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_Journal_
**Instructions:**
1. Based on what you have read and learned in this module, explain how the content can be applied to your life and personal experiences.
2. Please submit your response in a Word document.
Be sure to review the
[academic expectations](https://agmu.instructure.com/courses/1876/pages/expectations-and-best-practices-for-assignments) for your submission.
**Submission Instructions:**
· Submit your assignment by 11:59 PM Eastern on Sunday.
· Review the rubric to determine how your assignment will be graded.
· Your assignment will be run through Turnitin to check for plagiarism.
**## PPmodule2class.pdf**
Module 2
Motivation and Emotion
PSYC 405 Physiological Psychology
Objectives
At the end of the module, the student will be able to:
Identify the neurophysiology of basic emotions.
Describe the importance and functions of the autonomic
nervous system.
Introduction
■ Motivation is the factor that directs and activates the
behavior of humans and other organisms. It can also be
defined as an internal, activating, energizing state that
initiates and maintains a behavior towards an objective.
Emotions and needs are motives that can guide human
behavior. Two types of behavior have been distinguished.
The first is the one that sets itself in motion intrinsically, does
not depend on circumstances and even, in some cases,
could be the result of instincts, biology and evolution. The
second is puts it into practice to achieve a goal that is
external to the person and is mostly motivated extrinsically.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Motivation and Emotion: Biological and Evolutionary Bases
■ The motive is an internal driving force, a specific need or desire.
■ Emotion as well as motives activate behavior. Ex.The fear, joy, or
surprise that underlies the behavior, it’s important for survival.
■ It is more difficult to predict the type of behavior that a particular
emotion will produce. On the contrary, the needs are more
predictable, for example, if a person is hungry, we can quite safely
deduce that he will look for food.
Needs
■ The needs are those whose satisfaction depends on the survival of
the person. Therefore, the needs are what motivate the behavior of
eating, sleeping, hydrating. These are needs related to maintaining
the minimum standards that allow the body and people to function
properly.
Motivation and
Emotion
• Maslow's hierarchy:
Ordering motivational needs.
• This approach points out that
before more complex higher-
order needs can be met, some
primary (physiological) needs
must be met.
Love
■ Maslow places it as a necessity: Affective need.
■ Love is not an emotion because emotions are short-lived, and love
is long-lasting, so it is distinguished as a feeling like happiness and
hatred. They all look alike, dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down
and the frontal lobe blocks quite a bit. This is, physiologically, love
and hate are similar, except that in love the frontal lobe is blocked
quite a lot and in hate almost not, this could explain why with hate
we can plan a revenge very well.
Love
■ Another conclusion.
■ If physiologically love and hate are equal, they are not opposites.
That is, the opposite of love is not hatred but indifference. It is even
quoted later when we get upset with someone, we think about that
person 85% of times a day.
Emotions as Evolutionary Expressions
■ According to the theory of discrete emotions, emotions have
biological roots and fulfill evolutionary functions. Each emotion is
associated with a specific physiological response that is essentially
the same for everyone.
Motivation and Emotion
One of the evidences about the evolutionary (instinctive) role of emotions is
that they arise in the first months of a human being's life, before the parents
have had the opportunity to shape them through socialization.
By 6 weeks babies begin to smile whenever they see a face they like, they
also frown and cry when left alone. That some emotional expressions arise
even without direct reinforcement suggests that they are innate or
instinctive.
It is added that emotions come from the Emotional Brain (limbic system) to
the Autonomous Nervous System (unconscious) from where unconscious
behaviors such as breathing and beating the heart come.
Neuron Anatomy
■ Neurons, like any cell, contain DNA, genetic memory, evolutionary.
Motivation and Emotion
These neurons communicate with each other via neurotransmitters.
Serotonin: another inhibitory neurotransmitter affects the emotions of pain
(that's why it rises in sadness). It is known as the mood molecule.
Oxytocin: friendship, attachment (it is secreted when we cry, so that others
help us, and the woman secretes it in stress and when breastfeeding).
Melatonin: Hormone medicine and anti-aging, decreases with age.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Cortisol: stress and aging hormone. Excess, Cushing’s Syndrome,
memory loss because it reduces the gray matter of the
hippocampus.
■ Dopamine: the hormone of love and pleasure. Chocolate
increases phenylethylamine and dopamine levels so it is given
away on the Day of Love and Friendship, it can also be a pleasant
antidepressant.
Neurotransmitters
• When we are in love there is an
organic compound that
dominates us completely:
phenylethylamine.
• As the word itself already
indicates, we are facing an
element that shares many
similarities with amphetamines
and that, combined in turn with
dopamine and serotonin,
synthesizes the perfect recipe for
a movie love.
• Then oxytocin appears.
Motivation and Emotion
■ It is like a biological device that
seeks to "intensify" all our
emotions.
■ Phenylethylamine is like sugar
in a drink or varnish that we put
on a canvas: everything makes
it more intense. It is she who
intensifies the action of
dopamine and serotonin, she
who constitutes the authentic
chemistry of love to make us
feel happy, fulfilled and
incredibly motivated.
Motivation and Emotion
• When the limbic system (emotional brain)
detects a situation that requires importance, it
blocks the cerebral cortex.
• The autonomous system takes over….
