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  • Healthcare Information Technology Trends Essay

    Healthcare Information Technology Trends Essay

    Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends

    Throughout history, technological advancements have appeared for one purpose before finding applications elsewhere that lead to spikes in its usage and development. The internet, for example, was originally developed to share research before becoming a staple of work and entertainment. But technology—new and repurposed—will undoubtedly continue to be a driver of healthcare information. Informaticists often stay tuned to trends to monitor what the next new technology will be or how the next new idea for applying existing technology can benefit outcomes.

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    In this Discussion, you will reflect on your healthcare organization’s use of technology and offer a technology trend you observe in your environment Healthcare Information Technology Trends Essay.

    To Prepare:

    Reflect on the Resources related to digital information tools and technologies.

    Consider your healthcare organization’s use of healthcare technologies to manage and distribute information.

    Reflect on current and potential future trends, such as use of social media and mobile applications/telehealth, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled asset tracking, or expert systems/artificial intelligence, and how they may impact nursing practice and healthcare delivery.

    By Day 3 of Week 6

    Post
     a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have observed in use in your healthcare organization or nursing practice. Describe any potential challenges or risks that may be inherent in the technologies associated with these trends you described. Then, describe at least one potential benefit and one potential risk associated with data safety, legislation, and patient care for the technologies you described. Next, explain which healthcare technology trends you believe are most promising for impacting healthcare technology in nursing practice and explain why. Describe whether this promise will contribute to improvements in patient care outcomes, efficiencies, or data management. Be specific and provide examples.

    The use of telehealth has dramatically increased since the COVID-19 pandemic began. The need for social distancing to decrease the spread of the virus has impacted how we look at healthcare. Telehealth provides healthcare and health information through multiple technological systems such as the telephone, videophone calls, and the computer (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017). Working in a cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU), our surgeons perform open-heart surgeries daily during the week. Some of these surgeries are urgent or emergent, and pre-operative workups can be done in the hospital or not at all. However, in most cases, our patients come in for surgery from getting an outpatient pre-operative workup. Most of their workup is now being done via telehealth appointments Healthcare Information Technology Trends Essay.

    Often our patients are older and are not as up-to-date with the rapidly growing technologies being used more regularly. Telehealth poses a challenge for older patients who are either unable to use and understand the technology or do not have the technology to support the telehealth platforms. In a 2013 study looking at how the older population views telehealth technology, the participants expressed their personal health information being hacked or seen by unauthorized persons (Cimperman, Brenčič, Trkman, & Stanonik, 2013).

             Data breaches and the potential for unauthorized people to see personal health information is a considerable risk associated with telehealth. The 2013 study also mentioned that the older population’s primary resource for technological support is their family members, but most wanted their family to access limited health information (Cimperman, Brenčič, Trkman, & Stanonik, 2013). Since telehealth can provide so much health information such as test results and text messages to and from your physician, it can be risky to have that information exposed. However, having access to that information can also be viewed as a benefit. With telehealth, patients can real-time chat with medical staff, chat via phone or video chat, and use remote monitoring (Telehealth.hhs.gov, 2021). Telehealth is also very cost-effective and saves patients on travel time. Telehealth has changed significantly since the COVID-19 pandemic, and new laws continue to change the way it functions. Recent laws now allow physicians to use more popular video chat applications such as Skype or Facebook Messenger video chat, making telehealth easier for some patients (Telehealth.HHS.gov, 2021).

             I believe the electronic health record (EHR) is the most promising for impacting healthcare technology in nursing practice. Having a patient’s health record in a digital format provides easy access for nursing staff to see previous health information and easily add new data to the patient’s chart for future reference. This way, health information is not as easily lost as it was with paper charting. Information can be shared instantaneously with multiple providers involved in the patient’s care. As a nurse, documenting and filing new data is much more organized and more accessible, allowing the nurse to spend more time at the bedside. Because of these reasons, having EHRs dramatically continues to improve patient care outcomes, efficiencies, and data management Healthcare Information Technology Trends Essay.

    References

    Cimperman, M., Brenčič, M. M., Trkman, P., & Stanonik, M. D. L. (2013). Older Adults’ Perceptions of Home Telehealth Services. 
    Telemedicine and E-Health
    , 
    19
    (10), 786–790. 
    https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2012.0272

    McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). 
    Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge
     (4
    th
     ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

    Telehealth.HHS.gov. (2021, May 19). 
    What is telehealth? | Telehealth.HHS.gov
    . https://telehealth.hhs.gov/patients/understanding-telehealth/?gclid=CjwKCAjw_o-HBhAsEiwANqYhp11CR4OTX65JuJK3by8oakcNj0oBzZxgK_qQDXnumAA4DO0yGeMu5RoC90gQAvD_BwE

     

    By Day 6 of Week 6

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     of your colleagues
    * on two different days
    , offering additional/alternative ideas regarding opportunities and risks related to the observations shared.

    Telemetry had me stumped in nursing school. Could it be because I do not like math? Kudos for working in the intensive care cardiac unit. I suppose some of your patients utilized telehealth via home cardiac monitoring before surgery. Just wondering how often you must deal with pediatrics. An article uses telehealth home monitoring called REACH to keep in touch with parents of infants with complex congenital heart disease who received surgery with their first 21 days of life. However, in a 4-month trial of testing REACH, stress between the two parenting groups was equal, and the results concluded that using the REACH telehealth system did not improve parent or infant outcomes (Medoff Cooper, et al., 2020). I can imagine, in this case, that telehealth would not significantly improve as parents would be too worried about their child to appreciate it Healthcare Information Technology Trends Essay.

    The legislation created the Expanded Telehealth Access Act, which expands the types of providers that can recoup Medicare costs when providing care using telehealth (REPRESENTATIVES SHERRILL, MCKINLEY REINTRODUCE BIPARTISAN LEGISLATION TO INCREASE ACCESS TO TELEHEALTH SERVICES., 2021). Telehealth is especially important during the Covid crisis pandemic. So many seniors living at home and not living in assisted living facilities or nursing homes were at high risk, as we all found out later. This technology is crucial if they do not need emergent care and can video conference with their primary provider via telehealth.

    As you mentioned, technology is complicated for the senior population. However, one college is doing something about it. Randolph Community College in Asheboro, North Carolina, offers courses to teach seniors basic computer skills, such as Zoom. They are also offering beginning computer classes for further computer skill learning (Floyd, 2021). Computer courses are sweet, and I bet more than just this community college is jumping on this bandwagon. Video conferencing with family was so important during this pandemic as many people were isolated. I know that there were more suicides than average in my area due to lack of jobs, social distancing, and lack of consistent communication of proper techniques to prevent catching the virus.

