body and the speed at which it is traveled outside the body.

Studying the pressure at which the urine is released will advise the
nurse leaders
and the health officers on the possible nursing care plan. At this point, the nurse will be able to determine if the patient’s condition is chronic or acute urinary retention.

Encourage continuous urinating

Perennial urination helps in protecting the wound or the affected area from further infection.

Bladder scan

The evaluation could be before treatment to ascertain the damage or after medication to evaluate the progress. Either way, whenever it is necessary to scan should be done if there are further concerns with the bladder.

The bladder scan is performed to evaluate if the patient is still retaining urine and to what capacity or the healing trend.

Abdominal assessment

The nurse during an evaluation also assesses the abdomen to feel the bladder palpitating rate to determine if there is any tenderness in the bladder. These nursing care plans for urinary retention are to enable the nurses to have a clear record of the pattern of the patient’s urination.

Nursing care plan for acute urinary retention

After diagnosis, the health practitioners will evaluate whether the urinary retention is chronic or acute. The conditions are subjected to different treatment or care plans by the assigned nurse.

Acute urinary retention is considered when there is onset in the inability to pass urinate that leads to pain and discomfort. Men are more susceptible to acute urinary retention because of the possibility to have an enlarged prostate. There is a different nursing care plan for urinary retention for both
men and women
.

It has been noted that some patients with acute urinary retention are able to pass small urine midst pain. Some of the care plans nurses could use for acute urinary retention are:

Giving the patient a list of the things or activities to avoid.

These activities that are regarded as triggers should be avoided. Such measures always assist the patients by relaxing the muscles of the urinary tracts controlled by the central nervous system.

Administration of medication

After hospital treatment, a number of medications will be given by the nurse followed by instructions for admission. The family members must be educated on the admissions of when and how. The drugs are usually geared towards healing and also slowing down any further infections in the affected areas and maintaining appropriate bladder functionality.

Nursing care plan for urinary retention after surgery

Surgery is one of the treatments for acute or chronic urinary retention. The best care plans for a patient after surgery are:

Catheter insertion.

The patient might be maimed for a while and the insertion of a catheter would be ideal. Nurses should educate the patient’s family members on how to keep the catheter clean and how to change it whenever it is necessary.

Catheter care

The family members should as well be educated on what is catheter and why their kin has to have it. They should also be educated on how to take care of it, how to check the position of the kink, and constantly ensure that it is well placed.

Provide appropriate catheter care when it is needed

When the catheter insertion becomes part of the treatment after surgery, appropriate care is required to avoid any potential infections in the wound.  A nursing care plan for urinary retention after surgery is sometimes considered the most delicate because it is susceptible to infections.

Nursing care plan risk for urinary retention

Amidst the nursing care plan for urinary retention sometimes there are a number of risks involved.

Additional morbidity

Some of the care plans have led to additional morbidity in the past with some causing more harm to patients.

Infection due catechization

A catheter should only be recommended when is very necessary. Urethral catheterization should be considered the last resort because it can cause urinary tract infections and thus would lead to another surgery.

Effects of anesthesia

The type of anesthesia used also has effects on the patients. The use of analgesics and opiates causes a lot of pain to the patients with the effects lasting a long time even after surgery.

Summary

A nursing care plan for urinary retention is the specific care procedure nurses give to patients with urinary retention complications. These care plans vary case by case depending on the nature that is chronic or acute urinary retention. The purpose of the plan prescribed after diagnosis is to help the patient get better and have a normal urinating pattern. Are you looking for a nursing care plan for urinary retention? Reach out to us at onlinenursingpapers.com to help with your
nursing papers
.

Nursing just like any other profession is guided by theories that are formed by predecessors. These theories are very useful and helpful in the line of duty. Nursing theories define what nursing is, describe what nurses are to do, and provide goals and outcomes of care for the patients.

The middle-range nursing theory just like grand theories amongst others provides a number of benefits to nurses in different departments or specializations. Most nursing students, clinical researchers, and registered nurses usually refer to nursing theories often for guidelines and case studies. The middle-range theory offers enough space for scholars to criticize and analyze some concepts in the grand theory.

Being acquitted with nursing theories is very valuable to the nursing fraternity as it contains undisputed information about the best practices in nursing. In this article, we want to expand on the middle-range nursing theory and how it is used.

Middle-range theory nursing definition

Middle-range nursing theory
is defined as the nursing theory that focuses on more definitive subjects. This theory is less than grand nursing theories. Most of the people who develop this theory refer more to the grand nursing theory because of the additional contribution to the already recorded research. The scholars tend to add the new experiences faced continuously.

What is a middle-range theory in nursing?

A middle-range nursing theory is used by nursing students because it provided an angle view of reality to the main concepts. The theory also gives more specific generalized concepts and this helps the nurses in their day-to-day duties.

There are three major types of middle-range theories.

Middle-range descriptive theories are mostly the basic type.

In this type, each descriptive theory describes a phenomenon that is surrounded by one concept. When a middle-range descriptive theory describes a concept, it automatically contains several common finding that is relatable. They are categorized using given parameters.

Middle-range explanatory theories.

These explanatory theories are based on two or more theories giving the basis of the relationship. This explanation theory expands further to the relationship between the two concepts. These theories are derived from scholarly research using quantitative design, tested, and proven beyond a shadow of a doubt. One good example of the middle-range explanation theory is Watson’s theory of humans.

Middle-range predictive theories.

There is a slight difference between predictive theories and middle-range explanatory theirs. The major difference is in predictive theory the concept is more predictable and more precise, unlike the explanatory concept.  This concept enlightens further the relation from one concept to the other or more. One good example is Orlando’s theory of the deliberative nursing process.

Middle-range nursing theory is important for students of nursing because it provides a middle reality view and more specifically generalized practice areas for the nurses.

It also provides the nurses with concrete ideas which are limited but very useful for them. Some of the middle-range theory of nursing examples are:

Theory of maternal role attainment

The framework of systemic organization

Synergy model

Theory of maternal role attainment

Nurse as wounded Healer

Theory of comfort and many

The theory of unpleasant symptoms

The theory of self-efficacy

Theory of empathy

Theory of pain

The theory of chronic sorrow

Theory of social support

The theory of interpersonal relations

The theories of reasoned action and planned behavior

Theory of group power within organizations

The theory of modeling and role-modeling

The theory of comfort

Theory of health-related quality of life

The theory of health promotion

The theory of the deliberative
nursing process
,

Theory of self-efficacy

Theory of resilience

Theories of uncertainly in illness

Theory of self-efficacy among other middle-range theories.

Difference between grand theory and middle range theory in nursing?

Grand nursing theories are most of the time regarded as very detailed and always regarded as very complex. The theories under grand might require thorough research to attain the in-depth results intended on a particular concept. The transcultural nursing theory is an example of a grand nursing theory.

On the contrary, middle-range nursing theories are typically less theoretical work as compared to grand nursing theories due to the absolute nature of the concept. The middle-range nursing theories tend to elaborate more on grand nursing theories by clearer elaboration.

Middle-range nursing theories are more all-inclusive and systematic. They are more descriptive as compared to grand theories where the concepts are brought about in part explanation.

Characteristics of middle-range theory nursing

Middle-range theories are having a number of characteristics. Below are a number:

Middle-range theories are more precise and narrower than grand theories

They are consisting of a limited number of concepts and hypotheses that are written in proportionately specific standards

Its content is dependent on another concept there cannot stand without a prior concept

Middle-range theories are regarded more as hypotheses and a work in progress

Middle-range theories are considered to be conclusive and systematic in design

The theory is considered to be unified in nature

Middle range theory in nursing practice

The middle-range theory is very instrumental in nursing practice because of the added research on the concepts. The scholars who add to the already established grand theories through thorough research have been very instrumental to the nursing fraternity.

Nurses face the adverse situation on daily basis in their line of duty. A middle-range theory like the theory of self-efficacy is very useful in the nursing practice. This theory reminds the nurses of their own self-care, self–monitoring, and self-management.  This theory promotes good self-care for patients and psychological health and other chronically ill patients. Below are some of the middle-range nursing theories developed by some scholars.

Modeling and role-modeling theory in nursing practice

Another middle-range theory in nursing practice is modeling and role-modeling theory. This theory is based on the ideology that all are meant to want to live a comfortably happy and meaningful life.  This is literally true. When plans that focus on the strength of our clients are taken into consideration we help them become more alive thereby living their lives fully and enjoyable. (Erickson, 2001, p. 309).

Theory of group power within organizations

The theory of group power within an organization is a very effective example of middle-range theories that are in use in the nursing carrier and was researched by Christina Sieloff. This theory emphasizes togetherness and working as a team amongst the nurses’ personnel. It is proved beyond doubt that working together yields good results and they tend to be the
supporting system
to each other.

This theory improves competency, and teamwork and above all promotes the organization’s excellence in service delivery among nurses. This theory is another word for harmony in a work environment.

Theory of empathy

The dictionary definition of empathy is the ability to be able to understand, comprehend and share the feelings of another.

Just like this middle-range theory of empathy, nurses are expected to show understanding and affection to the patients.  This theory is based on the fact that human beings have emotions. It further alludes that empathy comprises perceptions, self-awareness, and enlightenment, it is a self-esteem booster, promotes understanding, and is also a source of learning as it opens platforms for sharing.

Empathy also offers a therapeutic and mutual understanding between the patient and the healthcare provider. This gives the patient a sense of belonging. The health care providers could use words such as I would do the same if I was in your position: I totally understand how you feel; You must be feeling so bad; I can feel the pain in how you explain it; I understand how it feels;  such kind words not only, make the patient feel better but creates a band between the patient and the nurse.

The theory of interpersonal relations

The theory of interpersonal relationships in nursing is a descriptive middle-range theory. This theory puts much emphasis on the interrelationship between a person and her environment around. There are four major components of this theory that are applicable to nurses on the day to day basis.

Environmental needs are the forces outside the being of a person but still play an important role in his life. Nurses are required to use their interpersonal skills to manage the patient’s state of emotion. The skills such as
nursing leadership
would come in handy as the patient would want to hear a rather affirmative voice. 

