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  • [Solved] s edwards

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    Artificial intelligence (AI) “is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially computer programs” (McCarthy, 2007, p. 2). The goal is to build computer systems that can think and act like humans with the ability to reason, infer, and generalize. Today, AI applications are ub…

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    Artificial  intelligence (AI) “is the science and engineering of making intelligent  machines, especially computer programs” (McCarthy, 2007, p. 2). The  goal is to build computer systems that can think and act like humans  with the ability to reason, infer, and generalize. Today, AI  applications are ubiquitous. AI is used in most search engines,  recommendation systems, and virtual assistants, as well as in facial  recognition, image labeling, and spam filtering.

    In 2020, the company OpenAI unveiled the large language model (LLM)  Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (GPT-3). GPT-3 is based on a deep  learning architecture (i.e., artificial neural networks) and an  attention mechanism (i.e., networks designed to mimic cognitive  attention) (OpenAI, 2022). Hundreds of billions of words from the  Internet were used to train GPT-3. Because transformer-based AI is good  at natural language processing, GPT-3 is excellent at document  translation, summarization, image processing, and turning ideas into  speech (Devlin and Chang, 2018). In simple terms, older AI models are  good at content analysis, that is, the systematic summarization of  written data. In contrast, LLMs like GPT-3 are designed to conduct  discourse analysis. In other words, generating knowledge that is based  on the idea that words and sentences are linked to each other and that  the terms and phrases around them influence their meaning. GPT-3 was  improved and released as GPT-3.5 in 2022, and OpenAI released GPT-4 in  March 2023. The free version of ChatGPT, which you can sign up to use at  https://openai.com/blog/gpt-3-apps, is based on GPT-3.5 and the paid  version of ChatGPT plus is based on GPT-4.

    Researchers are exploring the use of LLMs for qualitative data  analysis (Lennon et al., 2021). Many popular qualitative software  programs already incorporate computer-assisted analysis tools. For  example, NVivo includes AI-assisted transcription and native languages  processing. ATLAS.ti has a beta OpenAI coding module. There are also  open-source projects, such as the Qualitative Discourse Analysis Package  and RQDA, that can be used with R statistical software.

    How researchers use AI in qualitative research can be a continuum of  complexity or original contribution. At the lowest level, AI is a tool  that does what the researcher tells it to do. AI might be used to find a  specific word or exact phrase in a document. At the next level, AI can  assist the researcher by performing more complex tasks, such as  transcribing an audio interview or completing “if this, then that tasks”  (IFTTT). The potential of LLMs lies in their ability to complete tasks  associated with higher-order and nonlinear thinking. These could be  collaborative tasks in which an LLM can act as a researcher by  generating themes or identifying relationships from qualitative data.  For example, one study showed that AI systems were about 11 percent  better at interpreting mammograms to predict breast cancer than human  experts (McKinney et al., 2020). At the furthest point in the continuum,  LLMs may be able to assume the role of scholars by generating theories  grounded in data that others can apply and evaluate.

    Researchers should keep several things in mind when using AI systems  to assist with qualitative data analysis. First, AI systems can be  wrong. In 2023, two New York lawyers were sanctioned by a U.S. district  judge for submitting a legal brief that contained six fictitious cases  that were generated when the individuals used ChatGPT for legal research  (Merken, 2023). Second, there are privacy concerns. Most AI systems  require researchers to upload documents to off-site servers, and many  terms of service agreements require that some level of ownership or use  of data be transferred to the AI host company. Third, AI results are  based on training data that may be biased or reflect historical and/or  social inequalities. For example, in 2018, the American Civil Liberties  Union purchased access to Amazon’s facial surveillance software  “Rekognition,” trained it with 25,000 publicly available arrest photos,  and then used it with images of members of Congress (Snow, 2018). The  software incorrectly identified 28 members as having been arrested for a  crime. Moreover, people of color were disproportionately falsely  matched (39% vs. 20%).

    Before using AI or LLMs to analyze your qualitative interviews, you  should check with your professor and institutional review board for  guidance.

    **Critical Thinking**

    1. What do you think about using AI to analyze qualitative interview data?
    2. What guidelines or protocols should researchers put into place when using AI to analyze qualitative data?

    – a year ago

  • [Solved] Discussion

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    **Nurses are on the front lines of healthcare delivery and are uniquely positioned to influence policy changes that can lead to improved patient care and healthcare access. Discuss the role of nurses in shaping healthcare policy. How can advanced practice nurses advocate for policy reforms that bene…

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    **Nurses are on the front lines of healthcare delivery and are uniquely positioned to influence policy changes that can lead to improved patient care and healthcare access. Discuss the role of nurses in shaping healthcare policy. How can advanced practice nurses advocate for policy reforms that benefit patient outcomes and the nursing profession? (CSLO #2)**

    – **Key areas where nurses can impact healthcare policy (e.g., access to care, scope of practice, patient safety).**
    – **Strategies that nurses can use to engage in policy advocacy (e.g., through professional organizations, legislative committees, or leadership roles).**
    – **Provide an example of a successful policy initiative led by nurses.**

    should be 350 words and include at least one scholarly source.