• Frontal lobe
• Blocked
• Same in love, but not for hatred
• For that you can plan revenge
• If the amygdala, considers that a stimulus is
dangerous, it will alert the hypothalamus so
that it produces the necessary changes in the
body to face the danger. In 125 milliseconds,
half a blink and active sympathetic
autonomous system.
Emotional Brain
■ Once an experience of
pain or pleasure is lived, it
is filed in emotional
memory.
■ Painful neuro fusions occur
more quickly and intensely
than pleasant ones,
because in adaptive terms
escaping danger is more
important than
approaching something
pleasant: ENGRAMS.
Motivation
and Emotion
Motivation and Emotion
■ The sympathetic nervous system
mainly has the neurotransmitters
adrenaline and noradrenaline. It
has been during evolution in
charge of generating fight-or-
flight responses to external
stimuli.
■ Therefore, it is responsible for
increasing heart rate, dilating the
bronchi of the lung, pupils,
causing erections, increasing
blood pressure, among other
things.
Motivation and Emotion
• The parasympathetic nervous
system, on the other hand, is a
branch of the nervous system that
relaxes and calms the body so that
it recovers the energy expended in
the sympathetic.
• Activation of this system causes
the heart rate to decrease, the
pupil to contract, the stomach
muscles to relax.
Basic Emotions Look Alike
■ Emotions are similar because
they are processed by the
limbic system, and you can
laugh at a scary situation or cry
with another emotion that is
sadness.
Joy
■ Up dopamine, low serotonin as in love and courage …… and is
glued by mirror neurons.
■ It is important for survival because it boosts the immune system.
Laughter lasts approximately 6 seconds, moves 17 muscles,
activates circulation, strengthens the abdominal area and releases
endorphins that reduce physical and emotional pain.
Motivation and
Emotion
• You can die of laughter, before
you tortured yourself with tickles.
• In its extreme Syndrome of
Stendhal or Florence Syndrome a
very strong good emotion and the
parasympathetic system is
activated, you can faint.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Jealousy (dopamine goes up and serotonin goes up) is an adaptive
emotion that allows us to alert ourselves to a threat such as the
appearance of a possible personal and relational competition.
■ A normal fear of the possible loss of the loved one (partner, father,
mother, friend), including loss of attention: that our mother will pay
more attention to our younger brother, or the partner will pay more
attention to their co-workers (envy).
Motivation
and
Emotion
Jealousy
men vs
women
Men show more jealousy for sexual
infidelity, considerable support for the
emphasis of the evolutionary perspective on
paternal uncertainty.
Women are jealous of emotional infidelity.
Sexual infidelity does not affect a woman's
ability to reproduce, but emotional infidelity
(falling in love with another and redirecting
resources to another) could jeopardize her
ability (evolutionary perspective).
Motivation
and
Emotion
■ Emotions, sympathetic autonomic nervous
system, dopamine goes up and serotonin
goes down, there's almost no rational thinking
■ Fear, the first and most important of
emotions;
1. Increase the heartbeat, open the mouth, do
not blink
2. The skin becomes icy because it serves as
anesthesia, lowers the temperature of the
body "I got cold, I felt a bath of cold water",
sweats cold for adrenaline so that they can
not grab us, we become slippery
3. Fear is easily spread by chemistry; a
terrorist leader can use it to spread and
terrorize a people
Motivation
and Emotion
■ Courage
■ Courage is the manifestation of self-esteem and dignity; it is
what allows you to say, "enough is enough". Dopamine goes
up and serotonin goes down.
■ By the amygdala when we get upset with someone, we
think 85% of times a day.
Sadness
■ Sadness (also disappointment that allows love to end
immediately), is the emotion that physiologically is different, low
dopamine (happiness hormone) and serotonin rises (emotion pain).
■ Crying accelerates metabolism secretes more glucose, the emotion
that spends the most energy, after crying you need to sleep.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Important to survive, self-analyze and not enter denials YOU
THINK. We drink tears because it contains painkillers, women's
tears have low testosterone in men (by chemistry).
■ Music when one is sad is analyzed more.
■ Oxytocin is secreted, and people help us.
■ As in all emotions, hunger may vaguely arise, but not appetite, it is
suppressed. As it is an emotion in which you are more intelligent,
the appetite can be suppressed because the less you eat.
Summary
In this module, you learned about motivation and emotion.
Now that you have completed the work, you are prepared to:
• Identify the neurophysiology of basic emotions.
• Describe the importance and functions of the autonomic nervous
system.
Next week, we move on to dreams and neurobiology . If you have any
outstanding questions about what you learned this week, please add
them to the Course Question and Answer Forum for your professor to
clarify.
References
Kalat, J. (2017). Biological psychology. (13th ed.). Cengage.
Neil, R., & Carlson, A. (1996). Fundamentals of physiological psychology. Pearson.
– Objectives
– Introduction
– Motivation and Emotion
– Needs
– Motivation and Emotion
– Love
– Love
– Emotions as Evolutionary Expressions
– Motivation and Emotion
– Neuron Anatomy
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Neurotransmitters
– Motivation and Emotion
– Emotional Brain
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Basic Emotions Look Alike
– Joy
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– ■ Courage
– Sadness
– Motivation and Emotion
– Summary
– References
– ,congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical!summary of this week's topic!