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    References

    Floyd, C. (2021, April 17). 
    Community college teaching seniors basic computer skills
    . Retrieved 2021, from Spectrum News 1: https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/triad/news/2021/04/17/community-college-teaching-seniors-basic-computer-skills

    Medoff Cooper, B., Marino, B. S., Fleck, D. A., Lisanti, A. J., Golfenshtein, N., Ravishankar, C., . . . Curley, M. A. (2020, September 1). Telehealth Home Monitoring and Postcardiac Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease. 
    Pediatrics Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 146
    (3) Healthcare Information Technology Trends Essay. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0531

    (2021, March 23). 
    REPRESENTATIVES SHERRILL, MCKINLEY REINTRODUCE BIPARTISAN LEGISLATION TO INCREASE ACCESS TO TELEHEALTH SERVICES.
    Washington: States News Service. Retrieved 2021, from States News Service: https://go-gale-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ps/i.do?p=EAIM&u=minn4020&id=GALE|A656029603&v=2.1&it=r&sid=ebsco Healthcare Information Technology Trends Essay

  • Behaviorism Assignment

    Behaviorism Assignment

    Photo Credit: Monkey Business – stock.adobe.com

    In this week’s Learning Resources you read about Skinner’s radical behaviorism. Skinner’s learning principles can be applied in the areas of behavior management and education. For example, “reinforcement” is one of Skinner’s learning principles and refers to anything that increases the likelihood a response will recur. In a classroom, this learning principle can be seen in the form of a “token economy,” whereby the teacher awards tokens immediately after a desirable behavior as a technique to reinforce the desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior. The tokens can later be exchanged for a meaningful item or privilege Behaviorism Assignment.

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    For this Assignment, you will describe specific instances in your own life experiences, or life experiences you have observed in others, that seem to be consistent with Skinner’s learning principles and use your own judgment to evaluate their effectiveness and appropriateness.

    To Prepare:

    Review the Learning Resources for this week to gain an understanding of the learning principles of Skinner’s radical behaviorism, including the weekly media video and the interactive media, “Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism.

    Identify at least two specific instances in your own life experiences, or life experience you have observed in others, that seem to be consistent with Skinner’s learning principles, either from the behavior management side (e.g., reinforcement, extinction, time out, token economies) or from the educational side (e.g., behavioral objectives, self-paced learning).

    Assignment 
    (1–2 pages)

    Write a description of at least two specific instances in your own life experience, or life experiences you have observed in others, that seem to be consistent with Skinner’s learning principles. These can be either from the behavior management side (e.g., reinforcement, extinction, time out, token economies) or from the educational side (e.g., behavioral objectives, self-paced learning). Briefly describe these instances and comment on their effectiveness and appropriateness (in your judgment).

    Be sure to support your Assignment with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your Assignment. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources Behaviorism Assignment. 

    By Day 7 of Week 3

    Submit 
    your Assignment.

    Submission and Grading Information

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:Behaviorism Assignment

  • Healthcare Information Technology Trends

    Healthcare Information Technology Trends

    I currently work in a small community hospital that is part of a bigger network. We are one of six hospitals spanning 3 hours away in either direction. Being part of a bigger network provides great resources for our facility but is difficult to maintain continuity at times. A few of the other hospitals are in larger cities, while our community has fostered this small, positive hospital since 1911. Family physicians have grown the hospital prior to hospitalists becoming the new thing. We now have telemedicine and consults that are performed from a distance. Nurses that are performing assessments and being the eyes and ears using technology. While for years I have found this to be unsafe and ineffective, I do believe that there is some benefit to this type of medicine. Do I want a cardiologist trusting an LPN to assess my condition and provide concrete evidence? Probably not
    Healthcare Information Technology Trends
    .

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    Test results, radiology exams, diagnostic studies, assessments etc are all data/information that is relayed from our mothership. We can provide the services and perform all the required testing, however, the information is sent to the mothership and diagnosed from a distance. Our facility is limited in its specialty practices. Our ED physician can make decisions immediately in the case of an emergency but must consult our mothership where the specialists are located.

    Time is of the essence and by taking the time to reach out to our other facilities, lives are at risk. Physicians are properly educated and should be granted the opportunity to treat their patients. If assistance or a second opinion is needed, then our network should be available. Otherwise, let the physicians and nurses do what they do best and “treat” our patients. This also poses a HIPPA issue as well. We should not be accessing records of patients that we are not treating. Patients enter the ED to obtain treatment locally, not at a hospital that is 3 hours away. We form our best assessments by “laying eyes of the patient” when sending information to the mothership, their assessment is based on black and white. How comfortable does that make you feel like a patient? The information, however, would be relayed quickly and efficiently using the integrated system between hospitals Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    With the lack of providers in rural areas, legislatures continue to push for the needs of APP’s to practice to their full capability to assist in the curtailment of the shortage while providing quality care to our communities. Physicians are retiring at a record level and there must be providers available to provide medical treatment. Telemedicine could be a benefit in this type of setting to assist APP’s with the diagnosis and treatment of difficult cases. Patients will have the ability to remain at home, get evaluated and treated, and follow up with other physicians, if necessary, with the use of telemedicine. Patients will also have the availability of seeking treatment from well-known physicians in other states without leaving their homes. This is a huge benefit to rural communities that do not have access to the best technological advances in medicine. If utilized as a benefit to the patient and not as a convenience for facilities, telemedicine can provide many benefits such as saving money, efficiently and effectively care for patients, accessibility, etc. I do not believe that this is an end-all to medicine because I am a strong believer in putting your eyes, ears, and hands-on your patients, but it is definitely a benefit to have for quick and effective treatment. The quick treatment will assist in early diagnosis and improvements in patient health and outcomes. If a provider is able to diagnose a heart or lung condition with the use of diagnostic studies and telemedicine, prompt treatment will eliminate the long process of waiting on an appointment while the condition worsens or even worse causes the demise of the patient Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    References

    Benefits of Telemedicine
    . Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/benefits-of-telemedicine.

    Brom, H. M., Salsberry, P. J., & Graham, M. C. (2018, March). 
    Leveraging health care reform to accelerate nurse practitioner full practice authority
    . Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6800077/.

    Issues at a Glance: Full Practice Authority
    . American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2021, January). https://www.aanp.org/advocacy/advocacy-resource/policy-briefs/issues-full-practice-brief Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends

    Throughout history, technological advancements have appeared for one purpose before finding applications elsewhere that lead to spikes in its usage and development. The internet, for example, was originally developed to share research before becoming a staple of work and entertainment. But technology—new and repurposed—will undoubtedly continue to be a driver of healthcare information. Informaticists often stay tuned to trends to monitor what the next new technology will be or how the next new idea for applying existing technology can benefit outcomes.

    In this Discussion, you will reflect on your healthcare organization’s use of technology and offer a technology trend you observe in your environment Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    To Prepare:

    Reflect on the Resources related to digital information tools and technologies.

    Consider your healthcare organization’s use of healthcare technologies to manage and distribute information.

    Reflect on current and potential future trends, such as use of social media and mobile applications/telehealth, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled asset tracking, or expert systems/artificial intelligence, and how they may impact nursing practice and healthcare delivery.

    By Day 3 of Week 6

    Post
    a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have observed in use in your healthcare organization or nursing practice. Describe any potential challenges or risks that may be inherent in the technologies associated with these trends you described. Then, describe at least one potential benefit and one potential risk associated with data safety, legislation, and patient care for the technologies you described. Next, explain which healthcare technology trends you believe are most promising for impacting healthcare technology in nursing practice and explain why. Describe whether this promise will contribute to improvements in patient care outcomes, efficiencies, or data management. Be specific and provide examples Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    I have used electronic medical records (EMRs) and electronic health records (EHRs) interchangeably until I learned they are not the same. Electronic health records focus on the patient’s total health, and they reach out beyond the health organization that initially collected that information (Garrett & Seidman, 2011). Electronic medical records are more localized and more difficult to transparent with other health organizations or practices. Spending years in the emergency department and having the opportunity to be a travel nurse, I have worked with many EMRs. Out of the seven hospitals, I spent time at, only one made it relatively easy to obtain records from outside facilities. Having the ability to look at a patient’s health gave nursing and providers a better picture of the patient and their health. You can track compliance or noncompliance to medications or specialist appointments. Having access to patient records right at your fingertips can help clinicians make swifter diagnoses and get a fuller patient picture, especially when patients may not effectively verbalize their health history or complaints.
     