Listening is also a skill that is highly recommended, in their sorry state patients need a listening ear, someone to listen to them this somehow gives them hope. Negotiation and a positive attitude amongst others are some of the interpersonal skills nurses must possess.

The theory of chronic sorrow

Dictionary describes chronic sorrow or pain as the periodic recurrence of permanent, pervasive sadness or other grief-related feelings associated with a significant loss

The theory of chronic sorrow is usefully considered for analyzing how patients cope with the pain that comes with chronic illnesses. Nurses are vetted in this as caregivers. Chronic sorrow theory urges nurses to view it as a normal occurrence and should not succumb to the pressure that comes with it and the emotional breakdown accompanied.

Nurses are encouraged to come up with coping tactics for the affected and offer support. In this way, nurses are able to be the source of comfort. In the cases of the loss of a loved one nurses are to be the source of encouragement to the believer.

Nurses are expected to offer support and explain that that is just a normal phenomenon. In chronic illnesses that are accompanied by excess pain. The nurses offer an explanation to the patients that the kind of pain they are experiencing is just normal and they should not think that it is something out of the ordinary.

Summary

Middle-range nursing theories are developed from the grand theories. Comparing grand theory vs middle range theories nursing grand theory tend to cover a discipline in a wider perspective as compared to a middle range which focuses more on expounding on a concept. Nurses and scholars have continuously influenced the grand concept from time to time. The middle-range theories have been improved by both scholars and nurses as the centuries unfold.

Are you searching for the nursing theories encompassed in the middle-range nursing theory?
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has thoroughly researched nursing theories on Middle range theories and the concepts from grand theories among other nursing theories

Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay

Differences between Type 1, Type 2, Juvenile, and Gestational Diabetes

Diabetes results from defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, or both (McCance & Huether, 2019). The two major types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2, but there is a type that arises during pregnancy called gestational diabetes. Type 1 used to be called juvenile-onset diabetes but is no longer called that since more cases of type 2 diabetes are arising in children than they have in the past (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). Type 1 is typically an autoimmune etiology where it attacks the beta cells in the pancreas that are responsible for insulin synthesis and secretion (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). Type 2 diabetes has an unknown etiology, but genetic factors seem to play an important role (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). There are many differences between the two major types, but management goals are the same with each and will use the same types of medications in treatment Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay. Type 1, unlike type 2, has a rapid onset with more definitive presenting symptoms such as polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria; whereas in type 2 the onset is gradual, and symptoms may take not be present initially (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). Once diagnosed with either one of these two major types they are going to need life-long treatment and management, unlike gestational diabetes which is usually relieved once the baby is delivered (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). According to the CDC (2021), “during pregnancy, your body makes more hormones and goes through other changes, such as weight gain. These changes cause your body’s cells to use insulin less effectively, a condition called insulin resistance.” Gestational diabetes is also managed similarly to the other two types of diabetes (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021) Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay.

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Insulin Lispro (Humalog) and Type 1 Management

This type of insulin is short-acting and great for covering the postprandial rise caused by meals due to its rapid onset of 15-30 minutes (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). This can be given either before meals or after meals due to this rapid onset as well (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). This insulin is usually administered via subcutaneous injection but can be administered through I.V. as well (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay Insulin lispro is very similar to natural insulin and the only real difference is the amino acids places are switched (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). This medication can be used for all types of diabetes.

When treating type 1 diabetes, there is a basal/bolus strategy used in the management of the disease (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). This means that there is the use of longer-acting insulin covering the basal insulin needs and a short-acting, such as lispro, that covers the increased glucose levels due to meals, snacks, and any other spike in blood glucose. This strategy in management usually has great success in keeping blood glucose ranges in a safe effective zone.

Dietary Considerations

Along with the management of type 1 diabetes with insulin, there needs to be strict dietary control as well (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2021). Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay Carbohydrates are the big key to managing and keeping consistent with intake from day to day to avoid major fluctuations in blood glucose levels making it difficult to manage (Diabetes Institute University of Florida, n.d.). It is also important to pick foods that are fiber-dense carbohydrates (Diabetes Institute University of Florida, n.d.). Everybody has different unique needs to meet with their foods and that is especially true for diabetics.

References

CDC. (2021). Gestational diabetes. Retrieved from 
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/gestational.html#:~:text=What%20Causes%20Gestational%20Diabetes%3F,body%20for%20use%20as%20energy
.

Diabetes Institute University of Florida. (n.d.). Type 1 diabetes nutrition. Retrieved from 

Type 1 Diabetes Nutrition

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay.

 

Discussion: Diabetes and Drug Treatments

Each year, 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2019). If left untreated, diabetic patients are at risk for several alterations, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, neuropathy, and blindness. There are various methods for treating diabetes, many of which include some form of drug therapy. The type of diabetes as well as the patient’s behavior factors will impact treatment recommendations.

For this Discussion, you compare types of diabetes, including drug treatments for type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.

Reference: American Diabetes Association. (2019). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from http://diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/

To Prepare

Review the Resources for this module and reflect on differences between types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.

Select one type of diabetes to focus on for this Discussion.

Consider one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Then, reflect on dietary considerations related to treatment.

Think about the short-term and long-term impact of the diabetes you selected on patients, including effects of drug treatments.

By Day 3 of Week 5

Post
 a brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.

By Day 6 of Week 5

Read
 a selection of your colleagues’ responses and 
respond 
to 
at least two
 of your colleagues on 
two different days
 who selected a different type of diabetes than you did. Provide recommendations for alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for treatment and management.

 

Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay sample 2

Diabetes and Drug Treatments

Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the United State, with approximately 30 million people actively living with the disease. In the United States, about 37.3 adults diagnosed with diabetes don’t know they have it. In addition to that, the number of adults diagnosed with diabetes has more than doubled in the past 20 years (CDC, 2021).

There are three main types of diabetes. The first is Type 1, The second is Type 2 and the third is gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. It was once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay. Type 1 diabetes is most often diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults. Its symptoms usually develop quickly and there is currently no known measure for preventing it. Type 1 diabetics will require insulin daily for survival. Thus, insulin levels in type 1 diabetes patients severely decrease and eventually fall to zero (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Whereas with type 2 diabetes, the body is unable to use insulin well to keep blood sugar levels at the normal range. Type 2 diabetes is mostly diagnosed in adults though becoming more common in children and young adults. It develops over time, and about 90-95 % of people with diabetes have type 2 (CDC, 2021). People with type 2 diabetes may not have symptoms which therefore makes it important for those at high risk to get tested since it can be delayed or prevented with healthy lifestyle changes (e.g eating healthy, being active, and weight loss). Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy with an unknown cause and usually goes away after the baby is born but increases the woman’s chances of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Every year, gestational diabetes affects nearly ten % of pregnancies in the U.S (ADA, 2022). By working with your doctor closely, you can have a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay.

There has been considerable progress toward diabetes management within the past twenty years. Even with such progress, fewer than half of diabetic patients are unable to reach their target blood sugar goals (Harvard Health Publishing, 2020). When it comes to medications for managing type 2 diabetes, Metformin has been the number 1 drug of choice that has been used for many decades to manage type 2 diabetes. Metformin is a tried and tested drug, recommended by many experts as 1st line therapy which is safe, affordable, effective, and well-tolerated by most people (Harvard Health Publishing, 2020)). Metformin works by lowering glucose production in the liver while improving the body’s sensitivity to insulin. This helps the body to use insulin more effectively. Possible side effects of metformin are nausea, bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain which may get better as time goes by. Vit. B-12 deficiency may be experienced by some patients, thus needing supplements (ADA,2022). Another medication must be added if metformin alone cannot adequately control blood sugar levels.

Type 2 diabetes can be well managed by following a healthy meal plan, exercising, losing weight, and taking the necessary prescribed medications to avoid short and long-term complications associated with it. Hypoglycemia and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) are examples of short-term complications associated with type 2 diabetes (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Long-term complications may develop over time causing damage to both tiny and large blood vessels. The complications from damage to blood vessels include eyes, kidneys, nerve disease, the heart, and brain.

With type 2 diabetes, it is important to work hard and stay consistent in keeping your blood glucose level under control by practicing healthy eating habits, exercising, and keeping a healthy weight as well as taking prescribed medications. This will help prevent the above-mentioned complications or help prevent them from getting worse if they already exist.

References

American Diabetes Association (ADA), (2022). What Are My Options? 
https://www.diabetes.org/healthy-living/medication-treatments/oral-medication/what-are-my-options

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2021). What is Diabetes? 
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html

Harvard Health Publishing (2020). Type 2 Diabetes: Which Medication is Best for Me. 
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/type-2-diabetes-which-medication-is-best-for-me-2020110521256#:~:text=Metformin%20is%20a%20tried%20and,well%20tolerated%20by%20most%20people
.

 

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). 
Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants 
(2
nd
 ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

 

Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay sample 3

Differences in Types of Diabetes

As we intake carbohydrates our blood glucose levels rise. The pancreatic β cells secrete insulin in response to rising glucose levels to allow cells to take in glucose and convert it into energy or to be stored as fat. When people have impairments in their body’s ability to make insulin, respond to insulin, and generally regulate their blood glucose levels they are considered Diabetic. Type one diabetics make up the smallest group and often people develop this type as juveniles. Adults can also abruptly get this type of diabetes and thus it is no longer referred to as juvenile diabetes. This autoimmune disease attacks the β cells of the pancreas impairing their ability to make insulin Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay. Type two diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and insulin secretion from the pancreas not coupled with increased glucose levels in the blood. Like type one diabetes, type two usually gets to the point that there is no insulin secretion by the pancreas. Gestational diabetes occurs due to placental hormones such as estrogen and cortisol increasing glucose levels and blocking insulin. Another way it occurs is due to the mother having hyperglycemia which increases fetal glucose levels resulting in hyperinsulinemia in the fetus. For all of these types tight glycemic control is important and occurs with frequent monitoring, medication, and lifestyle changes.