**## PPmodule2class.pdf**
Module 2
Motivation and Emotion
PSYC 405 Physiological Psychology
Objectives
At the end of the module, the student will be able to:
Identify the neurophysiology of basic emotions.
Describe the importance and functions of the autonomic
nervous system.
Introduction
■ Motivation is the factor that directs and activates the
behavior of humans and other organisms. It can also be
defined as an internal, activating, energizing state that
initiates and maintains a behavior towards an objective.
Emotions and needs are motives that can guide human
behavior. Two types of behavior have been distinguished.
The first is the one that sets itself in motion intrinsically, does
not depend on circumstances and even, in some cases,
could be the result of instincts, biology and evolution. The
second is puts it into practice to achieve a goal that is
external to the person and is mostly motivated extrinsically.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Motivation and Emotion: Biological and Evolutionary Bases
■ The motive is an internal driving force, a specific need or desire.
■ Emotion as well as motives activate behavior. Ex.The fear, joy, or
surprise that underlies the behavior, it’s important for survival.
■ It is more difficult to predict the type of behavior that a particular
emotion will produce. On the contrary, the needs are more
predictable, for example, if a person is hungry, we can quite safely
deduce that he will look for food.
Needs
■ The needs are those whose satisfaction depends on the survival of
the person. Therefore, the needs are what motivate the behavior of
eating, sleeping, hydrating. These are needs related to maintaining
the minimum standards that allow the body and people to function
properly.
Motivation and
Emotion
• Maslow's hierarchy:
Ordering motivational needs.
• This approach points out that
before more complex higher-
order needs can be met, some
primary (physiological) needs
must be met.
Love
■ Maslow places it as a necessity: Affective need.
■ Love is not an emotion because emotions are short-lived, and love
is long-lasting, so it is distinguished as a feeling like happiness and
hatred. They all look alike, dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down
and the frontal lobe blocks quite a bit. This is, physiologically, love
and hate are similar, except that in love the frontal lobe is blocked
quite a lot and in hate almost not, this could explain why with hate
we can plan a revenge very well.
Love
■ Another conclusion.
■ If physiologically love and hate are equal, they are not opposites.
That is, the opposite of love is not hatred but indifference. It is even
quoted later when we get upset with someone, we think about that
person 85% of times a day.
Emotions as Evolutionary Expressions
■ According to the theory of discrete emotions, emotions have
biological roots and fulfill evolutionary functions. Each emotion is
associated with a specific physiological response that is essentially
the same for everyone.
Motivation and Emotion
One of the evidences about the evolutionary (instinctive) role of emotions is
that they arise in the first months of a human being's life, before the parents
have had the opportunity to shape them through socialization.
By 6 weeks babies begin to smile whenever they see a face they like, they
also frown and cry when left alone. That some emotional expressions arise
even without direct reinforcement suggests that they are innate or
instinctive.
It is added that emotions come from the Emotional Brain (limbic system) to
the Autonomous Nervous System (unconscious) from where unconscious
behaviors such as breathing and beating the heart come.
Neuron Anatomy
■ Neurons, like any cell, contain DNA, genetic memory, evolutionary.
Motivation and Emotion
These neurons communicate with each other via neurotransmitters.
Serotonin: another inhibitory neurotransmitter affects the emotions of pain
(that's why it rises in sadness). It is known as the mood molecule.
Oxytocin: friendship, attachment (it is secreted when we cry, so that others
help us, and the woman secretes it in stress and when breastfeeding).
Melatonin: Hormone medicine and anti-aging, decreases with age.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Cortisol: stress and aging hormone. Excess, Cushing’s Syndrome,
memory loss because it reduces the gray matter of the
hippocampus.
■ Dopamine: the hormone of love and pleasure. Chocolate
increases phenylethylamine and dopamine levels so it is given
away on the Day of Love and Friendship, it can also be a pleasant
antidepressant.
Neurotransmitters
• When we are in love there is an
organic compound that
dominates us completely:
phenylethylamine.
• As the word itself already
indicates, we are facing an
element that shares many
similarities with amphetamines
and that, combined in turn with
dopamine and serotonin,
synthesizes the perfect recipe for
a movie love.
• Then oxytocin appears.
Motivation and Emotion
■ It is like a biological device that
seeks to "intensify" all our
emotions.
■ Phenylethylamine is like sugar
in a drink or varnish that we put
on a canvas: everything makes
it more intense. It is she who
intensifies the action of
dopamine and serotonin, she
who constitutes the authentic
chemistry of love to make us
feel happy, fulfilled and
incredibly motivated.
Motivation and Emotion
• When the limbic system (emotional brain)
detects a situation that requires importance, it
blocks the cerebral cortex.
• The autonomous system takes over….
• Frontal lobe
• Blocked
• Same in love, but not for hatred
• For that you can plan revenge
• If the amygdala, considers that a stimulus is
dangerous, it will alert the hypothalamus so
that it produces the necessary changes in the
body to face the danger. In 125 milliseconds,
half a blink and active sympathetic
autonomous system.
Emotional Brain
■ Once an experience of
pain or pleasure is lived, it
is filed in emotional
memory.
