Tag: Psychology

  • [Solved] Critical Annotated Bibliography of Five Sources

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    – ## CriticalAnnotatedBibliographyofFiveSources.docx **## CriticalAnnotatedBibliographyofFiveSources.docx** ## Writing Assignment #1 **Critical Annotated Bibliography of Five Sources** **Summary of assignment** · Task: In this assignment you will write a list of at least 5 sources in alphabetical o…

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    – ## CriticalAnnotatedBibliographyofFiveSources.docx

    **## CriticalAnnotatedBibliographyofFiveSources.docx**

    ## Writing Assignment #1

    **Critical Annotated Bibliography of Five Sources**

    **Summary of assignment**

    · Task: In this assignment you will write a list of at least 5 sources in alphabetical order in APA format. In addition, each reference will be followed by a short analytical summary of 150-200 words. At the end of the short summary, you will include a sentence or two that critically analyzes the source and that mentions distinctive features about the article and why it may or may not be useful for you in pursuing more research.

    · Length: Each annotation should be 150-200 words.

    · Format: APA

    · Sources: Five sources, all of which you will find through OneSearch

    o All of your articles should be from scholarly journals or credible trade journals.

    They should
    _not_ be from popular journals.

    ## Strategies in Selecting a Topic for your Annotated Bibliography

    **You may select a topic of your choice. However, when selecting a topic, keep in mind that it should be a topic on which a number of studies or scholarly articles have been published.**

    Examples of topics students have chosen in the past or that would be workable for this assignment are the following:

    · The impact of the Internet on research methods of students and plagiarism in student papers

    · The impact of The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act on primary school education.

    · The impact of mobile devices on cybersecurity

    Overall, in considering a topic, you might consider your major, topics that will be covered in future classes you plan to take at WGU, and your interests.

    NOTE- this is from me the student. FUTURE CLASES ARE PSYCHOLOGY OF STRESS AND INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

    For example, please examine the following ideas:

    · If your major is criminal justice, you might consider researching the different types of CSI effects that have been explored in the literature or researching what studies have noted about body cameras for law enforcement officials.

    · If your major is psychology, you might consider researching counseling strategies, consumer behavior in online shopping, decision-making in upper-management positions, etc.

    · If your major is history, you might consider researching theories on the Civil War, studies on labor patterns in the United States, an aspect of military history, etc.

    · If your major is social science, you might consider researching community responses to health care threats, co-parenting patterns after divorce, etc.

    · If your major is cybersecurity, you might consider researching different studies that analyze the training of employees on cyber issues or researching the Agile and Waterfall methods of project development.

    ## Whatever topic you consider, keep in mind that it should be a topic on which a number of studies or scholarly articles have been published. You will conduct all or most of your research using UMGC’s OneSearch function in finding scholarly articles or articles from credible trade journals.

    **Approach**

    This assignment will be an analytical/critical annotated bibliography. The difference between the descriptive/informative annotated bibliography and the analytical/critical annotated bibliography is explained in the following video:

    [https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm](https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm)

    The transcript is at:

    [https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm#transcript](https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm)

    Moreover, the following website from UMGC’s Information and Library Services provides more information on how to complete this assignment

    [https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_apa.cfm](https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_apa.cfm)

    **Critical thinking and A.I. for this assignment**

    When creating an annotated bibliography, it’s important to read and think critically about your sources to ensure that your work is accurate, thoughtful, and useful. First, careful reading helps you fully understand the source’s main arguments, evidence, and conclusions, which prevents misrepresentation. Critical thinking also allows you to evaluate a source’s credibility by considering the author’s credentials, the quality of the evidence, and how current or relevant the information is. In addition, it helps you recognize any bias or perspective the author may bring, which is essential for using the source appropriately and fairly. Another key reason for critical engagement is determining the source’s relevance to your specific research question; not every source on your general topic will support your goals. By thinking deeply about your sources, you’re also better able to make connections between them, identify patterns or gaps in the research, and build a strong foundation for your own argument. Finally, the process of writing an annotation requires more than just summarizing—it involves evaluating and reflecting on how the source fits into your project. All of this is only possible if you’ve read and analyzed your materials with care and attention.

    If you plan to use a Large Language Model, or A.I., please use the following information to guide your use:

    1.
    **Use AI as a**
    **_support tool_, not a replacement for your own thinking and writing.**

    · AI can help summarize or explain sources, but your synthesis—the combining of ideas and your own analysis—should be your work.

    2.
    **Always**
    **_read and understand_ your sources yourself.**

    · Don’t rely on AI to tell you what a source says. Use it to clarify language or check your interpretation but engage directly with each source.

    3.
    **Avoid having AI generate your annotations.**

    · It’s okay to ask for help brainstorming or organizing, but writing entire sections with AI and submitting them as your own is plagiarism.

    4.
    **Cite AI if it contributed to your thinking.**

    · When using AI to help generate ideas, summaries, or outlines, acknowledge that in a note or comment.

    · Example:
    _"I used ChatGPT to help brainstorm connections among my sources, but all analysis and writing are my own."_

    5.
    **Check AI-generated content against your sources.**

    · AI can “hallucinate” (make things up) or misrepresent information. Always verify any summaries or facts it provides.

    6.
    **Do not fabricate sources or citations with AI.**

    · Generating fake quotes, authors, or studies is academic dishonesty.

    ## Submitting the assignment:

    You will submit an initial draft of the essay to the assignment folder. The first draft will not be graded. The instructor will provide comments to it.

    After receiving comments from the instructor, you will submit a revised draft to the same assignment folder. The final draft will be graded.

    APA Style

    The paper should be formatted in APA style. The link “APA 7th edition example student paper” from Week 3 will be a helpful resource. In summary, you should observe the following:

    · ·Use one-inch margins.

    · ·Double space.

    · ·Use size 12 Times New Roman font.

    · ·Include a running head.

    · ·Include page numbers.

    · ·Include a title page.

    · ·Include a “References” page on which you list the articles in APA style

    · Include working links to all sources, or copies of pdfs of all sources

    ·
    Include acknowledgment of any AI/LLM use. Describe how the tool was used.

    **Helpful Resources and Websites**

    The following are some links to sample Annotated Bibliographies. Some of them give examples in APA format. You may want to observe these examples and perhaps model your work after them.

    A variety of samples from The University of North Carolina Writing Center, including these specific examples of APA-style annotations. You can find that at the following page:
    [https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/citing-sources/](https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/citing-sources/)

    ·

    Some instruction from Cornell University. The website also provides more information

    on the process of writing an annotated bibliography. You can find that at the following page:
    [https://guides.library.cornell.edu/annotatedbibliography](https://guides.library.cornell.edu/annotatedbibliography)

    Some instruction from East Carolina University. You can find it at the following page:
    [https://libguides.ecu.edu/c.php?g=17262&p=98192](https://libguides.ecu.edu/c.php?g=17262&p=98192)

    **## CriticalAnnotatedBibliographyofFiveSources.docx**

    ## Writing Assignment #1

    **Critical Annotated Bibliography of Five Sources**

    **Summary of assignment**

    · Task: In this assignment you will write a list of at least 5 sources in alphabetical order in APA format. In addition, each reference will be followed by a short analytical summary of 150-200 words. At the end of the short summary, you will include a sentence or two that critically analyzes the source and that mentions distinctive features about the article and why it may or may not be useful for you in pursuing more research.

    · Length: Each annotation should be 150-200 words.

    · Format: APA

    · Sources: Five sources, all of which you will find through OneSearch

    o All of your articles should be from scholarly journals or credible trade journals.

    They should
    _not_ be from popular journals.

    ## Strategies in Selecting a Topic for your Annotated Bibliography

    **You may select a topic of your choice. However, when selecting a topic, keep in mind that it should be a topic on which a number of studies or scholarly articles have been published.**

    Examples of topics students have chosen in the past or that would be workable for this assignment are the following:

    · The impact of the Internet on research methods of students and plagiarism in student papers

    · The impact of The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act on primary school education.

    · The impact of mobile devices on cybersecurity

    Overall, in considering a topic, you might consider your major, topics that will be covered in future classes you plan to take at WGU, and your interests.

    NOTE- this is from me the student. FUTURE CLASES ARE PSYCHOLOGY OF STRESS AND INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

    For example, please examine the following ideas:

    · If your major is criminal justice, you might consider researching the different types of CSI effects that have been explored in the literature or researching what studies have noted about body cameras for law enforcement officials.

    · If your major is psychology, you might consider researching counseling strategies, consumer behavior in online shopping, decision-making in upper-management positions, etc.

    · If your major is history, you might consider researching theories on the Civil War, studies on labor patterns in the United States, an aspect of military history, etc.

    · If your major is social science, you might consider researching community responses to health care threats, co-parenting patterns after divorce, etc.

    · If your major is cybersecurity, you might consider researching different studies that analyze the training of employees on cyber issues or researching the Agile and Waterfall methods of project development.

    ## Whatever topic you consider, keep in mind that it should be a topic on which a number of studies or scholarly articles have been published. You will conduct all or most of your research using UMGC’s OneSearch function in finding scholarly articles or articles from credible trade journals.

    **Approach**

    This assignment will be an analytical/critical annotated bibliography. The difference between the descriptive/informative annotated bibliography and the analytical/critical annotated bibliography is explained in the following video:

    [https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm](https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm)

    The transcript is at:

    [https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm#transcript](https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_tutorial.cfm)

    Moreover, the following website from UMGC’s Information and Library Services provides more information on how to complete this assignment

    [https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_apa.cfm](https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/bibliography_apa.cfm)

    **Critical thinking and A.I. for this assignment**

    When creating an annotated bibliography, it’s important to read and think critically about your sources to ensure that your work is accurate, thoughtful, and useful. First, careful reading helps you fully understand the source’s main arguments, evidence, and conclusions, which prevents misrepresentation. Critical thinking also allows you to evaluate a source’s credibility by considering the author’s credentials, the quality of the evidence, and how current or relevant the information is. In addition, it helps you recognize any bias or perspective the author may bring, which is essential for using the source appropriately and fairly. Another key reason for critical engagement is determining the source’s relevance to your specific research question; not every source on your general topic will support your goals. By thinking deeply about your sources, you’re also better able to make connections between them, identify patterns or gaps in the research, and build a strong foundation for your own argument. Finally, the process of writing an annotation requires more than just summarizing—it involves evaluating and reflecting on how the source fits into your project. All of this is only possible if you’ve read and analyzed your materials with care and attention.

    If you plan to use a Large Language Model, or A.I., please use the following information to guide your use:

    1.
    **Use AI as a**
    **_support tool_, not a replacement for your own thinking and writing.**

    · AI can help summarize or explain sources, but your synthesis—the combining of ideas and your own analysis—should be your work.

    2.
    **Always**
    **_read and understand_ your sources yourself.**

    · Don’t rely on AI to tell you what a source says. Use it to clarify language or check your interpretation but engage directly with each source.

    3.
    **Avoid having AI generate your annotations.**

    · It’s okay to ask for help brainstorming or organizing, but writing entire sections with AI and submitting them as your own is plagiarism.

    4.
    **Cite AI if it contributed to your thinking.**

    · When using AI to help generate ideas, summaries, or outlines, acknowledge that in a note or comment.

    · Example:
    _"I used ChatGPT to help brainstorm connections among my sources, but all analysis and writing are my own."_

    5.
    **Check AI-generated content against your sources.**

    · AI can “hallucinate” (make things up) or misrepresent information. Always verify any summaries or facts it provides.