    – a year ago

  • [Solved] des

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    Please see attachment – a year ago **files (1)** – ## southternliteaturefinalexam.docx **## southternliteaturefinalexam.docx** Final exam Southern Literature You will need to answer the questions with a topic sentence, provide a quote from the text, and analyze how the evidence supports your topic s…

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    Please see attachment

    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## southternliteaturefinalexam.docx

    **## southternliteaturefinalexam.docx**

    Final exam Southern Literature

    You will need to answer the questions with a topic sentence, provide a quote from the text, and analyze how the evidence supports your topic sentence. You will be graded on your topic sentence and analysis of the evidence. You should have 4-5 sentences of analysis for each quote.
    **Your answers should be derived from my lecture notes.**

    1. Contrast Evelyn and Idgie. It should be two separate paragraphs.

    2. How is white masculinity represented in
    _Fried Green Tomatoes_?

    3. Discuss the representation of race in the early to mid-twentieth century in the novel.

    4. Discuss how Idgie and Ruth’s relationship is depicted in the novel.

    5. How does Evelyn evolve?

    6. Discuss the sense of friendship between the white and black families

    7. Discuss the representation of gender or sexuality.

    **## southternliteaturefinalexam.docx**

    Final exam Southern Literature

    You will need to answer the questions with a topic sentence, provide a quote from the text, and analyze how the evidence supports your topic sentence. You will be graded on your topic sentence and analysis of the evidence. You should have 4-5 sentences of analysis for each quote.
    **Your answers should be derived from my lecture notes.**

    1. Contrast Evelyn and Idgie. It should be two separate paragraphs.

    2. How is white masculinity represented in
    _Fried Green Tomatoes_?

    3. Discuss the representation of race in the early to mid-twentieth century in the novel.

    4. Discuss how Idgie and Ruth’s relationship is depicted in the novel.

    5. How does Evelyn evolve?

    6. Discuss the sense of friendship between the white and black families

    7. Discuss the representation of gender or sexuality.

  • [Solved] Create a Reply for a discussion using APA 7 format, and scholarly references no older than 5 years.

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    Reply 2 **Please ensure that the Reply includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.** Introduction Nurses play a major role in health systems. They are close to patients and families. This gives them insight into needed changes. Nurses can hel…

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    Reply 2

    **Please ensure that the Reply includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.**

    Introduction

    Nurses play a major role in health systems. They are close to patients and families. This gives them insight into needed changes. Nurses can help shape health policy. They support fair and safe healthcare. Their voices matter in health debates. Nurses must speak up for change. Policy work helps improve nursing care. Their role in policy must grow stronger. Advocacy is part of the nursing role (Inayat et al., 2023).

    Access to Care

    Nurses help patients get the care they need. Many patients face long waits. Rural patients may lack services. Nurses can push for more clinics. They can support mobile health units. Nurses understand patient barriers. They can write or support health laws. Nurses can suggest new care models. Their input improves health access. Better access means better outcomes (Marchildon et al., 2020).

    Scope of Practice

    Advanced practice nurses need full practice rights. In many places, laws limit their work. This affects patient care and access. Nurses can support laws to expand roles. They can show how they improve care. Full scope helps fill care gaps. It reduces cost and saves time. Nurses must talk to lawmakers. Their stories can shape policy (Chiu et al., 2021).

    Patient Safety

    Nurses lead in patient safety efforts. They notice safety issues early. Policy can fix system problems. Nurses can promote safety rules. They can help set care standards. Their feedback is key to safe care. Nurses can join safety committees. They improve rules through experience. Patient safety starts with nurse advocacy (Inayat et al., 2023).

    Engaging in Policy Work

    Nurses can join policy groups. Many work with nursing boards. Others join advocacy groups. Professional organizations offer training. They help nurses write to lawmakers. Nurses can attend public health meetings. Social media is also a strong tool. Sharing stories builds support. Every nurse can raise their voice (Chiu et al., 2021).

    Leadership Roles

    Nurses can lead policy change from top roles. Nurse leaders speak to lawmakers. They advise health departments. They serve on hospital boards. Leadership gives nurses more influence. They must learn about policy tools. Schools should teach policy skills. Nurses can lead with knowledge and voice (Inayat et al., 2023).

    Successful Policy Example

    In the U.S., nurses helped pass the APRN Consensus Model. This policy aimed to expand nurse roles. It supported full practice for APRNs. Nurses showed research and real results. Their work helped change laws in states. Patients gained more access to care. The nursing profession gained respect. This shows nurses can lead change (Chiu et al., 2021).

    Conclusion

    Nurses have strong power to shape policy. They work closely with patients. They understand health system gaps. Their input improves care and safety. Advanced nurses can lead reforms. Their voices must be heard. Training and support can help. Nurses must take part in change. Policy work is part of nursing care (Inayat et al., 2023).

    References

    Chiu, P., Cummings, G. G., Thorne, S., & Schick-Makaroff, K. (2021). Policy Advocacy and Nursing Organizations: A Scoping Review. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 22(4), 271–291. [https://doi.org/10.1177/15271544211050611](https://doi.org/10.1177/15271544211050611)

    Inayat, S., Younas, A., Andleeb, S., Rasheed, S. P., & Ali, P. (2023). Enhancing nurses' involvement in policy making: A qualitative study of nurse leaders. International Nursing Review, 70(3), 297–306. [https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12828](https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12828)

    Marchildon, G. P., Allin, S., & Merkur, S. (2020). Canada: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 22(3), 1–194.

