Tag: Criminal

[Solved] Criminal Justice

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Imagine you are a manager of an organization in the criminal justice system that is facing a major crisis and you have been tasked with developing effective strategies on how to address the needed changes. Select a contemporary issue affecting one area of the criminal justice system. You may represe…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Imagine you are a manager of an organization in the criminal justice system that is facing a major crisis and you have been tasked with developing effective strategies on how to address the needed changes.
Select a contemporary issue affecting one area of the criminal justice system. You may represent any kind of criminal justice organization that aligns with your career goals: law enforcement, courts, corrections, probation/parole, juveniles, etc. You will research the issue and report your findings to leaders from other departments and similar organizations.
Using effective organizational management strategies, **write a 1,050 to 1,400 word report that drafts a plan for organizational change** to share with other decision-making leaders. Describe to your fellow leaders how you plan to effectively implement the needed changes that address an issue in your organization. There is no specific format for the report as long as ideas are communicated clearly.
Your report should include the following information based on your research:
– Identify the issue and why there is a need to implement organizational changes to your organization. Define a preferred change process strategy to deal with the issue.
– Explain the handling of resistance to change. Identify key barriers to effective communication. Indicate the methods needed to improve communication regarding the needed changes.
– Describe effective organizational management strategies that can be used to assess the changes after they are implemented. Explain how trust, conflict resolution, and negotiation influence the plan for organizational change.
Cite at least 2 peer-reviewed sources according to APA guidelines.

November 5, 2026
[Solved] I need classes taken for me

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Intro to criminology intro to comical justice humanities preparing for study sc

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Intro to criminology
intro to comical justice
humanities
preparing for study sc

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Memo

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Please see attached for instructions and template. – ## BudgetMemoTemplateWK6.docx – ## BudgetMemoAssignmentInstructionsWK6.docx **## BudgetMemoTemplateWK6.docx** August 2, 2025 Memorandum To: Daniel Miller, Deputy Police Chief From: [Click here and type your name] Date: 8/2/2025 Re: ****Purpose**…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Please see attached for instructions and template.

– ## BudgetMemoTemplateWK6.docx

– ## BudgetMemoAssignmentInstructionsWK6.docx

**## BudgetMemoTemplateWK6.docx**

August 2, 2025

Memorandum

To: Daniel Miller, Deputy Police Chief

From: [Click here and type your name]

Date: 8/2/2025

Re:

****Purpose**: [In three, concise sentences, state the reason for this memo and what will be discussed in the following two paragraphs.]**

****Question 1**: [The first sentences will state an honest, well-crafted question upfront. The next sentences will give a thorough explanation as to what information you do not understand. Finally, you will state why you feel the question is important and will likely be a topic when presenting the information to the city council.]**

****Question 2**:**

****Question 3**:**

****Question 4**:**

****Question 5**:**

**| | | |**
**| — | — | — |**
**| | | |**
**| | [Last Name, First Name]<br>Lieutenant<br>Admin and Logistics Sect | |**

**1**

**0**

**2**

**## BudgetMemoAssignmentInstructionsWK6.docx**

CJUS 300

## Budget Memo Assignment Instructions

### Overview

The ability to understand the allocation of resources in any organization is very important as shown in Module 6: Week 6. This assignment will give you the opportunity to review a police department’s budget, identify discrepancies, and request clarification. It will also expose you to using a preformatted memorandum to communicate inquiries, another highly important skill.

### Instructions

You will analyze a police budget from
[the scenario](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/memo-20931777#_Situation) [included below](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/memo-20931777#_Situation) in accordance with Chapter 12 of the Whisenand textbook. You will then write a memorandum requesting clarification on this budget, using the document template to guide the content and format. Your submission will:

· Be 1-2 pages in length,

· Use the current APA writing style guide and format the document in accordance with the assignment template,

·
_Not_ use a reference list section or in-text citations,

· Contain
_five_ honest, well-crafted questions listed in order of importance,

· Explain thoroughly what information is not understood,

· State why you believe the question is important,

· Use the appropriate tone addressing the recipient.

Complete only the bracketed information of the template using the current APA writing style. Do not change any font or paragraph settings in the template document. The template is single spaced and does not require additional resource references with in-text citation.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

### Situation

You are a police lieutenant in charge of logistics and administration for your department. Your police chief, Sandra Akers, calls you into her office and tells you she has a family emergency. As a part of your professional and leadership development, she asks you to present the first quarter revenues and expenses to the city council in a week. City council approved the current fiscal year city budget three and a half months ago but asked for quarterly updates from the police department. She hands you the First Quarter Budget Summery Report (below), instructs you to review it, and submit any inquiries to her deputy chief, Daniel Miller, in a memo.
**First Quarter Budget Summery Report**

| | | | | |
| — | — | — | — | — |
| **Expenses** | **FY Budget** | **1Q Expended** | **1Q Encumbered** | **% Expended*** |
| **Personnel Services** | **$1,615,000** | **$449,000** | | **28%** |
| Full-Time Salaries | $1,000,000 | $260,000 | – | 26% |
| Part-Time Salaries | 170,000 | 65,000 | – | 38% |
| Overtime | 45,000 | 39,000 | – | 87% |
| Fringe Benefits | 400,000 | 85,000 | – | 21% |
| **Operating Expenses** | **$192,000** | **$60,100** | | **31%** |
| Utilities | $15,000 | $8,000 | – | 53% |
| Training & Travel | 2,000 | 2,100 | – | 105% |
| Office Supplies | 75,000 | 50,000 | – | 67% |
| Contracts | 100,000 | 0 | 110,000 | 110% |
| **Capital Outlay** | **$145,000** | **$57,000** | – | **39%** |
| Personal Computers | $100,000 | $6,000 | $2,000 | 8% |
| Office Equipment | 45,000 | 51,000 | 3,000 | 120% |
| **Totals** | **$1,952,000** | **$566,100** | **$115,000** | **35%** |
| **Revenues** | **Budget** | **Received** | **Percentage** | |
| Fee & Charges | $390,000 | $55,000 | 14.1% | |
| Vehicle Code Fines | 55,000 | 45,000 | 81.9% | |
| **Totals** | $445,000 | $100,000 | 22.0% | |

*Rounded up from .5 to the nearest percent.

**## BudgetMemoAssignmentInstructionsWK6.docx**

CJUS 300

## Budget Memo Assignment Instructions

### Overview

The ability to understand the allocation of resources in any organization is very important as shown in Module 6: Week 6. This assignment will give you the opportunity to review a police department’s budget, identify discrepancies, and request clarification. It will also expose you to using a preformatted memorandum to communicate inquiries, another highly important skill.

### Instructions

You will analyze a police budget from
[the scenario](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/memo-20931777#_Situation) [included below](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/memo-20931777#_Situation) in accordance with Chapter 12 of the Whisenand textbook. You will then write a memorandum requesting clarification on this budget, using the document template to guide the content and format. Your submission will:

· Be 1-2 pages in length,

· Use the current APA writing style guide and format the document in accordance with the assignment template,

·
_Not_ use a reference list section or in-text citations,

· Contain
_five_ honest, well-crafted questions listed in order of importance,

· Explain thoroughly what information is not understood,

· State why you believe the question is important,

· Use the appropriate tone addressing the recipient.

Complete only the bracketed information of the template using the current APA writing style. Do not change any font or paragraph settings in the template document. The template is single spaced and does not require additional resource references with in-text citation.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

### Situation

You are a police lieutenant in charge of logistics and administration for your department. Your police chief, Sandra Akers, calls you into her office and tells you she has a family emergency. As a part of your professional and leadership development, she asks you to present the first quarter revenues and expenses to the city council in a week. City council approved the current fiscal year city budget three and a half months ago but asked for quarterly updates from the police department. She hands you the First Quarter Budget Summery Report (below), instructs you to review it, and submit any inquiries to her deputy chief, Daniel Miller, in a memo.
**First Quarter Budget Summery Report**

| | | | | |
| — | — | — | — | — |
| **Expenses** | **FY Budget** | **1Q Expended** | **1Q Encumbered** | **% Expended*** |
| **Personnel Services** | **$1,615,000** | **$449,000** | | **28%** |
| Full-Time Salaries | $1,000,000 | $260,000 | – | 26% |
| Part-Time Salaries | 170,000 | 65,000 | – | 38% |
| Overtime | 45,000 | 39,000 | – | 87% |
| Fringe Benefits | 400,000 | 85,000 | – | 21% |
| **Operating Expenses** | **$192,000** | **$60,100** | | **31%** |
| Utilities | $15,000 | $8,000 | – | 53% |
| Training & Travel | 2,000 | 2,100 | – | 105% |
| Office Supplies | 75,000 | 50,000 | – | 67% |
| Contracts | 100,000 | 0 | 110,000 | 110% |
| **Capital Outlay** | **$145,000** | **$57,000** | – | **39%** |
| Personal Computers | $100,000 | $6,000 | $2,000 | 8% |
| Office Equipment | 45,000 | 51,000 | 3,000 | 120% |
| **Totals** | **$1,952,000** | **$566,100** | **$115,000** | **35%** |
| **Revenues** | **Budget** | **Received** | **Percentage** | |
| Fee & Charges | $390,000 | $55,000 | 14.1% | |
| Vehicle Code Fines | 55,000 | 45,000 | 81.9% | |
| **Totals** | $445,000 | $100,000 | 22.0% | |

*Rounded up from .5 to the nearest percent.

**## BudgetMemoTemplateWK6.docx**

August 2, 2025

Memorandum

To: Daniel Miller, Deputy Police Chief

From: [Click here and type your name]

Date: 8/2/2025

Re:

****Purpose**: [In three, concise sentences, state the reason for this memo and what will be discussed in the following two paragraphs.]**

****Question 1**: [The first sentences will state an honest, well-crafted question upfront. The next sentences will give a thorough explanation as to what information you do not understand. Finally, you will state why you feel the question is important and will likely be a topic when presenting the information to the city council.]**

****Question 2**:**

****Question 3**:**

****Question 4**:**

****Question 5**:**

**| | | |**
**| — | — | — |**
**| | | |**
**| | [Last Name, First Name]<br>Lieutenant<br>Admin and Logistics Sect | |**

**1**

**0**

**2**

**## BudgetMemoAssignmentInstructionsWK6.docx**

CJUS 300

## Budget Memo Assignment Instructions

### Overview

The ability to understand the allocation of resources in any organization is very important as shown in Module 6: Week 6. This assignment will give you the opportunity to review a police department’s budget, identify discrepancies, and request clarification. It will also expose you to using a preformatted memorandum to communicate inquiries, another highly important skill.

### Instructions

You will analyze a police budget from
[the scenario](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/memo-20931777#_Situation) [included below](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/memo-20931777#_Situation) in accordance with Chapter 12 of the Whisenand textbook. You will then write a memorandum requesting clarification on this budget, using the document template to guide the content and format. Your submission will:

· Be 1-2 pages in length,

· Use the current APA writing style guide and format the document in accordance with the assignment template,

·
_Not_ use a reference list section or in-text citations,

· Contain
_five_ honest, well-crafted questions listed in order of importance,

· Explain thoroughly what information is not understood,

· State why you believe the question is important,

· Use the appropriate tone addressing the recipient.

Complete only the bracketed information of the template using the current APA writing style. Do not change any font or paragraph settings in the template document. The template is single spaced and does not require additional resource references with in-text citation.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

### Situation

You are a police lieutenant in charge of logistics and administration for your department. Your police chief, Sandra Akers, calls you into her office and tells you she has a family emergency. As a part of your professional and leadership development, she asks you to present the first quarter revenues and expenses to the city council in a week. City council approved the current fiscal year city budget three and a half months ago but asked for quarterly updates from the police department. She hands you the First Quarter Budget Summery Report (below), instructs you to review it, and submit any inquiries to her deputy chief, Daniel Miller, in a memo.
**First Quarter Budget Summery Report**

| | | | | |
| — | — | — | — | — |
| **Expenses** | **FY Budget** | **1Q Expended** | **1Q Encumbered** | **% Expended*** |
| **Personnel Services** | **$1,615,000** | **$449,000** | | **28%** |
| Full-Time Salaries | $1,000,000 | $260,000 | – | 26% |
| Part-Time Salaries | 170,000 | 65,000 | – | 38% |
| Overtime | 45,000 | 39,000 | – | 87% |
| Fringe Benefits | 400,000 | 85,000 | – | 21% |
| **Operating Expenses** | **$192,000** | **$60,100** | | **31%** |
| Utilities | $15,000 | $8,000 | – | 53% |
| Training & Travel | 2,000 | 2,100 | – | 105% |
| Office Supplies | 75,000 | 50,000 | – | 67% |
| Contracts | 100,000 | 0 | 110,000 | 110% |
| **Capital Outlay** | **$145,000** | **$57,000** | – | **39%** |
| Personal Computers | $100,000 | $6,000 | $2,000 | 8% |
| Office Equipment | 45,000 | 51,000 | 3,000 | 120% |
| **Totals** | **$1,952,000** | **$566,100** | **$115,000** | **35%** |
| **Revenues** | **Budget** | **Received** | **Percentage** | |
| Fee & Charges | $390,000 | $55,000 | 14.1% | |
| Vehicle Code Fines | 55,000 | 45,000 | 81.9% | |
| **Totals** | $445,000 | $100,000 | 22.0% | |

*Rounded up from .5 to the nearest percent.