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Drug Therapy for Type 1 Diabetics

All type one diabetics are treated with insulin. To help maintain tight glycemic control a long acting insulin is helpful for basal coverage during times of fasting (Retnakaran & Zinman, 2021). Our liver continues to send out glucose when we are not eating and long acting insulin can help keep glucose levels in a safe range. A common long acting insulin type one diabetics use is insulin glargine (U-100) which is generally only needed once a day. It has no peak and lasts 18-24 hrs. Some people may need to administer twice a day (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Patients should administer this insulin with a subcutaneous injection at the same time each day, rotate sites of administration, and use a new needle each time. Prior to using an insulin vial or pen it should be stored in a refrigerator and then used within 28 days after being kept at room temperature. The insulin should be kept out of direct light and away from heat Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay.

To cover glucose spikes during prandial times regular or fast acting insulin injections can be given. Regular short-acting insulin should be given one hour prior to eating, whereas fast acting insulin can be given within 15 mins before or after eating. As with long acting insulin, doses are given through subcutaneous injections rotated to different sites. It is important for patients to check their blood sugar levels prior to administering insulin to properly dose it. The dose is also dependent on the number of carbohydrates expected to be consumed. This close matching of insulin to carbohydrate intake helps maintain tight glycemic control. Lifestyle and dietary choices greatly affect glucose control as well.

Dietary Considerations

Since carbohydrates increase blood glucose rates it is important for individuals to know what foods contain them and to monitor the amount they consume. In addition to carbs, proteins have a correlating effect on postprandial glycemic spikes (Paterson et al., 2019). The American Diabetes Association (2019) recommends the Diabetes Plate Method for choosing meals- fill one half of the plate with non-starchy vegetables, one quarter with lean proteins, and one quarter with carbohydrate foods. They recommend using this method to increase compliance without all the hassle of counting each carb and protein. Working with a registered dietician can help get patients started in the right direction.

Short and Long-Term Impact

The short term impact of type one diabetes is hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Both are very dangerous and thus people need to not fast for very long, but eat small meals throughout the day to maintain adequate blood glucose levels. Patients need to properly dose their insulin so that they do not cause hypoglycemia as well. By following a diabetic diet hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis can be prevented Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay. When individuals with type one diabetes do not have dramatic spikes and lows in their glucose levels they decrease the long-term impacts of diabetes.

High blood glucose levels are bad for our arteries and over time cause damage to the walls of them. Many people develop diabetic retinopathy which can cause loss of vision. These vessels are so tiny and are often the first ones affected by hyperglycemia. The kidneys can also be affected and people often get nephropathy which will affect the body’s ability to eliminate waste and regulate blood pressure. Cardiovascular disease needs to be treated in diabetic patients with the recommended angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). With so many possible complications as a result of this autoimmune disease if is important to work closely with a provider who can monitor the various body systems affected by it Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay.

Conclusion

The various types of diabetes require different treatment approaches. They all require tight glucose control to help reduce the risk of sometimes life threatening complications. Type one diabetics need to inject themselves with insulin to make up for what their pancreas is no longer able to do. Through constant monitoring of levels, making healthy lifestyle choices, diabetic patients can live good lives and avoid many of the adverse effects that can happen. Genetics plays a big role in who gets diabetes, but through modifiable factors it is no longer a death sentence. Medications continue to be developed and studied that can mimic our body’s own natural release of insulin. These new findings are helping more and more people be compliant and in control of this disease. It is exciting to see what more we can learn as we educate and treat the millions of diabetics in this country.

 

Resources

American Diabetes Association. (2019). 
What is the diabetes plate method? 
https://www.diabetesfoodhub.org/articles/what-is-the-diabetes-plate-method.html#:~:text=The%20Diabetes%20Plate%20Method%20is,you%20need%20is%20a%20plate
!

Paterson, M. A., King, B. R., Smart, C. E., Smith, T., & Lopez, R. (2019, August 27). Impact of dietary protein on postprandial glycaemic control and insulin requirements in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. 
Diabetic Medicine, 36
 (12), 1585-1599.  
https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14119

Retnakaran, R., & Zinman, B. (2021, September 16). The ongoing evolution of basal insulin therapy over 100 years and its promise for the future. 
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: A Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24
(51).  
https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14552

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). 
Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants
(2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay.

Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test

User

xxx

Course

Scholarly Skills Community

Test

Assessment | Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios

Started

10/14/22 2:26 PM

Submitted

10/14/22 2:41 PM

Status

Completed

Attempt Score

20 out of 20 points

Time Elapsed

15 minutes

Results Displayed

Submitted Answers, Feedback, Incorrectly Answered Questions

Question 1

2 out of 2 points

Kris, a student who has recently started their academic program, is returning to graduate school after more than 10 years. While they have some experience with using library databases from their undergraduate studies, they are not very familiar or comfortable with using the databases and other evidence-based tools available through the Library. To accomplish any assignments requiring a search through the literature, they have been using Google Scholar as it seems more intuitive and convenient. They have expressed some frustration with the search engine as it does not have robust filters to help sort through the thousands of results. They also have a hard time trying to access the full text when using Google Scholar. Which of the following cognitive biases is represented in this scenario? Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test

Selected Answer:

Automation bias

Response Feedback:

You are correct! Kris had been over-relying on an internet search engine, Google Scholar, in this case. While Google Scholar can be very useful for finding full-text articles available on the open web, this search engine does not nearly the same robust search features of a research database or the Library’s Search USA engine that are specifically designed to assist researchers and practitioners to find and access scholarly articles Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test . By depending too much on Google Scholar and other internet search engines, they may not be taking advantage of the Library’s comprehensive subscriptions to scholarly literature otherwise unavailable on the internet.

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Question 2

2 out of 2 points

Uchenna, a health practitioner, is treating an Asian American patient for seizures. After looking at the available evidence, he prescribes the patient with a seizure medication shown to be a commonly used and effective therapy. Later on, the patient is admitted to the hospital with a nearly fatal skin reaction. While the patient is recovering from the sudden reaction, Uchenna investigates the evidence and realizes that exposure to the medication can lead to severe skin damage for many Asians and Asian Americans. The evidence that he initially looked at had focused primarily on homogenous population samples, namely white male patients. Which of the following cognitive biases manifested in Uchenna’s initial literature search?

Selected Answer:

Attribute substitution

Response Feedback:

You are correct! Uchenna may have oversimplified the search without considering the patient’s ethnic and racial background, and instead sought out evidence based on largely homogenous samples for treatment options. There is a real seizure medication known as Carbamazepine that has been shown to cause higher risk for skin damage and even internal organ failure for some Asian populations due to a genetic marker Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test .

Reference:
 Ferrell, P. B., & McLeod, H. L. (2008). Carbamazepine, HLA-B*1502 and risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: US FDA recommendations. 
Pharmacogenomics
, 
9
(10), 1543-1546. [
Access full text through ProQuest
]

Question 3

2 out of 2 points

Ali, a gerontology specialist in California, is an avid proponent of evidence-based practice. She makes it an essential part of her practice to look through the current literature to help inform her approach and skills with patients. While she notices a great deal of literature that appears relevant to her clinical work, she specifically seeks out research conducted and published in the United States, which Ali believes is a good indication of the evidence’s quality and reliability. Which of the following cognitive biases is reflected in this scenario?

Selected Answer:

“Not invented here” bias

Response Feedback:

You are correct! While focusing on research published in one’s home country can be appropriate in certain contexts, it can also lead to evaluating the quality of search results based on place of publication. It can bias the search under the assumption that countries like the United States are somehow are more advanced in the movement of evidence-based medicine and practice when that is not necessarily the case. Also, it is important to consider evidence in countries where there is a better scholarly understanding regarding a specific health condition or therapeutic intervention.

Question 4

2 out of 2 points

Your colleague comes to you with a problem at the cafeteria. He is conducting research on the prevention of medical errors. Yet his searches through the medical and health sciences literature, using PubMed, do not retrieve any relevant results. Your colleague is surprised to see this scarcity of information on the topic. He is desperate for a solution. What would be the best recommendation to resolve this issue to reduce the manifestation of cognitive bias?

Selected Answer:

Explore literature in other disciplines or fields.

Response Feedback:

You are correct! While the other techniques can be useful, their value in this scenario may not be as applicable. The most effective technique in this context would be to explore the literature beyond what is indexed in PubMed. In fact, this scenario is inspired by a real-life case when physician, Dr. Lucian Leape, was researching the prevention of medical errors, but found very little scholarly literature on the topic. It was only until a consultation with a librarian pointed him toward the psychological and social sciences databases, leading to an abundance of literature. This example would ultimately help lead to the patient safety movement.

Reference: Watchter, R. (2006, August 1). In conversation with…Lucian Leape, MD. 
AHRQ Patient Safety Network
. 
https://psnet.ahrq.gov/index.php/perspective/conversation-withlucian-leape-md

Question 5

2 out of 2 points

Camila is a speech language pathologist with a new patient. The patient is a trans woman seeking voice and communication services to enrich her ability to live a healthy, satisfying life. Despite having years of professional experience, Camila has rarely worked with transgender patients. Camila admits to having little familiarity or knowledge on current evidence-based approaches to providing quality transgender care. Nonetheless, Camila looks forward to updating her practice with the latest evidence, but she is unsure how or where to start. What would you recommend to Camila?

Selected Answer:

Involve the patient in the literature search, consulting them for insight and feedback.

Response Feedback:

You are correct! Camila’s enthusiasm to learn about transgender care to improve her practice and the patient’s outcomes will lend well to mitigating the appearance of cognitive bias. By involving the patient in the search, Camila can benefit from the patient’s insight into transgender community and appropriate terminology to develop effective search strategies. Mental simulation can also bolster Camila’s critical thinking skills as she navigates health research in which transgender participation and perspectives remain underrepresented.

Question 6

2 out of 2 points

You are a physical therapist treating a high school student. The student plays baseball at school, and recently suffered an injury to their knee. While treating the knee injury, the student asks your opinion about ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction. The student explains that their coach had mention that surgery of the UCL could improve the pitching performance for players without an elbow injury. The student even conducted a search on the internet for information to support this perspective. Knowledgeable about cognitive bias and the lack of critical appraisal or regulation in internet information, how would you help this student in debiasing their search for information about UCL reconstruction?