    – a year ago

  • [Solved] Create a Reply for a discussion using APA 7 format, and scholarly references no older than 5 years.

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    **Please ensure that the Reply includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.** ### **The Influence of Nurses in Shaping Healthcare Legislation** Nurses play a crucial role in the healthcare landscape, strategically positioned to influence polic…

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    **Please ensure that the Reply includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.**

    ### **The Influence of Nurses in Shaping Healthcare Legislation**

    Nurses play a crucial role in the healthcare landscape, strategically positioned to influence policy modifications that enhance patient care and improve access to healthcare services. Advanced practice nurses (APNs), due to their specialized training and knowledge, are exceptionally qualified to champion changes that benefit both patient outcomes and the nursing field.

    1. **The Advocacy Role of Advanced Practice Nurses for Legislative Changes**

    APNs advocate for legislative changes through various means. They bring valuable clinical perspectives that can educate decision-makers on the advantages of nurse-led care models, which frequently result in favorable patient outcomes. By interacting with policymakers, APNs can present evidence grounded in their experiences that illustrates the effectiveness of their positions, thereby shaping reforms that foster increased access to care and independence for nursing practitioners (Hunt, 2020). Collaborative efforts with multidisciplinary teams also enable APNs to emphasize the vital contributions of nursing care to the provision of quality healthcare.

    1. **Significant Areas of Influence in Healthcare Legislation**

    Nurses have a substantial influence on multiple crucial aspects of healthcare policy. Firstly, access to care remains a primary concern; nurses can advocate for legislative measures that enhance healthcare availability in underserved regions, including both urban and rural locales. Secondly, the scope of practice is vital; advocating for complete practice authority empowers nurse practitioners to provide care autonomously, improving service delivery (Harrison et al., 2021). Thirdly, nurses play an important role in fostering patient safety by endorsing regulations that require sufficient staffing ratios, thus ensuring high levels of care during patient interactions (Gonzalez, 2022).

    1. **Methods for Involvement in Policy Advocacy**

    Nurses can adopt various approaches to participate in policy advocacy. Aligning with professional organizations such as the American Nurses Association (ANA) equips nurses with the necessary resources and training for effective advocacy. Engagement in legislative committees allows nurses to share their expertise and perspectives, directly impacting policy dialogues. Taking on leadership positions within healthcare organizations offers avenues to influence organizational policies and advocate for systemic transformations that prioritize patient care (Gonzalez, 2022).

    1. **Notable Policy Initiative Driven by Nurses**

    A notable example of a nurse-led successful policy initiative is the implementation of Nurse Practice Acts across various states, which have broadened the scope of practice for nurse practitioners. In states like California and Texas, the advocacy of nursing professionals resulted in legislative reforms that granted nurse practitioners the authority to practice independently. This initiative has greatly enhanced patient accessibility to care, particularly in rural areas with a scarcity of primary care providers (Harrison et al., 2021).

    In summary, the advocacy efforts of nurses, especially APNs, are vital in shaping healthcare policies that enhance the quality of patient care and expand access. By engaging in advocacy and collaborating with various stakeholders, nurses can bring about significant improvements within the healthcare system.

    ### **References**

    Gonzalez, M. (2022). Nurses' role in enhancing patient safety: Addressing policy gaps. _Journal of Nursing Policy_, 34(2), 145-153.

    Harrison, A., FitzGerald, S., & Gottlieb, L. (2021). The impact of nurse practitioners on access to healthcare: A state-level analysis. _Health Services Research_, 56(1), 28-37.

    Hunt, L. (2020). The political power of nursing: How nurses can shape health policy. _Nursing Outlook_, 68(5), 704-712.

    – a year ago

  • [Solved] human resource

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    I need your help – a year ago **files (3)** – ## Toolkit_Managing_Employee_Performance.pdf – ## JWI_521_Week_5_lecture_1192.pdf – Discussion5Recruiting.jpeg **## Toolkit_Managing_Employee_Performance.pdf** -L LK IH JR -L LK IH JR é ń ͉ ï b -L LK IH JR -L LK IH JR -L LK IH JR -L LK IH JR *…

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    I need your help

    – a year ago

    **files (3)**

    – ## Toolkit_Managing_Employee_Performance.pdf

    – ## JWI_521_Week_5_lecture_1192.pdf

    – Discussion5Recruiting.jpeg

    **## Toolkit_Managing_Employee_Performance.pdf**

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    **## JWI_521_Week_5_lecture_1192.pdf**

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 1 of 5

    JWI 521
    Recruit, Develop, Assess, Reward, Retain

    Week Five Lecture Notes

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 2 of 5

    PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

    What it Means

    Performance management must be based on a detailed assessment of current and past
    performance. In most companies, this assessment is done in the form of an annual performance
    review. Most people would agree that candid, timely, accurate performance evaluation and
    feedback are important responsibilities of a good manager. Yet, in most companies, the annual
    performance review process is chock full of problems, the managers doing the assessing generally
    dislike it, and the employees being assessed like it even less. Why is it so difficult to do
    performance management well? And what is the impact when an organization’s performance
    management systems are ineffective?