■ Painful neuro fusions occur
more quickly and intensely
than pleasant ones,
because in adaptive terms
escaping danger is more
important than
approaching something
pleasant: ENGRAMS.
Motivation
and Emotion
Motivation and Emotion
■ The sympathetic nervous system
mainly has the neurotransmitters
adrenaline and noradrenaline. It
has been during evolution in
charge of generating fight-or-
flight responses to external
stimuli.
■ Therefore, it is responsible for
increasing heart rate, dilating the
bronchi of the lung, pupils,
causing erections, increasing
blood pressure, among other
things.
Motivation and Emotion
• The parasympathetic nervous
system, on the other hand, is a
branch of the nervous system that
relaxes and calms the body so that
it recovers the energy expended in
the sympathetic.
• Activation of this system causes
the heart rate to decrease, the
pupil to contract, the stomach
muscles to relax.
Basic Emotions Look Alike
■ Emotions are similar because
they are processed by the
limbic system, and you can
laugh at a scary situation or cry
with another emotion that is
sadness.
Joy
■ Up dopamine, low serotonin as in love and courage …… and is
glued by mirror neurons.
■ It is important for survival because it boosts the immune system.
Laughter lasts approximately 6 seconds, moves 17 muscles,
activates circulation, strengthens the abdominal area and releases
endorphins that reduce physical and emotional pain.
Motivation and
Emotion
• You can die of laughter, before
you tortured yourself with tickles.
• In its extreme Syndrome of
Stendhal or Florence Syndrome a
very strong good emotion and the
parasympathetic system is
activated, you can faint.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Jealousy (dopamine goes up and serotonin goes up) is an adaptive
emotion that allows us to alert ourselves to a threat such as the
appearance of a possible personal and relational competition.
■ A normal fear of the possible loss of the loved one (partner, father,
mother, friend), including loss of attention: that our mother will pay
more attention to our younger brother, or the partner will pay more
attention to their co-workers (envy).
Motivation
and
Emotion
Jealousy
men vs
women
Men show more jealousy for sexual
infidelity, considerable support for the
emphasis of the evolutionary perspective on
paternal uncertainty.
Women are jealous of emotional infidelity.
Sexual infidelity does not affect a woman's
ability to reproduce, but emotional infidelity
(falling in love with another and redirecting
resources to another) could jeopardize her
ability (evolutionary perspective).
Motivation
and
Emotion
■ Emotions, sympathetic autonomic nervous
system, dopamine goes up and serotonin
goes down, there's almost no rational thinking
■ Fear, the first and most important of
emotions;
1. Increase the heartbeat, open the mouth, do
not blink
2. The skin becomes icy because it serves as
anesthesia, lowers the temperature of the
body "I got cold, I felt a bath of cold water",
sweats cold for adrenaline so that they can
not grab us, we become slippery
3. Fear is easily spread by chemistry; a
terrorist leader can use it to spread and
terrorize a people
Motivation
and Emotion
■ Courage
■ Courage is the manifestation of self-esteem and dignity; it is
what allows you to say, "enough is enough". Dopamine goes
up and serotonin goes down.
■ By the amygdala when we get upset with someone, we
think 85% of times a day.
Sadness
■ Sadness (also disappointment that allows love to end
immediately), is the emotion that physiologically is different, low
dopamine (happiness hormone) and serotonin rises (emotion pain).
■ Crying accelerates metabolism secretes more glucose, the emotion
that spends the most energy, after crying you need to sleep.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Important to survive, self-analyze and not enter denials YOU
THINK. We drink tears because it contains painkillers, women's
tears have low testosterone in men (by chemistry).
■ Music when one is sad is analyzed more.
■ Oxytocin is secreted, and people help us.
■ As in all emotions, hunger may vaguely arise, but not appetite, it is
suppressed. As it is an emotion in which you are more intelligent,
the appetite can be suppressed because the less you eat.
Summary
In this module, you learned about motivation and emotion.
Now that you have completed the work, you are prepared to:
• Identify the neurophysiology of basic emotions.
• Describe the importance and functions of the autonomic nervous
system.
Next week, we move on to dreams and neurobiology . If you have any
outstanding questions about what you learned this week, please add
them to the Course Question and Answer Forum for your professor to
clarify.
References
Kalat, J. (2017). Biological psychology. (13th ed.). Cengage.
Neil, R., & Carlson, A. (1996). Fundamentals of physiological psychology. Pearson.
– Objectives
– Introduction
– Motivation and Emotion
– Needs
– Motivation and Emotion
– Love
– Love
– Emotions as Evolutionary Expressions
– Motivation and Emotion
– Neuron Anatomy
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Neurotransmitters
– Motivation and Emotion
– Emotional Brain
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Basic Emotions Look Alike
– Joy
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– ■ Courage
– Sadness
– Motivation and Emotion
– Summary
– References
– ,congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical!summary of this week's topic!
**## PPmdule2Journal.docx**
_Journal_
**Instructions:**
1. Based on what you have read and learned in this module, explain how the content can be applied to your life and personal experiences.
2. Please submit your response in a Word document.
Be sure to review the
[academic expectations](https://agmu.instructure.com/courses/1876/pages/expectations-and-best-practices-for-assignments) for your submission.