    6.
    **Do not fabricate sources or citations with AI.**

    · Generating fake quotes, authors, or studies is academic dishonesty.

    ## Submitting the assignment:

    You will submit an initial draft of the essay to the assignment folder. The first draft will not be graded. The instructor will provide comments to it.

    After receiving comments from the instructor, you will submit a revised draft to the same assignment folder. The final draft will be graded.

    APA Style

    The paper should be formatted in APA style. The link “APA 7th edition example student paper” from Week 3 will be a helpful resource. In summary, you should observe the following:

    · ·Use one-inch margins.

    · ·Double space.

    · ·Use size 12 Times New Roman font.

    · ·Include a running head.

    · ·Include page numbers.

    · ·Include a title page.

    · ·Include a “References” page on which you list the articles in APA style

    · Include working links to all sources, or copies of pdfs of all sources

    ·
    Include acknowledgment of any AI/LLM use. Describe how the tool was used.

    **Helpful Resources and Websites**

    The following are some links to sample Annotated Bibliographies. Some of them give examples in APA format. You may want to observe these examples and perhaps model your work after them.

    A variety of samples from The University of North Carolina Writing Center, including these specific examples of APA-style annotations. You can find that at the following page:
    [https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/citing-sources/](https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/citing-sources/)

    ·

    Some instruction from Cornell University. The website also provides more information

    on the process of writing an annotated bibliography. You can find that at the following page:
    [https://guides.library.cornell.edu/annotatedbibliography](https://guides.library.cornell.edu/annotatedbibliography)

    Some instruction from East Carolina University. You can find it at the following page:
    [https://libguides.ecu.edu/c.php?g=17262&p=98192](https://libguides.ecu.edu/c.php?g=17262&p=98192)

  • [Solved] 300 word Discussion Counseling in Theory

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    Due 8/20 5pm EST 300 words not including title and refereness , please discuss why counselors need theory. Be sure to detail at least three reasons why the use of theory in counseling is important.

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Due 8/20  5pm EST
    300 words not including title and refereness
    , please discuss why counselors need theory. Be sure to detail at least three reasons why the use of theory in counseling is important.

  • [Solved] Topic for dissertation

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    · Scholarly citations in current APA format where appropriate. · 250 words. – ## VIDEOS.docx – ## PersonalProgressStatusCheckModule1AssignmentInstructions.docx – ## Reading-AvoidingtheDissertationTopicMinefield.pdf **## VIDEOS.docx** · VIDEOS [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-un…

    Instant Solution Download

    $6.99

    Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.

    Need a Fresh Custom Paper?

    Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.

    Order on TutorsGallery →

    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    · Scholarly citations in current APA format where appropriate.
    · 250 words.

    – ## VIDEOS.docx

    – ## PersonalProgressStatusCheckModule1AssignmentInstructions.docx

    – ## Reading-AvoidingtheDissertationTopicMinefield.pdf

    **## VIDEOS.docx**

    · VIDEOS

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-understanding-the-dissertation-process?module_item_id=91227869](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-understanding-the-dissertation-process?module_item_id=91227869)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-first-steps-to-developing-your-dissertation?module_item_id=91227878](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-first-steps-to-developing-your-dissertation?module_item_id=91227878)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-problems-with-the-traditional-research-process-for-students?module_item_id=91227883](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-problems-with-the-traditional-research-process-for-students?module_item_id=91227883)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-research-pools-introduction?module_item_id=91227888](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-research-pools-introduction?module_item_id=91227888)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-counseling-databases?module_item_id=91227893](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-counseling-databases?module_item_id=91227893)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-education-databases?module_item_id=91227897](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-education-databases?module_item_id=91227897)

    **## PersonalProgressStatusCheckModule1AssignmentInstructions.docx**

    EDCO 716

    **Personal Progress: Status Check – Module 1 Assignment Instructions**

    **Overview**

    The student will complete 8 Personal Progress Assignments in this course. These reports will be submitted as a discussion within the course, providing students with an opportunity to collaborate on ideas and share resources related to dissertation topic interests. Discussion replies are OPTIONAL. For each assignment, students must support their assertions with scholarly citations in current APA format where appropriate. Each assignment must be between 200 to 250 words.

    **Instructions for Module 1**

    This week you engaged a number of resources that introduced you to the dissertation process. One of these videos was titled
    **“Understanding the Dissertation Process**.” In your assignment submission for Module 1, respond to the following prompts:

    1. Which part of the dissertation process do you feel most comfortable with? And with which part of the dissertation process do you feel the most apprehensive?

    2. Where are you in relationship to identifying a dissertation topic? *Do you already know your topic, and, if so, what is it and why are you interested in it? If you don’t know what your topic is just yet, what are some of your areas of interest related to the field of community care and counseling?

    The goal in the personal progress assignments is to move closer and closer to your dissertation topic. Help your classmates and professor understand what your interests are, what specific questions you have (if any), and any actions steps you’re planning to take in the coming week to continue narrowing down your dissertation focus.

    ***I have two topics:**

    ·
    **The effects of childhood sexual assault trauma in adulthood, comparing adults who receive treatment with those who do not.**

    ·
    **How does PTSD treatment in veterans influence marital relationship dynamics compared to no treatment?**

    **## Reading-AvoidingtheDissertationTopicMinefield.pdf**

    Volume 59, Number 2 TechTrends • March/April 2015 13

    Choosing a dissertation topic can
    be one of the most important
    tasks you will undertake during

    your time as a doctoral student. You
    can be derailed by choosing topics that
    are too broad, too narrow, or too time-
    consuming. There are a million reasons
    that students don’t finish their disser-
    tations, but strategic decision-making
    from the beginning can help you avoid
    the pitfall of choosing a topic that is not
    feasible. This editorial provides brief
    narratives from the perspective of two
    recent graduates and offers some sug-
    gestions for choosing a topic.

    Sylvia’s Story
    I gradually refined my disserta-

    tion topic through class work. I have
    diverse research interests so it was dif-
    ficult for me to focus on just one. We
    had to do a small project in our qualita-
    tive/mixed methods research class and
    I wanted to do something that could
    lead me to a good topic. I have always
    been interested in examining motiva-
    tion and decision-making so I decided
    to examine why people major in for-
    eign language. As it turned out, most of
    my participants came into college with
    a strong interest in foreign language

    learning, but the decision to major
    came later. I wondered what role, if any,
    introductory classes played. In classes
    that followed, I wrote a few more pa-
    pers that developed my idea, and con-
    ducted another small pilot project.
    Once I started reviewing the literature
    for the dissertation proposal, I saw that
    decision-making was potentially influ-
    enced by beliefs about knowledge and
    language learning. Based on that ini-
    tial review, I narrowed my topic to fo-
    cus on the decision-making of students
    in first-year foreign language classes.

    Yvonne’s Story
    I have always been interested in

    technology and education, from a
    human-computer interaction point
    of view. I had a lot of industry experi-
    ence as an instructional designer and
    developer coming into my Ph.D. pro-
    gram and, as a result, was interested in
    cognitive load theory and multimedia
    design. I originally thought I would
    examine design and usability of online
    classes, but while I was taking Dr. Rob-
    ert Reiser’s practicum class, I found
    my way into worked example research.
    Through one of the articles I reviewed,
    I was introduced to the area of peda-

    gogical agents and found the idea of
    combining worked examples and ped-
    agogical agents fascinating.

    I further honed my topic by read-
    ing more of the pedagogical agent re-
    search and talking with my outside
    committee member. This led me to
    reading about adaptive learning en-
    vironments. After reading several ar-
    ticles, I came across the magical phrase
    that I had been seeking: intelligent tu-
    toring systems (ITS). After a thorough
    exploration of the ITS research, I no-
    ticed that the majority of the research
    was coming out of Carnegie Mellon
    University’s Human Computer Inter-
    action Institute (CMU HCII). I went
    to the CMU HCII website and saw
    there was a notice for a one-week sum-
    mer workshop to learn how to design
    and develop an ITS. I immediately ap-
    plied and was accepted into the sum-
    mer school program. That week was
    the most pivotal point in graduate
    school for me. I returned home with a
    renewed faith that this was going to be
    my dissertation topic – looking at dif-
    ferent levels of instructional assistance
    (worked examples versus problems)
    in an intelligent tutoring system using
    proportional reasoning as the context.

    Graduate Member Musings

    Avoiding the Dissertation Topic Minefield
    By Sylvia Rogers and Yvonne Earnshaw

    14 TechTrends • March/April 2015 Volume 59, Number 2

    Feasibility of the Topic
    Have a great idea? Thinking about

    the best approach to answer your re-
    search questions? Will you use a quan-
    titative approach? Qualitative? Mixed
    methods? What type of research design
    would be best to use? If you plan to use
    an experimental design, how many
    participants will you need and how
    feasible will it be to access that many
    participants? Will you need to pay the
    participants? If you plan to conduct in-
    terviews, how much time and money
    will you need to transcribe them? Re-
    member, the best dissertation is a done
    dissertation. You may have a grandiose
    idea, but it needs to be a feasible idea
    to complete it in a reasonable amount
    of time.

    Balance Passion with
    Relevance

    One of the great things about edu-
    cational technology and learning sci-
    ences is that it is interdisciplinary. This
    allows for a great diversity of topics;
    however, it is important to choose a
    topic for which you have enthusiasm.
    You have to spend a lot of time with
    your dissertation and it is always easier
    to write about something that you en-
    joy. However, it should also be clearly
    relatable to educational technology

    and learning sciences. Once you get
    out on the job market, search commit-
    tees could be looking at your disserta-
    tion as one of the criteria to determine
    your fit in their department. How will
    your topic contribute to the field? Can
    you find a new twist on an established
    topic? Avoid topics that have been cov-
    ered over and over.

    Foundation of the
    Research Agenda

    Most dissertations make a small
    contribution to the existing literature.
    It is never too soon to start thinking
    about your research agenda as a future
    scholar. A research agenda is like one
    of those giant cookies you buy in the
    mall. If you choose your topic well,
    your dissertation will be the first big
    bite out of that cookie that will last for
    the first few years of your academic ca-
    reer.

    Tips for Honing Your Topic
    There are a variety of strategies

    that can help you to narrow your focus
    for a potential dissertation topic:
    • Talk to people – Talk to your advisor,

    your committee members, other fac-
    ulty members, and colleagues.

    • Attend conferences (like AECT) – Sit
    in on some sessions which could give

    you ideas to investigate a particular
    area. Talk to presenters and scholars
    about a particular area of interest.

    • Reflect – Write down your thoughts
    in a research journal. Draw a con-
    cept map or a diagram.

    • Examine the literature – See what
    other dissertations or research ar-
    ticles are suggesting for future re-
    search.

    • Take classes – Use your classes to
    investigate topics. You can write pa-
    pers or conduct a preliminary study
    and get credit at the same time.

    Conclusion
    Avoid the minefield of the disser-

    tation topic by making strategic deci-
    sions from the start. Choose a topic
    that is interesting to you, feasible, has
    relevance to your field, and potential
    for further study; this will help you
    finish your degree in a timely fashion.
    Establish your research agenda as this
    could help you in the job market.

    Sylvia Rogers is a recent Ph.D. graduate of Uni-
    versity of South Alabama, Mobile, AL. Address
    correspondence regarding this column to her via
    email to ser804@jagmail.southalabama.edu.

    Yvonne Earnshaw is a recent Ph.D. graduate of
    Florida State University.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without
    permission.