    Why it Matters

    • Accurate assessment leads to performance feedback that enables employees to
    improve

    • Effective evaluation allows managers to fill positions with the most qualified people
    • Competent assessments form the basis for good reward systems for your top talent

    “Performance management has become a rule-based, bureaucratic process,
    existing as an end in itself rather than actually shaping performance.”

    Laszlo Bock

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 3 of 5

    GETTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS RIGHT

    Every company, of course, will have its own practices and processes for performance review and
    management, but the most effective companies generally follow these four best practices.

    1: Give timely performance reviews

    Most organizations direct their managers to formally review employee performance once a year. Too often,
    the review is treated as a check the box process, with no follow-up in terms of future planning or rewards.
    The problems with an annual performance review are numerous. For the manager: if you only do
    something once a year, you never get good at it; nearly half the feedback you give will be more than six
    months old, by which time dysfunctional behaviors have grown into habits; and it feels hard to give candid
    feedback when pay increases depend upon it. For the employee: the review feels overwhelming since it
    covers a whole year’s work; compensation and career prospects for the next year are on the line; self
    esteem and confidence may plummet or soar, depending on what is said in a single meeting.

    Performance should be assessed and formal reviews conducted at least twice a year. Regular informal
    appraisals should happen much more often. Good managers have regular meetings with each of their direct
    reports – ideally once or twice a month – to discuss projects, tackle challenges, adjust goals, and set clear
    expectations. This approach addresses many of the problems inherent in the traditional annual performance
    review by reducing the high stakes associated with a single annual performance evaluation.

    2: Include a performance-development component

    Regular informal appraisal meetings allow managers to focus on different objectives throughout the
    performance period and to adjust expectations. It enables them to include a developmental and coaching
    element in the review process. The level of candor rises sharply. Managers are less likely to avoid criticism
    when talking to their direct reports, because no one will be fired as a result of the conversation.

    The mid-year performance review is a time for looking back at past performance and forward to the
    upcoming second half of the year. The employee will be much more receptive to criticism at this time
    because his or her whole future does not depend on this meeting. There is time to improve on any areas of
    weakness before the annual performance review. The employee is given a fair chance to respond to
    feedback and expectations before they face an evaluation with significant consequences for their career.

    This formal end-of-year review should focus mainly on the past year. It will include discussion of the
    following topics: the employee's strengths, based on observed behaviors and accomplishments during the
    year; development needs, based on observed behaviors and accomplishments; implications of his or her
    performance on compensation and career progress, and establishment of some initial plans and goals for
    the upcoming year.

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 4 of 5

    3: Base evaluations on both quantitative and qualitative measures

    There is, in fact, no such thing as an objective measure of performance. When asked to name a business
    activity that can be assessed objectively, most people confidently reply, “Sales.” But even salespeople
    cannot be evaluated objectively. For example, salespeople are always measured on how much they sell and
    how profitable those sales are to the company. These metrics are very useful for keeping track of how well
    the company is doing, and for comparing employee performance. But such quantitative metrics cannot tell
    you whether customer goodwill was enhanced or systematically degraded because of a salesperson’s
    interactions. Nor will they let you know whether your senior people are mentoring and sharing best practices
    with the newer salespeople, or whether they are representing your company well in the community.

    When comparing the performance of one salesperson with another, quantitative evaluation measures do not
    usually reflect the level of difficulty of the jobs being compared. For example, which do you think is the more
    important determinant of sales success – the skill of the salesperson, or the prosperity of the territory? In a
    national chain of real-estate sales offices, salespeople who are canvassing the most affluent neighborhoods
    will inevitably bring in more money. But that does not necessarily prove that their sales techniques are
    better, since they start with a built-in advantage due to their wealthier customer prospects.

    Quantitative measures are valuable, but they rarely tell the whole story. For example, to improve customer
    service, many call centers keep track of how many times an employee's telephone rings before it is
    answered. Of course, this metric tells the company nothing about how courteously the customers are treated
    or whether their problems are resolved, which are more important to customers than whether the phone is
    picked up on the second or third ring. These dimensions of performance cannot be measured with
    quantitative metrics, but can be assessed through qualitative measures. They may be overlooked, since
    courtesy and problem resolution are harder to measure than the time taken to answer the phone.

    4: Take into account the importance of the work performed

    Organizations often fail to consider not only the value of the work an individual actually does, but also the
    value of the work assigned to a particular position. As you have learned, positions that are strategically
    important today may not be tomorrow. Consequently, every company needs to continually assess whether or
    not the tasks their employees are performing are still adding value.

    The best-run organizations do this form of performance evaluation, but many companies do not. Leaders
    and senior managers have a responsibility to step back on a consistent basis, so as to assess teams and
    individual employees in terms of the value added by their work. Without periodic reevaluation of performance
    across teams, departments, and the company, situations invariably develop in which hardworking, loyal
    employees continue their unbroken record of high performance, while the tasks they are performing have
    ever-lower strategic value.

