Category: Nursing

  • APA Writing Checklist GCU

    APA Writing Checklist

    Use this document as a checklist for each paper you will write throughout your GCU graduate program. Follow specific instructions indicated in the assignment and use this checklist to help ensure correct grammar and APA formatting. Refer to the APA resources available in the GCU Library and Student Success Center.

    ☐ APA paper template (located in the Student Success Center/Writing Center) is utilized for the correct format of the paper. APA style is applied, and format is correct throughout.

    ☐  The title page is present. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.

    ☐ The introduction is present. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.

    ☐ Topic is well defined.

    ☐ Strong thesis statement is included in the introduction of the paper.

    ☐ The thesis statement is consistently threaded throughout the paper and included in the conclusion.

    ☐ Paragraph development: Each paragraph has an introductory statement, two or three sentences as the body of the paragraph, and a transition sentence to facilitate the flow of information. The sections of the main body are organized to reflect the main points of the author. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.

    ☐ All sources are cited. APA style and format are correctly applied and are free from error.

    ☐ Sources are completely and correctly documented on a References page, as appropriate to assignment and APA style, and format is free of error.

    Scholarly Resources:
    Scholarly resources are written with a focus on a specific subject discipline and usually written by an expert in the same subject field. Scholarly resources are written for an academic audience.

    Examples of Scholarly Resources include:
    Academic journals, books written by experts in a field, and formally published encyclopedias and dictionaries.

    Peer-Reviewed Journals:
    Peer-reviewed journals are evaluated prior to publication by experts in the journal’s subject discipline. This process ensures that the articles published within the journal are academically rigorous and meet the required expectations of an article in that subject discipline.

    Empirical Journal Article
    : This type of scholarly resource is a subset of scholarly articles that reports the original finding of an observational or experimental research study. Common aspects found within an empirical article include: literature review, methodology, results, and discussion.

    Adapted from “Evaluating Resources: Defining Scholarly Resources,” located in
    Research Guides
    in the GCU Library.

    ☐ The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. Utilize writing resources such as Grammarly, LopesWrite report, and ThinkingStorm to check your writing.

  • NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU

    Topic 2 DQ 2

    Discuss potential causes of conflict occurring within health care organizations. What are some principles of negotiation and conflict resolution used by the nurse leader to address conflict? What model or leadership theory would be effective to use in addressing conflict?

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU SAMPLE 1

    Conflict within healthcare often occurs between healthcare providers related to differences in values or poor communication (Choi & Ahn, 2021). Healthcare providers focused on their own tasks can have competing agendas or needs. Nurses are patient advocators. As an advocate for patients, nurses can face opposition and conflict from various healthcare professionals.

    BUT A PLAGIARISM-FREE ESSAY NOW

    Conflict has been shown to affect patient care adversely (Ebrahim, 2020). Negotiation is one management strategy for resolving conflict. Studies have demonstrated that negotiation in healthcare enhances collaboration between nurses and physicians (Ebrahim, 2020). Nurse managers can promote conflict resolution and negotiation by providing training and administration support to their staff. Negotiation skills and techniques will foster collaboration among healthcare professionals (Ebrahim, 2020). Continuous education and practice improve conflict-resolution skills (Choi & Ahn, 2021). Nurses can benefit from education on improving communication as well as conflict management and resolution strategies. Improved communication skills can help prevent some conflicts, while negotiation skills can assist in finding a resolution NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU.

    Kurt Lewin’s theories have become integral in healthcare management. While he is best known for his change theories, Lewin’s field theory is applicable to conflict resolution. Lewin’s field theory describes the “life spaces” of each of the conflicting individuals (Pratkanis & Turner, 2023). His theory suggests that behavior is a function of the “life space,” or psychological reality, of the individual (Pratkanis & Turner, 2023). Conflict resolution under Lewin’s field theory looks at the detailed “life spaces” of each individual involved and the social force affecting each individual. Finally, the theory proposes that changing the social forces or introducing new ones can encourage change (Pratkanis & Turner, 2023).