    A huge challenge with electronic medical records is the possibility of a security breach. Many hospitals and organizations have gone to lengthy measures to ensure a patient’s medical information remains safe and is not accessed by anyone but their care team. For example, many systems have an audit tool that allows tracking who has been in a patient’s chart and what information they accessed (Menachemi & Collum, 2011).
     

     
    Having an electronic health record has many benefits. With the use of tracking and alerts, physicians can maintain best practices for their patients. It can notify them when a patient’s immunizations are due, notification of abnormal labs, or when a medication was ordered but is contraindicated by an allergy. Physicians who use HER have a lower rate of medication errors such as dosing levels or frequency, which, in turn, aids patient safety (Aldosari, 2017) Healthcare Information Technology Trends.
     

     
    The further we can integrate EMRs to EHRs, all providers can quickly obtain quicker patient information in giving the patient the best clinical outcomes. Combining a patient’s entire medical record gives clinicians a better picture of the patient’s health and goals. A comprehensive HER can significantly improve patient outcomes, especially knowing many patients are not privy to their medications or health concerns.

    Aldosari, B. (2017). Patients’ safety in the era of EMR/EHR automation.
     
    Informatics in Medicine Unlocked
    ,
     
    9
    , 230–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2017.10.001
     

    Garrett, P., & Seidman, J. (2011, January 4).
     
    EMR vs EHR – What is the difference?
     
    Health IT Buzz. https://www.healthit.gov/buzz-blog/electronic-health-and-medical-records/emr-vs-ehr-difference.

    Menachemi, N., & Collum, T. (2011). Benefits and drawbacks of electronic health record systems.
     
    Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
    , 47. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s12985
     

    By Day 6 of Week 6

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     of your colleagues
    * on two different days
    , offering additional/alternative ideas regarding opportunities and risks related to the observations shared.

     Interesting point you made about the difference between EMR’s and the EHR. I think most of us use these terms interchangeably, and going forward, I will try to correct that issue. One of the issues with EMR or also patient portals is, in fact, protecting that information from cybercriminals.These types of systems are very appealing to cybercriminals. They contain valuable information, and it is all centrally located while there are many access points into the system. They are also remarkably vulnerable to penetration because of the fluid and always-evolving nature of a patient’s medical care and because of the number of clinicians, facilities, and transactions required to connect patient care across multiple settings.( Koppell &  Kuziemsky, 2019)   One important difference between the two is. Usually, the EHR’s have simple information like medication lists, patients problems, and demographics.  Han, Gleason, Sun, Miller, King, Chow, Anderson, Nagy, & Bauer, 2019). They do not always have a high value in data; however, they can help gain information to access more sensitive information. It is a big responsibility for companies one I wonder if they considered before transitioning over to electronic record keeping Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    References:

    Han, H.-R., Gleason, K. T., Sun, C.-A., Miller, H. N., Kang, S. J., Chow, S., Anderson, R., Nagy, P., & Bauer, T. (2019). Using Patient Portals to Improve Patient Outcomes: Systematic Review.  
    JMIR Human Factors
    ,  
    6
     (4), e15038. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.2196/15038

     

    KOPPEL, R., & KUZIEMSKY, C. (2019). Healthcare Data Are Remarkably Vulnerable o Hacking: Connected Healthcare Delivery Increases the Risks. 
    Studies in Health Technology & Informatics
    , 
    257
    , 218–222. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-951-5-218

    response 2

    Well done with your post. I agree with you you that Electronic medical records are more localized and more difficult to transparent with other health organizations or practices. One of the challenges of using the e-MAR (electronic medical records) is that most healthcare professionals have limited knowledge on how to use the system. My organization has fully implemented electronic health records, with electronic medical administration records (e-MAR) being the most recent addition. The e-MAR is a system designed to aid healthcare providers in the real-time transmission of information while guaranteeing that only authorized employees have access to it. One of the difficulties with using the e-MAR is that most healthcare practitioners are unfamiliar with how to utilize it. New nurses who have never used the system before or who have not gotten proper training may find it challenging to use. As a result, they may enter medicine orders incorrectly into the system.

    The two most notable advantages of e-MAR are accuracy and flexibility. In terms of precision, e-MAR reduces medication administration errors. Any order that is mistakenly entered, such as ordering the wrong dose, is flagged or hard stopped by the system. When it comes to flexibility, using Emar eliminates the challenge of finding time to administer medications or organize patient records. It makes it easier to keep track of med passes, which is the procedure of giving medications to patients. A flexible record med pass not only minimizes medication errors, but it also allows employees to focus on other patient-care activities Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

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    References

    Alanazi, A., Alomar, M., Aldosari, H., Shahrani, A., & Aldosari, B. (2018). The effect of electronic medication administration records on the culture of patient safety: a literature review. 
    Data, Informatics and Technology: An Inspiration for Improved Healthcare
    , 223-226.

    McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. (2021). 
    Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge
    . Jones & Bartlett Publishers Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

  • Parsimony Essay

    PSYC 6717 week 2 Assignment: Parsimony Essay

    BCBA’s use techniques precluding essential consistent clarifications, either experimentally, prior to inspecting more intricate or dynamic data. The thought prompts the idea of making the least presumptions essential while clarifying a circumstance or thing. Parsimony  incorporates the most fundamental straightforward clarifications that attention exclusively on the most pertinent realities and information accessible while ignoring any remaining elements.

    Parsimony  takes a stab at lucidity through straightforwardness while talking about a forthcoming intercession with a parent or educator. Parsimony is proper in the accompanying manners:

    Parsimony  is a more productive strategy for deciding the most straightforward, least convoluted response for a situation or perception.

    Parsimony  is useful in both learning and educating.

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    Parsimony  s assesses direct effects, is tendency movements to moderation as a method for accomplishing lucidity utilizing the least stages, with the least assets, to show up at the best outcome. Thus, it suggests seeking after the most productive and approach plausible by the parent or an educator. Parsimony  tracks down the most essential and right clarification for cerebrum cycles and human activities. PSYC 6717 week 2 Assignment: Parsimony Essay

     

    Actual points, exercises, looks, test results, and different subtleties are inadequate in depictions or clarifications. An instructor might have to realize this to convey viably to understudies.

    PSYC 6717 week 2 Assignment: Parsimony Essay

    Parsimony additionally makes correspondence simpler and improves the probability that the data is perceived. In showing new ideas, language and suitable models ease understanding. Better arrangement will furnish educators and guardians with a simple method to show understudies and young people separately. Parsimony  in brain science is direct, reasonable, and significant. It’s likewise important that the clarifications are right and dependable. Parsimony  in brain research is significant to conduct experts when managing emotional well-being hardships.