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 5 of 5

    GETTING THE MOST OUT OF THIS WEEK’S CLASS

    As you read the materials and participate in class activities, stay focused on the key learning outcomes for
    the week:

    • Compare different approaches to performance review and assessment

    Think about your own experience with performance review. As an employee, do you dread the
    annual performance review? As a manager, do you find the process valuable, or does it frustrate
    you? Would more frequent, informal reviews help to reduce the stress level for all concerned? As
    you increase your understanding of what an effective performance review system looks like, think
    about what is needed to build a culture of regular informal performance review and, thus, take the
    pressure off the annual review meeting.

    • Explore HR’s role in coordinating people management and review

    HR is generally the department in charge of managing performance review across the company.
    How can performance review systems be structured to obtain the most value from the process?
    Does your company’s performance review include both quantitative and qualitative measures? Do
    managers hold regular informal meetings with employees to monitor progress and adjust goals? If
    not, how can HR introduce changes to performance management in a way that will gain buy-in from
    both employees and managers? What will it take to introduce more frequent, informal meetings with
    direct reports in an organization where this practice has never been the norm?

    • Discuss the value of stretch assignments to challenge top employees

    What are the advantages of using job content as a training mechanism, rather than formal training?
    Are there some skills that cannot be easily taught through formal training? What about project
    management? While it may be useful to take a short training session to learn how to navigate a new
    project management system, nothing beats a workplace project for testing the employee’s ability to
    implement the system in the real world. How about leadership and decision-making? Can these be
    taught in the classroom, perhaps using a simulation? Or does it make more sense to use the hands-
    on approach to develop the leadership skills that top employees will need in the future?

    **Discussion5Recruiting.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/discussion5recruiting-jpeg)

    **Discussion5Recruiting.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/discussion5recruiting-jpeg)

    **## Toolkit_Managing_Employee_Performance.pdf**

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    **## JWI_521_Week_5_lecture_1192.pdf**

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 1 of 5

    JWI 521
    Recruit, Develop, Assess, Reward, Retain

    Week Five Lecture Notes

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 2 of 5

    PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

    What it Means

    Performance management must be based on a detailed assessment of current and past
    performance. In most companies, this assessment is done in the form of an annual performance
    review. Most people would agree that candid, timely, accurate performance evaluation and
    feedback are important responsibilities of a good manager. Yet, in most companies, the annual
    performance review process is chock full of problems, the managers doing the assessing generally
    dislike it, and the employees being assessed like it even less. Why is it so difficult to do
    performance management well? And what is the impact when an organization’s performance
    management systems are ineffective?

    Why it Matters

    • Accurate assessment leads to performance feedback that enables employees to
    improve

    • Effective evaluation allows managers to fill positions with the most qualified people
    • Competent assessments form the basis for good reward systems for your top talent

    “Performance management has become a rule-based, bureaucratic process,
    existing as an end in itself rather than actually shaping performance.”

    Laszlo Bock

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 3 of 5

    GETTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS RIGHT

    Every company, of course, will have its own practices and processes for performance review and
    management, but the most effective companies generally follow these four best practices.

    1: Give timely performance reviews

    Most organizations direct their managers to formally review employee performance once a year. Too often,
    the review is treated as a check the box process, with no follow-up in terms of future planning or rewards.
    The problems with an annual performance review are numerous. For the manager: if you only do
    something once a year, you never get good at it; nearly half the feedback you give will be more than six
    months old, by which time dysfunctional behaviors have grown into habits; and it feels hard to give candid
    feedback when pay increases depend upon it. For the employee: the review feels overwhelming since it
    covers a whole year’s work; compensation and career prospects for the next year are on the line; self
    esteem and confidence may plummet or soar, depending on what is said in a single meeting.

    Performance should be assessed and formal reviews conducted at least twice a year. Regular informal
    appraisals should happen much more often. Good managers have regular meetings with each of their direct
    reports – ideally once or twice a month – to discuss projects, tackle challenges, adjust goals, and set clear
    expectations. This approach addresses many of the problems inherent in the traditional annual performance
    review by reducing the high stakes associated with a single annual performance evaluation.

    2: Include a performance-development component

    Regular informal appraisal meetings allow managers to focus on different objectives throughout the
    performance period and to adjust expectations. It enables them to include a developmental and coaching
    element in the review process. The level of candor rises sharply. Managers are less likely to avoid criticism
    when talking to their direct reports, because no one will be fired as a result of the conversation.

    The mid-year performance review is a time for looking back at past performance and forward to the
    upcoming second half of the year. The employee will be much more receptive to criticism at this time
    because his or her whole future does not depend on this meeting. There is time to improve on any areas of
    weakness before the annual performance review. The employee is given a fair chance to respond to
    feedback and expectations before they face an evaluation with significant consequences for their career.

    This formal end-of-year review should focus mainly on the past year. It will include discussion of the
    following topics: the employee's strengths, based on observed behaviors and accomplishments during the
    year; development needs, based on observed behaviors and accomplishments; implications of his or her
    performance on compensation and career progress, and establishment of some initial plans and goals for
    the upcoming year.