    References

    Choi, H.-G., & Ahn, S. H. (2021). Effects of a conflict resolution training program on nursing students: A quasi-experimental study based on the situated learning theory. 
    Nurse Education Today, 103.
     
    https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104951

    Ebrahim, E. (2020). Negotiation as a management strategy for conflict resolution and its effect on enhancing collaboration between nurses and physicians. 
    Egyptian Nursing Journal, 17(1), 13.

    Pratkanis, A. R., & Turner, M. E. (2023). Kurt Lewin’s field theory. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU SAMPLE 2

    Conflict as well as conflict resolution is a large part of leadership in nursing. There are many potential causes of conflict, many of which can occur internally (between two or more employees) or externally (between employees and patients) (Iglesias & Vallejo, 2012). Some internal conflict causes include job satisfaction (such as burnout), job stressors (such as assignment load, working environment, and frequency of rotation), an individual resources (collective experience of the staff on the unit) (Montoro-Rodriguez & Small, 2006). Some external conflict causes include patient satisfaction and patient outcomes (Montoro-Rodriguez & Small, 2006) NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU.

    Some important factors of conflict resolution when addressing conflict are open-mindedness, respect, and trust (Weberg, et al., 2019). The leader must be open-minded to both parties experiencing the conflict (Weberg, et al., 2019). In my current position, one way I attempt to do this is to discuss the issue at hand with both parties before engaging in any conflict resolution. Respect is another important factor. Having respect for both people’s points of view as well as for the individual and the work they do is important (Weert, et al., 2019). One way I attempt to do this in my current position is to keep a good rapport with all of the staff as much as possible. I try to listen to them about both work related as well as not work related things and to be available when possible for them. Trust is one of the most important factors in conflict resolution. Trust that the steps agreed upon within the resolution is important (Weberg, et al,. 2019).

    There are many different leadership theories that have been developed over time. I feel the transformation leadership style is the one I attempt to utilize the most, especially when addressing conflict. I attempt to adapt my approach and set clear goals going into situations where conflict resolution is necessary (MindTools, n.d.,). I try to make myself available for both staff as well as the patients to the best of my ability while at work and to keep a positive attitude, even in difficult situations.

    References

    Home
    . MindTools. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/a7m23wp/leadership-styles

    Iglesias Elena Losa M., & Vallejo, Becerro de Bengoa R. (2012). Conflict resolution styles in the nursing profession. 
    Contemporary Nurse
    , 
    43
    (1), 73–80.

    Montoro-Rodriguez, J., & Small, J. A. (2006). The role of conflict resolution styles on nursing staff morale, Burnout, and job satisfaction in long-term care. 
    Journal of Aging and Health
    , 
    18
    (3), 385–406.

    NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU SAMPLE 3

    Conflicts may range from disagreements to major controversies that may lead to litigation or violence. They can have effects on productivity, morale, and patient care. Conflict is a disagreement within oneself or differences or dispute among persons that has potential to cause harm. Conflicts are inevitable and may occur in any profession including healthcare. It could be among any group of healthcare professionals between patient and any of the member of healthcare team (Al-Hamdam,2009). Conflicts between nurses and patients can arise when patients have expectations that are not met, and no communication made to help them understand the situation. Some problems may be from other professionals but due to the fact that patients have the most interaction with the nurse, they expect them to be in control of every situation. They expect them to provide all answers to their questions not knowing some situations are also beyond their control and will do everything in their power to advocate for their patients. Issues such as patient not getting prescribed medications on time can be misunderstood and the fault given to the nurse. If a patient does not get services such as transportation after discharge, physical therapy or respiratory interventions, they may vent their frustrations to the nurse. Resolution of conflicts in a timely and positive manner under strong leadership is crucial to provide safe and effective patient care while maintaining therapeutic relationships between patients, family members and healthcare staff (Patton, 2014). Conflict does not have to lead to a hostile environment or broken relationships hence the nurse leader should approach it with an open mind so it can lead to a positive experience between both parties. Communication is vital in conflict management as it will help to understand both parties so as to be able to evaluate and intervene. The leader should be clear in explaining protocols and hospital operations while listening to prevent frustrations when expectations are not communication should not leave patient and families with expectations that are beyond nurses’ reach and the nurse made to understand the importance of feedback so patient will always be informed.