     

    References

    Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). 
    Applied behavior analysis
     (3rd ed.). Pearson.

    Epstein, R. (1984). The principle of parsimony and some applications in psychology. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 119-130

     

    PSYC 6717 week 2 Assignment: Parsimony Essay

    Photo Credit: iushakovsky – stock.adobe.com

    For this week’s Discussion, you examined a common set of assumptions characterizing the behavior of behavior analysts. One of those assumptions is the Law of Parsimony. The history and etymology of the word parsimony is from the Latin 
    pars-
    , meaning “to act sparingly, be thrifty (with), refrain from” (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). By extension, the Law of Parsimony posits that given two explanations for a given phenomenon, you should choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence parsimony essay.

    Ultimately, an important purpose for using parsimonious interpretations is to enable a principle of economy when determining where new findings might incorporate into the existing knowledge base of a given field. By way of illustration, consider the following review regarding negative symptoms in schizophrenia. In the review, the authors identify a lengthy list of nearly 20 negative schizophrenia symptoms ranging from different forms of affect issues to poor grooming to asociality. Applying the law of parsimony (referred to as Occam’s Razor in the review) the authors simplified their evidence by stating, “…we propose that while negative symptoms are varied and broad in both their clinical presentation and longitudinal course, they can all be subsumed under the concept of avolition. As the primary construct, avolition translates to decreased functional performance, a hallmark of schizophrenia’s longer-term outcome but identifiable in its earliest stages” (Foussias, & Remington, 2010).

    For this Assignment, you will consider why parsimony is an important construct a behavior analyst might use when communicating interventions to a parent or teacher.

    References:

    Foussias, G., & Remington, G. (2010). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Avolition and Occam’s razor. 
    Schizophrenia Bulletin
    , 
    36
    (2), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn094

    Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Parsimony. Retrieved February 6, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parsimony parsimony essay

    To Prepare:

    Review this week’s Learning Resources about parsimony.

    Consider practical ways parsimony might be used by a behavior analyst.

    Assignment 
    (1 page)

    Write an explanation addressing why parsimony is important for a behavior analyst when communicating a prospective intervention to a parent or teacher. Be parsimonious in your response.

    Be sure to support your Assignment with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or the internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your Assignment. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources.

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    Submit 
    your Assignment.

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    to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click on the 
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    link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the 
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     button. Find the document you saved as “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click on 
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    .

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    I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database
    .

    Click on the 
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     PSYC_6717_Week2_Assignment_Rubric

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    10.5 
    (70%)
     – 12 
    (80%)

    Assignment demonstrates an 
    excellent 
    understanding of 
    all 
    of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Assignment provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, discerning ideas, and evidence from scholarly sources (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    8.5 
    (56.67%)
     – 10.25 
    (68.33%)

    Assignment demonstrates a 
    good 
    understanding of 
    most 
    of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Assignment includes moderate detail, discerning ideas, and sufficient evidence from scholarly sources (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    5 
    (33.33%)
     – 8.25 
    (55%)

    Assignment demonstrates a 
    fair 
    understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Assignment may be 
    lacking 
    in detail and specificity and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples, discerning ideas, evidence from scholarly sources (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    0 
    (0%)
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    (30%)

    Assignment demonstrates 
    poor understanding
    of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Assignment is missing detail and specificity and/or does not include any pertinent examples discerning ideas, or sufficient evidence from scholarly sources (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    PSYC 6717 week 2 Assignment: Parsimony Essay

    Writing

    3 
    (20%)
     – 3 
    (20%)

    Assignment is 
    well 
    organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is 
    fully 
    consistent with graduate-level writing style. Assignment contains 
    multiple
    , appropriate and exemplary sources expected/required for the assignment (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    2 
    (13.33%)
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    (13.33%)

    Assignment is 
    mostly
     consistent with graduate-level writing style. Assignment may have some small or infrequent organization, scholarly tone, or APA style issues, and/or may contain a few writing and spelling errors, and/or somewhat less than the expected number of or type of sources (i.e., scholarly sources from the Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    1 
    (6.67%)
     – 1 
    (6.67%)

    Assignment is 
    somewhat below
     graduate-level writing style, with multiple smaller or a few major problems. Assignment may be lacking in organization, scholarly tone, APA style, and/or contain many writing and/or spelling errors, or shows moderate reliance on quoting versus original writing and paraphrasing. Assignment may contain inferior sources (number or quality of scholarly sources from the Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    0 
    (0%)
     – 0 
    (0%)

    Assignment is 
    well below
     graduate-level writing style expectations for organization, scholarly tone, APA style, and writing, or relies excessively on quoting. Assignment may contain few or no quality sources (i.e., scholarly sources from the Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    Total Points: 15

    Name: PSYC_6717_Week2_Assignment_Rubric mn PSYC 6717 week 2 Assignment: Parsimony Essay

  • Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends

    Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends

    A general healthcare technology trend I have seen used more, especially since Covid 19 is telehealth technology. If the patient knows how to navigate using a computer or smartphone, they can communicate with their primary or secondary provider without being in a clinical setting. I work for home care, and we serve some Veteran clients. The Veterans Administration (VA) will send the rurally located veterans a small tabletop computer to communicate face-to-face with the provider. The VA uses weight scales, blood pressure cuff monitors, and glucose monitoring systems with equipment sent to the veteran’s home that transmits information to the VA in real-time or weekly (U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2021) Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    The challenge to telehealth is broadband services, especially in remote areas. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) report states, “America’s broadband builders are now trenching conduit, pulling fiber, and installing new high-speed cell sites at an unprecedented clip.” The FCC further reports “on March 31, 2020; the commission adopted a Report and Order establishing a three-year, $100 million Connected Care Pilot Program to help defray the cost of bringing telehealth services directly to low-income patients and veterans” (2020 Broadband Deployment Report, 2020). A potential telehealth risk is data safety. Any communications over the internet are at risk for interception and a target for cybercriminals. To protect oneself from the potential for protected health information (PHI) getting into the wrong hands, “healthcare providers should educate patients about cybersecurity and the steps they should take to improve the overall safety of their interactions online by” Pennic (2020)

    ● Educating patients about the telehealth security threats

    ● Using a VPN both during telehealth services and for general device usage

    ● Frequently updating all apps and operating systems, not just telehealth platforms

    ● Enabling anti-malware and virus scans to run all the time

    ● Restricting app permissions to what is necessary for app functionality only

    ● Recognizing social engineering and other types of cyber-attacks (Pennic, 2020).