Selected Answer:

All of the others

Response Feedback:

You are correct! All three strategies would be beneficial to the high school student as they search for information. Online health information is particularly difficult to navigate in terms of sorting through legitimate evidence and identifying potentially misleading, false, and/or dangerous information. Information about UCL reconstruction available on the internet is apt in reflecting this issue regarding the wealth of online information combined with its lack of critical appraisal. The student would do well to consider alternative search keywords, evaluating the websites’ legitimacy more closely, and consulting experts for advice.

Reference:
 Johnson, C. C., Garcia, G. H., Liu, J. N., Stepan, J. G., Patel, R. M., & Dines, J. S. (2016). Internet resources for Tommy John injuries: What are patients reading? 
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
, 
25
(12), e386-e393. [
Access full text through the Library
]

Question 7

4 out of 4 points

Victoria, an allied health sciences student, is working on a course assignment that requires a miniaturized literature review. For their literature review, she is tasked with finding a minimum of 10 peer-reviewed research articles. While performing an initial search through PubMed, she finds an article that is very relevant to her topic. Based on her previous experience with using PubMed, Victoria knows that the database has a “Similar Articles” search, which allows the user to find articles that the database identifies as similar to the initial article. Victoria has come to often rely on this search feature, using it find the next nine articles to meet the minimum criteria of the assignment. She sees that there are several articles of relevance to her topic, but she believes that the articles she had found will be adequate. Which of the following cognitive bias(es) are reflected in this scenario. 
Select all that apply.

Selected Answers:

Automation bias

Overconfidence

Premature closure

Search satisficing

Response Feedback:

You are correct! While PubMed’s Similar Articles feature is certainly very useful in identifying potentially relevant evidence, Victoria should not rely solely on the results retrieved from it. Victoria is not considering alternative databases, search strategies, or other resources relevant to her topic. Instead, she ended the search as soon as the assignment’s minimum criteria were met, interpreting it as a maximum. This cognitive error does not consider the various other sources of information available, which may have been of a higher level of evidence, or otherwise contradicted the information she had found or revealed gaps in the extant literature.

Question 8

4 out of 4 points

Mei (occupational therapist), Seth (speech-language pathologist), and Alex (physical therapist) are working together as part of an interdisciplinary team to address the needs of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Despite being part of a team, they are disagreeing on the approach to treating patients, which is affecting the parameters of the search for evidence. Mei is primarily focused on evidence supporting interventions for daily activities such as leisure behaviors and self-care. Seth is more interested in communication skill development and maintenance. Alex is seeking out evidence regarding gait, walking stability, and balance. Rather than working together to synthesize their differing outcomes to treat the patients holistically, the practitioners are instead competing to highlight the value of their respective domain of expertise through the evidence. Which cognitive bias(es) are at work in this scenario? 
Select all that apply.

Selected Answers:

Availability bias

Confirmation bias

Focusing effect

Framing effect

Response Feedback:

You are correct! 
The three health practitioners had engaged in a form of clinical territorialism, seeking to support modalities and outcomes based on their discipline-specific approaches rather than engaging in interprofessional collaboration. None of the therapists were wrong to highlight different health dimensions and outcomes for patients with Parkinson’s disease, but their efforts to search the literature were ultimately divided and prevent synthesis of multiple sources of evidence. Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test Consider how this lack of collaboration may affect their patients’ health.

Question 1

2 out of 2 points

Leon, a nursing student, cannot seem to find any relevant qualitative studies on their topic about hydrotherapy and total hip replacement. They are hesitant to ask a librarian for help because they have already tried searching the databases with no good results. Leon is left frustrated and assumes no such studies exist, and they worry about their upcoming course assignment. Leon is exhibiting which of the following cognitive biases?

Selected Answer:

Premature closure

 

Response Feedback:

You are correct! Leon concluded the literature search before considering other alternatives, and instead assumed that no information existed matching their criteria. Leon could have benefitted from considering other relevant keywords or resources, as well as consulting a librarian for expert guidance on improving their search strategies.

Question 2

2 out of 2 points

Kris, a student who has recently started their academic program, is returning to graduate school after more than 10 years. While they have some experience with using library databases from their undergraduate studies, they are not very familiar or comfortable with using the databases and other evidence-based tools available through the Library. To accomplish any assignments requiring a search through the literature, they have been using Google Scholar as it seems more intuitive and convenient. They have expressed some frustration with the search engine as it does not have robust filters to help sort through the thousands of results. They also have a hard time trying to access the full text when using Google Scholar. Which of the following cognitive biases is represented in this scenario?

Selected Answer:

Automation bias

 

Response Feedback:

You are correct! Kris had been over-relying on an internet search engine, Google Scholar, in this case. While Google Scholar can be very useful for finding full-text articles available on the open web, this search engine does not nearly the same robust search features of a research database or the Library’s Search USA engine that are specifically designed to assist researchers and practitioners to find and access scholarly articles. By depending too much on Google Scholar and other internet search engines, they may not be taking advantage of the Library’s comprehensive subscriptions to scholarly literature otherwise unavailable on the internet.

Question 3

2 out of 2 points

Uchenna, a health practitioner, is treating an Asian American patient for seizures. After looking at the available evidence, he prescribes the patient with a seizure medication shown to be a commonly used and effective therapy. Later on, the patient is admitted to the hospital with a nearly fatal skin reaction. While the patient is recovering from the sudden reaction, Uchenna investigates the evidence and realizes that exposure to the medication can lead to severe skin damage for many Asians and Asian Americans. The evidence that he initially looked at had focused primarily on homogenous population samples, namely white male patients. Which of the following cognitive biases manifested in Uchenna’s initial literature search?

Selected Answer:

Attribute substitution

 

Response Feedback:

You are correct! Uchenna may have oversimplified the search without considering the patient’s ethnic and racial background, and instead sought out evidence based on largely homogenous samples for treatment options. There is a real seizure medication known as Carbamazepine that has been shown to cause higher risk for skin damage and even internal organ failure for some Asian populations due to a genetic marker.

Reference:
 Ferrell, P. B., & McLeod, H. L. (2008). Carbamazepine, HLA-B*1502 and risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: US FDA recommendations. 
Pharmacogenomics
, 
9
(10), 1543-1546. [
Access full text through ProQuest
]

Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test  Question 4

2 out of 2 points

Camila is a speech language pathologist with a new patient. The patient is a trans woman seeking voice and communication services to enrich her ability to live a healthy, satisfying life. Despite having years of professional experience, Camila has rarely worked with transgender patients. Camila admits to having little familiarity or knowledge on current evidence-based approaches to providing quality transgender care. Nonetheless, Camila looks forward to updating her practice with the latest evidence, but she is unsure how or where to start. What would you recommend to Camila?

Selected Answer:

Involve the patient in the literature search, consulting them for insight and feedback.

 

Response Feedback:

You are correct! Camila’s enthusiasm to learn about transgender care to improve her practice and the patient’s outcomes will lend well to mitigating the appearance of cognitive bias. By involving the patient in the search, Camila can benefit from the patient’s insight into transgender community and appropriate terminology to develop effective search strategies. Mental simulation can also bolster Camila’s critical thinking skills as she navigates health research in which transgender participation and perspectives remain underrepresented.

Question 5

2 out of 2 points

You are a physical therapist treating a high school student. The student plays baseball at school, and recently suffered an injury to their knee. While treating the knee injury, the student asks your opinion about ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction. The student explains that their coach had mention that surgery of the UCL could improve the pitching performance for players without an elbow injury. The student even conducted a search on the internet for information to support this perspective. Knowledgeable about cognitive bias and the lack of critical appraisal or regulation in internet information, how would you help this student in debiasing their search for information about UCL reconstruction?

Selected Answer:

All of the others Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test

 

Response Feedback:

You are correct! All three strategies would be beneficial to the high school student as they search for information. Online health information is particularly difficult to navigate in terms of sorting through legitimate evidence and identifying potentially misleading, false, and/or dangerous information. Information about UCL reconstruction available on the internet is apt in reflecting this issue regarding the wealth of online information combined with its lack of critical appraisal. The student would do well to consider alternative search keywords, evaluating the websites’ legitimacy more closely, and consulting experts for advice.

Reference:
 Johnson, C. C., Garcia, G. H., Liu, J. N., Stepan, J. G., Patel, R. M., & Dines, J. S. (2016). Internet resources for Tommy John injuries: What are patients reading? 
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
, 
25
(12), e386-e393. [
Access full text through the Library
]

Question 6

2 out of 2 points

You are a faculty member and you have assigned a literature review project for your students. The due date for the assignment is coming up in the next few days. During your office hours, a student consults with you about the project. Despite working on the project across several days, even pulling a couple all-nighters, they indicate having made very little headway. They are visibly tired and frustrated, as they report not being able to find any evidence-based information meeting the criteria for their literature review. What can you recommend to help improve their search through the scholarly literature to mitigate the effects of cognitive bias?

Selected Answer:

All of the others

 

Response Feedback:

You are correct! The student still has several options to pursue in their literature search. The student should take a moment to consider their approach to the topic and what exactly they are seeking from the literature. A librarian can provide expert guidance in developing effective search strategies and identifying relevant databases. Fatigue and stress can increase the risk of cognitive bias in the search, so the student can certainly benefit from self-care resources while working on their assignment.

Question 7

4 out of 4 points

Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test

Victoria, an allied health sciences student, is working on a course assignment that requires a miniaturized literature review. For their literature review, she is tasked with finding a minimum of 10 peer-reviewed research articles. While performing an initial search through PubMed, she finds an article that is very relevant to her topic. Based on her previous experience with using PubMed, Victoria knows that the database has a “Similar Articles” search, which allows the user to find articles that the database identifies as similar to the initial article. Victoria has come to often rely on this search feature, using it find the next nine articles to meet the minimum criteria of the assignment. She sees that there are several articles of relevance to her topic, but she believes that the articles she had found will be adequate. Which of the following cognitive bias(es) are reflected in this scenario. 
Select all that apply.