    The comprehensive Conflict Management Model (CCMM) is the most applied framework for addressing situations that are characterized by disagreements in the workplace, Behfar ,Mannix ,Peterson,Trochim,(2011).According to this theory, if then nurse wish to solve the conflict permanently and comprehensively, need to ensure the proposed long-term realistic strategies are taken into account, the three basis of social conflict such as, its internal, relational, and structural roots NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU.

    Al-Hamdan, (2009).Nurse managers, diversity and conflict 
    management. Diversity
     & Equality in Health and Care, 6 (
    10.Retrieved
     from 
    https://diversityhealthcare.medpub.com/abstract/nurse-managers-diversity-and-conflict-management-2087.html.

    Behfar K.J.,Mannix E.A.,Peterson R.S.,Trochin.W.M.(2011). Conflict in small groups: The meaning and consequences of process 
    conflict. Small
     Group Research, 42 (2),127-176 
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496410389194
    .

    Patton, C.M.(2014).Conflict in healthcare: The internet Journal of Healthcare Administration, ((1). Retrieved from 
    https://ispub.com/IJHCA/9/1/2008
      NUR-514 Topic 2 DQ 2 GCU

  • Musculoskeletal Shoshanna Tillman Follow Up Sick Visit Shadow Health Treatment Plan

    Musculoskeletal Shoshanna Tillman Follow Up Sick Visit Shadow Health Treatment Plan

    Treatment Plan: 25 of 25 (100.00%)

    Problem Selection

    9 out of 9

    Primary Diagnosis

    Review your answers for the Problem Selection activities. You receive one point for each correct diagnosis, and one point for each correct evidence linked to a correct diagnosis. If there are multiple correct diagnoses, you will also receive a point for correctly selecting which diagnosis is the primary diagnosis.

    Learner Selection

    Model Documentation

     Diagnosis: 
    Joint pain

     Identified as primary

    Evidences:

     
    Bilateral pain

     
    Pain not associated with trauma

     
    Tenderness with palpation

    Learner Rationale:

    The patient complains of joint and body pain

    Score: 
    5 
    out of
     5

     Diagnosis: 
    Joint pain

    Primary: 
    Yes

    Evidences:

    Bilateral pain

    Pain not associated with trauma

    Tenderness with palpation

    Model Rationale:

    At this point in the diagnostic process, you can only provide Mrs. Tillman with preliminary diagnoses. In order to determine a definitive diagnosis, more diagnostic testing is required. In primary care, it is common to have multiple concerns in one visit. These two diagnoses may be related or are two unrelated situations, nonetheless, each diagnosis requires individual diagnostic investigation. Mrs. Tillman’s primary diagnosis is joint pain, while her secondary diagnosis is fatigue. The preliminary diagnosis of joint pain is supported by the evidence collected in the physical exam and reported by Mrs. Tillman: tenderness with palpation, pain not associated with trauma, and bilateral pain Musculoskeletal Shoshanna Tillman Follow Up Sick Visit Shadow Health Treatment Plan. The secondary diagnosis of fatigue is supported by the evidence reported by Mrs. Tillman: an unusual lack of energy, feeling tired, and having difficulty completing tasks due to feeling tired. When making a disease diagnosis, it is important to note that disease diagnosis documentation is permanent in the patient’s records and cannot be undone. Therefore, if you do not have the evidence and diagnostic testing to support a disease diagnosis it is best to collect more data before determining a definitive diagnosis, even if the patient’s signs and symptoms point to a likely disease.