    **## Reading-AvoidingtheDissertationTopicMinefield.pdf**

    Volume 59, Number 2 TechTrends • March/April 2015 13

    Choosing a dissertation topic can
    be one of the most important
    tasks you will undertake during

    your time as a doctoral student. You
    can be derailed by choosing topics that
    are too broad, too narrow, or too time-
    consuming. There are a million reasons
    that students don’t finish their disser-
    tations, but strategic decision-making
    from the beginning can help you avoid
    the pitfall of choosing a topic that is not
    feasible. This editorial provides brief
    narratives from the perspective of two
    recent graduates and offers some sug-
    gestions for choosing a topic.

    Sylvia’s Story
    I gradually refined my disserta-

    tion topic through class work. I have
    diverse research interests so it was dif-
    ficult for me to focus on just one. We
    had to do a small project in our qualita-
    tive/mixed methods research class and
    I wanted to do something that could
    lead me to a good topic. I have always
    been interested in examining motiva-
    tion and decision-making so I decided
    to examine why people major in for-
    eign language. As it turned out, most of
    my participants came into college with
    a strong interest in foreign language

    learning, but the decision to major
    came later. I wondered what role, if any,
    introductory classes played. In classes
    that followed, I wrote a few more pa-
    pers that developed my idea, and con-
    ducted another small pilot project.
    Once I started reviewing the literature
    for the dissertation proposal, I saw that
    decision-making was potentially influ-
    enced by beliefs about knowledge and
    language learning. Based on that ini-
    tial review, I narrowed my topic to fo-
    cus on the decision-making of students
    in first-year foreign language classes.

    Yvonne’s Story
    I have always been interested in

    technology and education, from a
    human-computer interaction point
    of view. I had a lot of industry experi-
    ence as an instructional designer and
    developer coming into my Ph.D. pro-
    gram and, as a result, was interested in
    cognitive load theory and multimedia
    design. I originally thought I would
    examine design and usability of online
    classes, but while I was taking Dr. Rob-
    ert Reiser’s practicum class, I found
    my way into worked example research.
    Through one of the articles I reviewed,
    I was introduced to the area of peda-

    gogical agents and found the idea of
    combining worked examples and ped-
    agogical agents fascinating.

    I further honed my topic by read-
    ing more of the pedagogical agent re-
    search and talking with my outside
    committee member. This led me to
    reading about adaptive learning en-
    vironments. After reading several ar-
    ticles, I came across the magical phrase
    that I had been seeking: intelligent tu-
    toring systems (ITS). After a thorough
    exploration of the ITS research, I no-
    ticed that the majority of the research
    was coming out of Carnegie Mellon
    University’s Human Computer Inter-
    action Institute (CMU HCII). I went
    to the CMU HCII website and saw
    there was a notice for a one-week sum-
    mer workshop to learn how to design
    and develop an ITS. I immediately ap-
    plied and was accepted into the sum-
    mer school program. That week was
    the most pivotal point in graduate
    school for me. I returned home with a
    renewed faith that this was going to be
    my dissertation topic – looking at dif-
    ferent levels of instructional assistance
    (worked examples versus problems)
    in an intelligent tutoring system using
    proportional reasoning as the context.

    Graduate Member Musings

    Avoiding the Dissertation Topic Minefield
    By Sylvia Rogers and Yvonne Earnshaw

    14 TechTrends • March/April 2015 Volume 59, Number 2

    Feasibility of the Topic
    Have a great idea? Thinking about

    the best approach to answer your re-
    search questions? Will you use a quan-
    titative approach? Qualitative? Mixed
    methods? What type of research design
    would be best to use? If you plan to use
    an experimental design, how many
    participants will you need and how
    feasible will it be to access that many
    participants? Will you need to pay the
    participants? If you plan to conduct in-
    terviews, how much time and money
    will you need to transcribe them? Re-
    member, the best dissertation is a done
    dissertation. You may have a grandiose
    idea, but it needs to be a feasible idea
    to complete it in a reasonable amount
    of time.

    Balance Passion with
    Relevance

    One of the great things about edu-
    cational technology and learning sci-
    ences is that it is interdisciplinary. This
    allows for a great diversity of topics;
    however, it is important to choose a
    topic for which you have enthusiasm.
    You have to spend a lot of time with
    your dissertation and it is always easier
    to write about something that you en-
    joy. However, it should also be clearly
    relatable to educational technology

    and learning sciences. Once you get
    out on the job market, search commit-
    tees could be looking at your disserta-
    tion as one of the criteria to determine
    your fit in their department. How will
    your topic contribute to the field? Can
    you find a new twist on an established
    topic? Avoid topics that have been cov-
    ered over and over.

    Foundation of the
    Research Agenda

    Most dissertations make a small
    contribution to the existing literature.
    It is never too soon to start thinking
    about your research agenda as a future
    scholar. A research agenda is like one
    of those giant cookies you buy in the
    mall. If you choose your topic well,
    your dissertation will be the first big
    bite out of that cookie that will last for
    the first few years of your academic ca-
    reer.

    Tips for Honing Your Topic
    There are a variety of strategies

    that can help you to narrow your focus
    for a potential dissertation topic:
    • Talk to people – Talk to your advisor,

    your committee members, other fac-
    ulty members, and colleagues.

    • Attend conferences (like AECT) – Sit
    in on some sessions which could give

    you ideas to investigate a particular
    area. Talk to presenters and scholars
    about a particular area of interest.

    • Reflect – Write down your thoughts
    in a research journal. Draw a con-
    cept map or a diagram.

    • Examine the literature – See what
    other dissertations or research ar-
    ticles are suggesting for future re-
    search.

    • Take classes – Use your classes to
    investigate topics. You can write pa-
    pers or conduct a preliminary study
    and get credit at the same time.

    Conclusion
    Avoid the minefield of the disser-

    tation topic by making strategic deci-
    sions from the start. Choose a topic
    that is interesting to you, feasible, has
    relevance to your field, and potential
    for further study; this will help you
    finish your degree in a timely fashion.
    Establish your research agenda as this
    could help you in the job market.

    Sylvia Rogers is a recent Ph.D. graduate of Uni-
    versity of South Alabama, Mobile, AL. Address
    correspondence regarding this column to her via
    email to ser804@jagmail.southalabama.edu.

    Yvonne Earnshaw is a recent Ph.D. graduate of
    Florida State University.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without
    permission.

    **## VIDEOS.docx**

    · VIDEOS

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-understanding-the-dissertation-process?module_item_id=91227869](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-understanding-the-dissertation-process?module_item_id=91227869)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-first-steps-to-developing-your-dissertation?module_item_id=91227878](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-first-steps-to-developing-your-dissertation?module_item_id=91227878)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-problems-with-the-traditional-research-process-for-students?module_item_id=91227883](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-problems-with-the-traditional-research-process-for-students?module_item_id=91227883)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-research-pools-introduction?module_item_id=91227888](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-research-pools-introduction?module_item_id=91227888)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-counseling-databases?module_item_id=91227893](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-counseling-databases?module_item_id=91227893)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-education-databases?module_item_id=91227897](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-education-databases?module_item_id=91227897)

    **## PersonalProgressStatusCheckModule1AssignmentInstructions.docx**

    EDCO 716

    **Personal Progress: Status Check – Module 1 Assignment Instructions**

    **Overview**

    The student will complete 8 Personal Progress Assignments in this course. These reports will be submitted as a discussion within the course, providing students with an opportunity to collaborate on ideas and share resources related to dissertation topic interests. Discussion replies are OPTIONAL. For each assignment, students must support their assertions with scholarly citations in current APA format where appropriate. Each assignment must be between 200 to 250 words.

    **Instructions for Module 1**

    This week you engaged a number of resources that introduced you to the dissertation process. One of these videos was titled
    **“Understanding the Dissertation Process**.” In your assignment submission for Module 1, respond to the following prompts:

    1. Which part of the dissertation process do you feel most comfortable with? And with which part of the dissertation process do you feel the most apprehensive?

    2. Where are you in relationship to identifying a dissertation topic? *Do you already know your topic, and, if so, what is it and why are you interested in it? If you don’t know what your topic is just yet, what are some of your areas of interest related to the field of community care and counseling?

    The goal in the personal progress assignments is to move closer and closer to your dissertation topic. Help your classmates and professor understand what your interests are, what specific questions you have (if any), and any actions steps you’re planning to take in the coming week to continue narrowing down your dissertation focus.

    ***I have two topics:**

    ·
    **The effects of childhood sexual assault trauma in adulthood, comparing adults who receive treatment with those who do not.**

    ·
    **How does PTSD treatment in veterans influence marital relationship dynamics compared to no treatment?**

    **## Reading-AvoidingtheDissertationTopicMinefield.pdf**

    Volume 59, Number 2 TechTrends • March/April 2015 13

    Choosing a dissertation topic can
    be one of the most important
    tasks you will undertake during

    your time as a doctoral student. You
    can be derailed by choosing topics that
    are too broad, too narrow, or too time-
    consuming. There are a million reasons
    that students don’t finish their disser-
    tations, but strategic decision-making
    from the beginning can help you avoid
    the pitfall of choosing a topic that is not
    feasible. This editorial provides brief
    narratives from the perspective of two
    recent graduates and offers some sug-
    gestions for choosing a topic.

    Sylvia’s Story
    I gradually refined my disserta-

    tion topic through class work. I have
    diverse research interests so it was dif-
    ficult for me to focus on just one. We
    had to do a small project in our qualita-
    tive/mixed methods research class and
    I wanted to do something that could
    lead me to a good topic. I have always
    been interested in examining motiva-
    tion and decision-making so I decided
    to examine why people major in for-
    eign language. As it turned out, most of
    my participants came into college with
    a strong interest in foreign language

    learning, but the decision to major
    came later. I wondered what role, if any,
    introductory classes played. In classes
    that followed, I wrote a few more pa-
    pers that developed my idea, and con-
    ducted another small pilot project.
    Once I started reviewing the literature
    for the dissertation proposal, I saw that
    decision-making was potentially influ-
    enced by beliefs about knowledge and
    language learning. Based on that ini-
    tial review, I narrowed my topic to fo-
    cus on the decision-making of students
    in first-year foreign language classes.

    Yvonne’s Story
    I have always been interested in

    technology and education, from a
    human-computer interaction point
    of view. I had a lot of industry experi-
    ence as an instructional designer and
    developer coming into my Ph.D. pro-
    gram and, as a result, was interested in
    cognitive load theory and multimedia
    design. I originally thought I would
    examine design and usability of online
    classes, but while I was taking Dr. Rob-
    ert Reiser’s practicum class, I found
    my way into worked example research.
    Through one of the articles I reviewed,
    I was introduced to the area of peda-

    gogical agents and found the idea of
    combining worked examples and ped-
    agogical agents fascinating.

    I further honed my topic by read-
    ing more of the pedagogical agent re-
    search and talking with my outside
    committee member. This led me to
    reading about adaptive learning en-
    vironments. After reading several ar-
    ticles, I came across the magical phrase
    that I had been seeking: intelligent tu-
    toring systems (ITS). After a thorough
    exploration of the ITS research, I no-
    ticed that the majority of the research
    was coming out of Carnegie Mellon
    University’s Human Computer Inter-
    action Institute (CMU HCII). I went
    to the CMU HCII website and saw
    there was a notice for a one-week sum-
    mer workshop to learn how to design
    and develop an ITS. I immediately ap-
    plied and was accepted into the sum-
    mer school program. That week was
    the most pivotal point in graduate
    school for me. I returned home with a
    renewed faith that this was going to be
    my dissertation topic – looking at dif-
    ferent levels of instructional assistance
    (worked examples versus problems)
    in an intelligent tutoring system using
    proportional reasoning as the context.