Selected Answers:

Automation bias

Overconfidence

Premature closure

Search satisficing

 

Response Feedback:

You are correct! While PubMed’s Similar Articles feature is certainly very useful in identifying potentially relevant evidence, Victoria should not rely solely on the results retrieved from it. Victoria is not considering alternative databases, search strategies, or other resources relevant to her topic. Instead, she ended the search as soon as the assignment’s minimum criteria were met, interpreting it as a maximum. This cognitive error does not consider the various other sources of information available, which may have been of a higher level of evidence, or otherwise contradicted the information she had found or revealed gaps in the extant literature.

Question
8

4 out of 4 points

Kendra, a nurse practitioner, receives a patient presenting with hemiparesis. Kendra, based on a previous experience earlier in the day working with a patient recovering from a stroke, believes the current patient’s diagnosis is acute ischemic stroke. A brief search through the evidence and guidelines regarding stroke informs Kendra to develop a treatment plan within minutes. The evidence also suggested a course of thrombolytic therapy. The treatment results in bleeding. While treating the bleeding, Kendra continues to investigate additional treatment options for the stroke. At which point, while taking the patient’s history, Kendra discovers that the patient has a history of epilepsy, which would explain the hemiparesis and that it does not require treatment. In this scenario, Kendra exhibited which of the following bias(es)? 
Select all that apply.

Selected Answers:

Attribute substitution

Availability bias

Overconfidence

Premature closure

 

Response Feedback:

You are correct! 
Kendra exhibited several cognitive errors in this scenario. Rather than addressing the patient with an open-minded approach, Kendra instead drew on an unrelated experience from earlier that day to inform her search through the evidence. Even after the bleeding effect from the thrombolytic therapy, Kendra continued to proceed in her literature search without adapting to the new development. She had closed any alternative diagnosis or treatment modalities that would have been more appropriate to the patient’s condition Cognitive Bias Case Scenarios Test .

The nursing care plan is a document that is recorded by nurses during patient assessment. The nursing care plan must contain the details of diagnosis, treatment procedure and the intended goal to be achieved, the medication and appointment dates, and a final evaluation plan after the recorded number of days.

Nurses’ core objective is to save lives and help patients manage conditions that are not treatable. They prescribe a care plan for the situation. A nursing care plan also identifies the best treatment procedure, how it should be done, and any risks that could be involved.  This plan varies from diagnosis to diagnosis and there cannot be treated as universal.

Nurses are expected to train the caregivers on how to carry out the plan in the cases in which the patient is to be treated at home. With time-to-time supervision family, members can care for their patients. There are a number of care plans that nurses can subscribe to. Below are some care plans that can be prescribed by nurses and diagnosis or a procedure. Let us now discuss a number of nursing care plans that can be prescribed.

Wondering where to start with writing care plans? Well, a nursing care plan has essential elements like assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Assessment

This is the first stage which involves data collection either from the patient or the caregiver. The nurse is expected to critically think through the questions and answers given.

Diagnosis

The nurse’s diagnosis will advise that kind of care to be prescribed.

Planning

This is the stage where the goal and outcomes are formulated. The kind of care plan that befits the patient. During this stage, goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound are set for the nurses.

Implementation

This is where the formulated care plan is put into action. These could range from injections to the patient being put on oxygen or ventilation. This is the action stage.

Evaluation

This is where the nurses evaluate if the action plan was successful or not. They get to know the limitations of the plan and if need be regroup to have another water-tight plan. Nurses can consultatively refer to medical records to have a clear assessment.

Components of nursing care plans

Writing care plans are part of the nurses’ duty to their patients and to the
nursing institution
. This plan is a part of record keeping for the patient and it encourages continuity even in the absence of the administering nurse. While writing a care plan, there are strict formats and details that nurses must record. Making mistakes during the writing of the care plan can lead to the wrong diagnosis, and wrong prescription and these could lead to the death of the patient.

While writing nursing care plans, nurses should consider the following steps

The nurse must assess the patient and be able to analyze the symptoms presented

The nurse must come up with a possible diagnosis to be able to explore a better treatment procedure. This could be dependent on the level of seriousness.

The nurse must create a rapport with the patient and set goals. This will be informing the nurse what to expect from the care plan prescribed.

The nurse must review the progress and be flexible to change the care plan accordingly if the need arises. Nurses must be flexible to change the care plan if the initial set goal is not met.

Evaluation of the plan

Writing a care plan could vary from one patient to another depending on the type of diagnosis. Caregivers must also be educated by the nurses on the handling patients like urinary retention patients on catheters amongst others.

Nursing care plans diagnoses interventions and outcomes

The process of assessment, diagnosis, and then evaluation stages are geared towards formulating a preferred care plan. The nurses must evaluate their plan and gauge its success. This allows them to use it as precedence on other decisions while creating a care plan

Nurses are mandated to communicate the diagnosis to the patients and the caregivers. During discharge, nurses prescribe these care plans for conditions that can be managed at home.

Let’s now discuss nursing care plan examples and some considerations nurses must keep while writing a care plan.

Postpartum nursing care plan

Postpartum nursing care is that care plan prescribed by nurses to the new mother although it is dependent on the type of delivery could be normal birth or a C-section birth. It is always a joy for every mum to come out of postpartum healthy.

Postpartum care involves the mother and the infant. The watch is on the baby’s breastfeeding pattern, jaundice check, mother and child attachment care, infection on the c-section area or the episiotomy area, and childbirth trauma to the mother.

Normal delivery care plan

Normal delivery is always every woman’s wish because of the limitation of the number of births in the C-section.  Normal birch also has a set of a care plan that the nurses prescribed for the episiotomy like:

Warm bath sitting

Medication was prescribed after assessing the amount of bleeding

Usage of postpartum pads

Cleaning oneself from the front to the back

C section delivery

This is a major procedure to save the mother and the infant.  Some women choose it voluntarily while some are forced by the birth canal not dilating enough to also the passage of the infant.

Wound cleaning

Infection of the incision area

Anxiety

Headaches from the anesthetic drugs.

Diabetic nursing care plans

Diabetic is a condition where a body is not able to produce enough insulin or utilize the produced ones in the body. As a result, a lot of sugar is stored in the body which eventually causes diabetes.

After the diabetic diagnosis and treatment at the facility, the patient is released under the care of the family members under the instruction of a nurse care plan.

The prescribed care plan are:

Dosage administration.

Diet administration

Stress management among others

Psychosocial nursing care plans

Psychosocial patients are a group of patients with mental disorders, those suffering from emotional health, and social, and the effects of chronic diseases such as cancer, and HIV aids among others.

Nurses dealing with such patients are encouraged and given a positive perspective on life. In the plan, the nurses are to assess the self-esteem of the patients and offer training to the caregiver who will be expected to offer emotional, psychological, and financial support to the patient.

Nursing care plans for pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection of the air sacs. This makes breathing become strenuous for the affected patients. Nurses before setting out a care plan have to understand the history and the infection, diagnose the administer treatment.

In vast cases, nurses are forced to admit patients into the ventilator. Nurses in their care plans have to include teaching the caregivers how to handle the patient while at home and how they should keep the surrounding. In most cases treatment is through medication or ventilation.

Hospice nursing care plans

Hospice care plans are for patients with chronic illnesses. Cancer and tumor are among the illness that requires hospice care plans. Nurses conduct diagnosis and then administer medication.

Hospice care plans would include nursing care plans for depression because the patients’ under such care would easily plunge into depression and other, mental disorders. The home treatment plan must also be given alongside the appointment date. Patients on hospice care plans would also double in the end-of-life nursing care plans. This is for pain management as the patient would sometimes experience excruciating pain. The term end –of –life because that pain and the illness would eventually last a lifetime.

Nursing care plans for atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is known as an irregular yet very rapid heart rhythm caused by the structure of the heart. When writing a nursing plan the family history must be considered by the nurses as part of the diagnosis as well as nursing care plans for hypertension. A tentative caregiver’s plan and education must be provided for home management through drugs and appointments are booked. Caregivers must also be educated on the danger signs and when to call in. The patients under this care could also be under tia nursing care plans

Nursing care plans for COPD

This is caused by difficulty in breathing. Nurses are to collect data and help the patient reduce anxiety to help regulate the heartbeat then the patient can then be placed on oxygen. An evaluation can then be done on the patient after the care plan is implemented. In the event of discharge, the caregivers must be trained on when to call and how to care for the patient.

Nursing care plan diagnoses

Nurses at the diagnosis stage, employ their clinical judgment in formulating the care to be implemented. The clinical judgment could be derived from the North American
Nursing Diagnosis
Association (NANDA) which provides nurses with an updated list of diagnoses that could range from severe headaches in the back area, urine retention, edema, liver infection, etc.

During diagnosis, nurses are allowed to use literature referrals. Nurses use a three-phase diagnosis procedure that is: the problem-focused nursing diagnosis which entails the patient’s responses, all the related contributing factors to the diagnosis then the signs and symptoms shown by the patient.

Nursing care plans goals

The goal of a nursing care plan is to help in the documentation of the patient’s needs and the possible outcomes including the nursing intervention and implementations. The care plan is also part o the hospital’s health record as they help in the continuity of the patient’s care

While nurses are preparing the care plan, they are expected to lay down bare minimum guidelines to the plan. The plan must be SMART. The acronym stands for the letter – S – Specific; M – Measurable; A – Attainable; R – Realistic; T – Time-bound.

In a nursing care plan, there are short-term goals and long-term goals.

Short-term goal.

A short-term goal in the nursing care plan would be aimed at resolve the situation temporarily. These solutions might not last the patient for a long time. It might only be sustainable for a few days or a few hours depending on the situation. Such
short-term goals
could be applied to hospice patients.

Long-term goal.

These long-term goals in nursing care plans have a longer lifespan and could last for weeks and months. These could be in diabetic patients who could be monitored by caregivers at home. Do you want to write your nursing care plan? Well, check out sample nursing care plans.

Summary

A nursing care plan has 5 major components that are assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Before nurses write a care plan they must think through and draft one depending on the type of diagnosis.

Nurses must set specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound goals for the patient’s care plan. These are to be evaluated later after the implementation of the plan. Nurses are allowed to collect data from caregivers or friends during care plan formulation.

Unit 4: Endocrine Pharmacology

Exam 1 Due this Week!

Exam 1 Due this Week!