    I think the next big technological healthcare trend will be artificial intelligence (AI). Like using robots for specific surgical procedures. Health Tech reports using robots to decontaminate hospital or clinical rooms between patients by emitting ultraviolet lights to kill germs. Thermal cameras to detect temperatures of humans entering the building, and RDIF technology to track employee handwashing. Virtual reality to train healthcare staff (Joy, 2020) AI algorithms will save time, alleviate nursing shortages, and be more cost-effective in the future of nursing Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    References

     

    2020 Broadband Deployment Report
    . (2020, April 24). Retrieved 2021, from Federal Communications Commission: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-50A1.pdf

    Joy, K. (2020, December 22). 
    Healthcare Tech Trends for 2021: New Tools to Watch From robots to home-based care models, the past year’s wave of innovation is poised to continue.
     Retrieved 2021, from Health Tech: https://healthtechmagazine.net/article/2020/12/healthcare-tech-trends-2021-new-tools-watch

    Pennic, J. (2020, July 22). 
    Telehealth and Cybersecurity: What You Should Know
    . Retrieved 2021, from HIT Consultant: https://hitconsultant.net/2020/07/22/telehealth-cybersecurity-what-you-should-know/#.YOYwvExOnSE

    S.2197 – A bill to amend title XIX of the Social Security Act to increase the Federal medical assistance percentage for States that provide Medicaid coverage for telehealth services.
     (2021). Retrieved 2021, from Congress.gov: https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2197?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22telehealth%5C%22%22%5D%7D&r=1&s=2

    U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs
    . (2021). Retrieved 2021, from Welcome to VA Telehealth Services: https://telehealth.va.gov/

    Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends

    Throughout history, technological advancements have appeared for one purpose before finding applications elsewhere that lead to spikes in its usage and development. The internet, for example, was originally developed to share research before becoming a staple of work and entertainment. But technology—new and repurposed—will undoubtedly continue to be a driver of healthcare information. Informaticists often stay tuned to trends to monitor what the next new technology will be or how the next new idea for applying existing technology can benefit outcomes Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

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    In this Discussion, you will reflect on your healthcare organization’s use of technology and offer a technology trend you observe in your environment.

    To Prepare:

    Reflect on the Resources related to digital information tools and technologies.

    Consider your healthcare organization’s use of healthcare technologies to manage and distribute information.

    Reflect on current and potential future trends, such as use of social media and mobile applications/telehealth, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled asset tracking, or expert systems/artificial intelligence, and how they may impact nursing practice and healthcare delivery.

    By Day 3 of Week 6

    Post
    a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have observed in use in your healthcare organization or nursing practice. Describe any potential challenges or risks that may be inherent in the technologies associated with these trends you described. Then, describe at least one potential benefit and one potential risk associated with data safety, legislation, and patient care for the technologies you described. Next, explain which healthcare technology trends you believe are most promising for impacting healthcare technology in nursing practice and explain why. Describe whether this promise will contribute to improvements in patient care outcomes, efficiencies, or data management. Be specific and provide examples Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends.

    By Day 6 of Week 6

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     of your colleagues
    * on two different days
    , offering additional/alternative ideas regarding opportunities and risks related to the observations shared.

    I saw Telehealth become a big trend in the SNF I worked at during the beginning of the COVID outbreak.  One of our providers traveled to multiple sites and was exposed to COVID; thankfully, she still saw the patients in our SNF via Telehealth.  Telemedicine played an essential role in keeping providers and patients safe throughout the COVID-19 pandemic (Monaghesh & Hajizadeh, 2020).

    I just recently learned about the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system that tracks employee handwashing.  After reading your post, I looked into it and learned that other hand hygiene tracking programs exist, such as Harmony, a program that works with a smartwatch, and an I-scrub smartphone app (Shiva Sagar & Krishnan, 2020).  I think you are right about AI becoming the next big healthcare trend.

    References

    Monaghesh, E., & Hajizadeh, A. (2020, August). 
    The role of telehealth during COVID-19 outbreak: a systematic review based on current evidence
    . BMC Public Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7395209/.

    Shiva Sagar, P. R., & Krishnan, R. H. (2020). RFID Based Smart Hand Hygiene Monitoring System for Health Care Institutions. 
    2020 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN), System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN), 2020 International Conference On
    , 1–6. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1109/ICSCAN49426.2020.9262326 Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends

  • PSYC 6717 Philosophical Assumptions Discussion

    PSYC 6717 Philosophical Assumptions Discussion

    The study of applied behavior analysis is undergirded by a common set of philosophical tenants. Determinism is one of these. It is a belief that all behaviors occur as a result of preceding causes. Much of the early behavioral theory emerged from this philosophical position. For example, in his work 
    Setting the Stages for Behaviorism’s Social Action Legacy 
    (1913), B.F. Watson argued that  environment is the single most influential factor that determines one’s behavior. Watson’s belief was that the preexisting conditions of environment was a greater influence on behavior that even one’s s genetics or temperament. Watson’s contemporaries, Skinner, and others shared these beliefs. Skinner promoted that all behaviors occur as a result of determined reinforcement contingencies (Brent, D. Slife, Yanchar, & Williams, 1999) PSYC 6717 Philosophical Assumptions Discussion.

    In terms of the applicability of determinism to the study of human behavior, determinism is a predicate of  operant  conditioning. Similar to early deterministic views, this approach to behavior is based on a casual relationship between an antecedent or existing condition exists to which a stimulus is introduced to change a behavior.

    Another philosophical underpinning of behavior analysis is empiricism. Empiricism is objective observation and drawing inferences from data that can be collected, recorded, measured, and analyzed from these observations (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2020). It is a scientific approach to understanding human behavior and its consequences.

    In terms of its applicability to the study of behavior, it aligns with the assertion that human behavior is a phenomenon that can be observed. Empiricism can be applied to behavior by observing, recording, and drawing inference from the behavioral manifestations of what one is thinking, feeling, and experiencing PSYC 6717 Philosophical Assumptions Discussion.

    References

    Brent, D. Slife, S. Yanchar. C. & Williams, B. (1999). Conceptions of Determinism in Radical Behaviorism: A Taxonomy. 
    Behavior and Philosophy 
    27, (2), 75-96.

     

    Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). 
    Applied behavior analysis
     (3rd ed.). Pearson.

     

    Watson, J. (1913). Setting the Stages for Behaviorism’s Social Action Legacy. Retrieved from  http://rmac-mx.org/john-b-watsons-1913-behaviorist-manifestosetting-the-stage-for-behaviorisms-social-action-legacy/ PSYC 6717 Philosophical Assumptions Discussion

    Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions

    Photo Credit: esoxx – stock.adobe.com

    The behavior of the scientists of applied behavior analysis is characterized by a set of philosophical assumptions and attitudes of science. They guide the work of the behavior analyst, including their investigations, strategic approaches, and interpretations of findings.

    For this Discussion, you will analyze six assumptions and attitudes of behavior analysis discussed in the Learning Resources—determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, and philosophic doubt. You will also consider examples of how the assumptions apply to the study of behavior.

    To Prepare

    Review the Learning Resources for this week as well as the required weekly media program to gain an understanding of the philosophical assumptions that inform the practice of behavior analysis.

    Consider examples of how the philosophical assumptions apply to the study of human behavior.

    Review the interactive media in the Learning Resources, “Six Assumptions or Attitudes of Behavior Analysis.”PSYC 6717 Philosophical Assumptions Discussion

    By Day 4 of Week 2

    The behavior of scientists, including behavior analysts, is characterized by a common set of assumptions: determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, and philosophic doubt.

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

    Post
     two of these assumptions and give an example of how each applies to the study of human behavior.

    Read
     your colleagues’ postings.

    Note:
     For this discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the 
    To Participate in this Discussion
     link, then select 
    Create Thread
     to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on 
    Submit
    , you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on 
    Submit
    !

    By Day 6 of Week 2

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     colleagues’ posts by expanding on each of their explanations of how the assumptions they identified in their examples apply to the study of human behavior.

