Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes Essay – NR283 Pathophysiology RUA: Pathophysiological Processes Paper Guidelines

Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes Essay – NR283 Pathophysiology RUA: Pathophysiological Processes Paper Guidelines

Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus Type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Globally, it poses a significant health challenge, with an increasing prevalence attributed to lifestyle changes, obesity, and genetic factors. In the United States, Type 2 diabetes affects millions, making it a leading public health concern (Tinajero et al., 2021). The rise in sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy dietary habits contributes to the escalating numbers. Addressing the epidemiology of Type 2 diabetes is crucial for understanding its impact on public health and developing effective preventive strategies. The purpose of this paper is to set the stage for comprehending the subsequent discussion by highlighting the widespread impact of Type 2 diabetes on individuals and society, emphasizing the need for effective preventive measures and interventions.

Aetiology

The aetiology of Type 2 diabetes involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Common causes include insulin resistance, where cells fail to respond adequately to insulin, and insufficient insulin production by the pancreas. Obesity is a major risk factor, particularly abdominal adiposity. Age significantly impacts disease development, with older individuals at higher risk due to age-related metabolic changes (Galicia et al., 2020). Prevalence is influenced by gender, with a slightly higher incidence in men. Environmental factors such as sedentary behaviour and a high-calorie diet contribute, while genetic susceptibility plays a role, evident in familial clustering. Lifestyle choices, including physical inactivity and poor diet, escalate the risk.

Pathophysiological Processes

Type 2 diabetes manifests through intricate pathophysiological processes at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. Insulin resistance arises as cells exhibit reduced responsiveness to insulin, impairing glucose uptake. Concurrently, pancreatic beta cells struggle to produce sufficient insulin, exacerbating hyperglycaemia. Chronic elevated blood glucose levels lead to cellular damage, particularly in blood vessels, nerves, and vital organs. The body attempts to adapt through compensatory mechanisms, such as increased insulin secretion (Zhang et al., 2020). However, these adaptations eventually prove insufficient, contributing to the progression of the disease. Manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, reflecting the metabolic imbalances and cellular stress.

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Clinical Manifestation and Complications

Clinical manifestations of Type 2 diabetes encompass a spectrum of physical signs and symptoms crucial for diagnosis. Common signs include elevated blood glucose levels, glycosuria, and increased thirst (polydipsia). Symptoms such as frequent urination (polyuria), excessive hunger (polyphagia), and unexplained weight loss often accompany the disease. Diagnostic criteria also involve measuring fasting glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance. Untreated Type 2 diabetes can lead to severe complications. Macrovascular complications involve large blood vessels and include cardiovascular diseases, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes (Viigimaa et al., 2020). Microvascular complications affect smaller vessels, leading to diabetic retinopathy (vision impairment) and nephropathy Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes Essay – NR283 Pathophysiology RUA: Pathophysiological Processes Paper Guidelines.

Neuropathy can result in peripheral neuropathy and increased susceptibility to infections, especially in the lower extremities. Left untreated, these complications pose significant risks to patients. Cardiovascular complications can be life-threatening, while diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy may progress to irreversible damage, including blindness and kidney failure (Faselis et al.,2020). Neuropathy can lead to foot ulcers and amputations. Patient education on early symptom recognition, regular monitoring, and timely medical intervention are essential to mitigate the impact of Type 2 diabetes and prevent the progression of complications, ensuring a better quality of life for affected individuals.

Diagnostics

Common laboratory and diagnostic tests for Type 2 diabetes include fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, and haemoglobin A1c levels. Elevated fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance indicate insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Haemoglobin A1c reflects average blood glucose levels over time (Kaur et al., 2020). These tests are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring the disease. Elevated results signify poor blood sugar control, increasing the risk of complications. Regular monitoring enables healthcare providers to adjust treatment plans promptly, optimizing glycaemic control and reducing the risk of long-term complications.

Interview

I interviewed a 45-year-old friend who has been living with Type 2 diabetes for the past eight years. They experience clinical manifestations such as increased thirst, fatigue, and occasional episodes of hyperglycaemia. Complications include peripheral neuropathy and early signs of diabetic retinopathy. Alongside diabetes, they have hypertension, which influences their overall health. Daily life involves meticulous medication management, dietary restrictions, and regular medical appointments. Despite challenges, they maintain a positive outlook, emphasizing the importance of family support and adopting a proactive approach to managing their health. This firsthand account provided valuable insights offering a holistic view of how Type 2 diabetes affects not just the physical health but also the emotional and social well-being of those living with the condition.