Exam 1 will be available
 Thursday 10/6 – Saturday 10/8
, please plan accordingly to complete the exam during this timeframe.

Study Guide Exam 1 Advanced Pharmacology

Understand pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Be aware how medications are absorbed and what are factors or variables in drug absorption

Know pregnancy risk categories

Understand CYP 384 isoenzymes for metabolism

Understand drug steady state

Understand the following drug classes ace inhibitors mechanism of action and side effects, beta blockers mechanism of action and side effects, pacer dilators mechanism of action and potential side effects

Anti-hypertensive medication mechanism of action, side effects, and precautions

Heart failure-drugs used to treat

Angina and drugs used to treat

Aspirin therapy

Be knowledgeable of the medications to treat hyperlipidemia, know side effects, when to check labs and what labs to check for follow up

Anticoagulation medication mechanism of action, side effects, and precautions

Enter the exam through Respondus and navigate to the tab titled “Exams” to access Exam 1.

Endocrine Pharmacology

Endocrine Pharmacology

Welcome to Unit 4 of Advanced Pharmacology

The endocrine system is vast, and drugs used to treat disorders are numerous as well. Drug classes categorize the mechanism of actions and the subtle differences between in-class drugs. As 1 in 10 Americans has Diabetes, this is important disease management to understand and there are many pharmacologic choice for management to avoid long-term complications. Therefore, a strong understanding of pathophysiology is critical as we examine how these drug work to treat endocrine disorders.

*Please note this unit runs over 2 weeks.*

Unit Learning Objectives

Examine the principles of pathophysiology and therapeutics that direct the pharmacotherapeutic interventions for endocrine system and pertaining to diabetes management.

Analyze the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of agents used for management of endocrine system and diabetes management.

Apply the evidence for pharmacotherapeutic interventions in a patient with an endocrine system and diabetes management.

Apply critical-thinking processes to the management and evaluation of expected effects and potential adverse effects of pharmacodynamic agents.

Week 5 & 6/Unit 4 “To Do” List

Complete the HYMR Endocrine Quiz (week 5)

Unit 1-3 Exam available Thursday 9/29 – Saturday 10/1 (Must access via Respondus) (week 5)

Complete Shadow Health Focused Exam: HTN and Type 2 Diabetes (week 6)

Complete Shadow Health Antidiabetics Concept Lab (week 6)

Learning Materials

Learning Materials

Lectures & E-Book

Busti, A. J. (2022). 
NP Curriculum Support-Advanced Pharmacology for NPs. 
MedEducation, LLC.

ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY 
(Week 5 & covers quiz content)

Insulin Therapy Review

Sulfonylurea & Meglitinides Review

Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors Review

Biguanides (Metformin) Review

TZDs Review

DPP-4 Inhibitors Review

SGLT2 Inhibitors Review

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Review

Amylin Analogs Review

Hypoglycemia

Corticosteroids Review–Pharmacology

Corticosteroids Review–Application

 ENDOCRINOLOGY-DIABETES MELLITUS 
(Week 6 & not on quiz)
 

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

GLP-1 Agonists & SGLT2 Inhibitors in CKD

GLP-1 Agonists & SGLT2 Inhibitors in CVD

GLP-1 Agonists & SGLT2 Inhibitors in hF

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)

ENDOCRINOLOGY-OBESITY 
(Week 6 & not on quiz)

Obesity-General Overview

Obesity-Lifestyle Management

Obesity-Obesity in CVD

Optional Learning Resources:

Media

Khan Academy (Producer). (2015). 
What is diabetes mellitus?
 [Video]. 
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/diabetes/v/what-is-diabetes-mellitus?ref=health_staff_picks

Speed Pharmacology. (2017, September 24). 
Pharmacology – drugs for diabetes (made easy
). [Video]. YouTube.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWDQyaKVols

Websites

American Diabetes Association®. (2020). 
Get a handle on diabetes medication. 
Retrieved from 
https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/medication-management

Khan Academy. (2018). 
Endocrine system diseases
. Retrieved from 
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases

The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
.
 (2018). Retrieved from 
https://pro.aace.com/

Note:
 Familiarize yourself with the AACE guidelines.

HYMR Quiz – Endocrine

Following review of all assigned lectures and correlating E-book chapters in High Yield Med Review, you will complete the module quiz in the HYMR platform.

From the Dashboard select “EXAMS”

Navigate to the 
“Endocrinology-Self Assessment” 

Click “Take Exam”

You will have  
one 
attempt to complete 10 questions in 15 minutes. Once completed, please take a screen shot of your score and upload to this assignment tab for grading. This quiz is worth 20 points, so based on your % score you will receive the correlating points below.

100%

20 points

90%

18 points

80%

16 points

70%

14 points

60%

12 points

50%

10 points

40%

8 points

30%

6 points

20%

4 points

10%

2 points

No submission

0 points

*Please note, faculty are able to view your time and activity in HYMR.*

Shadow Health: Concept Lab – Antidiabetics

The purpose of this Shadow Health Concept Lab assignment is to help you achieve the following  
Course Learning Outcomes 1-5.

Assignment:

This week you will participate in a Shadow Health Concept Lab pertaining to antidiabetic agents.This will allow you to learn about pharmacological concepts related to commonly administered antidiabetic drugs. This module should take approximately 30 minutes to complete.

What to Submit:

Upon completion of the assignment:

Submit your completion certificate

Submit your reflection response to the questions below

Reflection Response Instructions: 
Submit a 1 page reflection response to the questions below. Please use APA format and include one scholarly reference.

What resources/guidelines will you use to help identify, diagnose, and treat diabetes? Give brief overview of how this will apply to your NP practice. 

Shadow Health Technical Support

If at any time you have any questions or encounter any technical issues regarding the Digital Clinical Experience, please contact the Shadow Health support specialists by visiting the Learner Support Page at   
http://support.shadowhealth.com
 for contact information and hours. You may email the Learner Support team directly at   
support@shadowhealth.com
 at any time or by calling 800.860.3241.

Shadow Health: Focused Exam: Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes

The purpose of this Shadow Health Focused Exam assignment is to help you achieve 
Course Learning Outcomes 1-5.

Assignment:

This assignment is a focused exam with a patient who presents with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. You will conduct an interview with Arun Patel using therapeutic communication to determine the appropriate pharmacological therapy for his condition. After the exam, you will select the most appropriate medication for Mr. Patel and educate him on disease management and pharmacologic management. If applicable, you will write a prescription for the selected medication.

What to Submit:

Upon completion of the assignment, submit your completion certificate/lab pass that shows the DCE score to this assignment link..

Shadow Health Grading

All assignments will be graded using the DCE Score. Reopening and multiple attempts are allowed so the student can submit the best score for grading. Each student will submit the “lab pass” showing their DCE score to the designated assignment tab in Blackboard. Grading will be based on the DCE score received on the assignment that correlates with the points allocated in the table below. An incomplete assignment will result in the grade of zero. Faculty will monitor student engagement within the Shadow Health platform to ensure active participation to complete all the assignment requirements.

DCE Score

Points

95-100

20

90-94

18

85-89

15

80-84

13

Below 79

10

No submission

0

Login page: 
“Shadow Health Access” link on left panel

Assignment Due Date:
 Sunday of Week 6

Shadow Health Technical Support

If at any time you have any questions or encounter any technical issues regarding the Digital Clinical Experience, please contact the Shadow Health support specialists by visiting the Learner Support Page at    
http://support.shadowhealth.com
 for contact information and hours. You may email the Learner Support team directly at    
support@shadowhealth.com
 at any time or by calling 800.860.3241.

Unit Conclusion

Unit Conclusion

As we wrap up week 6 of Advanced Pharmacology, we recall learning about numerous drugs impacting the endocrine system and diabetes management. We now have lots of experiences understanding drug classes to categorize the mechanisms of actions and subtle differences between in-class drugs. We will continue to focus on building upon our pharmacology knowledge.

Following an increase in unexpected health issues, family health issues are receiving so much attention in the modern era. To promote good health, a family health assessment is now a widely used technique in healthcare systems around the globe.

Numerous health assessment tools and models have emerged due to the growing demand for family health assessments. To narrow the scope of the family health assessment, the model combines structural-functional family theory and general system theory. This blog will provide more information about family health assessment.

What is a family health assessment?

Family health assessment is the process of gathering information regarding
health promotion
and illness-preventive initiatives from the family. It entails a series of acts that are used to assess the family’s position as a client and its ability to function as a system.

It is also a kind of assessment done to assess, evaluate, and gain enough knowledge about a family‘s dynamics.

The practice of family health assessment

The practice of family health assessment is critical in ensuring that families have a good healthcare plan in place. It helps evaluate a family’s health, so health choices can be analyzed and used to make better health choices.

Each family has its own lifestyle choices, but members must abide by the family’s health decisions. The family’s priorities and culture influence health behaviors and decisions. A family-centered approach to better family health care is the main objective of family health assessment.

This is why these health patterns are chosen, and a specific family is interviewed about them using a few developed open-ended questions. A family health assessment allows for the development of a care plan for a family based on their specific needs.

These principles aid in the collection of data as well as the development of wellness interventions and diagnoses for the family. The overall health assessment generates extensive data for a comprehensive
nursing diagnosis
using evidence-based practice models and open-ended questions.

Importance of understanding your family’s medical history

Your risk of contracting hereditary diseases can be estimated using the genetic traits that run in your family. It is essential to understand your family’s medical history. You can achieve this through family history health assessment.

The more knowledge you have about your family’s medical history, the better. Make every effort to gain as much knowledge from your blood relatives as possible. Contacting family members and outlining the purpose of your data collection will help you achieve this.

When compiling your family’s medical history, there are a few crucial components you must remember to mention. They include the following:

Significant health conditions and conditions that run in the family

The starting age ( When each member of your family was diagnosed with a medical condition)

Reasons for death

If family members are unable to give you this information, records like death certificates may be able to help. Share information with other family members and make sure to record it in a secure location. You should also discuss the data with your doctor, who might suggest screening exams for conditions you could be at risk for.

Even though you can’t change your genetic makeup, knowing your family’s medical history can help you prevent disease. You can reduce your risk by quitting smoking, losing weight, changing your diet, exercising more frequently, or drinking less alcohol.