    Be sure to support your posts and responses with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your posts and responses. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources.

    Return
     to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained because of your colleagues’ comments.

     

    Parsimony considers a “simple, logical explanation for something before taking into account something much more complex or advanced” (Walden university, 2021). Philosophic doubt questions everything when it comes to understanding human behavior” (Walden university, 2021). Parsimony assumption allows room for the introduction of new material it helps to explain a behavior without over complicating it. I think accepting a simpler explanation helps behavioralist minimize assumptions about a behavior to maintain how credible they are on the matter. Philosophic doubt is utilized to leave room for new findings. It sheds light on the idea that there is always something better to keep expanding the knowledge about a specific area. Not questioning anything prevents the knowledge of a certain area from growing and it stunts the capabilities of how far the area could go PSYC 6717 Philosophical Assumptions Discussion.

    References

    Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson.

    Walden University, LLC. (2021). Six assumptions and attitudes of behavior analysis [Interactive media]. Walden University Blackboard. 
    https://class.waldenu.edu

    response

    Hi xx, I agree with your assessments regarding parsimony and philosophic doubt. Not only does parsimony employ the common sense use of applying the simplest explanation as that is usually the case, it also gives professionals a standard to use across the board. Using the same idea as a starting point keeps ideas and facts organized and on task easier. As far as philosophic doubt goes, some people might think it’s easy to dismiss if we think we have concrete, undeniable proof of something. However, it’s been proven time and time again that applying philosophic doubt to scientific issues that we’ve previously thought we knew well, turned out to offer either deeper insight, or new meaning altogether (Cooper 2020). It sort of goes hand in hand with our society and technology as well, because those two areas are ever-expanding too.

    Reference

    Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson.

    Walden University, LLC. (2021). Six assumptions and attitudes of behavior analysis [Interactive media]. Walden University Blackboard. https://class.waldenu.edu PSYC 6717 Philosophical Assumptions Discussion

  • Big Data in Healthcare Example Paper

    Big Data in Healthcare Example Paper

    Big Data in Healthcare

    There are many ways that “big data” is currently being used to positively impact population health. For example, The Cancer Genome Atlas Program has molecularly characterized tens of thousands of cancer samples which has led to improvements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various types of cancers (National Cancer Institute, 2021). One way that I use “big data” in my current position, is by collecting data on certain metrics, such as CLABSI and CAUTI, for presentation at the Nurse Practice Council.

    Data has the potential to increase patient safety by predicting and preventing hospital-acquired infections (HAI). The most obvious way is by using HAI rates as a benchmark to evaluate nursing interventions, such as the incorporation of CHG baths or a new Foley catheter protocol. Another way is by using predictive analytics and AI to actually predict which patients are at the highest risk for developing a HAI. According to HHS, this type of predictive technology has saved hospitals more than $12 billion between 2010 and 2013 (Bresnick, J., 2018) Big Data in Healthcare Example Paper.

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    Risks of Big Data

    Unfortunately, there are some unintended risks with the collection of big data. The one that usually comes to mind is the unintended release of data or data hacking. Personal identifiable information is important to keep private to most people. This information could be used maliciously to steal money, take out loans, etc. Although more safeguards are being produced to protect our information, vulnerabilities still exist. Strang, K.D. & Sun, Z. (2019) state “the nature of wireless transmissions is that even encrypted data could be easily intercepted and decoded with currently available software”. One way of combating this issue is by ensuring you are only accessing or sharing data on a secure network.

    Resources

    Bresnick, J. (2018). Using big data analytics for patient safety, hospital acquired conditions. 
    Health IT Analytics
    . 
    https://healthitanalytics.com/features/using-big-data-analytics-for-patient-safety-hospital-acquired-conditions

    National Cancer Institute. (2021). 
    The cancer genome atlas program
    .  
    https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/ccg/research/structural-genomics/tcga

    Strang, K. D. & Sun, Z. (2019). Hidden big analytics issues in the healthcare industry. 
    Health Informatics Journal, 26(
    2). 
    https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1177/1460458219854603

    sample response post

    I found your post to be informative, and I agree that security is the most significant risk associated with using and collecting big data.  Unfortunately, data breaches happen more frequently than people realize.  In 2020 alone, data breaches increased by 25% from 2019, and 176 data breaches of 500 healthcare records or more were reported every day (HIPPA Journal, 2021).  Surprisingly, Mitchell (2021) states that “the average cost per healthcare record breached increased from $429 in 2019 to $499 in 2020, costing healthcare organizations around $13.2 billion in 2020”.   Mitchell also points out that 37 out of the 50 states saw an increase in healthcare data breaches last year Big Data in Healthcare Example Paper.  The largest data breach in 2020 happened to Trinity Health, and it involved 3,320,726 people (Jercich, 2020).  Using the data above, a breach of that size would cost the organization 1,424,591,454 to 1,657,320,726 dollars.  A billion and a half dollars because of a data breach is unfathomable. Nevertheless, it shows that everyone needs to pay attention and ensure that everything is being done to prevent a breach.

    References

    Jercich, K. (2020, December 30). 
    The biggest healthcare data breaches reported in 2020
    . Healthcare IT News. https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/biggest-healthcare-data-breaches-reported-2020

    Journal, H. (2021, March 3). 
    2020 Healthcare Data Breach Report: 25% Increase in Breaches in 2020
    . HIPAA Journal. https://www.hipaajournal.com/2020-healthcare-data-breach-report-us/

    Mitchell, H. (2021, February 22). 
    Healthcare data breaches up 55.1% in 2020, report finds
    . Becker’s Healthcare. https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/cybersecurity/healthcare-data-breaches-up-55-1-in-2020-report-finds.html Big Data in Healthcare Example Paper

    sample response 2

    Enjoyed reading your post.  As part of a clinical method, one of the main benefits of using big data is that it allows early detection of diseases at an early

    stage. It is easy to treat and efficiently control diseases as they are identified only early. When diagnosed at an early stage, diseases such as cancer can

    be fully treated and can be fatal in most cases if identified early. For example, ovarian cancer is a common condition for women and, with high

    mortality rates, it ranks fourth among other cancers. The mortality rate from ovarian cancer is that most people were unaware of cancer before the

    disease progressed to Stage III or Stage IV. The key to this problem is early detection to reduce the rate of death from ovarian cancer. The ethical issues

    associated with big data are among the primary challenges facing the adoption and application of big data in the clinical system. The risk of a clash

    between privacy and personal autonomy has emerged as a crucial problem that is a barrier to the adoption of big data. The use of large quantities of

    data could, if accessed by unauthorized entities with malicious intent, reveal private information. The ethical problem of adopting big data can be

    resolved by implementing appropriate policy initiatives and frameworks. The policy measure will direct data use and access and ensure that privacy

    issues are addressed. The introduction of policy initiatives is a critical step to resolve Big Data-related privacy concerns in full Big Data in Healthcare Example Paper.

    References

    Mehta N. and Pandit A. (2018). Concurrence of big data analytics and healthcare: A systematic review. International journal of medical informatics, 114, 57-65.

    Yasodha P. and Anathanarayanan N. R. (2015). Analyzing big data to build a knowledge-based system for early detection of ovarian cancer. Indian journal of science and technology. 8(14), 1-7.

