Nursing 6630 Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment
Week 2: Assignment – Psychopharmacology Scavenger Hunt Concept Map
Agonist concept map
An agonist is a ligand that copies the actions of neurotransmitters and can produce a response whenever triggered. Depending on a receptor, drugs can be grouped into the agonist’s spectrum, which includes agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist.
Agonist Spectrum
Agonist
Definition
Example
Full agonist
A full agonist that binds to a receptor and activates it. The interaction results in a complete response. Full agonists have a high affinity and are very effective when bound.
At the mu-opioid receptor, Oxycodone acts as a full agonist, thereby producing analgesic effects (Kibaly et al., 2021).
Partial agonist
Partial agonists can only bind to receptors and have less activated effects. However, partial agonists produce a lower efficacy than a full agonist.
Aripiprazole is a partial agonist at the 5-HT1A and DA D2 receptors and is used in the management and treatment of schizophrenia (Cookson & Pimm, 2023).
Antagonist
An antagonist binds to a receptor but does not invoke any response. Its main effect is to interfere with and prevent other agonists from activating the receptors.
Risperidone is a potent antagonist that blocks D2 and 5-HT2A receptors and is used in the treatment of schizophrenia (Okada et al., 2020).
Inverse agonist
Psychopharmacology Scavenger Hunt Concept Map
An inverse agonist binds to a receptor and initiates a pharmacological effect opposite to that agonist.
At the mu-opioid receptor, naloxone is an inverse agonist, hence used as an antidote for treating opioid overdose (Kassick et al.,2021).
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Medications and type of agonist
Full agonist
Medication
Receptor
Oxycodone
Mu-Opioid Receptor
Amphetamine
Norepinephrine Receptors
Partial agonist
Medication
Receptor
Brexpiprazole
Serotonin 5-HT1A and Dopamine D2
Aripiprazole
Dopamine D2 and Serotonin 5-HT1A
Antagonist
Medication
Receptor
Haloperidol
Dopamine D2 Receptor
Risperidone
Dopamine D2 and Serotonin 5-HT2A
Inverse agonist
Medication
Receptor
Naloxone
Mu-Opioid Receptor
Pimavanserin
Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor
The p450 enzyme systems are the oxidation catalysts responsible for drug absorption, distribution, and metabolization. They reduce drug effects and ensure drugs are absorbed, disturbed, and metabolized in the liver and kidney.
References
Cookson, J., & Pimm, J. (2023). Partial agonists of dopamine receptors: mechanisms and clinical effects of aripiprazole, aripiprazole, and cariprazine. BJPsych Advances, 29(2), 145–150.
Kassick, A. J., Wu, M., Luengas, D., Ebqa’ai, M., Tharika Nirmani, L. P., Tomycz, N., … & Averick, S. (2021). Covalently loaded naloxone nanoparticles as a long-acting medical countermeasure to opioid poisoning. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(5), 1654-1664.
Kibaly, C., Alderete, J. A., Liu, S. H., Nasef, H. S., Law, P. Y., Evans, C. J., & Cahill, C. M. (2021). The oxycodone in the opioid epidemic: high ‘liking,’ ‘wanting,’ and abuse liability. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, pp. 41, 899–926.
Okada, T., Shioda, K., Makiguchi, A., & Suda, S. (2020). Risperidone and 5-HT2A receptor antagonists attenuate and reverse cocaine-induced hyperthermia in rats. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(12), 811-820.
Psychopharmacology Scavenger Hunt Concept Map
As you continue to learn about psychopharmacology, you will find that medications used to treat mental health conditions are agonists across the spectrum. It will be important for you to recognize some of those medications and how they act on a variety of neurochemicals in different ways to treat the symptoms.
In this Assignment, you will “scavenger” the literature as you research the agonist spectrum and key neurotransmitters and pathways targeted in psychopharmacology. You will have the opportunity to apply your knowledge as you create a Concept Map exploring each of the agonist spectrum listed below. Support your answers with evidence-based, peer-reviewed scholarly literature. APA style format title page, citations, and references will apply.
Note:
You will not set up your Assignment as a paragraph-formatted paper but, instead, as a creative, visually appealing Concept Map.
Resources
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.
WEEKLY RESOURCES
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review the Learning Resources assigned this week.
Review the Concept Map resources.
Explore the listed agonist spectrum and consider the action and receptor of each:
Agonist
Partial agonist
Antagonist
Inverse agonist
The Assignment
You will submit a concept map exploring the four agonists on the agonist spectrum (agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist) in which you:
Describe the different characteristics of the four agonists and how each mediates distinct biological activities. Include proposed mechanisms and the receptor it is targeting.