Factors to consider during the family health assessment

You can use numerous well-known family health assessment tools to carry out the process. Each tool will aid in gathering information about culture, functioning, family systems, and experiences.

Whatever tool you choose, there are several key ideas to consider when choosing a tool appropriate for each family. They are as follows:

Timing

It could be before or after the start of service delivery or during the intervention to assess its effectiveness method.

Data collected through checklists, questionnaires, and conversations

Includes family interests, concerns, traditions, activities, resources, and priorities.

Framework for development

Method of reporting

Importance of family health assessment

The practice of family health assessment is critical in ensuring that families have a good healthcare plan in place. It helps evaluate a family’s health, so health choices can be analyzed and used to make better health choices.

Each family is unique, with its own set of lifestyle choices. Family members must adhere to the family’s health decisions and ensure that every member adheres to them. The family’s priorities and culture influence health behaviors and decisions.

Family health assessment aims to prioritize a family-centered approach to providing better family health care. This is why a particular family is interviewed about these health patterns using a few specially developed open-ended questions.

Family health assessment examples

You can use the following family health assessment examples to help you understand more about family health assessment:

Family assessment genogram

A family genogram is a pictorial representation of a family ancestry that shows detailed statistics on the association among single individuals. It is used in many different fields, including medicine, mental processes, communal work, genealogy, patrimonial analysis, and education.

Comprehensive family assessment

The comprehensive family assessment identifies, considers, and weighs factors affecting children, youth, and their families to inform decision-making.

Child and family assessment

All assessments of children are conducted using the children and family assessment. It is a model that works well with the idea of collaborating to protect children.

How is family health assessment performed?

Family health assessments are now carried out using sophisticated techniques researchers have developed. The functionality and dynamics of families are evaluated using questionnaires, tasks, and observations. Family assessments are most frequently carried out by family therapists and behavioral scientists, during which competence, structure, dynamics, and other qualities are evaluated.

Family competence refers to whether a family is functioning as effectively as it can, is dysfunctional, or is in some other state. The family structure includes the functions that family members perform. The dynamics of the relationships between parents, siblings, and other family members are included.

Family dynamics, competence, and structure can all change over time due to death, divorce, illness, relocation, and other occurrences. The assessor decides the assessment’s primary focus. Genograms, which resemble a family tree and are used to track patterns across generations, are among other methods of family assessment.

Factors to consider when creating a family health assessment plan

To create an effective family health assessment plan consider the following:

Time

To create a health assessment plan that will be effective, it is crucial to take time to consider the family’s structure and parenting philosophy. Long-term time savings come from getting to know your patient’s family and their role in health care management. Without input from the patient and family, treatment plans are frequently doomed to failure.

The medical staff takes valuable extra time to reassess the family and frequently discovers strengths and obstacles that were present from the beginning. The illness and its effects on the patients’ and their families’ lives should be discussed by both parties. Give them as much time as you can to express their thoughts on the issues the illness is causing.

Partnership with the family and patient

You are establishing a relationship that serves as the foundation for patient and family teaching by taking time to listen to the patient and his family. A good family health assessment requires keen observational abilities and the capacity to listen intently. Anytime medical professionals interact with patients and families, they can collect assessment data.

It’s unnecessary to limit information gathering about family needs and requirements to structured interviews. You can learn more about the family and their role in the patient’s health care management whenever the family is present. To create a productive teaching-learning partnership with the patient and family, answer these questions.

Reasons for carrying out a family health assessment

A family may undergo an assessment for a variety of reasons which include the following:

To determine appropriate interventions

Family health assessments determine appropriate interventions for children who require early intervention services for various special needs. Understanding what a child does in the family context can help determine how best to intervene.

Determining what kinds of activities a child enjoys at home can assist intervention specialists in identifying opportunities for growth and development at home. As part of family therapy, a family health assessment is performed to assist families in overcoming obstacles to their growth and development as a cohesive unit.

Occurrence of a critical change

When a critical change occurs, you may perform a family health assessment. A family may seek an assessment in several circumstances, focusing on a specific child or the entire family unit. All assessments should respect and understand a family’s culture, religion, ethnicity, values, customs, and other factors that make family members unique.

To know the family dynamics

Knowing the dynamics between parents and siblings can help determine the best course of action for a child or family. Family assessments are not intended to pass judgment on the family but rather to investigate how family dynamics affect the child and family development.

To be aware of the family’s strengths and weaknesses

Families can become aware of their strengths and weaknesses through family health assessments. An assessment can help families use their strengths to promote their children’s development and limit harmful behaviors.

Implications of the family health assessment results?

Determines what happens after the assessment

The assessment’s purpose determines what happens due to a family health assessment. In the context of family counseling, it is used to map out strategies for building a stronger family in which all members can function optimally.

If the child has special needs or a developmental delay, the assessment may also determine how to support their development at home. If the family assessment is for assisting in responding to a disruption in the family unit, the assessment can provide strategies for overcoming obstacles and improving family function.

Predicts future behavior and outcomes

Family health assessment techniques can predict future behavior and outcomes if current behavioral patterns continue. Family
health assessment
results can also assist families in becoming aware of and changing issues in family structure, dynamics, and competence.

Principles of family health assessment

Build on strengths

Problems do not define a person. The family and the helper can better create a plan that uses current strengths as the cornerstone of the change process by recognizing and leveraging their strengths.

Take a holistic approach

A thorough analysis examines all the variables that impact the family, including all the
risk factors
and community and family protective factors. It is especially crucial to take into account both formal and informal resources.

Join the family members as a partner

Families are more aware of themselves than any helper will ever be. A partnership with the family ensures that the right supports and services are identified while enhancing the family’s sense of control and capacity for success.

Tailor services to the family

A good assessment should be detailed enough to act as the foundation for a support and service plan for a specific family.

Set and monitor specific goals

Setting definite, specific, and attainable goals will frequently benefit from a thorough family assessment.

The family health assessment questions

Knowing your family’s medical history will give you essential insights into your future and your family’s health. You can use family health assessment questions to learn more about the health issues in your family if you are unsure.

It’s essential to try and ask family members for personal health information even though you might feel awkward doing so. Choose a time when you’re less likely to be interrupted to allow a more relaxed conversation. You can identify your potential health risks with the information you collect.

Questions to include in the assessment are:

What would you say the current health status of your family is?

What do you do to promote health?

What diseases or medical conditions affect your nutrition or metabolism?

Do you have a history of surgeries or recurring illnesses?

Do you use alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs?

Do you currently take any prescription or over-the-counter medications?

In summary

Assessment of family health is crucial in one’s life. It enables you to comprehend some health trends and risks you were unaware of. Family health assessment questions help you to conduct an assessment with ease.

Remember to put into consideration the factors and principles of
family health assessment
. The family health assessment heavily relies on your family health history. Consider working with us if you find the entire process time-consuming or difficult. We’re ready to assist you!

Unit 3: Cardiovascular/Hematologic Pharmacology

Cardiovascular/Hematologic Pharmacology

Cardiovascular/Hematologic Pharmacology

Welcome to Unit 3 of Advanced Pharmacology!

Angina is a clinical symptom often associated with physical exertion. Acute and chronic angina is approached differently. This condition is often concomitant with diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Risk stratification will be discussed, along with rational drug selection and treatment algorithms.

Additionally, this week will include hyperlipidemia. There are familial tendencies as well as lifestyle considerations when addressing this topic. This unit will explore treatment options and criteria for improve lipid profiles of your patients.

Unit Learning Objectives

Examine the principles of pathophysiology and therapeutics that direct the pharmacotherapeutic interventions for cardiovascular and hematologic conditions.

Analyze the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of agents used for management of cardiovascular and hematologic conditions.

Gather and apply the evidence for pharmacotherapeutic interventions in a patients with cardiovascular and hematologic conditions.

Week 4/ Unit 3  “To Do” List

Complete the HYMR Cardiovascular/Hematologic Quiz

Study for upcoming exam covering Unit 1-3

Learning Resources

Learning Resources

Lectures & E-Book

Busti, A. J. (2022). 
NP Curriculum Support-Advanced Pharmacology for NPs. 
MedEducation, LLC.

CARDIOVASCULAR/HEMATOLOGIC PHARMACOLOGY

Heparin & LMWH

VKOR Inhibitors

Direct Xa Inhibitors

Aspirin

ADP Inhibitors

Statins for LDL

Non-Statins for LDL

Meds for NonHDL and HDL

Unit 3 Optional Learning Resources:

Media

Speed Pharmacology. (2017). 
Pharmacology – drugs for hyperlipidemia (made easy)
 [Video]. YouTube. 

Speed Pharmacology. (2017). 
Pharmacology — anticoagulants & antiplatelet drugs (made easy)
 [Video]. YouTube. 

Websites

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease 
https://www.endocrinepractice.org/article/S1530-891X(20)42959-3/fulltext

ASCVD Risk Estimator  
https://tools.acc.org/ldl/ascvd_risk_estimator/index.html#!/calulate/estimator/

HYMR Quiz – Cardio/Heme

Following review of all assigned lectures and correlating E-book chapters in High Yield Med Review, you will complete the module quiz in the HYMR platform.

From the Dashboard select “EXAMS”

Navigate to the 
“Cardiology/Hematology – Self Assessment” 

Click “Take Exam”

You will have 
one 
attempt to complete 10 questions in 15 minutes. Once completed, please take a screen shot of your score and upload to this assignment tab for grading. This quiz is worth 20 points, so based on your % score you will receive the correlating points below.

100%

20 points

90%

18 points

80%

16 points

70%

14 points

60%

12 points

50%

10 points

40%

8 points

30%

6 points

20%

4 points

10%

2 points

No submission

0 points

*Please note, faculty are able to view your time and activity in HYMR.*

As a practicing nurse or nursing student, you may have heard of critical care nursing. You might have a little idea of what it is all about. That leads you to search “What are critical care nursing” This article will discuss in details critical care nursing by giving definitions of key terms, sample topics, and more in-depth information.