**Submission Instructions:**
· Submit your assignment by 11:59 PM Eastern on Sunday.
· Review the rubric to determine how your assignment will be graded.
· Your assignment will be run through Turnitin to check for plagiarism.
**## PPmodule2class.pdf**
Module 2
Motivation and Emotion
PSYC 405 Physiological Psychology
Objectives
At the end of the module, the student will be able to:
Identify the neurophysiology of basic emotions.
Describe the importance and functions of the autonomic
nervous system.
Introduction
■ Motivation is the factor that directs and activates the
behavior of humans and other organisms. It can also be
defined as an internal, activating, energizing state that
initiates and maintains a behavior towards an objective.
Emotions and needs are motives that can guide human
behavior. Two types of behavior have been distinguished.
The first is the one that sets itself in motion intrinsically, does
not depend on circumstances and even, in some cases,
could be the result of instincts, biology and evolution. The
second is puts it into practice to achieve a goal that is
external to the person and is mostly motivated extrinsically.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Motivation and Emotion: Biological and Evolutionary Bases
■ The motive is an internal driving force, a specific need or desire.
■ Emotion as well as motives activate behavior. Ex.The fear, joy, or
surprise that underlies the behavior, it’s important for survival.
■ It is more difficult to predict the type of behavior that a particular
emotion will produce. On the contrary, the needs are more
predictable, for example, if a person is hungry, we can quite safely
deduce that he will look for food.
Needs
■ The needs are those whose satisfaction depends on the survival of
the person. Therefore, the needs are what motivate the behavior of
eating, sleeping, hydrating. These are needs related to maintaining
the minimum standards that allow the body and people to function
properly.
Motivation and
Emotion
• Maslow's hierarchy:
Ordering motivational needs.
• This approach points out that
before more complex higher-
order needs can be met, some
primary (physiological) needs
must be met.
Love
■ Maslow places it as a necessity: Affective need.
■ Love is not an emotion because emotions are short-lived, and love
is long-lasting, so it is distinguished as a feeling like happiness and
hatred. They all look alike, dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down
and the frontal lobe blocks quite a bit. This is, physiologically, love
and hate are similar, except that in love the frontal lobe is blocked
quite a lot and in hate almost not, this could explain why with hate
we can plan a revenge very well.
Love
■ Another conclusion.
■ If physiologically love and hate are equal, they are not opposites.
That is, the opposite of love is not hatred but indifference. It is even
quoted later when we get upset with someone, we think about that
person 85% of times a day.
Emotions as Evolutionary Expressions
■ According to the theory of discrete emotions, emotions have
biological roots and fulfill evolutionary functions. Each emotion is
associated with a specific physiological response that is essentially
the same for everyone.
Motivation and Emotion
One of the evidences about the evolutionary (instinctive) role of emotions is
that they arise in the first months of a human being's life, before the parents
have had the opportunity to shape them through socialization.
By 6 weeks babies begin to smile whenever they see a face they like, they
also frown and cry when left alone. That some emotional expressions arise
even without direct reinforcement suggests that they are innate or
instinctive.
It is added that emotions come from the Emotional Brain (limbic system) to
the Autonomous Nervous System (unconscious) from where unconscious
behaviors such as breathing and beating the heart come.
Neuron Anatomy
■ Neurons, like any cell, contain DNA, genetic memory, evolutionary.
Motivation and Emotion
These neurons communicate with each other via neurotransmitters.
Serotonin: another inhibitory neurotransmitter affects the emotions of pain
(that's why it rises in sadness). It is known as the mood molecule.
Oxytocin: friendship, attachment (it is secreted when we cry, so that others
help us, and the woman secretes it in stress and when breastfeeding).
Melatonin: Hormone medicine and anti-aging, decreases with age.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Cortisol: stress and aging hormone. Excess, Cushing’s Syndrome,
memory loss because it reduces the gray matter of the
hippocampus.
■ Dopamine: the hormone of love and pleasure. Chocolate
increases phenylethylamine and dopamine levels so it is given
away on the Day of Love and Friendship, it can also be a pleasant
antidepressant.
Neurotransmitters
• When we are in love there is an
organic compound that
dominates us completely:
phenylethylamine.
• As the word itself already
indicates, we are facing an
element that shares many
similarities with amphetamines
and that, combined in turn with
dopamine and serotonin,
synthesizes the perfect recipe for
a movie love.
• Then oxytocin appears.
Motivation and Emotion
■ It is like a biological device that
seeks to "intensify" all our
emotions.
■ Phenylethylamine is like sugar
in a drink or varnish that we put
on a canvas: everything makes
it more intense. It is she who
intensifies the action of
dopamine and serotonin, she
who constitutes the authentic
chemistry of love to make us
feel happy, fulfilled and
incredibly motivated.
Motivation and Emotion
• When the limbic system (emotional brain)
detects a situation that requires importance, it
blocks the cerebral cortex.
• The autonomous system takes over….
• Frontal lobe
• Blocked
• Same in love, but not for hatred
• For that you can plan revenge
• If the amygdala, considers that a stimulus is
dangerous, it will alert the hypothalamus so
that it produces the necessary changes in the
body to face the danger. In 125 milliseconds,
half a blink and active sympathetic
autonomous system.