    Graduate Member Musings

    Avoiding the Dissertation Topic Minefield
    By Sylvia Rogers and Yvonne Earnshaw

    14 TechTrends • March/April 2015 Volume 59, Number 2

    Feasibility of the Topic
    Have a great idea? Thinking about

    the best approach to answer your re-
    search questions? Will you use a quan-
    titative approach? Qualitative? Mixed
    methods? What type of research design
    would be best to use? If you plan to use
    an experimental design, how many
    participants will you need and how
    feasible will it be to access that many
    participants? Will you need to pay the
    participants? If you plan to conduct in-
    terviews, how much time and money
    will you need to transcribe them? Re-
    member, the best dissertation is a done
    dissertation. You may have a grandiose
    idea, but it needs to be a feasible idea
    to complete it in a reasonable amount
    of time.

    Balance Passion with
    Relevance

    One of the great things about edu-
    cational technology and learning sci-
    ences is that it is interdisciplinary. This
    allows for a great diversity of topics;
    however, it is important to choose a
    topic for which you have enthusiasm.
    You have to spend a lot of time with
    your dissertation and it is always easier
    to write about something that you en-
    joy. However, it should also be clearly
    relatable to educational technology

    and learning sciences. Once you get
    out on the job market, search commit-
    tees could be looking at your disserta-
    tion as one of the criteria to determine
    your fit in their department. How will
    your topic contribute to the field? Can
    you find a new twist on an established
    topic? Avoid topics that have been cov-
    ered over and over.

    Foundation of the
    Research Agenda

    Most dissertations make a small
    contribution to the existing literature.
    It is never too soon to start thinking
    about your research agenda as a future
    scholar. A research agenda is like one
    of those giant cookies you buy in the
    mall. If you choose your topic well,
    your dissertation will be the first big
    bite out of that cookie that will last for
    the first few years of your academic ca-
    reer.

    Tips for Honing Your Topic
    There are a variety of strategies

    that can help you to narrow your focus
    for a potential dissertation topic:
    • Talk to people – Talk to your advisor,

    your committee members, other fac-
    ulty members, and colleagues.

    • Attend conferences (like AECT) – Sit
    in on some sessions which could give

    you ideas to investigate a particular
    area. Talk to presenters and scholars
    about a particular area of interest.

    • Reflect – Write down your thoughts
    in a research journal. Draw a con-
    cept map or a diagram.

    • Examine the literature – See what
    other dissertations or research ar-
    ticles are suggesting for future re-
    search.

    • Take classes – Use your classes to
    investigate topics. You can write pa-
    pers or conduct a preliminary study
    and get credit at the same time.

    Conclusion
    Avoid the minefield of the disser-

    tation topic by making strategic deci-
    sions from the start. Choose a topic
    that is interesting to you, feasible, has
    relevance to your field, and potential
    for further study; this will help you
    finish your degree in a timely fashion.
    Establish your research agenda as this
    could help you in the job market.

    Sylvia Rogers is a recent Ph.D. graduate of Uni-
    versity of South Alabama, Mobile, AL. Address
    correspondence regarding this column to her via
    email to ser804@jagmail.southalabama.edu.

    Yvonne Earnshaw is a recent Ph.D. graduate of
    Florida State University.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without
    permission.

    **## VIDEOS.docx**

    · VIDEOS

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-understanding-the-dissertation-process?module_item_id=91227869](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-understanding-the-dissertation-process?module_item_id=91227869)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-first-steps-to-developing-your-dissertation?module_item_id=91227878](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-first-steps-to-developing-your-dissertation?module_item_id=91227878)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-problems-with-the-traditional-research-process-for-students?module_item_id=91227883](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-problems-with-the-traditional-research-process-for-students?module_item_id=91227883)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-research-pools-introduction?module_item_id=91227888](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-research-pools-introduction?module_item_id=91227888)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-counseling-databases?module_item_id=91227893](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-counseling-databases?module_item_id=91227893)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-education-databases?module_item_id=91227897](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962536/pages/watch-advanced-library-research-strategies-for-education-databases?module_item_id=91227897)

    **## PersonalProgressStatusCheckModule1AssignmentInstructions.docx**

    EDCO 716

    **Personal Progress: Status Check – Module 1 Assignment Instructions**

    **Overview**

    The student will complete 8 Personal Progress Assignments in this course. These reports will be submitted as a discussion within the course, providing students with an opportunity to collaborate on ideas and share resources related to dissertation topic interests. Discussion replies are OPTIONAL. For each assignment, students must support their assertions with scholarly citations in current APA format where appropriate. Each assignment must be between 200 to 250 words.

    **Instructions for Module 1**

    This week you engaged a number of resources that introduced you to the dissertation process. One of these videos was titled
    **“Understanding the Dissertation Process**.” In your assignment submission for Module 1, respond to the following prompts:

    1. Which part of the dissertation process do you feel most comfortable with? And with which part of the dissertation process do you feel the most apprehensive?

    2. Where are you in relationship to identifying a dissertation topic? *Do you already know your topic, and, if so, what is it and why are you interested in it? If you don’t know what your topic is just yet, what are some of your areas of interest related to the field of community care and counseling?

    The goal in the personal progress assignments is to move closer and closer to your dissertation topic. Help your classmates and professor understand what your interests are, what specific questions you have (if any), and any actions steps you’re planning to take in the coming week to continue narrowing down your dissertation focus.

    ***I have two topics:**

    ·
    **The effects of childhood sexual assault trauma in adulthood, comparing adults who receive treatment with those who do not.**

    ·
    **How does PTSD treatment in veterans influence marital relationship dynamics compared to no treatment?**

    **## Reading-AvoidingtheDissertationTopicMinefield.pdf**

    Volume 59, Number 2 TechTrends • March/April 2015 13

    Choosing a dissertation topic can
    be one of the most important
    tasks you will undertake during

    your time as a doctoral student. You
    can be derailed by choosing topics that
    are too broad, too narrow, or too time-
    consuming. There are a million reasons
    that students don’t finish their disser-
    tations, but strategic decision-making
    from the beginning can help you avoid
    the pitfall of choosing a topic that is not
    feasible. This editorial provides brief
    narratives from the perspective of two
    recent graduates and offers some sug-
    gestions for choosing a topic.

    Sylvia’s Story
    I gradually refined my disserta-

    tion topic through class work. I have
    diverse research interests so it was dif-
    ficult for me to focus on just one. We
    had to do a small project in our qualita-
    tive/mixed methods research class and
    I wanted to do something that could
    lead me to a good topic. I have always
    been interested in examining motiva-
    tion and decision-making so I decided
    to examine why people major in for-
    eign language. As it turned out, most of
    my participants came into college with
    a strong interest in foreign language

    learning, but the decision to major
    came later. I wondered what role, if any,
    introductory classes played. In classes
    that followed, I wrote a few more pa-
    pers that developed my idea, and con-
    ducted another small pilot project.
    Once I started reviewing the literature
    for the dissertation proposal, I saw that
    decision-making was potentially influ-
    enced by beliefs about knowledge and
    language learning. Based on that ini-
    tial review, I narrowed my topic to fo-
    cus on the decision-making of students
    in first-year foreign language classes.

    Yvonne’s Story
    I have always been interested in

    technology and education, from a
    human-computer interaction point
    of view. I had a lot of industry experi-
    ence as an instructional designer and
    developer coming into my Ph.D. pro-
    gram and, as a result, was interested in
    cognitive load theory and multimedia
    design. I originally thought I would
    examine design and usability of online
    classes, but while I was taking Dr. Rob-
    ert Reiser’s practicum class, I found
    my way into worked example research.
    Through one of the articles I reviewed,
    I was introduced to the area of peda-

    gogical agents and found the idea of
    combining worked examples and ped-
    agogical agents fascinating.

    I further honed my topic by read-
    ing more of the pedagogical agent re-
    search and talking with my outside
    committee member. This led me to
    reading about adaptive learning en-
    vironments. After reading several ar-
    ticles, I came across the magical phrase
    that I had been seeking: intelligent tu-
    toring systems (ITS). After a thorough
    exploration of the ITS research, I no-
    ticed that the majority of the research
    was coming out of Carnegie Mellon
    University’s Human Computer Inter-
    action Institute (CMU HCII). I went
    to the CMU HCII website and saw
    there was a notice for a one-week sum-
    mer workshop to learn how to design
    and develop an ITS. I immediately ap-
    plied and was accepted into the sum-
    mer school program. That week was
    the most pivotal point in graduate
    school for me. I returned home with a
    renewed faith that this was going to be
    my dissertation topic – looking at dif-
    ferent levels of instructional assistance
    (worked examples versus problems)
    in an intelligent tutoring system using
    proportional reasoning as the context.

    Graduate Member Musings

    Avoiding the Dissertation Topic Minefield
    By Sylvia Rogers and Yvonne Earnshaw

    14 TechTrends • March/April 2015 Volume 59, Number 2

    Feasibility of the Topic
    Have a great idea? Thinking about

    the best approach to answer your re-
    search questions? Will you use a quan-
    titative approach? Qualitative? Mixed
    methods? What type of research design
    would be best to use? If you plan to use
    an experimental design, how many
    participants will you need and how
    feasible will it be to access that many
    participants? Will you need to pay the
    participants? If you plan to conduct in-
    terviews, how much time and money
    will you need to transcribe them? Re-
    member, the best dissertation is a done
    dissertation. You may have a grandiose
    idea, but it needs to be a feasible idea
    to complete it in a reasonable amount
    of time.

    Balance Passion with
    Relevance

    One of the great things about edu-
    cational technology and learning sci-
    ences is that it is interdisciplinary. This
    allows for a great diversity of topics;
    however, it is important to choose a
    topic for which you have enthusiasm.
    You have to spend a lot of time with
    your dissertation and it is always easier
    to write about something that you en-
    joy. However, it should also be clearly
    relatable to educational technology

    and learning sciences. Once you get
    out on the job market, search commit-
    tees could be looking at your disserta-
    tion as one of the criteria to determine
    your fit in their department. How will
    your topic contribute to the field? Can
    you find a new twist on an established
    topic? Avoid topics that have been cov-
    ered over and over.

    Foundation of the
    Research Agenda

    Most dissertations make a small
    contribution to the existing literature.
    It is never too soon to start thinking
    about your research agenda as a future
    scholar. A research agenda is like one
    of those giant cookies you buy in the
    mall. If you choose your topic well,
    your dissertation will be the first big
    bite out of that cookie that will last for
    the first few years of your academic ca-
    reer.

    Tips for Honing Your Topic
    There are a variety of strategies

    that can help you to narrow your focus
    for a potential dissertation topic:
    • Talk to people – Talk to your advisor,

    your committee members, other fac-
    ulty members, and colleagues.

    • Attend conferences (like AECT) – Sit
    in on some sessions which could give

    you ideas to investigate a particular
    area. Talk to presenters and scholars
    about a particular area of interest.

    • Reflect – Write down your thoughts
    in a research journal. Draw a con-
    cept map or a diagram.

    • Examine the literature – See what
    other dissertations or research ar-
    ticles are suggesting for future re-
    search.