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 4 of 5

    3: Base evaluations on both quantitative and qualitative measures

    There is, in fact, no such thing as an objective measure of performance. When asked to name a business
    activity that can be assessed objectively, most people confidently reply, “Sales.” But even salespeople
    cannot be evaluated objectively. For example, salespeople are always measured on how much they sell and
    how profitable those sales are to the company. These metrics are very useful for keeping track of how well
    the company is doing, and for comparing employee performance. But such quantitative metrics cannot tell
    you whether customer goodwill was enhanced or systematically degraded because of a salesperson’s
    interactions. Nor will they let you know whether your senior people are mentoring and sharing best practices
    with the newer salespeople, or whether they are representing your company well in the community.

    When comparing the performance of one salesperson with another, quantitative evaluation measures do not
    usually reflect the level of difficulty of the jobs being compared. For example, which do you think is the more
    important determinant of sales success – the skill of the salesperson, or the prosperity of the territory? In a
    national chain of real-estate sales offices, salespeople who are canvassing the most affluent neighborhoods
    will inevitably bring in more money. But that does not necessarily prove that their sales techniques are
    better, since they start with a built-in advantage due to their wealthier customer prospects.

    Quantitative measures are valuable, but they rarely tell the whole story. For example, to improve customer
    service, many call centers keep track of how many times an employee's telephone rings before it is
    answered. Of course, this metric tells the company nothing about how courteously the customers are treated
    or whether their problems are resolved, which are more important to customers than whether the phone is
    picked up on the second or third ring. These dimensions of performance cannot be measured with
    quantitative metrics, but can be assessed through qualitative measures. They may be overlooked, since
    courtesy and problem resolution are harder to measure than the time taken to answer the phone.

    4: Take into account the importance of the work performed

    Organizations often fail to consider not only the value of the work an individual actually does, but also the
    value of the work assigned to a particular position. As you have learned, positions that are strategically
    important today may not be tomorrow. Consequently, every company needs to continually assess whether or
    not the tasks their employees are performing are still adding value.

    The best-run organizations do this form of performance evaluation, but many companies do not. Leaders
    and senior managers have a responsibility to step back on a consistent basis, so as to assess teams and
    individual employees in terms of the value added by their work. Without periodic reevaluation of performance
    across teams, departments, and the company, situations invariably develop in which hardworking, loyal
    employees continue their unbroken record of high performance, while the tasks they are performing have
    ever-lower strategic value.

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 5 of 5

    GETTING THE MOST OUT OF THIS WEEK’S CLASS

    As you read the materials and participate in class activities, stay focused on the key learning outcomes for
    the week:

    • Compare different approaches to performance review and assessment

    Think about your own experience with performance review. As an employee, do you dread the
    annual performance review? As a manager, do you find the process valuable, or does it frustrate
    you? Would more frequent, informal reviews help to reduce the stress level for all concerned? As
    you increase your understanding of what an effective performance review system looks like, think
    about what is needed to build a culture of regular informal performance review and, thus, take the
    pressure off the annual review meeting.

    • Explore HR’s role in coordinating people management and review

    HR is generally the department in charge of managing performance review across the company.
    How can performance review systems be structured to obtain the most value from the process?
    Does your company’s performance review include both quantitative and qualitative measures? Do
    managers hold regular informal meetings with employees to monitor progress and adjust goals? If
    not, how can HR introduce changes to performance management in a way that will gain buy-in from
    both employees and managers? What will it take to introduce more frequent, informal meetings with
    direct reports in an organization where this practice has never been the norm?

    • Discuss the value of stretch assignments to challenge top employees

    What are the advantages of using job content as a training mechanism, rather than formal training?
    Are there some skills that cannot be easily taught through formal training? What about project
    management? While it may be useful to take a short training session to learn how to navigate a new
    project management system, nothing beats a workplace project for testing the employee’s ability to
    implement the system in the real world. How about leadership and decision-making? Can these be
    taught in the classroom, perhaps using a simulation? Or does it make more sense to use the hands-
    on approach to develop the leadership skills that top employees will need in the future?

    **Discussion5Recruiting.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/discussion5recruiting-jpeg)

    **## Toolkit_Managing_Employee_Performance.pdf**

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    **## JWI_521_Week_5_lecture_1192.pdf**

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 1 of 5

    JWI 521
    Recruit, Develop, Assess, Reward, Retain

    Week Five Lecture Notes

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 2 of 5

    PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

    What it Means

    Performance management must be based on a detailed assessment of current and past
    performance. In most companies, this assessment is done in the form of an annual performance
    review. Most people would agree that candid, timely, accurate performance evaluation and
    feedback are important responsibilities of a good manager. Yet, in most companies, the annual
    performance review process is chock full of problems, the managers doing the assessing generally
    dislike it, and the employees being assessed like it even less. Why is it so difficult to do
    performance management well? And what is the impact when an organization’s performance
    management systems are ineffective?

    Why it Matters

    • Accurate assessment leads to performance feedback that enables employees to
    improve

    • Effective evaluation allows managers to fill positions with the most qualified people
    • Competent assessments form the basis for good reward systems for your top talent

    “Performance management has become a rule-based, bureaucratic process,
    existing as an end in itself rather than actually shaping performance.”

    Laszlo Bock

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 3 of 5

    GETTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS RIGHT

    Every company, of course, will have its own practices and processes for performance review and
    management, but the most effective companies generally follow these four best practices.