**## BudgetMemoTemplateWK6.docx**

August 2, 2025

Memorandum

To: Daniel Miller, Deputy Police Chief

From: [Click here and type your name]

Date: 8/2/2025

Re:

****Purpose**: [In three, concise sentences, state the reason for this memo and what will be discussed in the following two paragraphs.]**

****Question 1**: [The first sentences will state an honest, well-crafted question upfront. The next sentences will give a thorough explanation as to what information you do not understand. Finally, you will state why you feel the question is important and will likely be a topic when presenting the information to the city council.]**

****Question 2**:**

****Question 3**:**

****Question 4**:**

****Question 5**:**

**| | | |**
**| — | — | — |**
**| | | |**
**| | [Last Name, First Name]<br>Lieutenant<br>Admin and Logistics Sect | |**

**1**

**0**

**2**

**## BudgetMemoAssignmentInstructionsWK6.docx**

CJUS 300

## Budget Memo Assignment Instructions

### Overview

The ability to understand the allocation of resources in any organization is very important as shown in Module 6: Week 6. This assignment will give you the opportunity to review a police department’s budget, identify discrepancies, and request clarification. It will also expose you to using a preformatted memorandum to communicate inquiries, another highly important skill.

### Instructions

You will analyze a police budget from
[the scenario](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/memo-20931777#_Situation) [included below](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/memo-20931777#_Situation) in accordance with Chapter 12 of the Whisenand textbook. You will then write a memorandum requesting clarification on this budget, using the document template to guide the content and format. Your submission will:

· Be 1-2 pages in length,

· Use the current APA writing style guide and format the document in accordance with the assignment template,

·
_Not_ use a reference list section or in-text citations,

· Contain
_five_ honest, well-crafted questions listed in order of importance,

· Explain thoroughly what information is not understood,

· State why you believe the question is important,

· Use the appropriate tone addressing the recipient.

Complete only the bracketed information of the template using the current APA writing style. Do not change any font or paragraph settings in the template document. The template is single spaced and does not require additional resource references with in-text citation.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

### Situation

You are a police lieutenant in charge of logistics and administration for your department. Your police chief, Sandra Akers, calls you into her office and tells you she has a family emergency. As a part of your professional and leadership development, she asks you to present the first quarter revenues and expenses to the city council in a week. City council approved the current fiscal year city budget three and a half months ago but asked for quarterly updates from the police department. She hands you the First Quarter Budget Summery Report (below), instructs you to review it, and submit any inquiries to her deputy chief, Daniel Miller, in a memo.
**First Quarter Budget Summery Report**

| | | | | |
| — | — | — | — | — |
| **Expenses** | **FY Budget** | **1Q Expended** | **1Q Encumbered** | **% Expended*** |
| **Personnel Services** | **$1,615,000** | **$449,000** | | **28%** |
| Full-Time Salaries | $1,000,000 | $260,000 | – | 26% |
| Part-Time Salaries | 170,000 | 65,000 | – | 38% |
| Overtime | 45,000 | 39,000 | – | 87% |
| Fringe Benefits | 400,000 | 85,000 | – | 21% |
| **Operating Expenses** | **$192,000** | **$60,100** | | **31%** |
| Utilities | $15,000 | $8,000 | – | 53% |
| Training & Travel | 2,000 | 2,100 | – | 105% |
| Office Supplies | 75,000 | 50,000 | – | 67% |
| Contracts | 100,000 | 0 | 110,000 | 110% |
| **Capital Outlay** | **$145,000** | **$57,000** | – | **39%** |
| Personal Computers | $100,000 | $6,000 | $2,000 | 8% |
| Office Equipment | 45,000 | 51,000 | 3,000 | 120% |
| **Totals** | **$1,952,000** | **$566,100** | **$115,000** | **35%** |
| **Revenues** | **Budget** | **Received** | **Percentage** | |
| Fee & Charges | $390,000 | $55,000 | 14.1% | |
| Vehicle Code Fines | 55,000 | 45,000 | 81.9% | |
| **Totals** | $445,000 | $100,000 | 22.0% | |

*Rounded up from .5 to the nearest percent.

– 1
– 2

November 5, 2026
[Solved] draft

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Full assignment prompt and step-by-step guidance are included in the downloadable solution file.

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Criminal Justice

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– ## articlepoliceinstructions.docx – ## 2023IsitTimetoEndPoliceUnions_WhyPoliceUnionsareHurtingMoreThanTheyAreHelping-JURIST-Commentary-LegalNewsCommentary-12.pdf **## articlepoliceinstructions.docx** Article review must be: 1. At least two pages not including reference page. 2. Very clear and u…

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– ## articlepoliceinstructions.docx

– ## 2023IsitTimetoEndPoliceUnions_WhyPoliceUnionsareHurtingMoreThanTheyAreHelping-JURIST-Commentary-LegalNewsCommentary-12.pdf

**## articlepoliceinstructions.docx**

Article review must be:

1. At least two pages not including reference page.

2. Very clear and understandable summary

3. All scholarly (peer reviewed articles or law reviews) that clearly support or refutes the conclusion. APA

**## 2023IsitTimetoEndPoliceUnions_WhyPoliceUnionsareHurtingMoreThanTheyAreHelping-JURIST-Commentary-LegalNewsCommentary-12.pdf**

12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 1/8

Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping

Huma Zia and Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman

JUNE 15, 2020 08:48:24 PM

Edited by: Brianna Bell | U. Pittsburgh School of Law, US

JURIST Guest Columnists Huma Zia, Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman of Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois discuss

reimagining police unions…

The COVID-19 pandemic, the death of George Floyd by the Minneapolis police, and the subsequent protests have brought racial

inequalities to the forefront of public square discussion. As faculty of color in the fields of criminal justice and legal studies, we

cover diversity issues in all of our classes, especially with students who will be future law enforcement officers. As faculty of color

from different backgrounds, we not only teach about the issues of systemic racism but live it in both our professional and

personal lives. This essay highlights some of the issues that we see and in our humble opinions some proposed solutions to the

problem of Black community relations with law enforcement.

As the protests over the death of George Floyd marched through our cities, towns, and communities, we once again mourned

the blight that is racism and how it has left a permanent stain on our country. Racism permeates all aspects of society and must

be confronted and expunged. Issues surrounding criminal justice, or the lack of justice, specifically for minorities, are rampant.

In addition to issues of racial disparity in criminal justice, the conversation has turned to the coercive nature of policing and

police abusing their power, particularly with minorities.

Generally, policing is an inherently coercive environment. The US Supreme Court has acknowledged the coercive nature of

interrogations and Terry stops– a major component of policing. No other profession, with the exception of our legislature, has

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12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 2/8

defined restrictions placed on it by the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution. The Fourth Amendment warns the

government from conducting “unreasonable searches and seizures.” The mere fact the founding fathers placed restrictions on

the practice of searching and seizing individuals clearly delineates the potential for abuse by police, which is who acts as an

extension of the government.

Now, the conversation has turned to an entity within policing that may be contributing to an abusive, and regressive police

department. Professors Fisk and Richardson of UCI argue that the contractual, substantive, and procedural protections that

come with union membership, coupled with a complicated disciplinary process serves to discourage supervisors from

disciplining rank and file officers engaged in misconduct. Consequently, supervisors’ inclination to avoid confrontations with

police unions and the red tape involved with sanctioning officers’ misconduct has contributed to the types of outcomes seen in

recent abuse of force cases. Katherine J. Bies writes: “In 2015, one thousand people were killed in officer-involved shootings.

Although African-American men only make up six percent of the population, they made up forty percent of those killed.” In

2015, 40% is an appallingly high statistic, in fact, even one officer-related death can be argued as being too high.

Currently, in 2020, five years later, we have seen how the grand juries refused to indict police officers on the deaths of Eric

Garner in New York City, New York and Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. We have watched how a judge acquitted an

officer of Freddie Gray’s death in Baltimore, Maryland and we are now seeing masses march to see justice in the deaths of

George Floyd, and Breonna Taylor. What we have rarely seen in such police shooting, are statements by police unions calling

for reform of police practices, firing of bad police officers or advocating for laws which will either publicize police officer’s

transgressions committed in their line of duty or laws that will automatically dismiss police officers for their transgressions and

abuse of authority. (It must be noted that many police chiefs of various cities, municipalities, and towns have officially made

statements against the death of George Floyd. Though individual police chiefs have made statements condemning the death of

George Floyd, we have yet to see the same outpouring of statements, made by Police Unions.)

Traditionally, what we have seen are police unions who protect bad cops, and in doing so implicitly and explicitly encourage the

abuse and transgressions against the most vulnerable of our population. “The unions, at least in New York City, outright just

protect, protect, protect the cops,” retired NYPD commander Corey Pegues wrote in his memoir, Once a Cop. Currently, “[I]n

Chicago…. [t]he new president of the police union, John Catanzara, was the subject of 50 misconduct complaints, according to

the Citizens Police Data Project, 10 of them sustained, and is believed to be the first FOP president to serve while stripped of his

police powers.” In protecting the bad cops, unions reinforce the proverbial code of silence among all officers, threatening those

who try to call out bad behavior. This code of silence not only perpetuates the violence but doing nothing encourages it until we

are left with another senseless killing or altercation and even poorer perception of the police.

Historically, the idea of police unions was proposed shortly after World War I, during the time when the concept of unionization

was gathering steam. Ironically, when the American Federation of Labor issued charters to police unions in thirty cities, many

police chiefs condemned the move, arguing that unionism was incompatible with policing. Due to continually low wages,

increased working hours and regulations, it was not until the mid-1960s that elected officials realized that police officers were

ready to strike and take a more military stance on policing if they were not allowed to unionize – thus the birth of police unions.

Simply put, unions, through the collective bargaining model, are meant as a mechanism to ensure employees’ fair

compensation, working conditions, and benefits. Thanks to such aggressive collective bargaining, police officers are among the

best-paid civil servants, have extraordinary control over their working conditions, and have defined working conditions in the

broadest possible terms. All this would not be a concern until we recognize that that police unions have gone one step further

and have made it extremely difficult to investigate misconduct claims and terminate officers who break the rules.

Moreover, as police unions flourished, the message of police accountability and integrity became blurred under the politicization

and albeit power that union officials wielded. Generally, police unions are slow in advocating for mandating officers use body

cameras and advocating for “bad” officers to be removed. In 2016, Campaign Zero conducted a comprehensive study of

collective bargaining by big-city police unions and found that agreements routinely guarantee that officers aren’t interrogated

immediately after use-of-force incidents and often ensure that disciplinary records are purged after three to five years.

A few days after prosecutors in Minneapolis charged an officer with murder in the death of George Floyd, the president of the

city’s police union denounced political leaders, accusing them of selling out his members and firing four officers without due

process. According to the New York Times:

[https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/)

[https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment)

[http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf](http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf)

[https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf](https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html)

[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/24/ferguson-police-darren-wilson-michael-brown-no-charges](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/24/ferguson-police-darren-wilson-michael-brown-no-charges)

[https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-miller-pretrial-motions-20160727-story.html](https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-miller-pretrial-motions-20160727-story.html)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html)

[https://www.nytimes.com/article/breonna-taylor-police.html](https://www.nytimes.com/article/breonna-taylor-police.html)

[https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Once-a-Cop/Corey-Pegues/9781501110504](https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Once-a-Cop/Corey-Pegues/9781501110504)

[https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/eric-zorn/ct-column-chicago-fraternal-order-police-catanzara-zorn-20200513-bu2xwx2lzjfkhgzbtg2ixtrqz4-story.html](https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/eric-zorn/ct-column-chicago-fraternal-order-police-catanzara-zorn-20200513-bu2xwx2lzjfkhgzbtg2ixtrqz4-story.html)

[https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=115536](https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=115536)

[https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf](https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf)

[https://www.joincampaignzero.org/reports](https://www.joincampaignzero.org/reports)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapolis-kroll.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapolis-kroll.html)

12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 3/8

[T]he president of the city’s police union denounced political leaders, accusing them of selling out his members and

firing four officers without due process. “It is despicable behavior,” the union president, Lt. Bob Kroll, wrote in a letter

to union members. He also referred to protesters as a “terrorist movement.”