    • Take classes – Use your classes to
    investigate topics. You can write pa-
    pers or conduct a preliminary study
    and get credit at the same time.

    Conclusion
    Avoid the minefield of the disser-

    tation topic by making strategic deci-
    sions from the start. Choose a topic
    that is interesting to you, feasible, has
    relevance to your field, and potential
    for further study; this will help you
    finish your degree in a timely fashion.
    Establish your research agenda as this
    could help you in the job market.

    Sylvia Rogers is a recent Ph.D. graduate of Uni-
    versity of South Alabama, Mobile, AL. Address
    correspondence regarding this column to her via
    email to ser804@jagmail.southalabama.edu.

    Yvonne Earnshaw is a recent Ph.D. graduate of
    Florida State University.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without
    permission.

    – 1
    – 2
    – 3

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    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    · 300 words · Current APA 7 must be used to cite sources – ## Video.docx – ## EssayBasicsofResearchAssignmentPrompts.docx – ## EssayGradingRubric.pdf – Reading-AppliedstatisticsIIChap1.pdf – Reading-AppliedstatisticsIChap1-2.pdf **## Video.docx** [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watc…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    · 300 words
    · Current APA 7 must be used to cite sources

    – ## Video.docx

    – ## EssayBasicsofResearchAssignmentPrompts.docx

    – ## EssayGradingRubric.pdf

    – Reading-AppliedstatisticsIIChap1.pdf
    – Reading-AppliedstatisticsIChap1-2.pdf

    **## Video.docx**

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-why-you-should-love-statistics?module_item_id=91231991](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-why-you-should-love-statistics?module_item_id=91231991)

    **## EssayBasicsofResearchAssignmentPrompts.docx**

    EDCO 735

    **Essay: Basics of Research Assignment Prompts**

    · Describe how the idea of causal inference can apply to your interactions in everyday life. Also, make an argument for how the idea of causal inference could be applied the way we approach ministry.

    · Begin by explaining what the p value reveals about the probability that a study is replicable. Next. describe the major alternatives to the use of α < .5 (NHST). What is p-hacking? Describe common researcher practices can be described as p-hacking and how research results might be implicated as a result of p-hacking. Moreover, how are future research studies which are attempting to replicate these studies implicated as a result of p-hacking?

    **## EssayGradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Content 70 to >60 pts

    Advanced

    The essay exceeds content
    requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbook or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    60 to >51 pts

    Proficient

    The essay meets the
    content requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbooks or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    51 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The essay meets some of
    the content requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbooks or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    70 pts

    Structure 30 to >25 pts

    Advanced

    The essay exceeds
    requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    25 to >17 pts

    Proficient

    The essay meets
    requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    17 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The essay meets some of
    the structure requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    30 pts

    Total Points: 100

    Essay Grading Rubric | EDCO735_B02_202540

    **Reading-AppliedstatisticsIIChap1.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-appliedstatisticsiichap1-pdf)

    **Reading-AppliedstatisticsIChap1-2.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-appliedstatisticsichap1-2-pdf)

    **Reading-AppliedstatisticsIChap1-2.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-appliedstatisticsichap1-2-pdf)

    **## Video.docx**

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-why-you-should-love-statistics?module_item_id=91231991](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-why-you-should-love-statistics?module_item_id=91231991)

    **## EssayBasicsofResearchAssignmentPrompts.docx**

    EDCO 735

    **Essay: Basics of Research Assignment Prompts**

    · Describe how the idea of causal inference can apply to your interactions in everyday life. Also, make an argument for how the idea of causal inference could be applied the way we approach ministry.

    · Begin by explaining what the p value reveals about the probability that a study is replicable. Next. describe the major alternatives to the use of α < .5 (NHST). What is p-hacking? Describe common researcher practices can be described as p-hacking and how research results might be implicated as a result of p-hacking. Moreover, how are future research studies which are attempting to replicate these studies implicated as a result of p-hacking?

    **## EssayGradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Content 70 to >60 pts

    Advanced

    The essay exceeds content
    requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbook or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    60 to >51 pts

    Proficient

    The essay meets the
    content requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbooks or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    51 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The essay meets some of
    the content requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbooks or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    70 pts

    Structure 30 to >25 pts

    Advanced

    The essay exceeds
    requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    25 to >17 pts

    Proficient

    The essay meets
    requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    17 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The essay meets some of
    the structure requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    30 pts

    Total Points: 100

    Essay Grading Rubric | EDCO735_B02_202540

    **Reading-AppliedstatisticsIIChap1.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-appliedstatisticsiichap1-pdf)

    **Reading-AppliedstatisticsIChap1-2.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-appliedstatisticsichap1-2-pdf)

    **## Video.docx**

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-why-you-should-love-statistics?module_item_id=91231991](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/962521/pages/watch-why-you-should-love-statistics?module_item_id=91231991)

    **## EssayBasicsofResearchAssignmentPrompts.docx**

    EDCO 735

    **Essay: Basics of Research Assignment Prompts**

    · Describe how the idea of causal inference can apply to your interactions in everyday life. Also, make an argument for how the idea of causal inference could be applied the way we approach ministry.

    · Begin by explaining what the p value reveals about the probability that a study is replicable. Next. describe the major alternatives to the use of α < .5 (NHST). What is p-hacking? Describe common researcher practices can be described as p-hacking and how research results might be implicated as a result of p-hacking. Moreover, how are future research studies which are attempting to replicate these studies implicated as a result of p-hacking?

    **## EssayGradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Content 70 to >60 pts

    Advanced

    The essay exceeds content
    requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbook or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    60 to >51 pts

    Proficient

    The essay meets the
    content requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbooks or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    51 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The essay meets some of
    the content requirements:
    • Your answers to the
    provided prompt are clearly
    presented in at least 300
    words, showing a clear
    reflection on key concepts.
    • You have interacted with
    course textbooks or
    scholarly research
    (including at least 3
    citations) that demonstrates
    mastery of key issues and
    critical thinking.
    • You have thoroughly
    answered the statistical
    question or problem posed
    in the essay.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    70 pts

    Structure 30 to >25 pts

    Advanced

    The essay exceeds
    requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    25 to >17 pts

    Proficient

    The essay meets
    requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    17 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The essay meets some of
    the structure requirements:
    Essay is written using
    proper spelling, grammar,
    and current APA format.
    The essay includes a title
    page and reference page.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    30 pts

    Total Points: 100

    Essay Grading Rubric | EDCO735_B02_202540

    **Reading-AppliedstatisticsIIChap1.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-appliedstatisticsiichap1-pdf)

    **Reading-AppliedstatisticsIChap1-2.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-appliedstatisticsichap1-2-pdf)

    – 1
    – 2
    – 3
    – 4
    – 5

  • [Solved] Practice writing the Annotated Bibliography

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    – ## PracticewritingtheAnnotatedBibliography.docx **## PracticewritingtheAnnotatedBibliography.docx** 2 Week 2, Discussion 1 — Practice writing the Annotated Bibliography Hi students! This discussion topic is designed to help you become familiar with how to annotate articles. In an annotation, you w…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – ## PracticewritingtheAnnotatedBibliography.docx

    **## PracticewritingtheAnnotatedBibliography.docx**

    2

    Week 2, Discussion 1 — Practice writing the Annotated Bibliography

    Hi students!

    This discussion topic is designed to help you become familiar with how to annotate articles. In an annotation, you will summarize the material in an article using your own words. In this discussion, you'll read an academic article on teaching grammar and then write an annotation of that article.

    Here's how to get started:

    **Step 1:** Watch the video, "How to Write an Annotated Bibliography-7th edition." It is located in the Learning Resources Section of the Content for this week.

    **Step 2:** Access and read the article, "Pen as a bridge: instructor perspectives on incorporating diversity and inclusion in writing-intensive courses," by Brock, C., Sanchez, N., & Sharpe, D.L.

    You can access this article on the following link:
    [Pen as bridge article](https://learn.umgc.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=1387508&type=coursefile&fileId=Pen+as+bridge.pdf)

    **Step 3:** Create an annotation of this article as if you were considering it for a source in a paper. Here's how:

    · List the article in APA format, as the video describes.

    · Write a 150-200 word summary/critique of the article in which you not only summarize the article but also note any strengths or weaknesses you find in it. In addition, mention whether it will be a possible article for an essay on the topic of teaching or writing about diversity and inclusion. (Please note: you won't be writing about this topic for your own writing assignments.)

    Your annotation thus should include the following:

    · The focus of the study (~ 1-2 sentences

    · Conclusion(s) of the study (~ 1-2 sentences)

    · Analysis of the study (e.g., any strengths or weaknesses? Anything that was particularly remarkable/helpful?) (~ 1-2 sentences)

    · Its relevance to research on issues of diversity and inclusion in writing courses (~ 1-2 sentences)

    · For an example, please refer to the
    _"Sample Annotated Bibliography-7th edition"_ in this week's content.

    _Please note: You're not writing about diversity and inclusion in writing-intensive courses for your own writing assignments.  However, this exercise is designed to help you become familiar with listing a source in APA format and writing a critical annotation for it._

    **## PracticewritingtheAnnotatedBibliography.docx**

    2

    Week 2, Discussion 1 — Practice writing the Annotated Bibliography

    Hi students!

    This discussion topic is designed to help you become familiar with how to annotate articles. In an annotation, you will summarize the material in an article using your own words. In this discussion, you'll read an academic article on teaching grammar and then write an annotation of that article.

    Here's how to get started:

    **Step 1:** Watch the video, "How to Write an Annotated Bibliography-7th edition." It is located in the Learning Resources Section of the Content for this week.

    **Step 2:** Access and read the article, "Pen as a bridge: instructor perspectives on incorporating diversity and inclusion in writing-intensive courses," by Brock, C., Sanchez, N., & Sharpe, D.L.

    You can access this article on the following link:
    [Pen as bridge article](https://learn.umgc.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=1387508&type=coursefile&fileId=Pen+as+bridge.pdf)

    **Step 3:** Create an annotation of this article as if you were considering it for a source in a paper. Here's how:

    · List the article in APA format, as the video describes.

    · Write a 150-200 word summary/critique of the article in which you not only summarize the article but also note any strengths or weaknesses you find in it. In addition, mention whether it will be a possible article for an essay on the topic of teaching or writing about diversity and inclusion. (Please note: you won't be writing about this topic for your own writing assignments.)

    Your annotation thus should include the following:

    · The focus of the study (~ 1-2 sentences

    · Conclusion(s) of the study (~ 1-2 sentences)

    · Analysis of the study (e.g., any strengths or weaknesses? Anything that was particularly remarkable/helpful?) (~ 1-2 sentences)

    · Its relevance to research on issues of diversity and inclusion in writing courses (~ 1-2 sentences)

    · For an example, please refer to the
    _"Sample Annotated Bibliography-7th edition"_ in this week's content.

    _Please note: You're not writing about diversity and inclusion in writing-intensive courses for your own writing assignments.  However, this exercise is designed to help you become familiar with listing a source in APA format and writing a critical annotation for it._

  • [Solved] Examining a Student Annotated Bibliography and Choosing a Topic to Research

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    – ## ExaminingaStudentAnnotatedBibliographyandChoosingaTopictoResearch.docx **## ExaminingaStudentAnnotatedBibliographyandChoosingaTopictoResearch.docx** 2 **Examining a Student Annotated Bibliography and Choosing a Topic to Research** **Must post first.** You'll learn about the annotated bibliograp…

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    Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.