    1: Give timely performance reviews

    Most organizations direct their managers to formally review employee performance once a year. Too often,
    the review is treated as a check the box process, with no follow-up in terms of future planning or rewards.
    The problems with an annual performance review are numerous. For the manager: if you only do
    something once a year, you never get good at it; nearly half the feedback you give will be more than six
    months old, by which time dysfunctional behaviors have grown into habits; and it feels hard to give candid
    feedback when pay increases depend upon it. For the employee: the review feels overwhelming since it
    covers a whole year’s work; compensation and career prospects for the next year are on the line; self
    esteem and confidence may plummet or soar, depending on what is said in a single meeting.

    Performance should be assessed and formal reviews conducted at least twice a year. Regular informal
    appraisals should happen much more often. Good managers have regular meetings with each of their direct
    reports – ideally once or twice a month – to discuss projects, tackle challenges, adjust goals, and set clear
    expectations. This approach addresses many of the problems inherent in the traditional annual performance
    review by reducing the high stakes associated with a single annual performance evaluation.

    2: Include a performance-development component

    Regular informal appraisal meetings allow managers to focus on different objectives throughout the
    performance period and to adjust expectations. It enables them to include a developmental and coaching
    element in the review process. The level of candor rises sharply. Managers are less likely to avoid criticism
    when talking to their direct reports, because no one will be fired as a result of the conversation.

    The mid-year performance review is a time for looking back at past performance and forward to the
    upcoming second half of the year. The employee will be much more receptive to criticism at this time
    because his or her whole future does not depend on this meeting. There is time to improve on any areas of
    weakness before the annual performance review. The employee is given a fair chance to respond to
    feedback and expectations before they face an evaluation with significant consequences for their career.

    This formal end-of-year review should focus mainly on the past year. It will include discussion of the
    following topics: the employee's strengths, based on observed behaviors and accomplishments during the
    year; development needs, based on observed behaviors and accomplishments; implications of his or her
    performance on compensation and career progress, and establishment of some initial plans and goals for
    the upcoming year.

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 4 of 5

    3: Base evaluations on both quantitative and qualitative measures

    There is, in fact, no such thing as an objective measure of performance. When asked to name a business
    activity that can be assessed objectively, most people confidently reply, “Sales.” But even salespeople
    cannot be evaluated objectively. For example, salespeople are always measured on how much they sell and
    how profitable those sales are to the company. These metrics are very useful for keeping track of how well
    the company is doing, and for comparing employee performance. But such quantitative metrics cannot tell
    you whether customer goodwill was enhanced or systematically degraded because of a salesperson’s
    interactions. Nor will they let you know whether your senior people are mentoring and sharing best practices
    with the newer salespeople, or whether they are representing your company well in the community.

    When comparing the performance of one salesperson with another, quantitative evaluation measures do not
    usually reflect the level of difficulty of the jobs being compared. For example, which do you think is the more
    important determinant of sales success – the skill of the salesperson, or the prosperity of the territory? In a
    national chain of real-estate sales offices, salespeople who are canvassing the most affluent neighborhoods
    will inevitably bring in more money. But that does not necessarily prove that their sales techniques are
    better, since they start with a built-in advantage due to their wealthier customer prospects.

    Quantitative measures are valuable, but they rarely tell the whole story. For example, to improve customer
    service, many call centers keep track of how many times an employee's telephone rings before it is
    answered. Of course, this metric tells the company nothing about how courteously the customers are treated
    or whether their problems are resolved, which are more important to customers than whether the phone is
    picked up on the second or third ring. These dimensions of performance cannot be measured with
    quantitative metrics, but can be assessed through qualitative measures. They may be overlooked, since
    courtesy and problem resolution are harder to measure than the time taken to answer the phone.

    4: Take into account the importance of the work performed

    Organizations often fail to consider not only the value of the work an individual actually does, but also the
    value of the work assigned to a particular position. As you have learned, positions that are strategically
    important today may not be tomorrow. Consequently, every company needs to continually assess whether or
    not the tasks their employees are performing are still adding value.

    The best-run organizations do this form of performance evaluation, but many companies do not. Leaders
    and senior managers have a responsibility to step back on a consistent basis, so as to assess teams and
    individual employees in terms of the value added by their work. Without periodic reevaluation of performance
    across teams, departments, and the company, situations invariably develop in which hardworking, loyal
    employees continue their unbroken record of high performance, while the tasks they are performing have
    ever-lower strategic value.

    © Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
    copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

    JWI 521 – Week 3 Lecture Notes (1192) Page 5 of 5

    GETTING THE MOST OUT OF THIS WEEK’S CLASS

    As you read the materials and participate in class activities, stay focused on the key learning outcomes for
    the week:

    • Compare different approaches to performance review and assessment

    Think about your own experience with performance review. As an employee, do you dread the
    annual performance review? As a manager, do you find the process valuable, or does it frustrate
    you? Would more frequent, informal reviews help to reduce the stress level for all concerned? As
    you increase your understanding of what an effective performance review system looks like, think
    about what is needed to build a culture of regular informal performance review and, thus, take the
    pressure off the annual review meeting.