At this time, it certainly appears that the “despicable behavior” is police unions repeatedly supporting officers that engage in

misconduct, and at times unlawful behavior, and failing to hold their members accountable when they betray the trust of the

very people they are sworn to serve. The police oath embraced by the International Association of Chiefs of Police states in part,

“[o]n my honor, I will never betray my badge, my integrity, my character or the public trust.” The public trust has been broken

and the integrity of police officers and police departments is constantly being questioned. It is now time for police officers to

police themselves, without the handicap of a union.

Due to recent events of police abuse of power and excessive force that has resulted in the death of American citizens, the nation

has been forced to grapple with questions about the purpose, function, and utility of contemporary policing. Police unions can

contribute to this conversation by offering solutions that help bridge the divide or continue to drive a wedge between officers

and communities of color by refusing to acknowledge that the status quo in policing is failing. The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP)

is the world’s largest organization of sworn law enforcement officers and according to its mission statement purports, in part,

to cultivate a spirit of fraternalism and mutual helpfulness among our members and the people we serve. A potential solution to

promoting mutual helpfulness and improving relationships between law enforcement and the Black community, in particular,

might lie in police unions: (1) recognizing how some of the ways they “advocate” for rank and file members (e.g. discouraging

civilian oversight and public access to disciplinary records) actually diminish citizen trust and confidence and (2) realizing that

due to the nature and prevalence of officer/citizen interaction, citizen trust and confidence is inextricably linked to officers’

working conditions. Therefore, when unions operate in ways that diminish citizen trust and confidence they simultaneously,

perhaps unknowingly, worsen aspects of officers’ work environment which is in direct contradiction with the stated mission to

support and improve working conditions.

It is time for police unions to discard the “us vs. them” mentality, encourage their members to truly embrace the role of the

public servant, and reimagine police advocacy in ways that include partnering with communities of color so that the best interest

of officers and citizens can be served.

Huma Zia is an assistant professor and program director of Paralegal Studies at Lewis University. She was a former Assistant

Attorney General, with the Illinois Attorney General’s Office in the Civil and Criminal Appeals Bureau. Currently working on

research involving police accountability, community policing, and clemency petitions.

Morris Jenkins is a professor of criminal justice. Jenkins has taught criminal justice for over thirty years at various institutions of

higher education. Born and raised in Detroit Michigan, the civil disobedience and the Detroit rebellion of 1967, incidentally

started by police abuse, are focal points in both Jenkins’ personal and academic lives. He has a law degree from Stetson

University College of Law and a Ph.D. in Public Policy from Northeastern University.

Tammy Thurman is currently an associate professor and the undergraduate program director in the Justice, Law and Public

Safety Studies Department (JLPSS) at Lewis University in Romeoville, IL. She teaches courses in criminal law, the court system

and juvenile justice. She holds advanced degrees in Social Work and Law, is a Licensed Social Worker (LSW) and a member of the

Illinois Bar. Professor Thurman has worked in the Child Welfare and Public Interest Law fields and studies and lectures on issues

related to female juvenile delinquency and incarceration.

Suggested citation: Huma Zia, Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman, Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are

Hurting More Than They Are Helping, JURIST – Academic Commentary, June 15, 2020,

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions.

This article was prepared for publication by Brianna Bell, a JURIST Staff Editor. Please direct any questions or comments to her at commentary@jurist.org.

[https://www.theiacp.org/resources/the-oath-of-honor](https://www.theiacp.org/resources/the-oath-of-honor)

[https://www.fop.net/CmsPage.aspx?id=18](https://www.fop.net/CmsPage.aspx?id=18)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/huma-zia/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/huma-zia/)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/dr-morris-jenkins/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/dr-morris-jenkins/)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/tammy-thurman/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/tammy-thurman/)

[https://www.jurist.org/jurist_search.php?q=Brianna+Bell](https://www.jurist.org/jurist_search.php?q=Brianna+Bell)

[mailto:commentary@jurist.org](mailto:commentary@jurist.org)

**## 2023IsitTimetoEndPoliceUnions_WhyPoliceUnionsareHurtingMoreThanTheyAreHelping-JURIST-Commentary-LegalNewsCommentary-12.pdf**

12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 1/8

Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping

Huma Zia and Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman

JUNE 15, 2020 08:48:24 PM

Edited by: Brianna Bell | U. Pittsburgh School of Law, US

JURIST Guest Columnists Huma Zia, Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman of Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois discuss

reimagining police unions…

The COVID-19 pandemic, the death of George Floyd by the Minneapolis police, and the subsequent protests have brought racial

inequalities to the forefront of public square discussion. As faculty of color in the fields of criminal justice and legal studies, we

cover diversity issues in all of our classes, especially with students who will be future law enforcement officers. As faculty of color

from different backgrounds, we not only teach about the issues of systemic racism but live it in both our professional and

personal lives. This essay highlights some of the issues that we see and in our humble opinions some proposed solutions to the

problem of Black community relations with law enforcement.

As the protests over the death of George Floyd marched through our cities, towns, and communities, we once again mourned

the blight that is racism and how it has left a permanent stain on our country. Racism permeates all aspects of society and must

be confronted and expunged. Issues surrounding criminal justice, or the lack of justice, specifically for minorities, are rampant.

In addition to issues of racial disparity in criminal justice, the conversation has turned to the coercive nature of policing and

police abusing their power, particularly with minorities.

Generally, policing is an inherently coercive environment. The US Supreme Court has acknowledged the coercive nature of

interrogations and Terry stops– a major component of policing. No other profession, with the exception of our legislature, has

igorovsyannykov / Pixabay

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DONATE NOW

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[https://www.jurist.org/commentary/author/bbell](https://www.jurist.org/commentary/author/bbell)

[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/451/477/](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/451/477/)

[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/1/](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/1/)

[https://pixabay.com/users/igorovsyannykov/](https://pixabay.com/users/igorovsyannykov/)

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12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

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defined restrictions placed on it by the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution. The Fourth Amendment warns the

government from conducting “unreasonable searches and seizures.” The mere fact the founding fathers placed restrictions on

the practice of searching and seizing individuals clearly delineates the potential for abuse by police, which is who acts as an

extension of the government.

Now, the conversation has turned to an entity within policing that may be contributing to an abusive, and regressive police

department. Professors Fisk and Richardson of UCI argue that the contractual, substantive, and procedural protections that

come with union membership, coupled with a complicated disciplinary process serves to discourage supervisors from

disciplining rank and file officers engaged in misconduct. Consequently, supervisors’ inclination to avoid confrontations with

police unions and the red tape involved with sanctioning officers’ misconduct has contributed to the types of outcomes seen in

recent abuse of force cases. Katherine J. Bies writes: “In 2015, one thousand people were killed in officer-involved shootings.

Although African-American men only make up six percent of the population, they made up forty percent of those killed.” In

2015, 40% is an appallingly high statistic, in fact, even one officer-related death can be argued as being too high.

Currently, in 2020, five years later, we have seen how the grand juries refused to indict police officers on the deaths of Eric

Garner in New York City, New York and Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. We have watched how a judge acquitted an

officer of Freddie Gray’s death in Baltimore, Maryland and we are now seeing masses march to see justice in the deaths of

George Floyd, and Breonna Taylor. What we have rarely seen in such police shooting, are statements by police unions calling

for reform of police practices, firing of bad police officers or advocating for laws which will either publicize police officer’s

transgressions committed in their line of duty or laws that will automatically dismiss police officers for their transgressions and

abuse of authority. (It must be noted that many police chiefs of various cities, municipalities, and towns have officially made

statements against the death of George Floyd. Though individual police chiefs have made statements condemning the death of

George Floyd, we have yet to see the same outpouring of statements, made by Police Unions.)

Traditionally, what we have seen are police unions who protect bad cops, and in doing so implicitly and explicitly encourage the

abuse and transgressions against the most vulnerable of our population. “The unions, at least in New York City, outright just

protect, protect, protect the cops,” retired NYPD commander Corey Pegues wrote in his memoir, Once a Cop. Currently, “[I]n

Chicago…. [t]he new president of the police union, John Catanzara, was the subject of 50 misconduct complaints, according to

the Citizens Police Data Project, 10 of them sustained, and is believed to be the first FOP president to serve while stripped of his

police powers.” In protecting the bad cops, unions reinforce the proverbial code of silence among all officers, threatening those

who try to call out bad behavior. This code of silence not only perpetuates the violence but doing nothing encourages it until we

are left with another senseless killing or altercation and even poorer perception of the police.

Historically, the idea of police unions was proposed shortly after World War I, during the time when the concept of unionization

was gathering steam. Ironically, when the American Federation of Labor issued charters to police unions in thirty cities, many

police chiefs condemned the move, arguing that unionism was incompatible with policing. Due to continually low wages,

increased working hours and regulations, it was not until the mid-1960s that elected officials realized that police officers were

ready to strike and take a more military stance on policing if they were not allowed to unionize – thus the birth of police unions.

Simply put, unions, through the collective bargaining model, are meant as a mechanism to ensure employees’ fair

compensation, working conditions, and benefits. Thanks to such aggressive collective bargaining, police officers are among the

best-paid civil servants, have extraordinary control over their working conditions, and have defined working conditions in the

broadest possible terms. All this would not be a concern until we recognize that that police unions have gone one step further

and have made it extremely difficult to investigate misconduct claims and terminate officers who break the rules.

Moreover, as police unions flourished, the message of police accountability and integrity became blurred under the politicization

and albeit power that union officials wielded. Generally, police unions are slow in advocating for mandating officers use body

cameras and advocating for “bad” officers to be removed. In 2016, Campaign Zero conducted a comprehensive study of

collective bargaining by big-city police unions and found that agreements routinely guarantee that officers aren’t interrogated

immediately after use-of-force incidents and often ensure that disciplinary records are purged after three to five years.

A few days after prosecutors in Minneapolis charged an officer with murder in the death of George Floyd, the president of the

city’s police union denounced political leaders, accusing them of selling out his members and firing four officers without due

process. According to the New York Times:

[https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/)

[https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment)

[http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf](http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf)

[https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf](https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html)

[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/24/ferguson-police-darren-wilson-michael-brown-no-charges](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/24/ferguson-police-darren-wilson-michael-brown-no-charges)

[https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-miller-pretrial-motions-20160727-story.html](https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-miller-pretrial-motions-20160727-story.html)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html)

[https://www.nytimes.com/article/breonna-taylor-police.html](https://www.nytimes.com/article/breonna-taylor-police.html)

[https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Once-a-Cop/Corey-Pegues/9781501110504](https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Once-a-Cop/Corey-Pegues/9781501110504)

[https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/eric-zorn/ct-column-chicago-fraternal-order-police-catanzara-zorn-20200513-bu2xwx2lzjfkhgzbtg2ixtrqz4-story.html](https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/eric-zorn/ct-column-chicago-fraternal-order-police-catanzara-zorn-20200513-bu2xwx2lzjfkhgzbtg2ixtrqz4-story.html)

[https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=115536](https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=115536)

[https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf](https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf)

[https://www.joincampaignzero.org/reports](https://www.joincampaignzero.org/reports)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapolis-kroll.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapolis-kroll.html)

12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 3/8

[T]he president of the city’s police union denounced political leaders, accusing them of selling out his members and

firing four officers without due process. “It is despicable behavior,” the union president, Lt. Bob Kroll, wrote in a letter

to union members. He also referred to protesters as a “terrorist movement.”

At this time, it certainly appears that the “despicable behavior” is police unions repeatedly supporting officers that engage in

misconduct, and at times unlawful behavior, and failing to hold their members accountable when they betray the trust of the

very people they are sworn to serve. The police oath embraced by the International Association of Chiefs of Police states in part,

“[o]n my honor, I will never betray my badge, my integrity, my character or the public trust.” The public trust has been broken

and the integrity of police officers and police departments is constantly being questioned. It is now time for police officers to

police themselves, without the handicap of a union.

Due to recent events of police abuse of power and excessive force that has resulted in the death of American citizens, the nation

has been forced to grapple with questions about the purpose, function, and utility of contemporary policing. Police unions can

contribute to this conversation by offering solutions that help bridge the divide or continue to drive a wedge between officers

and communities of color by refusing to acknowledge that the status quo in policing is failing. The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP)

is the world’s largest organization of sworn law enforcement officers and according to its mission statement purports, in part,

to cultivate a spirit of fraternalism and mutual helpfulness among our members and the people we serve. A potential solution to

promoting mutual helpfulness and improving relationships between law enforcement and the Black community, in particular,

might lie in police unions: (1) recognizing how some of the ways they “advocate” for rank and file members (e.g. discouraging

civilian oversight and public access to disciplinary records) actually diminish citizen trust and confidence and (2) realizing that

due to the nature and prevalence of officer/citizen interaction, citizen trust and confidence is inextricably linked to officers’

working conditions. Therefore, when unions operate in ways that diminish citizen trust and confidence they simultaneously,

perhaps unknowingly, worsen aspects of officers’ work environment which is in direct contradiction with the stated mission to

support and improve working conditions.