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    Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – ## ExaminingaStudentAnnotatedBibliographyandChoosingaTopictoResearch.docx

    **## ExaminingaStudentAnnotatedBibliographyandChoosingaTopictoResearch.docx**

    2

    **Examining a Student Annotated Bibliography and Choosing a Topic to Research**

    **Must post first.**

    You'll learn about the annotated bibliography, which will be the first assignment you'll submit.

    _For your WA #1, you'll gather five (5) scholarly sources on the topic that you've chosen and write an annotated bibliography._

    _An annotated bibliography consists of APA-formatted citations and written paragraphs that summarize, describe, and evaluate the referenced articles._

    _In evaluating the article, you'll ask questions like: Does the source seem reliable? Is it current? What limitations have you noted in the study? How does the material relate to your topic? Will you find the material useful for your work?_

    For this discussion, here's what you need to do:

    · Review the sample, student annotated bibliography on the bottom.

    · Answer the prompts below.

    After reading the sample student annotated bibliography, choose
    one of the annotations and answer the following questions. If the annotation does not offer a clear answer to the prompt, be sure to state this in your response:

    1. Identify the claim made by the author(s) of the article (1-2 sentences) (e.g., "The authors claim that language…")

    2. Identify the main strength(s) in the study, according to the student (1-2 sentences). (e.g., "According to the student, the main strength is…")

    3. Identify the conclusion(s) reached by the author(s) of the article (1-2 sentences) (e.g., "The author determined that…")

    4. Are there any limitations in the study, according to the student? (1-2 sentences) (e.g., "The student states that the study was not current…")

    5. Did the student find the source useful/not useful for his/her own work? Why or why not? (~1-2 sentences) (e.g., "It's unclear if the student found the source useful…")

    6. Post a comment or question on one or two of your classmates' threads.

    **Assignment: Annotated Bibliography**

    xxxxxx xxxxxxxx

    University of Colorado

    WRTG391: Advanced Research Writing

    xxxxxx xxxx

    January 26, 2021

    Bolhuis, J. J., Tattersall, I., Chomsky, N., & Berwick, R. C. (2014). How Could Language Have Evolved?
    _PLoS Biology, 12_(8), 1–6. https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001934

    The authors, Bolhuis et al. take an exclusivist approach and claim that language has a hierarchical structure that is missing from animal communication systems. The authors view the way our minds create language as being by “merging” elements which they call “atoms” (i.e. words, verbs, etc.). Merged elements can both continue indefinitely and apply to themselves, therefore being nested and in a sense, hierarchical. They further state that there’s no evidence that animals have conceptual “atoms.” They conclude that given the universality of language amongst humans, and the assumption that it has not evolved from animals, that it is this “merge” trait that effectively singlehandedly is responsible for the evolution of language in humans. They mention sign language as a counter argument that studying animal vocal communication is essential to understanding the evolution of language. Also interesting is the point that the unique nature of human language renders a comparison by shared evolutionary descent impossible. I found this article very useful for illustrating this particular school of thought and as a contrast to Fitch, 2019.

    Donald, M. (2017). Key cognitive preconditions for the evolution of language.
    _Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24_(1), 204–208.
    [https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.3758/s13423-016-1102-x](https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.3758/s13423-016-1102-x)

    The author, Donald claims that development of the use of tools to a degree complex enough that their use was culturally embedded and cross-generational was what drove the coevolution of language. Donald further claims that the opposite possibility, that language came first, is unlikely because the acquisition and use of language requires the ability to hone an intrinsically complex hierarchical skillset, as in complex toolmaking. The author does not seem to support this with any specific evidence, but reiterates his claims as a conclusion. I don’t think this is well argued but I agree with the premise that human cognitive capacities have been pushed to greater complexity out of the necessity to manipulate tools (I would say our environment) as much as interact socially. I would find this article useful as a jumping off point for this perspective but most likely not as a primary source.

    Ten Cate, C. (2017). Assessing the uniqueness of language: Animal grammatical abilities take center stage.
    _Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24_(1), 91-96. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-016-1091-9

    The author presents the “Strong Minimalist Thesis” that the essence of language is that we combine, or ‘merge’ elements. An element can be a noun, a verb, an article, a pronoun, etc.. She claims that the ability of a brain to search concepts and output behavior is not unique to humans, but that what is unique is the ability to “merge” concepts. She therefore concludes that arguments about the speech apparatus, such as location of the larynx and hyoid bone in apes vs. humans, are irrelevant to understanding the evolution of language. She also concludes that this ability to “merge” could have evolved very quickly without leaving any fossil evidence, which would be consistent with the fact there is a gap in the fossil record. I found a weakness to be that Ten Cate doesn’t deal with how this “merge” concept relates to other ideas about language (e.g. hierarchical structures, etc.) as well as repeating much of Bolhuis et al.’s earlier paper, even some diagrams. The writing itself is confusing and scattered and therefore less likely to be useful to me.

    Tecumseh Fitch, W. (2017). Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution.
    _Psychomonomic Bulletin & Review, 24_, 3-33.
    [https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1236-5](https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1236-5)

    The author claims that severe global aphaisics despite not having the capacity to produce language nevertheless demonstrate complex thought. Broca’s area is the center of an extensive network where language syntax is generated. This area, and especially it’s connections to other areas is massively expanded in humans as compared to other primates. This is true even of newborn, and even premature human babies. He concludes that this clearly refutes the misconception that we know little to nothing about the neural mechanisms underlying language. I found the paper very clearly written and thoroughly referenced, which is useful for further research. One potential weakness is that it goes into so many other topics that it would be easy to get lost on interesting tangents.

    Tecumseh Fitch, W. (2019, November 18). Animal cognition and the evolution of human language: why we cannot focus solely on communication.
    _Philisophical Transactions of the Royal Society_ _B_, 375: 20190046.
    [http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0046](http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0046)

    The author, Tecumseh Fitch argues that language did not evolve as an extension of great ape vocal communication but rather cognition more generally and that we share certain cognitive processes involved in language with various animals in the same way we share numerous other traits. Apes use species specific unlearned calls, triggered by social-emotional situations. Instead, human language could have evolved from the underlying framework of animal cognition, which is so sophisticated that no huge chasm would have to be bridged. Tecumseh Fitch provides a range of evidence that many animal brains have neural representations of many concepts, and some interesting philosophical discussion of the nature of concepts. He concludes that language could have evolved as a somewhat improved tool for cognition: connecting neural representations of concepts. Once linked to the existing animal capacity to communicate about emotions, the language of thought could be used to communicate about concepts. He further concludes that communication of concepts would have been so useful that language would evolve rapidly. This is an “Oh yeah, of course!” paper—totally clear once someone else says it. A possible criticism I would make is that there’s a somewhat subtle philosophical section on communication of neural representations of objects, rather than direct communication about objects. This seems valid but I don’t see why it’s essential to the main point. Overall, this is a useful and thought-provoking paper. The act of a chimp pointing at an object is qualitatively similar to the act of saying a word—each requiring a mental representation. The chimp has a neural representation of the object and can demonstrably reason about it, so language is much more similar to animal cognition than to animal communication. This raises questions. I think that emotional vocalizing involves right-brain areas that are analogous to our left-brain language areas. I think this will be useful as a primary source.

    **## ExaminingaStudentAnnotatedBibliographyandChoosingaTopictoResearch.docx**

    2

    **Examining a Student Annotated Bibliography and Choosing a Topic to Research**

    **Must post first.**

    You'll learn about the annotated bibliography, which will be the first assignment you'll submit.

    _For your WA #1, you'll gather five (5) scholarly sources on the topic that you've chosen and write an annotated bibliography._

    _An annotated bibliography consists of APA-formatted citations and written paragraphs that summarize, describe, and evaluate the referenced articles._

    _In evaluating the article, you'll ask questions like: Does the source seem reliable? Is it current? What limitations have you noted in the study? How does the material relate to your topic? Will you find the material useful for your work?_

    For this discussion, here's what you need to do:

    · Review the sample, student annotated bibliography on the bottom.

    · Answer the prompts below.

    After reading the sample student annotated bibliography, choose
    one of the annotations and answer the following questions. If the annotation does not offer a clear answer to the prompt, be sure to state this in your response:

    1. Identify the claim made by the author(s) of the article (1-2 sentences) (e.g., "The authors claim that language…")

    2. Identify the main strength(s) in the study, according to the student (1-2 sentences). (e.g., "According to the student, the main strength is…")

    3. Identify the conclusion(s) reached by the author(s) of the article (1-2 sentences) (e.g., "The author determined that…")

    4. Are there any limitations in the study, according to the student? (1-2 sentences) (e.g., "The student states that the study was not current…")

    5. Did the student find the source useful/not useful for his/her own work? Why or why not? (~1-2 sentences) (e.g., "It's unclear if the student found the source useful…")

    6. Post a comment or question on one or two of your classmates' threads.

    **Assignment: Annotated Bibliography**

    xxxxxx xxxxxxxx

    University of Colorado

    WRTG391: Advanced Research Writing

    xxxxxx xxxx

    January 26, 2021

    Bolhuis, J. J., Tattersall, I., Chomsky, N., & Berwick, R. C. (2014). How Could Language Have Evolved?
    _PLoS Biology, 12_(8), 1–6. https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001934

    The authors, Bolhuis et al. take an exclusivist approach and claim that language has a hierarchical structure that is missing from animal communication systems. The authors view the way our minds create language as being by “merging” elements which they call “atoms” (i.e. words, verbs, etc.). Merged elements can both continue indefinitely and apply to themselves, therefore being nested and in a sense, hierarchical. They further state that there’s no evidence that animals have conceptual “atoms.” They conclude that given the universality of language amongst humans, and the assumption that it has not evolved from animals, that it is this “merge” trait that effectively singlehandedly is responsible for the evolution of language in humans. They mention sign language as a counter argument that studying animal vocal communication is essential to understanding the evolution of language. Also interesting is the point that the unique nature of human language renders a comparison by shared evolutionary descent impossible. I found this article very useful for illustrating this particular school of thought and as a contrast to Fitch, 2019.

    Donald, M. (2017). Key cognitive preconditions for the evolution of language.
    _Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24_(1), 204–208.
    [https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.3758/s13423-016-1102-x](https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.3758/s13423-016-1102-x)

    The author, Donald claims that development of the use of tools to a degree complex enough that their use was culturally embedded and cross-generational was what drove the coevolution of language. Donald further claims that the opposite possibility, that language came first, is unlikely because the acquisition and use of language requires the ability to hone an intrinsically complex hierarchical skillset, as in complex toolmaking. The author does not seem to support this with any specific evidence, but reiterates his claims as a conclusion. I don’t think this is well argued but I agree with the premise that human cognitive capacities have been pushed to greater complexity out of the necessity to manipulate tools (I would say our environment) as much as interact socially. I would find this article useful as a jumping off point for this perspective but most likely not as a primary source.

    Ten Cate, C. (2017). Assessing the uniqueness of language: Animal grammatical abilities take center stage.
    _Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24_(1), 91-96. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-016-1091-9

    The author presents the “Strong Minimalist Thesis” that the essence of language is that we combine, or ‘merge’ elements. An element can be a noun, a verb, an article, a pronoun, etc.. She claims that the ability of a brain to search concepts and output behavior is not unique to humans, but that what is unique is the ability to “merge” concepts. She therefore concludes that arguments about the speech apparatus, such as location of the larynx and hyoid bone in apes vs. humans, are irrelevant to understanding the evolution of language. She also concludes that this ability to “merge” could have evolved very quickly without leaving any fossil evidence, which would be consistent with the fact there is a gap in the fossil record. I found a weakness to be that Ten Cate doesn’t deal with how this “merge” concept relates to other ideas about language (e.g. hierarchical structures, etc.) as well as repeating much of Bolhuis et al.’s earlier paper, even some diagrams. The writing itself is confusing and scattered and therefore less likely to be useful to me.