Emotional Brain
■ Once an experience of
pain or pleasure is lived, it
is filed in emotional
memory.
■ Painful neuro fusions occur
more quickly and intensely
than pleasant ones,
because in adaptive terms
escaping danger is more
important than
approaching something
pleasant: ENGRAMS.
Motivation
and Emotion
Motivation and Emotion
■ The sympathetic nervous system
mainly has the neurotransmitters
adrenaline and noradrenaline. It
has been during evolution in
charge of generating fight-or-
flight responses to external
stimuli.
■ Therefore, it is responsible for
increasing heart rate, dilating the
bronchi of the lung, pupils,
causing erections, increasing
blood pressure, among other
things.
Motivation and Emotion
• The parasympathetic nervous
system, on the other hand, is a
branch of the nervous system that
relaxes and calms the body so that
it recovers the energy expended in
the sympathetic.
• Activation of this system causes
the heart rate to decrease, the
pupil to contract, the stomach
muscles to relax.
Basic Emotions Look Alike
■ Emotions are similar because
they are processed by the
limbic system, and you can
laugh at a scary situation or cry
with another emotion that is
sadness.
Joy
■ Up dopamine, low serotonin as in love and courage …… and is
glued by mirror neurons.
■ It is important for survival because it boosts the immune system.
Laughter lasts approximately 6 seconds, moves 17 muscles,
activates circulation, strengthens the abdominal area and releases
endorphins that reduce physical and emotional pain.
Motivation and
Emotion
• You can die of laughter, before
you tortured yourself with tickles.
• In its extreme Syndrome of
Stendhal or Florence Syndrome a
very strong good emotion and the
parasympathetic system is
activated, you can faint.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Jealousy (dopamine goes up and serotonin goes up) is an adaptive
emotion that allows us to alert ourselves to a threat such as the
appearance of a possible personal and relational competition.
■ A normal fear of the possible loss of the loved one (partner, father,
mother, friend), including loss of attention: that our mother will pay
more attention to our younger brother, or the partner will pay more
attention to their co-workers (envy).
Motivation
and
Emotion
Jealousy
men vs
women
Men show more jealousy for sexual
infidelity, considerable support for the
emphasis of the evolutionary perspective on
paternal uncertainty.
Women are jealous of emotional infidelity.
Sexual infidelity does not affect a woman's
ability to reproduce, but emotional infidelity
(falling in love with another and redirecting
resources to another) could jeopardize her
ability (evolutionary perspective).
Motivation
and
Emotion
■ Emotions, sympathetic autonomic nervous
system, dopamine goes up and serotonin
goes down, there's almost no rational thinking
■ Fear, the first and most important of
emotions;
1. Increase the heartbeat, open the mouth, do
not blink
2. The skin becomes icy because it serves as
anesthesia, lowers the temperature of the
body "I got cold, I felt a bath of cold water",
sweats cold for adrenaline so that they can
not grab us, we become slippery
3. Fear is easily spread by chemistry; a
terrorist leader can use it to spread and
terrorize a people
Motivation
and Emotion
■ Courage
■ Courage is the manifestation of self-esteem and dignity; it is
what allows you to say, "enough is enough". Dopamine goes
up and serotonin goes down.
■ By the amygdala when we get upset with someone, we
think 85% of times a day.
Sadness
■ Sadness (also disappointment that allows love to end
immediately), is the emotion that physiologically is different, low
dopamine (happiness hormone) and serotonin rises (emotion pain).
■ Crying accelerates metabolism secretes more glucose, the emotion
that spends the most energy, after crying you need to sleep.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Important to survive, self-analyze and not enter denials YOU
THINK. We drink tears because it contains painkillers, women's
tears have low testosterone in men (by chemistry).
■ Music when one is sad is analyzed more.
■ Oxytocin is secreted, and people help us.
■ As in all emotions, hunger may vaguely arise, but not appetite, it is
suppressed. As it is an emotion in which you are more intelligent,
the appetite can be suppressed because the less you eat.
Summary
In this module, you learned about motivation and emotion.
Now that you have completed the work, you are prepared to:
• Identify the neurophysiology of basic emotions.
• Describe the importance and functions of the autonomic nervous
system.
Next week, we move on to dreams and neurobiology . If you have any
outstanding questions about what you learned this week, please add
them to the Course Question and Answer Forum for your professor to
clarify.
References
Kalat, J. (2017). Biological psychology. (13th ed.). Cengage.
Neil, R., & Carlson, A. (1996). Fundamentals of physiological psychology. Pearson.
– Objectives
– Introduction
– Motivation and Emotion
– Needs
– Motivation and Emotion
– Love
– Love
– Emotions as Evolutionary Expressions
– Motivation and Emotion
– Neuron Anatomy
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Neurotransmitters
– Motivation and Emotion
– Emotional Brain
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Basic Emotions Look Alike
– Joy
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– ■ Courage
– Sadness
– Motivation and Emotion
– Summary
– References
– ,congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical!summary of this week's topic!
**## PPmdule2Journal.docx**
_Journal_
**Instructions:**
1. Based on what you have read and learned in this module, explain how the content can be applied to your life and personal experiences.