It is time for police unions to discard the “us vs. them” mentality, encourage their members to truly embrace the role of the

public servant, and reimagine police advocacy in ways that include partnering with communities of color so that the best interest

of officers and citizens can be served.

Huma Zia is an assistant professor and program director of Paralegal Studies at Lewis University. She was a former Assistant

Attorney General, with the Illinois Attorney General’s Office in the Civil and Criminal Appeals Bureau. Currently working on

research involving police accountability, community policing, and clemency petitions.

Morris Jenkins is a professor of criminal justice. Jenkins has taught criminal justice for over thirty years at various institutions of

higher education. Born and raised in Detroit Michigan, the civil disobedience and the Detroit rebellion of 1967, incidentally

started by police abuse, are focal points in both Jenkins’ personal and academic lives. He has a law degree from Stetson

University College of Law and a Ph.D. in Public Policy from Northeastern University.

Tammy Thurman is currently an associate professor and the undergraduate program director in the Justice, Law and Public

Safety Studies Department (JLPSS) at Lewis University in Romeoville, IL. She teaches courses in criminal law, the court system

and juvenile justice. She holds advanced degrees in Social Work and Law, is a Licensed Social Worker (LSW) and a member of the

Illinois Bar. Professor Thurman has worked in the Child Welfare and Public Interest Law fields and studies and lectures on issues

related to female juvenile delinquency and incarceration.

Suggested citation: Huma Zia, Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman, Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are

Hurting More Than They Are Helping, JURIST – Academic Commentary, June 15, 2020,

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions.

This article was prepared for publication by Brianna Bell, a JURIST Staff Editor. Please direct any questions or comments to her at commentary@jurist.org.

[https://www.theiacp.org/resources/the-oath-of-honor](https://www.theiacp.org/resources/the-oath-of-honor)

[https://www.fop.net/CmsPage.aspx?id=18](https://www.fop.net/CmsPage.aspx?id=18)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/huma-zia/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/huma-zia/)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/dr-morris-jenkins/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/dr-morris-jenkins/)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/tammy-thurman/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/tammy-thurman/)

[https://www.jurist.org/jurist_search.php?q=Brianna+Bell](https://www.jurist.org/jurist_search.php?q=Brianna+Bell)

[mailto:commentary@jurist.org](mailto:commentary@jurist.org)

**## articlepoliceinstructions.docx**

Article review must be:

1. At least two pages not including reference page.

2. Very clear and understandable summary

3. All scholarly (peer reviewed articles or law reviews) that clearly support or refutes the conclusion. APA

**## 2023IsitTimetoEndPoliceUnions_WhyPoliceUnionsareHurtingMoreThanTheyAreHelping-JURIST-Commentary-LegalNewsCommentary-12.pdf**

12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 1/8

Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping

Huma Zia and Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman

JUNE 15, 2020 08:48:24 PM

Edited by: Brianna Bell | U. Pittsburgh School of Law, US

JURIST Guest Columnists Huma Zia, Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman of Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois discuss

reimagining police unions…

The COVID-19 pandemic, the death of George Floyd by the Minneapolis police, and the subsequent protests have brought racial

inequalities to the forefront of public square discussion. As faculty of color in the fields of criminal justice and legal studies, we

cover diversity issues in all of our classes, especially with students who will be future law enforcement officers. As faculty of color

from different backgrounds, we not only teach about the issues of systemic racism but live it in both our professional and

personal lives. This essay highlights some of the issues that we see and in our humble opinions some proposed solutions to the

problem of Black community relations with law enforcement.

As the protests over the death of George Floyd marched through our cities, towns, and communities, we once again mourned

the blight that is racism and how it has left a permanent stain on our country. Racism permeates all aspects of society and must

be confronted and expunged. Issues surrounding criminal justice, or the lack of justice, specifically for minorities, are rampant.

In addition to issues of racial disparity in criminal justice, the conversation has turned to the coercive nature of policing and

police abusing their power, particularly with minorities.

Generally, policing is an inherently coercive environment. The US Supreme Court has acknowledged the coercive nature of

interrogations and Terry stops– a major component of policing. No other profession, with the exception of our legislature, has

igorovsyannykov / Pixabay

SUPPORT US

DONATE NOW

News ▾ Dispatches ▾ Commentary ▾ Features ▾ Topics ▾ Programs ▾ About ▾ Support ▾

[https://www.jurist.org/commentary/tag/author-huma-zia-and-morris-jenkins-and-tammy-thurman](https://www.jurist.org/commentary/tag/author-huma-zia-and-morris-jenkins-and-tammy-thurman)

[https://www.jurist.org/commentary/author/bbell](https://www.jurist.org/commentary/author/bbell)

[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/451/477/](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/451/477/)

[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/1/](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/1/)

[https://pixabay.com/users/igorovsyannykov/](https://pixabay.com/users/igorovsyannykov/)

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12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 2/8

defined restrictions placed on it by the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution. The Fourth Amendment warns the

government from conducting “unreasonable searches and seizures.” The mere fact the founding fathers placed restrictions on

the practice of searching and seizing individuals clearly delineates the potential for abuse by police, which is who acts as an

extension of the government.

Now, the conversation has turned to an entity within policing that may be contributing to an abusive, and regressive police

department. Professors Fisk and Richardson of UCI argue that the contractual, substantive, and procedural protections that

come with union membership, coupled with a complicated disciplinary process serves to discourage supervisors from

disciplining rank and file officers engaged in misconduct. Consequently, supervisors’ inclination to avoid confrontations with

police unions and the red tape involved with sanctioning officers’ misconduct has contributed to the types of outcomes seen in

recent abuse of force cases. Katherine J. Bies writes: “In 2015, one thousand people were killed in officer-involved shootings.

Although African-American men only make up six percent of the population, they made up forty percent of those killed.” In

2015, 40% is an appallingly high statistic, in fact, even one officer-related death can be argued as being too high.

Currently, in 2020, five years later, we have seen how the grand juries refused to indict police officers on the deaths of Eric

Garner in New York City, New York and Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. We have watched how a judge acquitted an

officer of Freddie Gray’s death in Baltimore, Maryland and we are now seeing masses march to see justice in the deaths of

George Floyd, and Breonna Taylor. What we have rarely seen in such police shooting, are statements by police unions calling

for reform of police practices, firing of bad police officers or advocating for laws which will either publicize police officer’s

transgressions committed in their line of duty or laws that will automatically dismiss police officers for their transgressions and

abuse of authority. (It must be noted that many police chiefs of various cities, municipalities, and towns have officially made

statements against the death of George Floyd. Though individual police chiefs have made statements condemning the death of

George Floyd, we have yet to see the same outpouring of statements, made by Police Unions.)

Traditionally, what we have seen are police unions who protect bad cops, and in doing so implicitly and explicitly encourage the

abuse and transgressions against the most vulnerable of our population. “The unions, at least in New York City, outright just

protect, protect, protect the cops,” retired NYPD commander Corey Pegues wrote in his memoir, Once a Cop. Currently, “[I]n

Chicago…. [t]he new president of the police union, John Catanzara, was the subject of 50 misconduct complaints, according to

the Citizens Police Data Project, 10 of them sustained, and is believed to be the first FOP president to serve while stripped of his

police powers.” In protecting the bad cops, unions reinforce the proverbial code of silence among all officers, threatening those

who try to call out bad behavior. This code of silence not only perpetuates the violence but doing nothing encourages it until we

are left with another senseless killing or altercation and even poorer perception of the police.

Historically, the idea of police unions was proposed shortly after World War I, during the time when the concept of unionization

was gathering steam. Ironically, when the American Federation of Labor issued charters to police unions in thirty cities, many

police chiefs condemned the move, arguing that unionism was incompatible with policing. Due to continually low wages,

increased working hours and regulations, it was not until the mid-1960s that elected officials realized that police officers were

ready to strike and take a more military stance on policing if they were not allowed to unionize – thus the birth of police unions.

Simply put, unions, through the collective bargaining model, are meant as a mechanism to ensure employees’ fair

compensation, working conditions, and benefits. Thanks to such aggressive collective bargaining, police officers are among the

best-paid civil servants, have extraordinary control over their working conditions, and have defined working conditions in the

broadest possible terms. All this would not be a concern until we recognize that that police unions have gone one step further

and have made it extremely difficult to investigate misconduct claims and terminate officers who break the rules.

Moreover, as police unions flourished, the message of police accountability and integrity became blurred under the politicization

and albeit power that union officials wielded. Generally, police unions are slow in advocating for mandating officers use body

cameras and advocating for “bad” officers to be removed. In 2016, Campaign Zero conducted a comprehensive study of

collective bargaining by big-city police unions and found that agreements routinely guarantee that officers aren’t interrogated

immediately after use-of-force incidents and often ensure that disciplinary records are purged after three to five years.

A few days after prosecutors in Minneapolis charged an officer with murder in the death of George Floyd, the president of the

city’s police union denounced political leaders, accusing them of selling out his members and firing four officers without due

process. According to the New York Times:

[https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/)

[https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment)

[http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf](http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf)

[https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf](https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html)

[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/24/ferguson-police-darren-wilson-michael-brown-no-charges](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/24/ferguson-police-darren-wilson-michael-brown-no-charges)

[https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-miller-pretrial-motions-20160727-story.html](https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-miller-pretrial-motions-20160727-story.html)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html)

[https://www.nytimes.com/article/breonna-taylor-police.html](https://www.nytimes.com/article/breonna-taylor-police.html)

[https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Once-a-Cop/Corey-Pegues/9781501110504](https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Once-a-Cop/Corey-Pegues/9781501110504)

[https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/eric-zorn/ct-column-chicago-fraternal-order-police-catanzara-zorn-20200513-bu2xwx2lzjfkhgzbtg2ixtrqz4-story.html](https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/eric-zorn/ct-column-chicago-fraternal-order-police-catanzara-zorn-20200513-bu2xwx2lzjfkhgzbtg2ixtrqz4-story.html)

[https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=115536](https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=115536)

[https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf](https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf)

[https://www.joincampaignzero.org/reports](https://www.joincampaignzero.org/reports)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapolis-kroll.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapolis-kroll.html)

12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 3/8

[T]he president of the city’s police union denounced political leaders, accusing them of selling out his members and

firing four officers without due process. “It is despicable behavior,” the union president, Lt. Bob Kroll, wrote in a letter

to union members. He also referred to protesters as a “terrorist movement.”

At this time, it certainly appears that the “despicable behavior” is police unions repeatedly supporting officers that engage in

misconduct, and at times unlawful behavior, and failing to hold their members accountable when they betray the trust of the

very people they are sworn to serve. The police oath embraced by the International Association of Chiefs of Police states in part,

“[o]n my honor, I will never betray my badge, my integrity, my character or the public trust.” The public trust has been broken

and the integrity of police officers and police departments is constantly being questioned. It is now time for police officers to

police themselves, without the handicap of a union.

Due to recent events of police abuse of power and excessive force that has resulted in the death of American citizens, the nation

has been forced to grapple with questions about the purpose, function, and utility of contemporary policing. Police unions can

contribute to this conversation by offering solutions that help bridge the divide or continue to drive a wedge between officers

and communities of color by refusing to acknowledge that the status quo in policing is failing. The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP)

is the world’s largest organization of sworn law enforcement officers and according to its mission statement purports, in part,

to cultivate a spirit of fraternalism and mutual helpfulness among our members and the people we serve. A potential solution to

promoting mutual helpfulness and improving relationships between law enforcement and the Black community, in particular,

might lie in police unions: (1) recognizing how some of the ways they “advocate” for rank and file members (e.g. discouraging

civilian oversight and public access to disciplinary records) actually diminish citizen trust and confidence and (2) realizing that

due to the nature and prevalence of officer/citizen interaction, citizen trust and confidence is inextricably linked to officers’

working conditions. Therefore, when unions operate in ways that diminish citizen trust and confidence they simultaneously,

perhaps unknowingly, worsen aspects of officers’ work environment which is in direct contradiction with the stated mission to

support and improve working conditions.

It is time for police unions to discard the “us vs. them” mentality, encourage their members to truly embrace the role of the

public servant, and reimagine police advocacy in ways that include partnering with communities of color so that the best interest

of officers and citizens can be served.

Huma Zia is an assistant professor and program director of Paralegal Studies at Lewis University. She was a former Assistant

Attorney General, with the Illinois Attorney General’s Office in the Civil and Criminal Appeals Bureau. Currently working on

research involving police accountability, community policing, and clemency petitions.

Morris Jenkins is a professor of criminal justice. Jenkins has taught criminal justice for over thirty years at various institutions of

higher education. Born and raised in Detroit Michigan, the civil disobedience and the Detroit rebellion of 1967, incidentally

started by police abuse, are focal points in both Jenkins’ personal and academic lives. He has a law degree from Stetson

University College of Law and a Ph.D. in Public Policy from Northeastern University.