    Tecumseh Fitch, W. (2017). Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution.
    _Psychomonomic Bulletin & Review, 24_, 3-33.
    [https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1236-5](https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1236-5)

    The author claims that severe global aphaisics despite not having the capacity to produce language nevertheless demonstrate complex thought. Broca’s area is the center of an extensive network where language syntax is generated. This area, and especially it’s connections to other areas is massively expanded in humans as compared to other primates. This is true even of newborn, and even premature human babies. He concludes that this clearly refutes the misconception that we know little to nothing about the neural mechanisms underlying language. I found the paper very clearly written and thoroughly referenced, which is useful for further research. One potential weakness is that it goes into so many other topics that it would be easy to get lost on interesting tangents.

    Tecumseh Fitch, W. (2019, November 18). Animal cognition and the evolution of human language: why we cannot focus solely on communication.
    _Philisophical Transactions of the Royal Society_ _B_, 375: 20190046.
    [http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0046](http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0046)

    The author, Tecumseh Fitch argues that language did not evolve as an extension of great ape vocal communication but rather cognition more generally and that we share certain cognitive processes involved in language with various animals in the same way we share numerous other traits. Apes use species specific unlearned calls, triggered by social-emotional situations. Instead, human language could have evolved from the underlying framework of animal cognition, which is so sophisticated that no huge chasm would have to be bridged. Tecumseh Fitch provides a range of evidence that many animal brains have neural representations of many concepts, and some interesting philosophical discussion of the nature of concepts. He concludes that language could have evolved as a somewhat improved tool for cognition: connecting neural representations of concepts. Once linked to the existing animal capacity to communicate about emotions, the language of thought could be used to communicate about concepts. He further concludes that communication of concepts would have been so useful that language would evolve rapidly. This is an “Oh yeah, of course!” paper—totally clear once someone else says it. A possible criticism I would make is that there’s a somewhat subtle philosophical section on communication of neural representations of objects, rather than direct communication about objects. This seems valid but I don’t see why it’s essential to the main point. Overall, this is a useful and thought-provoking paper. The act of a chimp pointing at an object is qualitatively similar to the act of saying a word—each requiring a mental representation. The chimp has a neural representation of the object and can demonstrably reason about it, so language is much more similar to animal cognition than to animal communication. This raises questions. I think that emotional vocalizing involves right-brain areas that are analogous to our left-brain language areas. I think this will be useful as a primary source.

  • [Solved] A brief analysis

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    – ## abriefanalysis.docx **## abriefanalysis.docx** 1 **Your Task** **Main Entry:** **Post a brief analysis** of what you have learned from this week's readings and activities. Start a new thread, and place the header — Name's Main Entry (e.g., Jaz _'s Main Entry)_ at the top. Within the body of yo…

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    – ## abriefanalysis.docx

    **## abriefanalysis.docx**

    1

    **Your Task**

    **Main Entry:**

    **Post a brief analysis** of what you have learned from this week's readings and activities.  Start a new thread, and place the header — Name's Main Entry (e.g., Jaz
    _'s Main Entry)_ at the top.  Within the body of your post, clearly identify each segment of the required response in order to facilitate discussion development.

    Emotions are a fact of life for humans. They help us identify and interpret the events occurring in our lives.  For this task you will record your responses as they occur in 1-minute intervals as you watch the following 5-minute video.  That is, you are to pause the video when it hits the 1, 2, 3, and 5-minute markers, recording your answers at each pause period.  Once you have completed viewing and recording your responses post here your answer to the "Your Experiences" items (listed below).

    **Part 1:**
    **_Careful Observations:_  Print out or on a piece of paper draw the following table**

    | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — |
    | Careful Observation |
    | **Time Markers** | **Physiological Responses** | **Cognitive Responses** | **Emotion(s)** |
    | | _Think about what you are feeling physically:  heart rate, muscle tension level, body position in your chair, etc._ | _What are you thinking at this moment? What thoughts, choices, or decisions are you running through your mind?_ | _label your current emotion(s)_ |
    | Baseline<br>_(record state of being before starting the video_) | | | |
    | **_Start video_**<br>————————–<br>**1 minutes:**<br>pause the recording:<br>Record your response states, label your emotion(s). | | | |
    | **2 minutes** | | | |
    | **3 minutes** | | | |
    | **5 minutes (The End)** | | | |
    | _What do you think?_ | | | |

    **The Video to Watch**:
    Life Vest Inside.
    _Kindness Boomerang – "One Day"_ **(**[Video].  YouTube
    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwAYpLVyeFU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwAYpLVyeFU)

    **_Part 2:_**

    **_Your Experiences:_** We have a wide range of emotions and cognitive approaches available to us. It is how we manage our emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that is important.  This week we read and viewed resources focused on subjective wellbeing and emotional intelligence, exploring how capable we are in managing and working with our emotive self.

    Post as a response to this discussion thread

    **_a.  Your responses to the video_:**  Share a summary of the variety of physiological and cognitive responses you experienced during and after watching the video.

    **_b.  Thinking of others:_** On pp. 8-9 of "Happiness: The Science of Subjective Well-Being," Diener (2020) summarizes what he sees as the most important Internal and External influences on subjective wellbeing.  Share how you could use this video to open a discussion with friends about subjective wellbeing, as discussed by Diener (2020).

    **_c.   Self reflection:_** Assess and describe yourself (or even better, if you are feeling adventurous, ask another person you know to assess you as well) on each of the following aspects of emotional intelligence:

    (a) the ability to accurately perceive emotions in yourself or others;

    (b) the ability to use emotions to facilitate your mood;

    (c) the ability to understand the complex mixture and changeability of emotions; and

    (d) the ability to manage or self-regulate your own emotions..

    **Post Constructive Peer Feedback:**

    In addition to posting your thoughts to the main entry questions, respond to at least TWO (2) of your classmates' entries.  In 3 or more sentences, provide constructive feedback.  Do you have some additional thoughts on the topic?  Share them.  When providing your feedback present the logic behind it.

    **## abriefanalysis.docx**

    1

    **Your Task**

    **Main Entry:**

    **Post a brief analysis** of what you have learned from this week's readings and activities.  Start a new thread, and place the header — Name's Main Entry (e.g., Jaz
    _'s Main Entry)_ at the top.  Within the body of your post, clearly identify each segment of the required response in order to facilitate discussion development.

    Emotions are a fact of life for humans. They help us identify and interpret the events occurring in our lives.  For this task you will record your responses as they occur in 1-minute intervals as you watch the following 5-minute video.  That is, you are to pause the video when it hits the 1, 2, 3, and 5-minute markers, recording your answers at each pause period.  Once you have completed viewing and recording your responses post here your answer to the "Your Experiences" items (listed below).

    **Part 1:**
    **_Careful Observations:_  Print out or on a piece of paper draw the following table**

    | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — |
    | Careful Observation |
    | **Time Markers** | **Physiological Responses** | **Cognitive Responses** | **Emotion(s)** |
    | | _Think about what you are feeling physically:  heart rate, muscle tension level, body position in your chair, etc._ | _What are you thinking at this moment? What thoughts, choices, or decisions are you running through your mind?_ | _label your current emotion(s)_ |
    | Baseline<br>_(record state of being before starting the video_) | | | |
    | **_Start video_**<br>————————–<br>**1 minutes:**<br>pause the recording:<br>Record your response states, label your emotion(s). | | | |
    | **2 minutes** | | | |
    | **3 minutes** | | | |
    | **5 minutes (The End)** | | | |
    | _What do you think?_ | | | |

    **The Video to Watch**:
    Life Vest Inside.
    _Kindness Boomerang – "One Day"_ **(**[Video].  YouTube
    [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwAYpLVyeFU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwAYpLVyeFU)

    **_Part 2:_**

    **_Your Experiences:_** We have a wide range of emotions and cognitive approaches available to us. It is how we manage our emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that is important.  This week we read and viewed resources focused on subjective wellbeing and emotional intelligence, exploring how capable we are in managing and working with our emotive self.

    Post as a response to this discussion thread

    **_a.  Your responses to the video_:**  Share a summary of the variety of physiological and cognitive responses you experienced during and after watching the video.

    **_b.  Thinking of others:_** On pp. 8-9 of "Happiness: The Science of Subjective Well-Being," Diener (2020) summarizes what he sees as the most important Internal and External influences on subjective wellbeing.  Share how you could use this video to open a discussion with friends about subjective wellbeing, as discussed by Diener (2020).

    **_c.   Self reflection:_** Assess and describe yourself (or even better, if you are feeling adventurous, ask another person you know to assess you as well) on each of the following aspects of emotional intelligence:

    (a) the ability to accurately perceive emotions in yourself or others;

    (b) the ability to use emotions to facilitate your mood;

    (c) the ability to understand the complex mixture and changeability of emotions; and

    (d) the ability to manage or self-regulate your own emotions..

    **Post Constructive Peer Feedback:**

    In addition to posting your thoughts to the main entry questions, respond to at least TWO (2) of your classmates' entries.  In 3 or more sentences, provide constructive feedback.  Do you have some additional thoughts on the topic?  Share them.  When providing your feedback present the logic behind it.

  • [Solved] learning about developing a research study

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    Executive Solution Overview

    – ## learningaboutdevelopingaresearchstudy.docx **## learningaboutdevelopingaresearchstudy.docx** 1 This week, we are learning about developing a research study. It is important to operationally define your variables so that you can accurately observe and measure them. Describe a specific research i…

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    – ## learningaboutdevelopingaresearchstudy.docx

    **## learningaboutdevelopingaresearchstudy.docx**

    1

    This week, we are learning about developing a research study. It is important to operationally define your variables so that you can accurately observe and measure them. Describe a specific research idea and how you would go about studying that idea. Remember to include the variables involved, a potential hypothesis, possible methods, and the statistical tests needed to analyze your data. Find a published article in a research journal to support your idea.

    Do you need to find a articles discussed in recent issues of professional peer-reviewed journals?

    To identify the journal or journals you browse, you can use "library services" or journal websites to see what recent topics have been discussed in journals.

    Some journals you may look at include:  American Journal of Psychology, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, British Journal of Psychology, Evolution and Human Behavior, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Behavior Research and Therapy, Psychopharmacology, Behavioral Pharmacology, European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning and Memory, Neuropharmacology

    **## learningaboutdevelopingaresearchstudy.docx**

    1

    This week, we are learning about developing a research study. It is important to operationally define your variables so that you can accurately observe and measure them. Describe a specific research idea and how you would go about studying that idea. Remember to include the variables involved, a potential hypothesis, possible methods, and the statistical tests needed to analyze your data. Find a published article in a research journal to support your idea.

    Do you need to find a articles discussed in recent issues of professional peer-reviewed journals?

    To identify the journal or journals you browse, you can use "library services" or journal websites to see what recent topics have been discussed in journals.