Many instructors ask nursing students to write a paper on acute and critical care nursing. As a beginner student, it might be difficult for you to write an essay on this topic unless you have conducted research. This could be tiring and time-consuming. In this paper, we will discuss the things that you need to know about critical care nursing. For any kind of assistance concerning your assignment, we are a chat away.

What is critical care nursing?

Critical care nursing is a discipline within nursing that specializes in human responses to life-threatening problems. Critical care nurses are also referred to as ICU nurses. ICU nurses can work in different hospital settings, such as coronary care units, general intensive care units, medical intensive care units, surgical intensive care units, trauma intensive care units, cardiothoracic intensive care units, and some trauma center emergency departments.

Critical care nursing is essential in a hospital setting because it helps cater to the needs of ill patients and their families to receive optimal care. Critically ill patients suffer from life-threatening medical problems such as cardiac disease, brain injuries, accident victims, and patients recovering from complex surgeries.

These conditions require frequent monitoring, and they generally need tubes to assist with breathing and medications to regulate their blood pressure. The ICU unit could not function without a critical care nursing team.

How do you Qualify to join critical care nursing?

Aspiring ICU nurses must become registered nurses to join intensive and critical care nursing. You can graduate with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and or associate degree in Nursing and meet state requirements to get a nursing license. Given the intense nature of critical care nursing, as a fresh critical care nurse, or a practicing student, you may prefer to gain the experience first or at least a better feel for the work. You can begin with job shadowing.

What are the everyday duties of a critical care nurse?

Critical care nurses assist critical physicians with procedures such as endoscopy, bronchoscopy, endotracheal intubation, and elective cardioversion on patients that require increased ventilatory support.

Like all registered nurses, critical care nurses provide essential medical services like:

Monitoring and evaluating major signs, administering medication, reacting to changes in a patient’s condition, and using various technical and medical equipment.

Prioritize nursing care, continuously evaluate the patient’s resources, and systematically perform measures to maintain, strengthen or restore functional capacity on the assigned critically ill patients.

Monitor and record symptoms and changes in patient conditions and information to the Physician and consult with the whole healthcare team about the patient care plans.

Acting as a patient advocate. Critical care nurses deal with the most vulnerable patients. They must respect the directives and rights of the patient at times when they may not be able to communicate or represent themselves.

Providing education and support to patient families. Critical care nurses ensure that the patient and their loved ones understand the complexities and realities of their medical condition and potential outcomes to make the most informed choices.

Dimensions
of critical care nursing

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

This is where critically ill infants and children receive the highest quality pediatric care in a hospital setting. Complex postoperative monitoring and care for infants with pediatric congenital heart surgery are not possible in a regular pediatric ward.

In the pediatric Intensive Care Unit, the critical care nurse regularly assesses the temperature, airways, breathing, blood pressure, and blood circulation. Any changes will enable the nurse to identify and diagnose the problem immediately.

2.      Hospital Emergency Rooms

This is where patients with acute emergencies receive immediate critical care nursing treatment. An urgent care nurse will take the patient’s medical history and briefly examine their symptoms. The nurse prioritizes the patient level based on their medical history and current condition according to the following scale: Resuscitation, emergency, urgent, Semi-urgent, or non-urgent.

Sometimes, the critical care nurse must start diagnostic testing to reduce the time spent waiting for medical treatment. The critical care nurse should be keen should the symptoms worsen as the patient waits. Take the patient to the triage room should their condition get worse. Do not allow more than one person to accompany them.

3.      Intensive Care Units (ICU)

ICU cares for people in the unstable stage of life-threatening conditions, such as severe injury or illness. They receive around-the-clock critical care nursing through monitoring and life support in the ICU. The ICU can accommodate individuals who have had a cardiac emergency, like a heart attack or sudden stoppage of their heart, or critically ill or injured elderly patients.

While the underlying cause of illness is being treated, the critical care nursing team ensures that the body functions and the condition are stabilized. This could be done by monitoring the temperatures, pulse rate, and blood pressure or by putting on a ventilator to help the patient breathe if they can’t breathe independently.

4.      A step-down unit

Patients who must be on a cardiac monitor are taken to a step-down unit. These patients are stable but may require critical care nursing and monitoring because they have some potential to become unstable. The majority of these patients end up being heart patients.

5.      The Trauma and Burn Intensive Care Unit

These units provide critical care for burn and trauma patients requiring intensive therapeutic interventions resulting from the injuries. Other than the critical care nursing team, there are crucial care physicians, wound care experts, orthopedic surgeons, dieticians, neurosurgeons, vascular surgeons, social workers, radiologists, cardiologists, and rehabilitation specialists in this unit.

They tailor care to the individual needs of each critically ill patient. This could be surgical care treatment, burn surgery, or plastic surgery for gunshot wounds, third-degree burns, or for patients involved in fatal accidents.

Are you searching for Critical Care Nursing Research Topics?

Critical care nursing is an evolving field. We’ve got you if you are looking for critical care nursing research topics. We have a good list of the latest critical care nursing topics. You can apply them for your undergrad and master’s critical care nursing program papers. Similarly, we list topics from other disciplines like marketing, psychology, management, and
human resources
if you want. We can also help you in handling your paper on time and efficiently.

Here are some critical care nursing research topics and titles for nursing students from any academic level. Opt for the critical care nursing topics of your choice and start writing your papers in nursing. Alternatively, you can hire our professional services to customize critical care nursing research topics.

Risk factors of pressure injuries among critically ill ICU patients.

Analyzing and evaluating the importance of timing in critical care nursing units.

Understanding the essentials of critical care nursing- a literature review.

Do nurses face problems with visitors? How do they cause disturbance?

Critical nursing analysis in the past 10 years- Literature review

Analyzing the strategies of management of patients suffering from dementia.

Case analysis of the US. Maintaining professional habits in the intensive care system.

Quick examination and plans for patients above the age of 50 years.

Do you think visitors should be allowed in intensive care units?

Examination of the nurse’s perspective on essential visitors of the patient.

Necessary care education is vital among critical nurses – a cross-country analysis.

A case scenario analysis-The difference between planned and emergency surgeries

The research on Ventilator-associated ill patients and their importance in health care facilities.

Challenges encountered by the critical care nursing system

A critical analysis of key challenges nurses face in ICU

Study on care in a technologically challenging work environment.

Study on the challenges facing patients with heart failure in the primary
health care
units.

Equipment used for training the nurses in the critical care units.

The importance of intensive and urgent care in the nursing field.

Why Should nurses prescribe medicines to critical patients?

A case analysis on the status of psychological aid in ICU patients.

The miscommunication between the nurses and Physicians in the intensive care unit.

Communicate between the caregivers and the critical patients in the ICU.

How do nurses manage covid’19 acute patients?

Issues faced by healthcare workers during the covid’19 period

Was the personal life of critical care nurses affected by the covid situation?

What was the real condition of the critical care nursing department during the COVID-19 pandemic?

What is the importance of job satisfaction in a
nursing career
?

Does low pay demotivate nurses?

What are the problems that nurses face while decision-making for patients?

A survey analysis of how nurses make end-of-life decisions?

Spiritual wellness survey.

A comparison between good critical thinking and effectiveness in decision-making in critical nurse’s care?

What is the impact of a good relationship between nurse and patient in the intensive care unit?

Define burnout syndrome, and explain how it affects the quality-of-care nurses offer.

What measures must nurses take instantly to manage open wounds in urgent patient care?

Is a nurse’s private life affected by the patient’s outcome?

Do Males and females get different types of critical care?

Critical Care Nursing Case Studies Examples

Some of the Critical Care
Nursing Case Studies
Examples Include:

Case study on causes and effects of burnout patients in critical care.

Case Study on doing critical care nurses accomplish resilience.

Case Study on physical and psychological stress among health care workers.

Case study on post-traumatic effect system for the nurses after a patient’s death.

Low income in ICU nurses and how it affects their work attitude and motivation

Case Study on the role of nurses in nutritional care to acute care patients

Case Study on the patients with HIV/AIDs and how nurses play their role.

Evidence-Based Practice Topics in Critical Care Nursing

Evidence-based practice topics in critical care nursing discuss the safest care provided by healthcare professionals. Evidence-based practice uses current knowledge and the best evidence to decide how to care for critically ill patients. This means that research is performed by nursing experts on intensive and critical care nursing for patients in ways that ensure the best patient outcomes. This information is published and disseminated to current critical care nurses through education, practice, and published literature.

Some examples of evidence-based practice in critical care nursing include:

Implementing measures to reduce impaired skin risks by using heel and elbow protectors and keeping skin clean and dry.

Avoiding frequently scheduled ventilator circuit changes. Frequent scheduled ventilator circuit changes can increase the risk of ventilator-acquired pneumonia.

Administering oxygen to a client with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Critical Care Nursing Thesis Topics

The critical care nursing thesis topics include:

Is it Time to Change our Methods? Safe and Efficient Vital Signs-

Combating Compassion Fatigue Among Emergency Department Nurses.

Preventing 30-Day Readmission for Patients with Heart Failure.

Reducing Delirium in the ICU: Implementing a Sleep Protocol.

Challenges encountered by the critical care nursing system

Providing critical care in rural areas. An insight into a critical care nursing provider’s experience

Ethical and legal dilemmas

Emotions and feelings in critical care nursing.

The challenges of nursing students in critical learning

Intensive care unit challenges

Current issues in ICU

Critical Care Nursing Care Plan

Creating care nursing plans for clients is based on preventing complications during the healing process. Performing an accurate nursing assessment allows the nursing staff to manage the patient’s pain and prevent complications. In emergency trauma care, basics include triage, evaluation and maintaining the airway, breathing, and circulation, protecting the cervical spine, and assessing the level of consciousness.

Critical Care Nursing Care Plan Examples could include fracture nursing care plans, heart failure nursing care plans, geriatric nursing care plans, and bowel incontinence nursing care plans, among others.

Understanding the essentials of critical care nursing and the whole critical care nursing concept can be overwhelming for students or critical care nursing beginners. As the population increases, more time and dedication are expected from critical care nurses. Taking care of the needs of critically ill patients in intensive care units can be overwhelming for nurses. The pressure that comes with working in the critical care nursing department can lead to mental disorders or physical illnesses.

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