Tammy Thurman is currently an associate professor and the undergraduate program director in the Justice, Law and Public

Safety Studies Department (JLPSS) at Lewis University in Romeoville, IL. She teaches courses in criminal law, the court system

and juvenile justice. She holds advanced degrees in Social Work and Law, is a Licensed Social Worker (LSW) and a member of the

Illinois Bar. Professor Thurman has worked in the Child Welfare and Public Interest Law fields and studies and lectures on issues

related to female juvenile delinquency and incarceration.

Suggested citation: Huma Zia, Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman, Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are

Hurting More Than They Are Helping, JURIST – Academic Commentary, June 15, 2020,

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions.

This article was prepared for publication by Brianna Bell, a JURIST Staff Editor. Please direct any questions or comments to her at commentary@jurist.org.

[https://www.theiacp.org/resources/the-oath-of-honor](https://www.theiacp.org/resources/the-oath-of-honor)

[https://www.fop.net/CmsPage.aspx?id=18](https://www.fop.net/CmsPage.aspx?id=18)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/huma-zia/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/huma-zia/)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/dr-morris-jenkins/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/dr-morris-jenkins/)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/tammy-thurman/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/tammy-thurman/)

[https://www.jurist.org/jurist_search.php?q=Brianna+Bell](https://www.jurist.org/jurist_search.php?q=Brianna+Bell)

[mailto:commentary@jurist.org](mailto:commentary@jurist.org)

**## articlepoliceinstructions.docx**

Article review must be:

1. At least two pages not including reference page.

2. Very clear and understandable summary

3. All scholarly (peer reviewed articles or law reviews) that clearly support or refutes the conclusion. APA

**## 2023IsitTimetoEndPoliceUnions_WhyPoliceUnionsareHurtingMoreThanTheyAreHelping-JURIST-Commentary-LegalNewsCommentary-12.pdf**

12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 1/8

Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping

Huma Zia and Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman

JUNE 15, 2020 08:48:24 PM

Edited by: Brianna Bell | U. Pittsburgh School of Law, US

JURIST Guest Columnists Huma Zia, Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman of Lewis University in Romeoville, Illinois discuss

reimagining police unions…

The COVID-19 pandemic, the death of George Floyd by the Minneapolis police, and the subsequent protests have brought racial

inequalities to the forefront of public square discussion. As faculty of color in the fields of criminal justice and legal studies, we

cover diversity issues in all of our classes, especially with students who will be future law enforcement officers. As faculty of color

from different backgrounds, we not only teach about the issues of systemic racism but live it in both our professional and

personal lives. This essay highlights some of the issues that we see and in our humble opinions some proposed solutions to the

problem of Black community relations with law enforcement.

As the protests over the death of George Floyd marched through our cities, towns, and communities, we once again mourned

the blight that is racism and how it has left a permanent stain on our country. Racism permeates all aspects of society and must

be confronted and expunged. Issues surrounding criminal justice, or the lack of justice, specifically for minorities, are rampant.

In addition to issues of racial disparity in criminal justice, the conversation has turned to the coercive nature of policing and

police abusing their power, particularly with minorities.

Generally, policing is an inherently coercive environment. The US Supreme Court has acknowledged the coercive nature of

interrogations and Terry stops– a major component of policing. No other profession, with the exception of our legislature, has

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[https://www.jurist.org/commentary/author/bbell](https://www.jurist.org/commentary/author/bbell)

[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/451/477/](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/451/477/)

[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/1/](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/1/)

[https://pixabay.com/users/igorovsyannykov/](https://pixabay.com/users/igorovsyannykov/)

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12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

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defined restrictions placed on it by the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution. The Fourth Amendment warns the

government from conducting “unreasonable searches and seizures.” The mere fact the founding fathers placed restrictions on

the practice of searching and seizing individuals clearly delineates the potential for abuse by police, which is who acts as an

extension of the government.

Now, the conversation has turned to an entity within policing that may be contributing to an abusive, and regressive police

department. Professors Fisk and Richardson of UCI argue that the contractual, substantive, and procedural protections that

come with union membership, coupled with a complicated disciplinary process serves to discourage supervisors from

disciplining rank and file officers engaged in misconduct. Consequently, supervisors’ inclination to avoid confrontations with

police unions and the red tape involved with sanctioning officers’ misconduct has contributed to the types of outcomes seen in

recent abuse of force cases. Katherine J. Bies writes: “In 2015, one thousand people were killed in officer-involved shootings.

Although African-American men only make up six percent of the population, they made up forty percent of those killed.” In

2015, 40% is an appallingly high statistic, in fact, even one officer-related death can be argued as being too high.

Currently, in 2020, five years later, we have seen how the grand juries refused to indict police officers on the deaths of Eric

Garner in New York City, New York and Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. We have watched how a judge acquitted an

officer of Freddie Gray’s death in Baltimore, Maryland and we are now seeing masses march to see justice in the deaths of

George Floyd, and Breonna Taylor. What we have rarely seen in such police shooting, are statements by police unions calling

for reform of police practices, firing of bad police officers or advocating for laws which will either publicize police officer’s

transgressions committed in their line of duty or laws that will automatically dismiss police officers for their transgressions and

abuse of authority. (It must be noted that many police chiefs of various cities, municipalities, and towns have officially made

statements against the death of George Floyd. Though individual police chiefs have made statements condemning the death of

George Floyd, we have yet to see the same outpouring of statements, made by Police Unions.)

Traditionally, what we have seen are police unions who protect bad cops, and in doing so implicitly and explicitly encourage the

abuse and transgressions against the most vulnerable of our population. “The unions, at least in New York City, outright just

protect, protect, protect the cops,” retired NYPD commander Corey Pegues wrote in his memoir, Once a Cop. Currently, “[I]n

Chicago…. [t]he new president of the police union, John Catanzara, was the subject of 50 misconduct complaints, according to

the Citizens Police Data Project, 10 of them sustained, and is believed to be the first FOP president to serve while stripped of his

police powers.” In protecting the bad cops, unions reinforce the proverbial code of silence among all officers, threatening those

who try to call out bad behavior. This code of silence not only perpetuates the violence but doing nothing encourages it until we

are left with another senseless killing or altercation and even poorer perception of the police.

Historically, the idea of police unions was proposed shortly after World War I, during the time when the concept of unionization

was gathering steam. Ironically, when the American Federation of Labor issued charters to police unions in thirty cities, many

police chiefs condemned the move, arguing that unionism was incompatible with policing. Due to continually low wages,

increased working hours and regulations, it was not until the mid-1960s that elected officials realized that police officers were

ready to strike and take a more military stance on policing if they were not allowed to unionize – thus the birth of police unions.

Simply put, unions, through the collective bargaining model, are meant as a mechanism to ensure employees’ fair

compensation, working conditions, and benefits. Thanks to such aggressive collective bargaining, police officers are among the

best-paid civil servants, have extraordinary control over their working conditions, and have defined working conditions in the

broadest possible terms. All this would not be a concern until we recognize that that police unions have gone one step further

and have made it extremely difficult to investigate misconduct claims and terminate officers who break the rules.

Moreover, as police unions flourished, the message of police accountability and integrity became blurred under the politicization

and albeit power that union officials wielded. Generally, police unions are slow in advocating for mandating officers use body

cameras and advocating for “bad” officers to be removed. In 2016, Campaign Zero conducted a comprehensive study of

collective bargaining by big-city police unions and found that agreements routinely guarantee that officers aren’t interrogated

immediately after use-of-force incidents and often ensure that disciplinary records are purged after three to five years.

A few days after prosecutors in Minneapolis charged an officer with murder in the death of George Floyd, the president of the

city’s police union denounced political leaders, accusing them of selling out his members and firing four officers without due

process. According to the New York Times:

[https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/)

[https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment)

[http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf](http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/85-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-712.pdf)

[https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf](https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html)

[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/24/ferguson-police-darren-wilson-michael-brown-no-charges](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/24/ferguson-police-darren-wilson-michael-brown-no-charges)

[https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-miller-pretrial-motions-20160727-story.html](https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-miller-pretrial-motions-20160727-story.html)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html)

[https://www.nytimes.com/article/breonna-taylor-police.html](https://www.nytimes.com/article/breonna-taylor-police.html)

[https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Once-a-Cop/Corey-Pegues/9781501110504](https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Once-a-Cop/Corey-Pegues/9781501110504)

[https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/eric-zorn/ct-column-chicago-fraternal-order-police-catanzara-zorn-20200513-bu2xwx2lzjfkhgzbtg2ixtrqz4-story.html](https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/eric-zorn/ct-column-chicago-fraternal-order-police-catanzara-zorn-20200513-bu2xwx2lzjfkhgzbtg2ixtrqz4-story.html)

[https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=115536](https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=115536)

[https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf](https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLPR-Vol.-28-1-Bies.pdf)

[https://www.joincampaignzero.org/reports](https://www.joincampaignzero.org/reports)

[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapolis-kroll.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/police-unions-minneapolis-kroll.html)

12/12/22, 12:34 PM Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are Hurting More Than They Are Helping – JURIST – Commentary – Legal News & Co…

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions/ 3/8

[T]he president of the city’s police union denounced political leaders, accusing them of selling out his members and

firing four officers without due process. “It is despicable behavior,” the union president, Lt. Bob Kroll, wrote in a letter

to union members. He also referred to protesters as a “terrorist movement.”

At this time, it certainly appears that the “despicable behavior” is police unions repeatedly supporting officers that engage in

misconduct, and at times unlawful behavior, and failing to hold their members accountable when they betray the trust of the

very people they are sworn to serve. The police oath embraced by the International Association of Chiefs of Police states in part,

“[o]n my honor, I will never betray my badge, my integrity, my character or the public trust.” The public trust has been broken

and the integrity of police officers and police departments is constantly being questioned. It is now time for police officers to

police themselves, without the handicap of a union.

Due to recent events of police abuse of power and excessive force that has resulted in the death of American citizens, the nation

has been forced to grapple with questions about the purpose, function, and utility of contemporary policing. Police unions can

contribute to this conversation by offering solutions that help bridge the divide or continue to drive a wedge between officers

and communities of color by refusing to acknowledge that the status quo in policing is failing. The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP)

is the world’s largest organization of sworn law enforcement officers and according to its mission statement purports, in part,

to cultivate a spirit of fraternalism and mutual helpfulness among our members and the people we serve. A potential solution to

promoting mutual helpfulness and improving relationships between law enforcement and the Black community, in particular,

might lie in police unions: (1) recognizing how some of the ways they “advocate” for rank and file members (e.g. discouraging

civilian oversight and public access to disciplinary records) actually diminish citizen trust and confidence and (2) realizing that

due to the nature and prevalence of officer/citizen interaction, citizen trust and confidence is inextricably linked to officers’

working conditions. Therefore, when unions operate in ways that diminish citizen trust and confidence they simultaneously,

perhaps unknowingly, worsen aspects of officers’ work environment which is in direct contradiction with the stated mission to

support and improve working conditions.

It is time for police unions to discard the “us vs. them” mentality, encourage their members to truly embrace the role of the

public servant, and reimagine police advocacy in ways that include partnering with communities of color so that the best interest

of officers and citizens can be served.

Huma Zia is an assistant professor and program director of Paralegal Studies at Lewis University. She was a former Assistant

Attorney General, with the Illinois Attorney General’s Office in the Civil and Criminal Appeals Bureau. Currently working on

research involving police accountability, community policing, and clemency petitions.

Morris Jenkins is a professor of criminal justice. Jenkins has taught criminal justice for over thirty years at various institutions of

higher education. Born and raised in Detroit Michigan, the civil disobedience and the Detroit rebellion of 1967, incidentally

started by police abuse, are focal points in both Jenkins’ personal and academic lives. He has a law degree from Stetson

University College of Law and a Ph.D. in Public Policy from Northeastern University.

Tammy Thurman is currently an associate professor and the undergraduate program director in the Justice, Law and Public

Safety Studies Department (JLPSS) at Lewis University in Romeoville, IL. She teaches courses in criminal law, the court system

and juvenile justice. She holds advanced degrees in Social Work and Law, is a Licensed Social Worker (LSW) and a member of the

Illinois Bar. Professor Thurman has worked in the Child Welfare and Public Interest Law fields and studies and lectures on issues

related to female juvenile delinquency and incarceration.

Suggested citation: Huma Zia, Morris Jenkins and Tammy Thurman, Is it Time to End Police Unions? Why Police Unions are

Hurting More Than They Are Helping, JURIST – Academic Commentary, June 15, 2020,

https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/zia-jenkins-thurman-police-unions.

This article was prepared for publication by Brianna Bell, a JURIST Staff Editor. Please direct any questions or comments to her at commentary@jurist.org.