2. Please submit your response in a Word document.
Be sure to review the
[academic expectations](https://agmu.instructure.com/courses/1876/pages/expectations-and-best-practices-for-assignments) for your submission.
**Submission Instructions:**
· Submit your assignment by 11:59 PM Eastern on Sunday.
· Review the rubric to determine how your assignment will be graded.
· Your assignment will be run through Turnitin to check for plagiarism.
**## PPmodule2class.pdf**
Module 2
Motivation and Emotion
PSYC 405 Physiological Psychology
Objectives
At the end of the module, the student will be able to:
Identify the neurophysiology of basic emotions.
Describe the importance and functions of the autonomic
nervous system.
Introduction
■ Motivation is the factor that directs and activates the
behavior of humans and other organisms. It can also be
defined as an internal, activating, energizing state that
initiates and maintains a behavior towards an objective.
Emotions and needs are motives that can guide human
behavior. Two types of behavior have been distinguished.
The first is the one that sets itself in motion intrinsically, does
not depend on circumstances and even, in some cases,
could be the result of instincts, biology and evolution. The
second is puts it into practice to achieve a goal that is
external to the person and is mostly motivated extrinsically.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Motivation and Emotion: Biological and Evolutionary Bases
■ The motive is an internal driving force, a specific need or desire.
■ Emotion as well as motives activate behavior. Ex.The fear, joy, or
surprise that underlies the behavior, it’s important for survival.
■ It is more difficult to predict the type of behavior that a particular
emotion will produce. On the contrary, the needs are more
predictable, for example, if a person is hungry, we can quite safely
deduce that he will look for food.
Needs
■ The needs are those whose satisfaction depends on the survival of
the person. Therefore, the needs are what motivate the behavior of
eating, sleeping, hydrating. These are needs related to maintaining
the minimum standards that allow the body and people to function
properly.
Motivation and
Emotion
• Maslow's hierarchy:
Ordering motivational needs.
• This approach points out that
before more complex higher-
order needs can be met, some
primary (physiological) needs
must be met.
Love
■ Maslow places it as a necessity: Affective need.
■ Love is not an emotion because emotions are short-lived, and love
is long-lasting, so it is distinguished as a feeling like happiness and
hatred. They all look alike, dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down
and the frontal lobe blocks quite a bit. This is, physiologically, love
and hate are similar, except that in love the frontal lobe is blocked
quite a lot and in hate almost not, this could explain why with hate
we can plan a revenge very well.
Love
■ Another conclusion.
■ If physiologically love and hate are equal, they are not opposites.
That is, the opposite of love is not hatred but indifference. It is even
quoted later when we get upset with someone, we think about that
person 85% of times a day.
Emotions as Evolutionary Expressions
■ According to the theory of discrete emotions, emotions have
biological roots and fulfill evolutionary functions. Each emotion is
associated with a specific physiological response that is essentially
the same for everyone.
Motivation and Emotion
One of the evidences about the evolutionary (instinctive) role of emotions is
that they arise in the first months of a human being's life, before the parents
have had the opportunity to shape them through socialization.
By 6 weeks babies begin to smile whenever they see a face they like, they
also frown and cry when left alone. That some emotional expressions arise
even without direct reinforcement suggests that they are innate or
instinctive.
It is added that emotions come from the Emotional Brain (limbic system) to
the Autonomous Nervous System (unconscious) from where unconscious
behaviors such as breathing and beating the heart come.
Neuron Anatomy
■ Neurons, like any cell, contain DNA, genetic memory, evolutionary.
Motivation and Emotion
These neurons communicate with each other via neurotransmitters.
Serotonin: another inhibitory neurotransmitter affects the emotions of pain
(that's why it rises in sadness). It is known as the mood molecule.
Oxytocin: friendship, attachment (it is secreted when we cry, so that others
help us, and the woman secretes it in stress and when breastfeeding).
Melatonin: Hormone medicine and anti-aging, decreases with age.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Cortisol: stress and aging hormone. Excess, Cushing’s Syndrome,
memory loss because it reduces the gray matter of the
hippocampus.
■ Dopamine: the hormone of love and pleasure. Chocolate
increases phenylethylamine and dopamine levels so it is given
away on the Day of Love and Friendship, it can also be a pleasant
antidepressant.
Neurotransmitters
• When we are in love there is an
organic compound that
dominates us completely:
phenylethylamine.
• As the word itself already
indicates, we are facing an
element that shares many
similarities with amphetamines
and that, combined in turn with
dopamine and serotonin,
synthesizes the perfect recipe for
a movie love.
• Then oxytocin appears.
Motivation and Emotion
■ It is like a biological device that
seeks to "intensify" all our
emotions.
■ Phenylethylamine is like sugar
in a drink or varnish that we put
on a canvas: everything makes
it more intense. It is she who
intensifies the action of
dopamine and serotonin, she
who constitutes the authentic
chemistry of love to make us
feel happy, fulfilled and
incredibly motivated.
Motivation and Emotion
• When the limbic system (emotional brain)
detects a situation that requires importance, it
blocks the cerebral cortex.
• The autonomous system takes over….