    Murdoch, T. B., & Detsky, A. S. (2013). The inevitable application of big data to health care. Jama, 309(13), 1351-1352 Big Data in Healthcare Example Paper.

  • Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions

    Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions

    The behavior of scientist is characterized by a common set of assumptions: determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, and philosophic doubt. Behavior analysts also act under these assumptions in regard to their work in human behavior. Specifically, there are two assumptions that will be focused on during this excerpt: empiricism and replication. Empiricism is the practice of objective observation and measurement of the phenomena of interest (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). In this field of behavior analysis, it is physically impossible to develop a behavioral intervention plan if the individual the plan is based on has not been directly observed by a behavior analyst. In addition to observation, empiricism also outlines measurement. Behavior analyst as well as behavior therapists/ technicians measure data, write it down, and compare data from the beginning of an intervention to the end of a intervention Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions. Measurement is a key asset in the field of applied behavior analysts for this reason. Without measurement, it’s difficult to determine if an individual has progressed or not. Replication is defined as the repeating of experiments. Also, replication includes repeating independent variable conditions within the experiments (Cooper et. al, 2007). Behavior analysis as a field utilizes single-subject design during research majority of the time. During this type of design, the same intervention (or multiple) is repeated on an individual (replicated) to assess the accuracy of the intervention plan.
     

    reference.

    Cooper, J. O., Heron, T.E., & Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2
    nd
    ed.). Pearson Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions.
     

    Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions

    Photo Credit: esoxx – stock.adobe.com

    The behavior of the scientists of applied behavior analysis is characterized by a set of philosophical assumptions and attitudes of science. They guide the work of the behavior analyst, including their investigations, strategic approaches, and interpretations of findings.

    For this Discussion, you will analyze six assumptions and attitudes of behavior analysis discussed in the Learning Resources—determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, and philosophic doubt. You will also consider examples of how the assumptions apply to the study of behavior Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions.

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

    To Prepare

    Review the Learning Resources for this week as well as the required weekly media program to gain an understanding of the philosophical assumptions that inform the practice of behavior analysis.

    Consider examples of how the philosophical assumptions apply to the study of human behavior.

    Review the interactive media in the Learning Resources, “Six Assumptions or Attitudes of Behavior Analysis.”

    By Day 4 of Week 2

    The behavior of scientists, including behavior analysts, is characterized by a common set of assumptions: determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, and philosophic doubt.

    Post
     two of these assumptions and give an example of how each applies to the study of human behavior.

    Read
     your colleagues’ postings.

    Note:
     For this discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the 
    To Participate in this Discussion
     link, then select 
    Create Thread
     to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on 
    Submit
    , you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on 
    Submit
    !

    By Day 6 of Week 2

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     colleagues’ posts by expanding on each of their explanations of how the assumptions they identified in their examples apply to the study of human behavior.

    Be sure to support your posts and responses with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your posts and responses. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions.

    Return
     to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained because of your colleagues’ comments.

    There are six assumptions and attitudes of behavior analysis, and each can be tied to human behavior. Two of these are determinism and replication. Determinism is a well-known assumption with its definition that phenomena do not happen in a free will and accidental fashion. Instead, it is ‘lawful and orderly’ (Cooper, 2020). In terms of human behavior, it can be looked at from the perspective that every behavior typically has an antecedent that comes before. My training as an RBT has shown that there are some behaviors that do no have one, such as crying without a clear antecedent’, however human behavior is not something seen to appear or occur for no reason. Kids cry when they fall, adults answer questions because they are asked one. Replication is an attitude that entails “repeating condition within an experiment to determine the reliability…increase internal validity….to determine the generality of findings” (Cooper, 2020). I feel that this can relate to human behavior in two ways. Researchers and BCBAs/ RBTs can replicate an experiment to provide answers on the reliability of implementing strategies into their work. The second way I viewed this attitude is that the individuals producing the behaviors may continuously replicate behaviors to determine if the consequence is reliable to thus determine if it is worth continuing to engage in. This may be a completely incorrect view for this attitude however, it seemed like it could flip both ways, researchers and individuals producing the behavior could use this attitude to gather data and answers Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions.

    Mikaela S.

    Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L.. (2020). 
    Applied Behavior Analysis. 
    3
    rd
    ed.       Pearson Discussion: Philosophical Assumptions.

  • Assignment: Application of Behavioral Theory

    Assignment: Application of Behavioral Theory

    Photo Credit: magele-picture – stock.adobe.com

    To effectively determine best methods for behavior change, the professional behavior analyst needs to develop a strong understanding of how to analyze the situation, including the target behavior, antecedent conditions, and consequences for the behavior. Understanding the terms and phrases used in applied behavior analysis is critical to appropriately evaluate a situation and determine effective methods for behavior change Assignment: Application of Behavioral Theory.

    One of the most frequently misused terms in psychology is “negative reinforcement.” Many people use this term to describe punishment because it “sounds better.” In behavioral psychology, terms are sometimes used differently than they are in everyday language. For example, the term “reinforcement” means that the rate of a behavior is increased. The term “punishment” means the rate of a behavior is decreased. The term “positive” means a stimulus is presented, and the term “negative” means a stimulus is removed. Therefore, negative reinforcement occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed, which results in an increase in probability of the behavior it followed.

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    For this Assignment, you will explore the application of behavioral theory. You will review a set of scenarios, analyze and identify the applied behavioral characteristic involved in the scenario, and explain how the scenario meets the definition of the characteristic you identified.

    To Prepare

    Review the Learning Resources for this week, including the required weekly media programs.

    Review the “Behavioral Consequences Scenario Worksheet” found in the Learning Resources. You will use this worksheet to complete the Assignment.

    Assignment 
    (1–2 pages)

    Complete the Behavioral Consequences Scenario Worksheet. To complete the worksheet, do the following for each scenario:

    Identify and define the following consequences used in applied behavior analysis in each scenario (i.e., positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment) Assignment: Application of Behavioral Theory.

    Explain how each scenario meets the definition of the applied behavior analysis characteristic you identified. Within your explanation, identify each of the components of the definition within the scenario.

    Be sure to support your Assignment with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or the internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your Assignment. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources. 