[https://www.theiacp.org/resources/the-oath-of-honor](https://www.theiacp.org/resources/the-oath-of-honor)

[https://www.fop.net/CmsPage.aspx?id=18](https://www.fop.net/CmsPage.aspx?id=18)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/huma-zia/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/huma-zia/)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/dr-morris-jenkins/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/dr-morris-jenkins/)

[https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/tammy-thurman/](https://www.lewisu.edu/experts/wordpress/index.php/faculty-experts/tammy-thurman/)

[https://www.jurist.org/jurist_search.php?q=Brianna+Bell](https://www.jurist.org/jurist_search.php?q=Brianna+Bell)

[mailto:commentary@jurist.org](mailto:commentary@jurist.org)

– 1
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November 5, 2026
[Solved] 7-1 Project Revise

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Executive Solution Overview

Please see the attached assignment details. – ## ProjectDraftPartTwoModuleFive.docx – ENG190ProjectGuidelinesandRubric.html2.zip **## ProjectDraftPartTwoModuleFive.docx** 2 **Eliminating College Tuition: A Bold Step Toward Equity, Economic Growth, and Social Progress** Melony Hadden Southern New Ham…

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Please see the attached assignment details.

– ## ProjectDraftPartTwoModuleFive.docx

– ENG190ProjectGuidelinesandRubric.html2.zip

**## ProjectDraftPartTwoModuleFive.docx**

2

**Eliminating College Tuition: A Bold Step Toward Equity, Economic Growth, and Social Progress**

Melony Hadden

Southern New Hampshire University

Instructor Heather Carroll

ENG 190 Research and Persuasion

**Introduction**

A college education today is even more crucial than at any other time. It also provides more promising employment, greater income, and self-enhancement. Nevertheless, college education is costly, thus locking many gifted students out of college. This issue of tuition fees impacts not only the individual's future but also undermines society. Education should not be viewed as a privilege of a few but a right of everybody. This is because making college tuition free would encourage equality of opportunity, reduce financial burden, and enhance the country's well-being.

**Thesis Statement:**

Free college would be essential in creating a more equal society on both social and economic levels, diminishing student debt, and creating a better and more educated community of workers.

**Social Equality**

Among the most significant advantages of free college tuition is the opportunity that all students, regardless of their financial background, have. Numerous students can collect a college degree but do not have the money to do so. Education will be more affordable to low-income and marginalised citizens when there is free tuition. It assists in introducing a more level playing field where people can win on merit, not income taxes(Butler et al.,2021). It also enables students who would otherwise be pre-determined to take up low-paying jobs immediately after high school to have a better life through education.

**Student Loan Relief**

The problem of student debt among young people is overwhelming. Thousands of students find themselves financing their college degrees out of school in thousands of dollars, with the loan having to be repaid within years or even decades. This debt may keep them out of house buying, starting families, or stalling over their future prosperity. College tuition would make student loans unnecessary or significantly decrease the amount of loans that must be taken out. Consequently, students could study worry-free most of the time about the problem of money. It would also help them have greater freedom to pursue careers they love, so they would not be guided to choose a job based solely on how remunerative it is. Eliminating the strain of debt allows graduates to face adulthood with confidence and financial relaxation.

**Developing a better workforce**

Education is one of the best ways to enhance a country's economy. Skills, innovation, and the ability to compete are enhanced in the workforce when a wider range of people can access college. The opportunity of free tuition would encourage more students to obtain degrees in sectors such as healthcare, education, science, and technology, where trained employees are in short supply. Businesses become more efficient with a better-educated citizenry, and the state would feel more equipped to face the times of globalization (LeBlanc,2021). Moreover, a society that has higher education displays fewer unemployment cases, reduced crime, and improved health. It benefits not only those who want to get free college tuition, but also the nation's benefit.

**Counterargument and Rebuttal**

The claim that full tuition in colleges is too expensive and will burden taxpayers has been made by some people. Although it is a correct issue, one should consider education as a long-term investment. The government would recycle the tax dollars used to fund free tuition by increasing tax revenues, saving on welfare expenditures, and creating a more efficient economy. Some fear free college will mean a crowded campus and a standard drop. Nonetheless, planning, judicious application of technology, and sustained provision of quality faculty can address these challenges. The pitfalls that the policy might face are insufficient to address the strong solutions to providing free college education.

**Conclusion**

Free college education is not a dream but a wise and right solution to most issues affecting young people and society today. It ensures level playing fields, relieves the oppressive weight of debt, and develops a better-educated workforce. Everyone should have access to education regardless of their financial capacity. Educating people is an investment in our typical store. The time has come to repeal the use of free tuition in colleges and allow every student to have an opportunity to excel, no matter how financially endowed.

References

Butler, L. M., Arya, V., Nonyel, N. P., & Moore, T. S. (2021). The Rx-HEART framework to address health equity and racism within pharmacy education.
_American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education_,
_85_(9), 8590.

LeBlanc, P. (2021).
_Students first: Equity, access, and opportunity in higher education_. Harvard Education Press.

Kanter, M. J., Armstrong, A., Cammack, A., & Blalock, C. (2016). College promise: Pathway to the 21st century.
_Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning_,
_48_(6), 6-15.

**ENG190ProjectGuidelinesandRubric.html2.zip**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/eng190projectguidelinesandrubric-html2-zip)

**ENG190ProjectGuidelinesandRubric.html2.zip**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/eng190projectguidelinesandrubric-html2-zip)

**## ProjectDraftPartTwoModuleFive.docx**

2

**Eliminating College Tuition: A Bold Step Toward Equity, Economic Growth, and Social Progress**

Melony Hadden

Southern New Hampshire University

Instructor Heather Carroll

ENG 190 Research and Persuasion

**Introduction**

A college education today is even more crucial than at any other time. It also provides more promising employment, greater income, and self-enhancement. Nevertheless, college education is costly, thus locking many gifted students out of college. This issue of tuition fees impacts not only the individual's future but also undermines society. Education should not be viewed as a privilege of a few but a right of everybody. This is because making college tuition free would encourage equality of opportunity, reduce financial burden, and enhance the country's well-being.

**Thesis Statement:**

Free college would be essential in creating a more equal society on both social and economic levels, diminishing student debt, and creating a better and more educated community of workers.

**Social Equality**

Among the most significant advantages of free college tuition is the opportunity that all students, regardless of their financial background, have. Numerous students can collect a college degree but do not have the money to do so. Education will be more affordable to low-income and marginalised citizens when there is free tuition. It assists in introducing a more level playing field where people can win on merit, not income taxes(Butler et al.,2021). It also enables students who would otherwise be pre-determined to take up low-paying jobs immediately after high school to have a better life through education.

**Student Loan Relief**

The problem of student debt among young people is overwhelming. Thousands of students find themselves financing their college degrees out of school in thousands of dollars, with the loan having to be repaid within years or even decades. This debt may keep them out of house buying, starting families, or stalling over their future prosperity. College tuition would make student loans unnecessary or significantly decrease the amount of loans that must be taken out. Consequently, students could study worry-free most of the time about the problem of money. It would also help them have greater freedom to pursue careers they love, so they would not be guided to choose a job based solely on how remunerative it is. Eliminating the strain of debt allows graduates to face adulthood with confidence and financial relaxation.

**Developing a better workforce**

Education is one of the best ways to enhance a country's economy. Skills, innovation, and the ability to compete are enhanced in the workforce when a wider range of people can access college. The opportunity of free tuition would encourage more students to obtain degrees in sectors such as healthcare, education, science, and technology, where trained employees are in short supply. Businesses become more efficient with a better-educated citizenry, and the state would feel more equipped to face the times of globalization (LeBlanc,2021). Moreover, a society that has higher education displays fewer unemployment cases, reduced crime, and improved health. It benefits not only those who want to get free college tuition, but also the nation's benefit.

**Counterargument and Rebuttal**

The claim that full tuition in colleges is too expensive and will burden taxpayers has been made by some people. Although it is a correct issue, one should consider education as a long-term investment. The government would recycle the tax dollars used to fund free tuition by increasing tax revenues, saving on welfare expenditures, and creating a more efficient economy. Some fear free college will mean a crowded campus and a standard drop. Nonetheless, planning, judicious application of technology, and sustained provision of quality faculty can address these challenges. The pitfalls that the policy might face are insufficient to address the strong solutions to providing free college education.

**Conclusion**

Free college education is not a dream but a wise and right solution to most issues affecting young people and society today. It ensures level playing fields, relieves the oppressive weight of debt, and develops a better-educated workforce. Everyone should have access to education regardless of their financial capacity. Educating people is an investment in our typical store. The time has come to repeal the use of free tuition in colleges and allow every student to have an opportunity to excel, no matter how financially endowed.

References

Butler, L. M., Arya, V., Nonyel, N. P., & Moore, T. S. (2021). The Rx-HEART framework to address health equity and racism within pharmacy education.
_American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education_,
_85_(9), 8590.

LeBlanc, P. (2021).
_Students first: Equity, access, and opportunity in higher education_. Harvard Education Press.

Kanter, M. J., Armstrong, A., Cammack, A., & Blalock, C. (2016). College promise: Pathway to the 21st century.
_Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning_,
_48_(6), 6-15.

**ENG190ProjectGuidelinesandRubric.html2.zip**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/eng190projectguidelinesandrubric-html2-zip)

**## ProjectDraftPartTwoModuleFive.docx**

2

**Eliminating College Tuition: A Bold Step Toward Equity, Economic Growth, and Social Progress**

Melony Hadden

Southern New Hampshire University

Instructor Heather Carroll

ENG 190 Research and Persuasion

**Introduction**

A college education today is even more crucial than at any other time. It also provides more promising employment, greater income, and self-enhancement. Nevertheless, college education is costly, thus locking many gifted students out of college. This issue of tuition fees impacts not only the individual's future but also undermines society. Education should not be viewed as a privilege of a few but a right of everybody. This is because making college tuition free would encourage equality of opportunity, reduce financial burden, and enhance the country's well-being.

**Thesis Statement:**

Free college would be essential in creating a more equal society on both social and economic levels, diminishing student debt, and creating a better and more educated community of workers.

**Social Equality**

Among the most significant advantages of free college tuition is the opportunity that all students, regardless of their financial background, have. Numerous students can collect a college degree but do not have the money to do so. Education will be more affordable to low-income and marginalised citizens when there is free tuition. It assists in introducing a more level playing field where people can win on merit, not income taxes(Butler et al.,2021). It also enables students who would otherwise be pre-determined to take up low-paying jobs immediately after high school to have a better life through education.

**Student Loan Relief**

The problem of student debt among young people is overwhelming. Thousands of students find themselves financing their college degrees out of school in thousands of dollars, with the loan having to be repaid within years or even decades. This debt may keep them out of house buying, starting families, or stalling over their future prosperity. College tuition would make student loans unnecessary or significantly decrease the amount of loans that must be taken out. Consequently, students could study worry-free most of the time about the problem of money. It would also help them have greater freedom to pursue careers they love, so they would not be guided to choose a job based solely on how remunerative it is. Eliminating the strain of debt allows graduates to face adulthood with confidence and financial relaxation.

**Developing a better workforce**

Education is one of the best ways to enhance a country's economy. Skills, innovation, and the ability to compete are enhanced in the workforce when a wider range of people can access college. The opportunity of free tuition would encourage more students to obtain degrees in sectors such as healthcare, education, science, and technology, where trained employees are in short supply. Businesses become more efficient with a better-educated citizenry, and the state would feel more equipped to face the times of globalization (LeBlanc,2021). Moreover, a society that has higher education displays fewer unemployment cases, reduced crime, and improved health. It benefits not only those who want to get free college tuition, but also the nation's benefit.

**Counterargument and Rebuttal**

The claim that full tuition in colleges is too expensive and will burden taxpayers has been made by some people. Although it is a correct issue, one should consider education as a long-term investment. The government would recycle the tax dollars used to fund free tuition by increasing tax revenues, saving on welfare expenditures, and creating a more efficient economy. Some fear free college will mean a crowded campus and a standard drop. Nonetheless, planning, judicious application of technology, and sustained provision of quality faculty can address these challenges. The pitfalls that the policy might face are insufficient to address the strong solutions to providing free college education.

**Conclusion**

Free college education is not a dream but a wise and right solution to most issues affecting young people and society today. It ensures level playing fields, relieves the oppressive weight of debt, and develops a better-educated workforce. Everyone should have access to education regardless of their financial capacity. Educating people is an investment in our typical store. The time has come to repeal the use of free tuition in colleges and allow every student to have an opportunity to excel, no matter how financially endowed.

References

Butler, L. M., Arya, V., Nonyel, N. P., & Moore, T. S. (2021). The Rx-HEART framework to address health equity and racism within pharmacy education.
_American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education_,
_85_(9), 8590.

LeBlanc, P. (2021).
_Students first: Equity, access, and opportunity in higher education_. Harvard Education Press.

Kanter, M. J., Armstrong, A., Cammack, A., & Blalock, C. (2016). College promise: Pathway to the 21st century.
_Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning_,
_48_(6), 6-15.