    • Explore HR’s role in coordinating people management and review

    HR is generally the department in charge of managing performance review across the company.
    How can performance review systems be structured to obtain the most value from the process?
    Does your company’s performance review include both quantitative and qualitative measures? Do
    managers hold regular informal meetings with employees to monitor progress and adjust goals? If
    not, how can HR introduce changes to performance management in a way that will gain buy-in from
    both employees and managers? What will it take to introduce more frequent, informal meetings with
    direct reports in an organization where this practice has never been the norm?

    • Discuss the value of stretch assignments to challenge top employees

    What are the advantages of using job content as a training mechanism, rather than formal training?
    Are there some skills that cannot be easily taught through formal training? What about project
    management? While it may be useful to take a short training session to learn how to navigate a new
    project management system, nothing beats a workplace project for testing the employee’s ability to
    implement the system in the real world. How about leadership and decision-making? Can these be
    taught in the classroom, perhaps using a simulation? Or does it make more sense to use the hands-
    on approach to develop the leadership skills that top employees will need in the future?

    **Discussion5Recruiting.jpeg**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/discussion5recruiting-jpeg)

  • [Solved] Discussion 3

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    – a year ago **files (1)** – ## Discussion3.docx **## Discussion3.docx** Discussion 3 We are hiring millennials now in the workplace. Please note that the link below will open in a new window and may require activation of a LinkedIn account on the first attempt. Trident students may use their studen…

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    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## Discussion3.docx

    **## Discussion3.docx**

    Discussion 3

    We are hiring millennials now in the workplace.

    Please note that the link below will open in a new window and may require activation of a LinkedIn account on the first attempt. Trident students may use their student email address to access this free subscription to LinkedIn Learning as a part of this course.

    [Managing Multiple Generations](https://tlc.trident.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=223276&type=lti&rcode=TUI-505573&srcou=104372) – LinkedIn Learning

    Discuss some of the comments made in the video Are they a realistic appraisal of millennials? Bring in personal and professional examples. How should employers develop this talent group and maximize their performance contributions? Within your post, support your response with information from at least two reputable sources (library and/or web-based) and provide the full citation at the end. Use APA format for your references.

    **## Discussion3.docx**

    Discussion 3

    We are hiring millennials now in the workplace.

    Please note that the link below will open in a new window and may require activation of a LinkedIn account on the first attempt. Trident students may use their student email address to access this free subscription to LinkedIn Learning as a part of this course.

    [Managing Multiple Generations](https://tlc.trident.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=223276&type=lti&rcode=TUI-505573&srcou=104372) – LinkedIn Learning

    Discuss some of the comments made in the video Are they a realistic appraisal of millennials? Bring in personal and professional examples. How should employers develop this talent group and maximize their performance contributions? Within your post, support your response with information from at least two reputable sources (library and/or web-based) and provide the full citation at the end. Use APA format for your references.

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    – a year ago **files (1)** – ## Discussion4.docx **## Discussion4.docx** **Discussion 4: Exploring Camus' "The Guest"** · Although he rejected the label, Albert Camus’ work is often associated with existentialism, particularly concerning “its distinctive assessment of the human condition and its sea…

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    **Discussion 4: Exploring Camus' "The Guest"**

    ·

    Although he rejected the label, Albert Camus’ work is often associated with existentialism, particularly concerning “its distinctive assessment of the human condition and its search for authentic beliefs and values” (Puchner et al. B-780). In his story “The Guest,” Camus offers a presentation of these points as he explores the ideas of moral responsibility, personal freedom, and the difficulty of having to choose between one’s own ethics and political realities. Considering these ideas, respond to the following questions:

    Who is Daru, where does he live, and what do readers learn about him from the environment he lives in?

    1–Who is Balducci, and what does he demand from Daru (6 points)?

    2–How does Balducci’s order create a dilemma for Daru (6 points)?

    3–How does Daru resolve his dilemma, and do you think he has done this ethically (6 points)?

    4–If you were in Daru’s situation, would you have done anything different than Daru? Explain your thoughts on this. (6 points)

    Remember to respond meaningfully to at least two other students' posts to receive full credit for the discussion assignment (6 points).

    Use of AI: This assignment requires that you think this story through independently and authentically as you engage with the story. Provide your own thoughts and ideas rather than using an AI tool.

    **## Discussion4.docx**

    **Discussion 4: Exploring Camus' "The Guest"**

    ·

    Although he rejected the label, Albert Camus’ work is often associated with existentialism, particularly concerning “its distinctive assessment of the human condition and its search for authentic beliefs and values” (Puchner et al. B-780). In his story “The Guest,” Camus offers a presentation of these points as he explores the ideas of moral responsibility, personal freedom, and the difficulty of having to choose between one’s own ethics and political realities. Considering these ideas, respond to the following questions:

    Who is Daru, where does he live, and what do readers learn about him from the environment he lives in?

    1–Who is Balducci, and what does he demand from Daru (6 points)?

    2–How does Balducci’s order create a dilemma for Daru (6 points)?

    3–How does Daru resolve his dilemma, and do you think he has done this ethically (6 points)?

    4–If you were in Daru’s situation, would you have done anything different than Daru? Explain your thoughts on this. (6 points)

    Remember to respond meaningfully to at least two other students' posts to receive full credit for the discussion assignment (6 points).

    Use of AI: This assignment requires that you think this story through independently and authentically as you engage with the story. Provide your own thoughts and ideas rather than using an AI tool.