References

Faselis, C., Katsimardou, A., Imprialos, K., Deligkaris, P., Kallistratos, M., & Dimitriadis, K. (2020). Microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current vascular pharmacology, 18(2), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570161117666190502103733

Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(17), 6275.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275

Kaur, G., Lakshmi, P. V. M., Rastogi, A., Bhansali, A., Jain, S., Teerawattananon, Y., Bano, H., & Prinja, S. (2020). Diagnostic accuracy of tests for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 15(11), e0242415. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242415

Viigimaa, M., Sachinidis, A., Toumpourleka, M., Koutsampasopoulos, K., Alliksoo, S., & Titma, T. (2020). Macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current vascular pharmacology, 18(2), 110–116. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570161117666190405165151

Tinajero, M. G., & Malik, V. S. (2021). An update on the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: a global perspective. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 50(3), 337–355.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.013

Zhang, Y., Pan, X. F., Chen, J., Xia, L., Cao, A., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Li, H., Yang, K., Guo, K., He, M., & Pan, A. (2020). Combined lifestyle factors and risk of incident type 2 diabetes and prognosis among individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetologia, 63(1), 21–33.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-04985-9
  Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes Essay – NR283 Pathophysiology RUA: Pathophysiological Processes Paper Guidelines

Purpose

This project is an in-depth investigation of a health condition. It will allow for the expansion of knowledge and the ability to generalize larger concepts to a variety of health conditions.

Course outcomes:  
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.

Explain the pathophysiologic processes of select health (PO 1)

Predict clinical manifestations and complications of select disease (PO 1, 8)

Correlate lifestyle, environmental, and other influences with changes in levels of (PO 1, 7)

Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes Essay – NR283 Pathophysiology RUA: Pathophysiological Processes Paper Guidelines

 

Due date:
Your faculty member will inform you when this assignment is due. The Late Assignment Policy applies to this assignment.

Total points possible:
100 points

Preparing the assignment

Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment. Speak with your faculty member if you have questions.

Select a disease process that interests

Obtain approval of the selected disease process from the course

Faculty will share how to submit your topic choice for

Write a 2-3-page paper (excluding title and reference pages).

Include the following sections about the selected disease process (detailed criteria listed below and in the Grading Rubric).

Introduction of disease – 10 points/10%

One paragraph (approximately 200 words)

Includes disease description

Includes epidemiology of disease

Etiology and risk factors – 20 points/20%

Common causes of the disease or condition

Risk factors for the disease or condition

Impact of age

Prevalence based on gender,

Influence of environment

Genetic basis of disease

Lifestyle influences

All information supported by current literature

Pathophysiological processes – 20 points/20%

Describes changes occurring at the cellular, tissue, and/or organ level that contribute to the disease process.

Describes adaptation of the cells and body in response to the

Relates disease processes to manifested signs and

Clinical manifestations and complications – 20 points/20%

Describes the physical signs and symptoms that are important in considering the presence of the

Identifies signs that contribute to diagnosis of the condition

Identifies symptoms that contribute to diagnosis of the

Identifies complications of the

Discusses the implications to the patient when complications are left

Diagnostics – 10 points/10%

Includes list of common laboratory and diagnostic tests used to determine the presence of the

 

Discusses the significance of test findings in relation to the disease

Interview – 10 points/10%

Once the student has become familiar with the disorder, it is their responsibility to locate an individual living with the disease process to interview (interviewee). It is recommended that you find an individual first, then complete research and writing on the topic prior to performing the interview.

The interviewee must be at least 18 years old and able to answer questions by themselves

The interviewee must currently have the chronic disease/disorder. If an interviewee has been diagnosed with a disease/disorder but has NO manifestations or complications related to the disorder they DO NOT qualify for the assignment.

Acute infections/diseases DO NOT qualify (pneumonia, urinary tract infection, flu, colds).

Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes Essay – NR283 Pathophysiology RUA: Pathophysiological Processes Paper Guidelines

The interviewee cannot be a patient from the clinical setting or a patient from your work environment (hospitals, doctor’s office, LTC facility, home health, etc.)

The interviewee may be a relative, friend, colleague, or stranger.

Please use the individual’s own words in relation to their experience with the disease/disorder.

NOTE:
This assignment is for educational purposes only. Students are NOT to provide any medical/nursing advice or education to interviewees.  Refer interviewee questions to their physician.

Interview Questions

What is the age of the individual being interviewed? What is the relationship of the individual to you? How long have they had the disorder?

What clinical manifestations of the disorder does the individual experience? How does it compare to what you discovered in your resources?

What complications of the disorder does the individual experience? How does this compare to what you discovered in your resources?

What other medical conditions/disorders has the individual been diagnosed with? Do their other medical conditions have any effect on the chosen disorder?

How does the disease affect the individual’s daily living/activities? (repeat hospitalizations, has to take a lot of meds, any activity restrictions, a lot of appointments?)

How does the disease/disorder affect the individual’s outlook on life? (Feel like a burden to family, do they have good family support, feel hopeless, optimistic, good coping mechanisms?)

What did you learn from interviewing the individual?

APA Style and Organization – 10 points/10%

References are submitted with assignment.

Uses current APA format and is free of errors.

Grammar and mechanics are free of errors.