**ENG190ProjectGuidelinesandRubric.html2.zip**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/eng190projectguidelinesandrubric-html2-zip)

– 1
– 2

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Wk 2: State Demographic Data

✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

Executive Solution Overview

This assignment requires a deep dive into disparities in the criminal justice system, focusing on a specific gender, racial, or ethnic group. Here's a breakdown of the steps involved in completing it: ### 1. **Selecting the Group** https://safe.menlosecurity.com/https://www.sentencingproject.org/re…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

This assignment requires a deep dive into disparities in the criminal justice system, focusing on a specific gender, racial, or ethnic group. Here's a breakdown of the steps involved in completing it:
### 1. **Selecting the Group** https://safe.menlosecurity.com/https://www.sentencingproject.org/research/detailed-state-data-tool/
First, you need to select the **gender, racial, or ethnic group** you want to focus on. For example:
– Gender: Men vs. Women
– Race/Ethnicity: African American, Latino, Asian, Native American, etc.
Once you choose your group, you'll analyze data related to their representation in prison populations.
### 2. **Research and Data Collection**
You'll be examining demographic data for your selected group using the following tools: https://safe.menlosecurity.com/https://data.census.gov/
– **The Sentencing Project**: Use the _Detailed Data Tool_ to explore the state’s prison population by demographic groups (gender, race, or ethnicity). Look for disparities between your selected group and others.
– **U.S. Census Bureau**: Compare the prison population data with general population data in your state. This will help you understand overrepresentation or underrepresentation.
– **Scholarly Sources**: Research at least **two scholarly articles** that discuss issues related to policing and the criminal justice system for your selected group. You might look for topics like racial profiling, discrimination in arrest rates, or experiences with law enforcement.
### 3. **Visual Aid**
After gathering the data, you’ll need to create a **visual aid** to present your findings. This can include:
– **Bar graphs** or **pie charts** comparing imprisonment rates for your selected group versus the general population.
– **Infographics** summarizing key disparities and insights.
You can use **Microsoft Word** or **PowerPoint** to create this visual aid. Ensure it is clear, informative, and directly reflects the disparities in the data.
### 4. **Writing the Paper**
The main part of the assignment is the **175- to 350-word paper** that includes the following:
– **Summary of Data**: Interpret the data you’ve found, highlighting any disparities for your selected group. For example, are they overrepresented in the prison population compared to the general population? If so, by how much?
– **Strategy for Community Policing**: Identify a strategy that **goes beyond training** (such as policy changes or community engagement initiatives) to reduce disparities in policing. For instance, implementing community outreach programs, improving relationships with community leaders, or offering alternatives to incarceration.
– **Improvement Method for Reporting Demographic Data**: Propose a method that **community police can use** to ensure more accurate reporting of demographic data for both victims and offenders. This could involve collecting more granular data, using technology to track patterns, or fostering transparency in reporting practices.
### 5. **Sources and APA Citation**
– You must **include at least two peer-reviewed sources**. One of them can be your course textbook.
– Follow **APA citation guidelines** for both in-text citations and the reference page.
### Sample Structure for Paper:
1. **Cover Page**:
– Include your name and assignment title.
2. **Visual Aid**:
– Embed your graph/chart/infographic directly after the cover page.
3. **Analysis** (175-350 words):
– **Introduction**: Briefly introduce the group you're focusing on and what the data shows.
– **Data Interpretation**: Discuss any significant disparities or trends in the data.
– **Strategy for Reducing Disparities**: Describe a community policing strategy.
– **Improvement in Reporting**: Suggest a method for improving demographic reporting.
4. **References**:
– Ensure that you cite at least two peer-reviewed sources and format them according to APA.
### Some Ideas to Get Started:
– **Example Group Selection**: If you choose **African Americans** as your focus group, research the overrepresentation of African Americans in the criminal justice system, particularly in prisons.
– **Data**: You could use data to show that African Americans are incarcerated at much higher rates than White Americans, despite similar crime rates.
– **Community Policing Strategy**: Propose a strategy such as community-based policing initiatives that foster trust between police and minority communities.
Would you like help selecting a specific group or guidance on any of these steps?

November 5, 2026
[Solved] criminal justice

✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

Executive Solution Overview

In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering criminal justice.

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Full assignment prompt and step-by-step guidance are included in the downloadable solution file.

November 5, 2026
[Solved] 7-2 Project Two

✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

Executive Solution Overview

Please see the attached below on details for this assignment. – ## CJ207ProjectTwoTemplate.docx – ## ProjectTwoGuidelinesandRubric.html.zip **## CJ207ProjectTwoTemplate.docx** ![SNHU logo](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/7-2-project-two-20933739) ## CJ 207 Project Two Template Complete this tem…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Please see the attached below on details for this assignment.

– ## CJ207ProjectTwoTemplate.docx

– ## ProjectTwoGuidelinesandRubric.html.zip

**## CJ207ProjectTwoTemplate.docx**

![SNHU logo](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/7-2-project-two-20933739)

## CJ 207 Project Two Template

Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.

### Moving Through the Criminal Justice System

[Insert text.]

### Alternative Processes and Impact

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Alternative Processes** | **Description of Process** | **Impact on Criminal Court System** |
| **Plea Bargains** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Restorative Justice Principles** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Function of Juries

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Types of Cases** | **How This Jury Is Selected** | **Responsibility of This Type Of Jury** |
| **Civil Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Criminal Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Impact of Specific Sentencing Guidelines

#### Why Sentencing Guidelines Exist

[Insert text.]

#### Examples of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1.]

[Insert example 2.]

[Insert example 3.]

#### Effects of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1 effect.]

[Insert example 2 effect.]

[
**Optional:** Insert example 3 effect.]

## image1.png

## image2.svg

**## ProjectTwoGuidelinesandRubric.html.zip**

## Project Two Guidelines and Rubric.html

## CJ 207 Project Two Guidelines and Rubric

### Competency

In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competency:

– Explain the processes and procedures used in courts

### Scenario

You are a Community Outreach Coordinator for your local chapter of the
[National Criminal Justice Association](http://www.ncja.org/home) (NCJA). A recent study found that people in your area are often unsure of court processes, procedures, and outcomes. As a result, they often are not able to make informed decisions at this critical time in their lives. Using this published research, you have applied for and been awarded a small grant to create community outreach materials to educate the public about court processes.

### Directions

The community outreach materials you create should show your knowledge of the following criteria. A template and other possible presentation formats are included in the Supporting Materials section.

– Describe how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing. In 150–200 words, address movement from one step of the process to the next for each of the following:

– Arrest
– Arraignment
– Pretrial hearing
– Bail

– Trial
– Verdict
– Sentencing
– Appeal

– Describe alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Plea bargains
– Restorative justice principles

– Describe the function of juries in the trial process. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Civil cases

– How is this type of jury selected?
– What is the responsibility of this type of jury?
– Criminal cases

– How is this type of jury selected?
– What is the responsibility of this type of jury?

– Describe the impact of specific sentencing guidelines. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Why do sentencing guidelines exist?
– Identify 2–3 examples of sentencing guidelines.
– Describe the effects of each of the sentence guidelines you identified.

### What to Submit

To complete this project, you must submit the following:

Educational Material
For this project, choose the format that works best for you. Please note there is no requirement related to the way you show your knowledge, as long as you meet the rubric requirements by following the directions.

We have created the following optional template to aid you in completing this project:

– [Project Two Template Word Document](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/course_documents/CJ%20207%20Project%20Two%20Template.docx)

If you prefer to create different community outreach materials, consider creating one of the following:

– Infographic (See the Supporting Materials section.)
– Video for a website
– Other handout

If you choose from the above list, make sure your format can include all of the rubric requirements explained in detail in the Directions section.

### Supporting Materials

The following resource(s) may help support your work on the project:

[Project Two Template Word Document](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/course_documents/CJ%20207%20Project%20Two%20Template.docx)
This template can be used to create your community outreach materials.

Website:
[Piktochart](https://piktochart.com/)
This website can be used to easily make an infographic or visual.

### Project Two Rubric

| Criteria | Exceeds Expectations (100%) | Meets Expectations (85%) | Partially Meets Expectations (55%) | Does Not Meet Expectations (0%) | Value |
| — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Clear Communication | Exceeds expectations with an intentional use of language that promotes a thorough understanding | Consistently and effectively communicates in an organized way to a specific audience | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but communication is inconsistent or ineffective in a way that negatively impacts understanding | Shows no evidence of consistent, effective, or organized communication | 15 |
| The Criminal Justice System | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include addressing each identified step in the process | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Alternative Processes | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include addressing the alternative process of plea bargaining or the alternative process of restorative justice principles | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Juries | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes the function of juries in the trial process | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include describing how civil case juries are selected and their responsibility or describing how criminal case juries are selected and their responsibility | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Sentencing Guidelines | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes the impact of specific sentencing guidelines | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include describing why sentencing guidelines exist, identifying multiple examples of sentencing guidelines, or describing the effects of each identified sentencing guideline | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Citations and Attributions | Attributes sources where applicable using citation methods with very few minor errors | Uses citation for ideas requiring attribution | Attributes sources where applicable, but with major errors | Does not attribute sources where applicable | 5 |
| Total: | 100% |

## course_documents/CJ 207 Project Two Template.docx

![SNHU logo](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/7-2-project-two-20933739)

## CJ 207 Project Two Template

Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.

### Moving Through the Criminal Justice System

[Insert text.]

### Alternative Processes and Impact

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Alternative Processes** | **Description of Process** | **Impact on Criminal Court System** |
| **Plea Bargains** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Restorative Justice Principles** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Function of Juries

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Types of Cases** | **How This Jury Is Selected** | **Responsibility of This Type Of Jury** |
| **Civil Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Criminal Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Impact of Specific Sentencing Guidelines

#### Why Sentencing Guidelines Exist

[Insert text.]

#### Examples of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1.]

[Insert example 2.]

[Insert example 3.]

#### Effects of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1 effect.]

[Insert example 2 effect.]

[
**Optional:** Insert example 3 effect.]

## image1.png

## image2.svg

**## ProjectTwoGuidelinesandRubric.html.zip**

## Project Two Guidelines and Rubric.html

## CJ 207 Project Two Guidelines and Rubric

### Competency

In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competency:

– Explain the processes and procedures used in courts

### Scenario

You are a Community Outreach Coordinator for your local chapter of the
[National Criminal Justice Association](http://www.ncja.org/home) (NCJA). A recent study found that people in your area are often unsure of court processes, procedures, and outcomes. As a result, they often are not able to make informed decisions at this critical time in their lives. Using this published research, you have applied for and been awarded a small grant to create community outreach materials to educate the public about court processes.

### Directions

The community outreach materials you create should show your knowledge of the following criteria. A template and other possible presentation formats are included in the Supporting Materials section.

– Describe how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing. In 150–200 words, address movement from one step of the process to the next for each of the following:

– Arrest
– Arraignment
– Pretrial hearing
– Bail

– Trial
– Verdict
– Sentencing
– Appeal

– Describe alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Plea bargains
– Restorative justice principles

– Describe the function of juries in the trial process. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Civil cases

– How is this type of jury selected?
– What is the responsibility of this type of jury?
– Criminal cases

– How is this type of jury selected?
– What is the responsibility of this type of jury?

– Describe the impact of specific sentencing guidelines. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Why do sentencing guidelines exist?
– Identify 2–3 examples of sentencing guidelines.
– Describe the effects of each of the sentence guidelines you identified.

### What to Submit

To complete this project, you must submit the following:

Educational Material
For this project, choose the format that works best for you. Please note there is no requirement related to the way you show your knowledge, as long as you meet the rubric requirements by following the directions.

We have created the following optional template to aid you in completing this project:

– [Project Two Template Word Document](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/course_documents/CJ%20207%20Project%20Two%20Template.docx)

If you prefer to create different community outreach materials, consider creating one of the following:

– Infographic (See the Supporting Materials section.)
– Video for a website
– Other handout

If you choose from the above list, make sure your format can include all of the rubric requirements explained in detail in the Directions section.

### Supporting Materials

The following resource(s) may help support your work on the project:

[Project Two Template Word Document](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/course_documents/CJ%20207%20Project%20Two%20Template.docx)
This template can be used to create your community outreach materials.

Website:
[Piktochart](https://piktochart.com/)
This website can be used to easily make an infographic or visual.

### Project Two Rubric

| Criteria | Exceeds Expectations (100%) | Meets Expectations (85%) | Partially Meets Expectations (55%) | Does Not Meet Expectations (0%) | Value |
| — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Clear Communication | Exceeds expectations with an intentional use of language that promotes a thorough understanding | Consistently and effectively communicates in an organized way to a specific audience | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but communication is inconsistent or ineffective in a way that negatively impacts understanding | Shows no evidence of consistent, effective, or organized communication | 15 |
| The Criminal Justice System | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include addressing each identified step in the process | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Alternative Processes | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include addressing the alternative process of plea bargaining or the alternative process of restorative justice principles | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Juries | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes the function of juries in the trial process | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include describing how civil case juries are selected and their responsibility or describing how criminal case juries are selected and their responsibility | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Sentencing Guidelines | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes the impact of specific sentencing guidelines | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include describing why sentencing guidelines exist, identifying multiple examples of sentencing guidelines, or describing the effects of each identified sentencing guideline | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Citations and Attributions | Attributes sources where applicable using citation methods with very few minor errors | Uses citation for ideas requiring attribution | Attributes sources where applicable, but with major errors | Does not attribute sources where applicable | 5 |
| Total: | 100% |

## course_documents/CJ 207 Project Two Template.docx

![SNHU logo](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/7-2-project-two-20933739)

## CJ 207 Project Two Template

Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.