Identify how the P450 enzyme system plays a role in the body’s absorption, distribution, and clearance of medication.
Scavenge the literature after describing each agonist on the spectrum for research that is based on the medications in the table below.
Apply the medications to the appropriate agonist on the agonist spectrum in your Concept Map.
Medications
Oxycodone
Brexpiprazole
Haloperidol
Naloxone
Aripiprazole
Amphetamine
Risperidone
Pimavanserin
By Day 7 of Week 2
Submit
by
Day 7 of Week 2
.
submission information
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Psychopharmacology Scavenger Hunt Concept Map Rubric
NURS_6630_Week2_Assignment_Rubric
NURS_6630
_Week2_Assignment_Rubric
Criteria
Ratings
Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Concept map explains the four agonists on the agonist spectrum according to different characteristics and mediation of biological activities. Concept map explains the proposed mechanism and receptor it is targeting. Identifies how the P450 enzyme system plays a role in the body’s absorption, distribution, and clearance of medication. Psychopharmacology Scavenger Hunt Concept Map
50
to >
36.0
pts
Excellent
The response comprehensively and clearly explains each of the four agonists on the agonist spectrum according to different characteristics and mediation of biological activities. Identifies how the P450 enzyme system plays a role in the body’s absorption, distribution, and clearance of medication. The response comprehensively and clearly explains the proposed mechanism and receptor it is targeting.
36
to >
24.0
pts
Good
The response clearly explains each of the four agonists on the agonist spectrum but is not comprehensive according to different characteristics and mediation of biological activities. . Identifies how the P450 enzyme system plays a role in the body’s absorption, distribution, and clearance of medication; but is not comprehensive. The response clearly explains the proposed mechanism and receptor it is targeting but is not comprehensive.
24
to >
11.0
pts
Fair
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains each of the four agonists on the agonist spectrum or only discusses three out of the four agonists. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the proposed mechanism and/or receptor it is targeting. Vaguely or inaccurately identifies how the P450 enzyme system plays a role in the body’s absorption, distribution, and clearance of medication.
11
to >
0
pts
Poor
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains two out of four agonists on the agonist spectrum, or the response is missing. The response includes inaccurate and vague examples that do not explain the proposed mechanism and receptor it is targeting, or it is missing. Does not identify how the P450 enzyme system plays a role in the body’s absorption, distribution, and clearance of medication.
50
pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
The eight (8) medications provided in the Assignment list are applied to the appropriate agonist on the agonist spectrum.
30
to >
21.0
pts
Excellent
All eight (8) of the medications are accurately applied to the correct agonist on the agonist spectrum.
21
to >
12.0
pts
Good
Six to seven (6–7) of the medications are accurately applied to the correct agonist on the agonist spectrum.
12
to >
6.0
pts
Fair
Four to five (4–5) of the medications are accurately applied to the correct agonist on the agonist spectrum.
6
to >
0
pts
Poor
Less than three (3) of the medications are accurately applied to the correct agonist on the agonist spectrum.
30
pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
The concept map is correctly designed and includes creative visual aids.
10
to >
7.0
pts
Excellent
The concept map accurately portrays a concept map design and includes two (2) or more creative visual aids.
7
to >
4.0
pts
Good
The concept map accurately portrays a concept map design and includes less than two (2) creative visual aids.
4
to >
1.0
pts
Fair
The concept map accurately portrays a concept map design with no inclusion of creative and visual aids.
1
to >
0
pts
Poor
The submission does not accurately portray a concept map design.
10
pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Written Expression and Formatting—English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation
5
to >
4.0
pts
Excellent
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
4
to >
3.0
pts
Good
Contains a few (one or two) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
3
to >
1.0
pts
Fair
Contains several (three or four) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
1
to >
0
pts
Poor
Contains many (five or more) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
5
pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Written Expression and Formatting: The submission contains an APA format for title page, citations, and reference list.
5
to >
4.0
pts
Excellent
Uses correct APA format for title page, citations, and reference list with no errors.
4
to >
3.0
pts
Good
Contains one or two APA format errors with title page, citations, and reference list.
3
to >
1.0
pts
Fair
Contains three or four APA format errors with title page, citations, and reference list.
1
to >
0
pts
Poor
Missing APA format title page, citations, and/or reference list.
5
pts
Total Points:
100 Psychopharmacology Scavenger Hunt Concept Map
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