Paper is 2-3 pages, excluding title and reference pages.

At least two (2) scholarly, primary sources from the last 5 years, excluding the textbook, are provided.

 

For writing assistance, visit the Writing Center.

 

Please note
that your instructor may provide you with additional assessments in any form to determine that you fully understand the concepts learned.

 

 

G
rading
R
ubric

Criteria are met when the student’s application of knowledge within the paper demonstrates achievement of the outcomes for this assignment.

Assignment Section and Required Criteria

(Points possible/% of total points available)

Highest Level of Performance

High Level of Performance

Satisfactory Level of Performance

Unsatisfactory Level of Performance

Section Not Present

Introduction of Disease

(10 points/10%)

10 points

9 points

8 points

4 points

0 points

Required criteria

1.   One (approximately 200 words) paragraph

2.   Includes disease description

3.   Includes epidemiology of disease

Includes 3 requirements for section.

Includes 2 requirements for section.

Includes no less than 1 requirement for section.

Present, yet includes no required criteria.

No requirements for this section presented.

Etiology and Risk Factors

(20 points/20%)

20 points

18 points

16 points

7 points

0 points

Required criteria

1.   Common causes of the disease or condition

2.   Risk factors for the disease or condition

3.   Impact of age

4.   Prevalence based on gender

5.   Influence of environment

6.   Genetic basis of disease

7.   Lifestyle influences

8.   All information supported by current literature

Includes 8 requirements for section.

Includes 7 requirements for section.

Includes 6 requirements for section.

Includes 5 or fewer requirements for section.

No requirements for this section presented.

Pathophysiological Processes

(20 points/20%)

20 points

18 points

16 points

7 points

0 points

Required criteria

1.   Describes changes occurring at the cellular, tissue, and/or organ level that contribute to the disease process.

2.   Describes adaptation of the cells and body in response to the disease.

3.   Relates disease processes to manifested signs and symptoms.

Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes Essay – NR283 Pathophysiology RUA: Pathophysiological Processes Paper Guidelines

 

 

 

 

Includes 3 requirements for section.

Includes 2 requirements for section.

Includes no less than 1 requirements for section.

Section present yet includes no required criteria.

No requirements for this section presented.

 

 

Clinical Manifestations & Complications

(20 points/20%)

20 points

18 points

16 points

7 points

0 points

Required criteria

1.   Describes the physical signs and symptoms that are important in considering the presence of the disease.

2.   Identifies signs that contribute to diagnosis of the condition

3.   Identifies symptoms that contribute to diagnosis of the condition.

4.   Identifies complications of the disease.

5.   Discusses the implications to the patient when complications are left untreated.

Includes 5 requirements for section.

Includes 4 requirements for section.

Includes 3 requirements for section.

Includes 1-2 requirements for section.

No requirements for this section presented.

Diagnostics

(10 points/10%)

10 points

4 points

0 points

Required criteria

1.   Includes list of common laboratory and diagnostic tests used to determine the presence of the disease.

2.   Discusses the significance of test findings in relation to the disease process.

Includes 2 requirements for section.

Includes 1 requirement for section.

No requirements for this section presented.

Individual Interview

(10 points/10%)

10 points

9 points

8 points

4 points

0 points

Required criteria

1.      What is the age of the individual being interviewed? What is the relationship of the individual to you?  How long have they had the disorder?

2.      What clinical manifestations of the disorder does the individual experience?  How does it compare to what you discovered in your resources?

3.      What complications of the disorder does the individual experience?  How does this compare to what you discovered in your resources?

4.      What other medical conditions/disorders has the individual been diagnosed with? Do their other medical conditions have any effect on the chosen disorder?

5.      How does the disease affect the individual’s daily living/activities? (repeat hospitalizations, must take a lot of meds, any activity restrictions, a lot of appointments?)

6.      How does the disease/disorder affect the individual’s outlook on life?  (Feel like a burden to family, do they have good family support, feel hopeless, optimistic, good coping mechanisms?)

7.      What did you learn from interviewing the individual?

Includes answers to 7 question sets.

Includes answers to 6 question sets.

Includes answers to 5 question sets.

Includes answers to 1-4 question sets.

No question sets answered or section not present.

APA Style and Organization

(10 points/10%)

10 points

9 points

8 points

4 points

0 points

Required criteria

1.   References are submitted with assignment.

2.   Uses current APA format and is free of errors.

3.   Grammar and mechanics are free of errors.

4.   Paper is 2-3 pages, excluding title and reference pages

5.   At least two (2) scholarly, primary sources from the last 5 years, excluding the textbook, are provided

Includes 5 requirements for section.

Includes 4 requirements for section.

Includes 3 requirements for section.

Includes 1-2 requirements for section.

No requirements for this section presented.

Total Points Possible = 100 points Pathophysiological processes Type 2 Diabetes Essay – NR283 Pathophysiology RUA: Pathophysiological Processes Paper Guidelines