### Moving Through the Criminal Justice System

[Insert text.]

### Alternative Processes and Impact

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Alternative Processes** | **Description of Process** | **Impact on Criminal Court System** |
| **Plea Bargains** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Restorative Justice Principles** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Function of Juries

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Types of Cases** | **How This Jury Is Selected** | **Responsibility of This Type Of Jury** |
| **Civil Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Criminal Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Impact of Specific Sentencing Guidelines

#### Why Sentencing Guidelines Exist

[Insert text.]

#### Examples of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1.]

[Insert example 2.]

[Insert example 3.]

#### Effects of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1 effect.]

[Insert example 2 effect.]

[
**Optional:** Insert example 3 effect.]

## image1.png

## image2.svg

**## CJ207ProjectTwoTemplate.docx**

![SNHU logo](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/7-2-project-two-20933739)

## CJ 207 Project Two Template

Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.

### Moving Through the Criminal Justice System

[Insert text.]

### Alternative Processes and Impact

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Alternative Processes** | **Description of Process** | **Impact on Criminal Court System** |
| **Plea Bargains** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Restorative Justice Principles** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Function of Juries

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Types of Cases** | **How This Jury Is Selected** | **Responsibility of This Type Of Jury** |
| **Civil Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Criminal Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Impact of Specific Sentencing Guidelines

#### Why Sentencing Guidelines Exist

[Insert text.]

#### Examples of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1.]

[Insert example 2.]

[Insert example 3.]

#### Effects of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1 effect.]

[Insert example 2 effect.]

[
**Optional:** Insert example 3 effect.]

## image1.png

## image2.svg

**## ProjectTwoGuidelinesandRubric.html.zip**

## Project Two Guidelines and Rubric.html

## CJ 207 Project Two Guidelines and Rubric

### Competency

In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competency:

– Explain the processes and procedures used in courts

### Scenario

You are a Community Outreach Coordinator for your local chapter of the
[National Criminal Justice Association](http://www.ncja.org/home) (NCJA). A recent study found that people in your area are often unsure of court processes, procedures, and outcomes. As a result, they often are not able to make informed decisions at this critical time in their lives. Using this published research, you have applied for and been awarded a small grant to create community outreach materials to educate the public about court processes.

### Directions

The community outreach materials you create should show your knowledge of the following criteria. A template and other possible presentation formats are included in the Supporting Materials section.

– Describe how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing. In 150–200 words, address movement from one step of the process to the next for each of the following:

– Arrest
– Arraignment
– Pretrial hearing
– Bail

– Trial
– Verdict
– Sentencing
– Appeal

– Describe alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Plea bargains
– Restorative justice principles

– Describe the function of juries in the trial process. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Civil cases

– How is this type of jury selected?
– What is the responsibility of this type of jury?
– Criminal cases

– How is this type of jury selected?
– What is the responsibility of this type of jury?

– Describe the impact of specific sentencing guidelines. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Why do sentencing guidelines exist?
– Identify 2–3 examples of sentencing guidelines.
– Describe the effects of each of the sentence guidelines you identified.

### What to Submit

To complete this project, you must submit the following:

Educational Material
For this project, choose the format that works best for you. Please note there is no requirement related to the way you show your knowledge, as long as you meet the rubric requirements by following the directions.

We have created the following optional template to aid you in completing this project:

– [Project Two Template Word Document](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/course_documents/CJ%20207%20Project%20Two%20Template.docx)

If you prefer to create different community outreach materials, consider creating one of the following:

– Infographic (See the Supporting Materials section.)
– Video for a website
– Other handout

If you choose from the above list, make sure your format can include all of the rubric requirements explained in detail in the Directions section.

### Supporting Materials

The following resource(s) may help support your work on the project:

[Project Two Template Word Document](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/course_documents/CJ%20207%20Project%20Two%20Template.docx)
This template can be used to create your community outreach materials.

Website:
[Piktochart](https://piktochart.com/)
This website can be used to easily make an infographic or visual.

### Project Two Rubric

| Criteria | Exceeds Expectations (100%) | Meets Expectations (85%) | Partially Meets Expectations (55%) | Does Not Meet Expectations (0%) | Value |
| — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Clear Communication | Exceeds expectations with an intentional use of language that promotes a thorough understanding | Consistently and effectively communicates in an organized way to a specific audience | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but communication is inconsistent or ineffective in a way that negatively impacts understanding | Shows no evidence of consistent, effective, or organized communication | 15 |
| The Criminal Justice System | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include addressing each identified step in the process | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Alternative Processes | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include addressing the alternative process of plea bargaining or the alternative process of restorative justice principles | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Juries | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes the function of juries in the trial process | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include describing how civil case juries are selected and their responsibility or describing how criminal case juries are selected and their responsibility | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Sentencing Guidelines | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes the impact of specific sentencing guidelines | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include describing why sentencing guidelines exist, identifying multiple examples of sentencing guidelines, or describing the effects of each identified sentencing guideline | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Citations and Attributions | Attributes sources where applicable using citation methods with very few minor errors | Uses citation for ideas requiring attribution | Attributes sources where applicable, but with major errors | Does not attribute sources where applicable | 5 |
| Total: | 100% |

## course_documents/CJ 207 Project Two Template.docx

![SNHU logo](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/7-2-project-two-20933739)

## CJ 207 Project Two Template

Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.

### Moving Through the Criminal Justice System

[Insert text.]

### Alternative Processes and Impact

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Alternative Processes** | **Description of Process** | **Impact on Criminal Court System** |
| **Plea Bargains** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Restorative Justice Principles** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Function of Juries

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Types of Cases** | **How This Jury Is Selected** | **Responsibility of This Type Of Jury** |
| **Civil Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Criminal Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Impact of Specific Sentencing Guidelines

#### Why Sentencing Guidelines Exist

[Insert text.]

#### Examples of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1.]

[Insert example 2.]

[Insert example 3.]

#### Effects of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1 effect.]

[Insert example 2 effect.]

[
**Optional:** Insert example 3 effect.]

## image1.png

## image2.svg

**## CJ207ProjectTwoTemplate.docx**

![SNHU logo](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/7-2-project-two-20933739)

## CJ 207 Project Two Template

Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.

### Moving Through the Criminal Justice System

[Insert text.]

### Alternative Processes and Impact

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Alternative Processes** | **Description of Process** | **Impact on Criminal Court System** |
| **Plea Bargains** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Restorative Justice Principles** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Function of Juries

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Types of Cases** | **How This Jury Is Selected** | **Responsibility of This Type Of Jury** |
| **Civil Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Criminal Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Impact of Specific Sentencing Guidelines

#### Why Sentencing Guidelines Exist

[Insert text.]

#### Examples of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1.]

[Insert example 2.]

[Insert example 3.]

#### Effects of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1 effect.]

[Insert example 2 effect.]

[
**Optional:** Insert example 3 effect.]

## image1.png

## image2.svg

**## ProjectTwoGuidelinesandRubric.html.zip**

## Project Two Guidelines and Rubric.html

## CJ 207 Project Two Guidelines and Rubric

### Competency

In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competency:

– Explain the processes and procedures used in courts

### Scenario

You are a Community Outreach Coordinator for your local chapter of the
[National Criminal Justice Association](http://www.ncja.org/home) (NCJA). A recent study found that people in your area are often unsure of court processes, procedures, and outcomes. As a result, they often are not able to make informed decisions at this critical time in their lives. Using this published research, you have applied for and been awarded a small grant to create community outreach materials to educate the public about court processes.

### Directions

The community outreach materials you create should show your knowledge of the following criteria. A template and other possible presentation formats are included in the Supporting Materials section.

– Describe how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing. In 150–200 words, address movement from one step of the process to the next for each of the following:

– Arrest
– Arraignment
– Pretrial hearing
– Bail

– Trial
– Verdict
– Sentencing
– Appeal

– Describe alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Plea bargains
– Restorative justice principles

– Describe the function of juries in the trial process. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Civil cases

– How is this type of jury selected?
– What is the responsibility of this type of jury?
– Criminal cases

– How is this type of jury selected?
– What is the responsibility of this type of jury?

– Describe the impact of specific sentencing guidelines. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:

– Why do sentencing guidelines exist?
– Identify 2–3 examples of sentencing guidelines.
– Describe the effects of each of the sentence guidelines you identified.

### What to Submit

To complete this project, you must submit the following:

Educational Material
For this project, choose the format that works best for you. Please note there is no requirement related to the way you show your knowledge, as long as you meet the rubric requirements by following the directions.

We have created the following optional template to aid you in completing this project:

– [Project Two Template Word Document](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/course_documents/CJ%20207%20Project%20Two%20Template.docx)

If you prefer to create different community outreach materials, consider creating one of the following:

– Infographic (See the Supporting Materials section.)
– Video for a website
– Other handout

If you choose from the above list, make sure your format can include all of the rubric requirements explained in detail in the Directions section.

### Supporting Materials

The following resource(s) may help support your work on the project:

[Project Two Template Word Document](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/course_documents/CJ%20207%20Project%20Two%20Template.docx)
This template can be used to create your community outreach materials.

Website:
[Piktochart](https://piktochart.com/)
This website can be used to easily make an infographic or visual.

### Project Two Rubric

| Criteria | Exceeds Expectations (100%) | Meets Expectations (85%) | Partially Meets Expectations (55%) | Does Not Meet Expectations (0%) | Value |
| — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Clear Communication | Exceeds expectations with an intentional use of language that promotes a thorough understanding | Consistently and effectively communicates in an organized way to a specific audience | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but communication is inconsistent or ineffective in a way that negatively impacts understanding | Shows no evidence of consistent, effective, or organized communication | 15 |
| The Criminal Justice System | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include addressing each identified step in the process | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Alternative Processes | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include addressing the alternative process of plea bargaining or the alternative process of restorative justice principles | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Juries | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes the function of juries in the trial process | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include describing how civil case juries are selected and their responsibility or describing how criminal case juries are selected and their responsibility | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Sentencing Guidelines | Exceeds expectations in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner | Describes the impact of specific sentencing guidelines | Shows progress toward meeting expectations, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include describing why sentencing guidelines exist, identifying multiple examples of sentencing guidelines, or describing the effects of each identified sentencing guideline | Does not attempt criterion | 20 |
| Citations and Attributions | Attributes sources where applicable using citation methods with very few minor errors | Uses citation for ideas requiring attribution | Attributes sources where applicable, but with major errors | Does not attribute sources where applicable | 5 |
| Total: | 100% |

## course_documents/CJ 207 Project Two Template.docx

![SNHU logo](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/7-2-project-two-20933739)

## CJ 207 Project Two Template

Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.

### Moving Through the Criminal Justice System

[Insert text.]

### Alternative Processes and Impact

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Alternative Processes** | **Description of Process** | **Impact on Criminal Court System** |
| **Plea Bargains** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Restorative Justice Principles** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Function of Juries

| | | |
| — | — | — |
| **Types of Cases** | **How This Jury Is Selected** | **Responsibility of This Type Of Jury** |
| **Civil Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |
| **Criminal Cases** | [Insert text.] | [Insert text.] |

### Impact of Specific Sentencing Guidelines

#### Why Sentencing Guidelines Exist

[Insert text.]

#### Examples of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1.]

[Insert example 2.]

[Insert example 3.]

#### Effects of Sentencing Guidelines

[Insert example 1 effect.]

[Insert example 2 effect.]

[
**Optional:** Insert example 3 effect.]

## image1.png

## image2.svg

– 1
– 2

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Criminal Justice

✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

Executive Solution Overview

– ## trolleylc.docx **## trolleylc.docx** DISCUSSION POST 1(Trolley): View the video link below “Trolley Problem”. What is the most ethically correct outcome: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOpf6KcWYyw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOpf6KcWYyw) One paragraph **## trolleylc.docx** DISCUSSION POS…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

– ## trolleylc.docx

**## trolleylc.docx**

DISCUSSION POST 1(Trolley): View the video link below “Trolley Problem”. What is the most ethically correct outcome:

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOpf6KcWYyw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOpf6KcWYyw)

One paragraph

**## trolleylc.docx**

DISCUSSION POST 1(Trolley): View the video link below “Trolley Problem”. What is the most ethically correct outcome:

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOpf6KcWYyw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOpf6KcWYyw)

One paragraph

November 5, 2026