• Frontal lobe
• Blocked
• Same in love, but not for hatred
• For that you can plan revenge
• If the amygdala, considers that a stimulus is
dangerous, it will alert the hypothalamus so
that it produces the necessary changes in the
body to face the danger. In 125 milliseconds,
half a blink and active sympathetic
autonomous system.
Emotional Brain
■ Once an experience of
pain or pleasure is lived, it
is filed in emotional
memory.
■ Painful neuro fusions occur
more quickly and intensely
than pleasant ones,
because in adaptive terms
escaping danger is more
important than
approaching something
pleasant: ENGRAMS.
Motivation
and Emotion
Motivation and Emotion
■ The sympathetic nervous system
mainly has the neurotransmitters
adrenaline and noradrenaline. It
has been during evolution in
charge of generating fight-or-
flight responses to external
stimuli.
■ Therefore, it is responsible for
increasing heart rate, dilating the
bronchi of the lung, pupils,
causing erections, increasing
blood pressure, among other
things.
Motivation and Emotion
• The parasympathetic nervous
system, on the other hand, is a
branch of the nervous system that
relaxes and calms the body so that
it recovers the energy expended in
the sympathetic.
• Activation of this system causes
the heart rate to decrease, the
pupil to contract, the stomach
muscles to relax.
Basic Emotions Look Alike
■ Emotions are similar because
they are processed by the
limbic system, and you can
laugh at a scary situation or cry
with another emotion that is
sadness.
Joy
■ Up dopamine, low serotonin as in love and courage …… and is
glued by mirror neurons.
■ It is important for survival because it boosts the immune system.
Laughter lasts approximately 6 seconds, moves 17 muscles,
activates circulation, strengthens the abdominal area and releases
endorphins that reduce physical and emotional pain.
Motivation and
Emotion
• You can die of laughter, before
you tortured yourself with tickles.
• In its extreme Syndrome of
Stendhal or Florence Syndrome a
very strong good emotion and the
parasympathetic system is
activated, you can faint.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Jealousy (dopamine goes up and serotonin goes up) is an adaptive
emotion that allows us to alert ourselves to a threat such as the
appearance of a possible personal and relational competition.
■ A normal fear of the possible loss of the loved one (partner, father,
mother, friend), including loss of attention: that our mother will pay
more attention to our younger brother, or the partner will pay more
attention to their co-workers (envy).
Motivation
and
Emotion
Jealousy
men vs
women
Men show more jealousy for sexual
infidelity, considerable support for the
emphasis of the evolutionary perspective on
paternal uncertainty.
Women are jealous of emotional infidelity.
Sexual infidelity does not affect a woman's
ability to reproduce, but emotional infidelity
(falling in love with another and redirecting
resources to another) could jeopardize her
ability (evolutionary perspective).
Motivation
and
Emotion
■ Emotions, sympathetic autonomic nervous
system, dopamine goes up and serotonin
goes down, there's almost no rational thinking
■ Fear, the first and most important of
emotions;
1. Increase the heartbeat, open the mouth, do
not blink
2. The skin becomes icy because it serves as
anesthesia, lowers the temperature of the
body "I got cold, I felt a bath of cold water",
sweats cold for adrenaline so that they can
not grab us, we become slippery
3. Fear is easily spread by chemistry; a
terrorist leader can use it to spread and
terrorize a people
Motivation
and Emotion
■ Courage
■ Courage is the manifestation of self-esteem and dignity; it is
what allows you to say, "enough is enough". Dopamine goes
up and serotonin goes down.
■ By the amygdala when we get upset with someone, we
think 85% of times a day.
Sadness
■ Sadness (also disappointment that allows love to end
immediately), is the emotion that physiologically is different, low
dopamine (happiness hormone) and serotonin rises (emotion pain).
■ Crying accelerates metabolism secretes more glucose, the emotion
that spends the most energy, after crying you need to sleep.
Motivation and Emotion
■ Important to survive, self-analyze and not enter denials YOU
THINK. We drink tears because it contains painkillers, women's
tears have low testosterone in men (by chemistry).
■ Music when one is sad is analyzed more.
■ Oxytocin is secreted, and people help us.
■ As in all emotions, hunger may vaguely arise, but not appetite, it is
suppressed. As it is an emotion in which you are more intelligent,
the appetite can be suppressed because the less you eat.
Summary
In this module, you learned about motivation and emotion.
Now that you have completed the work, you are prepared to:
• Identify the neurophysiology of basic emotions.
• Describe the importance and functions of the autonomic nervous
system.
Next week, we move on to dreams and neurobiology . If you have any
outstanding questions about what you learned this week, please add
them to the Course Question and Answer Forum for your professor to
clarify.
References
Kalat, J. (2017). Biological psychology. (13th ed.). Cengage.
Neil, R., & Carlson, A. (1996). Fundamentals of physiological psychology. Pearson.
– Objectives
– Introduction
– Motivation and Emotion
– Needs
– Motivation and Emotion
– Love
– Love
– Emotions as Evolutionary Expressions
– Motivation and Emotion
– Neuron Anatomy
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Neurotransmitters
– Motivation and Emotion
– Emotional Brain
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Basic Emotions Look Alike
– Joy
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– Motivation and Emotion
– ■ Courage
– Sadness
– Motivation and Emotion
– Summary
– References
– ,congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical!summary of this week's topic!
– 1
– 2
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