    Some journals you may look at include:  American Journal of Psychology, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, British Journal of Psychology, Evolution and Human Behavior, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Behavior Research and Therapy, Psychopharmacology, Behavioral Pharmacology, European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning and Memory, Neuropharmacology

  • [Solved] Mini Lab Turnitin™

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    – ## MiniLabTurnitin.docx **## MiniLabTurnitin.docx** 1 | | | | — | — | | urnitin™ | | | ![Turnitin™ enabled](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/mini-lab-turnitintm)This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin™. | | Instructions | | | For this assignment, you participated in an online experim…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – ## MiniLabTurnitin.docx

    **## MiniLabTurnitin.docx**

    1

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | urnitin™ | |
    | ![Turnitin™ enabled](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/mini-lab-turnitintm)This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin™. |
    | Instructions | |
    | For this assignment, you participated in an online experiment on
    [facial recognition](https://coursecontent.umgc.edu/umgc/sas/psyc/psyc300/Labs/FRLab/facialRecognition.html).  Using the data that I gave you and your statistics from the analysis, you will write a short lab report (2-3 pages) in
    [APA Style](https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/gethelp-citing.cfm) consisting of an Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, and References. Your statistics are the same as the Mini Lab Stats Quiz.

    Doing the experiment online is only to give you an idea of how the experiment works. You will write the mini lab report as if you were the researcher who conducted the experiment.

    Please use this article by Rehman and Herlitz (2007) as a reference in your report:
    [Facial Recognition Article](https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/dam/permalink/0b8c9392-d506-4922-9253-8c14ac893da5.html). You should not summarize this article as your entire paper. Use this article to help write your introduction and then use the data I provided for the rest of your paper.

    Here is the grading rubric for this report:
    [Mini Lab Report](https://learn.umgc.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=1386696&type=rubric&rCode=UMUC-7146908)

    Here is the data to use for your Mini Lab:

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | males | females |
    | 3 | 7 |
    | 6 | 6 |
    | 6 | 7 |
    | 4 | 8 |
    | 6 | 7 |
    | 6 | 10 |
    | 6 | 8 |
    | 5 | 8 |
    | 3 | 8 |
    | 3 | 10 |
    | 6 | 8 |
    | 6 | 9 |
    | 9 | 9 |
    | 5 | 8 |
    | 4 | 8 |
    | 5 | 9 |
    | 7 | 9 |
    | 6 | 8 |
    | 6 | 8 |
    | 7 | 9 |

    HINT: Your table should be a summary of your statistical results. Do not include the raw data (as seen above) in your paper. |

    ## image1.gif

    **## MiniLabTurnitin.docx**

    1

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | urnitin™ | |
    | ![Turnitin™ enabled](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/mini-lab-turnitintm)This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin™. |
    | Instructions | |
    | For this assignment, you participated in an online experiment on
    [facial recognition](https://coursecontent.umgc.edu/umgc/sas/psyc/psyc300/Labs/FRLab/facialRecognition.html).  Using the data that I gave you and your statistics from the analysis, you will write a short lab report (2-3 pages) in
    [APA Style](https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/gethelp-citing.cfm) consisting of an Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, and References. Your statistics are the same as the Mini Lab Stats Quiz.

    Doing the experiment online is only to give you an idea of how the experiment works. You will write the mini lab report as if you were the researcher who conducted the experiment.

    Please use this article by Rehman and Herlitz (2007) as a reference in your report:
    [Facial Recognition Article](https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/dam/permalink/0b8c9392-d506-4922-9253-8c14ac893da5.html). You should not summarize this article as your entire paper. Use this article to help write your introduction and then use the data I provided for the rest of your paper.

    Here is the grading rubric for this report:
    [Mini Lab Report](https://learn.umgc.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=1386696&type=rubric&rCode=UMUC-7146908)

    Here is the data to use for your Mini Lab:

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | males | females |
    | 3 | 7 |
    | 6 | 6 |
    | 6 | 7 |
    | 4 | 8 |
    | 6 | 7 |
    | 6 | 10 |
    | 6 | 8 |
    | 5 | 8 |
    | 3 | 8 |
    | 3 | 10 |
    | 6 | 8 |
    | 6 | 9 |
    | 9 | 9 |
    | 5 | 8 |
    | 4 | 8 |
    | 5 | 9 |
    | 7 | 9 |
    | 6 | 8 |
    | 6 | 8 |
    | 7 | 9 |

    HINT: Your table should be a summary of your statistical results. Do not include the raw data (as seen above) in your paper. |

    ## image1.gif

  • [Solved] Introduction to Information Technology-

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

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    – ## tech2.docx – ## technology1.docx **## tech2.docx** **Problem:** You are shopping for a new laptop and want to compare the prices of three laptops. You will compare laptops with similar specifications, but where the brands and/or models are different. Perform the following tasks: **Part 1:** Cre…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – ## tech2.docx

    – ## technology1.docx

    **## tech2.docx**

    **Problem:** You are shopping for a new laptop and want to compare the prices of three laptops. You will compare laptops with similar specifications, but where the brands and/or models are different. Perform the following tasks:

    **Part 1:** Create a worksheet that compares:

    · Laptop Brand

    · Laptop Model

    · Screen size

    · Screen Resolution

    · CPU Model

    · Memory RAM

    · Total storage capacity

    · Laptop price

    · Costs to add an extended warranty

    · Using the
    **SUM function**, calculate
    **Total Cost** for each laptop (price + warranty).

    · Use the concepts and techniques presented in this module to calculate the
    **average of laptop price** and
    **average cost** of an extended warranty using the Average function.

    · Format the spreadsheet to make it look sleek and professional

    · Add a column chart to compare the different laptop costs.

    **Part 2:** You made several decisions while creating the worksheet in this assignment: how to organize the data, how to display the text, which calculations to use, and which chart to use. What was your rationale behind each of these decisions?

    **## technology1.docx**

    Create a research paper using MLA Style about "The environmental impact of electronic waste (e-waste)".

    The document must be at least 3 pages long in MS Word format (docx) plus the Works Cited page (4 pages in total).

    The document should answer the following questions:

    Research on e-waste: Students would be required to gather information about the environmental impact of e-waste, including the hazardous materials present in electronic devices, the improper disposal methods, and the consequences of e-waste on ecosystems and human health.

    Identify responsible e-waste management practices: Students would explore various strategies and practices for responsible e-waste management, such as recycling, refurbishing, or proper disposal methods. They would need to understand the importance of reducing e-waste generation and promoting circular economy principles.

    Analyze current practices: Students would research and analyze the current practices of e-waste management in businesses or organizations. They would investigate whether these practices align with responsible e-waste management principles and identify any gaps or areas for improvement.

    Propose solutions: Based on their research and analysis, students would propose solutions for businesses or organizations to adopt responsible e-waste management practices. They would outline specific steps and strategies that can be implemented.

    **## technology1.docx**

    Create a research paper using MLA Style about "The environmental impact of electronic waste (e-waste)".

    The document must be at least 3 pages long in MS Word format (docx) plus the Works Cited page (4 pages in total).

    The document should answer the following questions:

    Research on e-waste: Students would be required to gather information about the environmental impact of e-waste, including the hazardous materials present in electronic devices, the improper disposal methods, and the consequences of e-waste on ecosystems and human health.

    Identify responsible e-waste management practices: Students would explore various strategies and practices for responsible e-waste management, such as recycling, refurbishing, or proper disposal methods. They would need to understand the importance of reducing e-waste generation and promoting circular economy principles.

    Analyze current practices: Students would research and analyze the current practices of e-waste management in businesses or organizations. They would investigate whether these practices align with responsible e-waste management principles and identify any gaps or areas for improvement.

    Propose solutions: Based on their research and analysis, students would propose solutions for businesses or organizations to adopt responsible e-waste management practices. They would outline specific steps and strategies that can be implemented.

    **## tech2.docx**

    **Problem:** You are shopping for a new laptop and want to compare the prices of three laptops. You will compare laptops with similar specifications, but where the brands and/or models are different. Perform the following tasks:

    **Part 1:** Create a worksheet that compares:

    · Laptop Brand

    · Laptop Model

    · Screen size

    · Screen Resolution

    · CPU Model

    · Memory RAM

    · Total storage capacity

    · Laptop price

    · Costs to add an extended warranty

    · Using the
    **SUM function**, calculate
    **Total Cost** for each laptop (price + warranty).

    · Use the concepts and techniques presented in this module to calculate the
    **average of laptop price** and
    **average cost** of an extended warranty using the Average function.

    · Format the spreadsheet to make it look sleek and professional

    · Add a column chart to compare the different laptop costs.

    **Part 2:** You made several decisions while creating the worksheet in this assignment: how to organize the data, how to display the text, which calculations to use, and which chart to use. What was your rationale behind each of these decisions?

    **## technology1.docx**

    Create a research paper using MLA Style about "The environmental impact of electronic waste (e-waste)".

    The document must be at least 3 pages long in MS Word format (docx) plus the Works Cited page (4 pages in total).

    The document should answer the following questions:

    Research on e-waste: Students would be required to gather information about the environmental impact of e-waste, including the hazardous materials present in electronic devices, the improper disposal methods, and the consequences of e-waste on ecosystems and human health.

    Identify responsible e-waste management practices: Students would explore various strategies and practices for responsible e-waste management, such as recycling, refurbishing, or proper disposal methods. They would need to understand the importance of reducing e-waste generation and promoting circular economy principles.

    Analyze current practices: Students would research and analyze the current practices of e-waste management in businesses or organizations. They would investigate whether these practices align with responsible e-waste management principles and identify any gaps or areas for improvement.

    Propose solutions: Based on their research and analysis, students would propose solutions for businesses or organizations to adopt responsible e-waste management practices. They would outline specific steps and strategies that can be implemented.

    **## tech2.docx**

    **Problem:** You are shopping for a new laptop and want to compare the prices of three laptops. You will compare laptops with similar specifications, but where the brands and/or models are different. Perform the following tasks:

    **Part 1:** Create a worksheet that compares:

    · Laptop Brand

    · Laptop Model

    · Screen size

    · Screen Resolution

    · CPU Model

    · Memory RAM

    · Total storage capacity

    · Laptop price

    · Costs to add an extended warranty

    · Using the
    **SUM function**, calculate
    **Total Cost** for each laptop (price + warranty).

    · Use the concepts and techniques presented in this module to calculate the
    **average of laptop price** and
    **average cost** of an extended warranty using the Average function.

    · Format the spreadsheet to make it look sleek and professional

    · Add a column chart to compare the different laptop costs.

    **Part 2:** You made several decisions while creating the worksheet in this assignment: how to organize the data, how to display the text, which calculations to use, and which chart to use. What was your rationale behind each of these decisions?

    **## technology1.docx**

    Create a research paper using MLA Style about "The environmental impact of electronic waste (e-waste)".

    The document must be at least 3 pages long in MS Word format (docx) plus the Works Cited page (4 pages in total).

    The document should answer the following questions:

    Research on e-waste: Students would be required to gather information about the environmental impact of e-waste, including the hazardous materials present in electronic devices, the improper disposal methods, and the consequences of e-waste on ecosystems and human health.

    Identify responsible e-waste management practices: Students would explore various strategies and practices for responsible e-waste management, such as recycling, refurbishing, or proper disposal methods. They would need to understand the importance of reducing e-waste generation and promoting circular economy principles.

    Analyze current practices: Students would research and analyze the current practices of e-waste management in businesses or organizations. They would investigate whether these practices align with responsible e-waste management principles and identify any gaps or areas for improvement.

    Propose solutions: Based on their research and analysis, students would propose solutions for businesses or organizations to adopt responsible e-waste management practices. They would outline specific steps and strategies that can be implemented.

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