     

    PSYC_6717_Week1_Assignment_Rubric

    Grid View

    List View

    Excellent

    Good

    Fair

    Poor

    Content

    10.5 
    (70%)
     – 12 
    (80%)

    Assignment demonstrates an 
    excellent 
    understanding of 
    all 
    of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Assignment provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, discerning ideas, and evidence from scholarly sources (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    8.5 
    (56.67%)
     – 10.25 
    (68.33%)

    Assignment demonstrates a 
    good 
    understanding of 
    most 
    of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Assignment includes moderate detail, discerning ideas, and sufficient evidence from scholarly sources (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    5 
    (33.33%)
     – 8.25 
    (55%)

    Assignment demonstrates a 
    fair 
    understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Assignment may be 
    lacking 
    in detail and specificity and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples, discerning ideas, evidence from scholarly sources (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    0 
    (0%)
     – 4.5 
    (30%)

    Assignment demonstrates 
    poor understanding
     of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Assignment is missing detail and specificity and/or does not include any pertinent examples discerning ideas, or sufficient evidence from scholarly sources (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    Writing

    3 
    (20%)
     – 3 
    (20%)

    Assignment is 
    well 
    organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is 
    fully 
    consistent with graduate-level writing style. Assignment contains 
    multiple
    , appropriate and exemplary sources expected/required for the assignment (i.e., Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    2 
    (13.33%)
     – 2 
    (13.33%)

    Assignment is 
    mostly
     consistent with graduate-level writing style. Assignment may have some small or infrequent organization, scholarly tone, or APA style issues, and/or may contain a few writing and spelling errors, and/or somewhat less than the expected number of or type of sources (i.e., scholarly sources from the Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    1 
    (6.67%)
     – 1 
    (6.67%)

    Assignment is 
    somewhat below
     graduate-level writing style, with multiple smaller or a few major problems. Assignment may be lacking in organization, scholarly tone, APA style, and/or contain many writing and/or spelling errors, or shows moderate reliance on quoting versus original writing and paraphrasing. Assignment may contain inferior sources (number or quality of scholarly sources from the Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    0 
    (0%)
     – 0 
    (0%)

    Assignment is 
    well below
     graduate-level writing style expectations for organization, scholarly tone, APA style, and writing, or relies excessively on quoting. Assignment may contain few or no quality sources (i.e., scholarly sources from the Learning Resources, Walden Library, and/or internet).

    Total Points: 15

    Name: PSYC_6717_Week1_Assignment_Rubric

  • Operant Conditioning Essay

    Operant Conditioning Essay

    Operant conditioning is defined as a “method of learning normally attributed to B.F. Skinner, where the consequences of a response determine the probability of it being repeated. Through operant conditioning behavior which is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behavior which is punished will occur less frequently (McLeod, 2018)”.  An operant behavior is when a behavior is determined by past consequences, i.e. when I was a child, I knew there were consequences when I stayed up past my bedtime, such as a restriction on any privileges I had Operant Conditioning Essay.

    “Operant conditioning refers to the process and selective effects of consequences on behavior (Cooper, et. al., 2020)”.  There are four types of operant conditioning, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.  Positive punishment is where an adverse consequence is used to elicit a weaker reaction or response. An example of this from my childhood would be when we were made to stand in the corner as a punishment for bad behavior. Negative punishment is where you remove something after a behavior occurs. An example of this from my childhood would be being grounded from watching TV after a behavior occurs.  In a positive punishment situation, the punishment is derived from an application of something, i.e. standing in the corner.  In a negative punishment situation, the punishment is derived from the removal of something, i.e. the ability to watch TV.

    Positive reinforcers are where you are rewarded for good behavior or a good job.  When I was a child, I received money for making the “A” honor roll.  I equated studying and doing well in school with this reward of money and I knew that the better my grades were, the more money I would receive.  Negative reinforcers “involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior (Cherry, 2020)”.  I’m very faired skinned and burn easily in the sun.  An example of a negative reinforcement would be applying sunscreen before spending time in the sun. By applying sunscreen, I’m hoping to circumvent getting sunburned while outside.

    In my current life, I have 9 rescue cats, varying in age from 16 years of age to 1 year of age.  I have multiple cat boxes in my home.  These cat boxes get cleaned at least twice a day as I detest the smell of a cat box.  Also, I religiously use cat box deodorizer and each room in my house has one of those automatic air fresheners that spray every 9 minutes.  I know, and have learned the hard way, that if I don’t follow my daily schedule of cleaning the boxes at least twice a day and using the deodorizer at each cleaning, you will be able to detect the smell of the cat boxes.  99.9% of the time, you would never know I had cats in my home, unless you visually saw them.  If I don’t stick to my daily regime, you would quickly know that cats are in my home.  A negative reinforcer here would be that by cleaning the boxes multiple times a day, I’m preventing the cat odor from being detectable in my home Operant Conditioning Essay.

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    References

    Cherry, K. (2020). What is operant conditioning and how does it work? Verywell Mind. 
    https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863
    .

    Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson.

    McLeod, S. A. (2018, January, 21). Skinner – operant conditioning. Simply Psychology. 

    Operant Conditioning

     

    Discussion: Operant Conditioning

    Photo Credit: Destina – stock.adobe.com

    Throughout your life, you have been conditioned to respond to certain stimuli in certain ways. This is known as operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is the type of learning in which the consequences of a behavior influence whether an individual will act in the same way in the future.

    Even if there was not a clear behavior plan, the principles of operant conditioning have helped shape your life. In operant conditioning, you learn the relationship between your own behavior and reinforcing or punishing consequences from your environment. You may also learn conditions (antecedents) where consequences are more or less likely to occur Operant Conditioning Essay.

    For this Discussion, you will analyze the fundamental principles of operant conditioning and how it has impacted your life. Additionally, you analyze how behavioral psychological theory (e.g., antecedents, reinforcements, punishment) is applied to condition behavior. As you read this week’s Learning Resources, try to identify times in your life when operant conditioning clearly played a part in your learning.

    To Prepare

    Consider how terminology of operant conditioning relates to specific behaviors.

    Think about how your parents reinforced or punished you when you were growing up, and how those acts influenced how you behaved.

    Consider how situations in your life today contribute to your behavior. Are you more or less likely to do something when a certain person is around?

    Review the interactive media in the Learning Resources, “Operant Conditioning Terms.”

    By Day 4 of Week 1

    Post
     a description of a scenario that illustrates the application of operant conditioning in your life and explain how behavioral theory (e.g., antecedents, reinforcements, punishment) was applied to condition behavior in the scenario you posted. Explain how the antecedent condition facilitated or inhibited the target behavior discussed.

    Read 
    your colleagues’ postings.

    Note:
     For this discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the 
    To Participate in this Discussion
     link, then select 
    Create Thread
     to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on 
    Submit
    , you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on 
    Submit
    !Operant Conditioning Essay

    By Day 6 of Week 1

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     colleagues’ posts in one of the following ways:

    Expand on each colleague’s explanation of how they applied behavioral theory to their scenario.

    Offer your perspective(s) on whether you agree or disagree with each colleague’s explanation of how the antecedent condition facilitated or inhibited the target behavior discussed.

    Be sure to support your posts and responses with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your posts and responses. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources.

    Return
     to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained because of your colleagues’ comments.

    The example of operant conditioning that resonates with me the most is the positive reinforcement of receiving a paycheck. Operant conditioning describes that behavior is influenced by the consequence that directly follows the behavior (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). The paycheck positively reinforces the behavior of going to work everyday because it is the presentation of a positively reinforcing stimulus directly following the behavior that occurred (Sidman, 2006, p. 135). The consequence of collecting a check strengthens or reinforces the behavior of working. The behavior of going to work in an effort to collect money is maintained by positive reinforcement. The motivation for working is that adults need money in order to sustain life. By earning money, that completes the motivation. The antecedent would be the need for money or the need for another paycheck, therefore, people engage in the target behavior of going to work

                                                                                                                                      References

    Sidman M. (2006). The distinction between positive and negative reinforcement: some additional considerations. 
    The Behavior analyst
    , 
    29
    (1), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392126

    Staddon, J. E., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. 
    Annual review of psychology
    , 
    54
    , 115–144. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145124 Operant Conditioning Essay