    Additional Diagnosis

    PLACE YOUR ORDER HERE 

    Learner Selection

    Model Documentation

     Diagnosis: 
    Fatigue

    Evidences:

     
    Difficulty completing tasks due to feeling tired

     
    Feeling tired

     
    Unusual lack of energy

    Learner Rationale:

    Patient complains of fatigue, geneal stress, sadness and anxiety.

    Score: 
    4 
    out of
     4

     Diagnosis: 
    Fatigue

    Evidences:

    Difficulty completing tasks due to feeling tired

    Feeling tired

    Education & Empathy 
    : 4 of 4 (100.0%)

    During the patient interview, there are a number of opportunities to provide patient education and empathy. The opportunities listed below are those identified by nursing experts to be of particular importance to this patient. A 
    Model Statement
     is provided as an example of an appropriate response to each opportunity.

    Opportunities marked as 
    Not Encountered
     are opportunities that were not elicited in the interview

    Opportunities marked as 
    Not Followed Up
    are missed opportunities that were present in the interview, but where no statements were made Musculoskeletal Shoshanna Tillman Follow Up Sick Visit Shadow Health Treatment Plan

    Opportunities marked as 
    Followed Up
     were followed up by students, and include the dialogue between student and patient

     1 Caffeine

    Followed Up

     Description: 
    Mrs. Tillman has been drinking large quantities of coffee to make up for her low energy.

    Do you take caffeine?

    Question

    12:58 PM EDT

    I do. I’ll have somewhere between 2 to 3 cups of coffee in the morning, then another one or two in the afternoon.

    OK, but too much caffeine is not good for your health

    Educate

    12:58 PM EDT

    Ah, OK.

     Model Statement: 
    “I know that you have been feeling very tired and that the coffee helps give you energy bursts, but the caffeine may also be contributing to your ongoing fatigue. Decreasing your coffee intake a little bit can help curb those energy dips.”

     2 Exercise

    Followed Up

     Description: 
    Mrs. Tillman has been feeling very fatigued and reports not having a lot of time or energy to exercise, but movement like walking has helped her pain and stiffness.

    Do you exercise?

    Question

    12:58 PM EDT

    I probably could be exercising more. I just don’t have a lot of time or energy. I’ll walk the dog 3 or 4 times a week, which is something. But I used to do these yoga classes, and spin classes, but those don’t really make sense for me now.

    I understand your concern but you should always exercise

    Educate

    01:00 PM EDT

    Ah, I see.

     Model Statement: 
    “I know that finding the time and the energy to exercise is difficult given your exhaustion. However, taking regular, short movement breaks like walking and stretching may help alleviate your pain, improve joint stiffness, and even reduce your fatigue.”

     3 Symptoms Stress

    Followed Up

     Description: 
    Mrs. Tillman has still been having constant fatigue and joint pain in her hands and wrists; she is frustrated about her symptoms and anxious about her health.

    What are you sad about?

    Question

    07:09 PM EDT

    Well, I’m still feeling so fatigued and I’m just sad because I feel like it’s not getting any better . . . I just don’t want to feel like this anymore.

    Am sorry about that

    Empathize

    07:10 PM EDT

    Thanks.

     Model Statement: 
    “I’m sorry to hear that you have been distressed about your symptoms and are still experiencing so much fatigue and joint pain. I know it is frustrating and stressful not having a diagnosis yet, but we’ll work on improving your symptoms and getting you some answers.” Musculoskeletal Shoshanna Tillman Follow Up Sick Visit Shadow Health Treatment Plan

     4 Work Stress

    Followed Up

     Description: 
    Mrs. Tillman’s art gallery requires a lot of her time and energy to sustain, but with her symptoms she is worried about her business and her family’s financial security.

    Do you make enough money at your job?

    Question

    01:02 PM EDT

    Now, the gallery is turning a profit and we’re making sufficient income. It’s still a new business, so it’s taken a while to get it here, but that could change. Running a small business is hard and uncertain, especially in the art world.

    Any stress?

    Question

    01:04 PM EDT

    Yeah. I’m really stressed with everything on my plate right now.

    I’m sorry about that Musculoskeletal Shoshanna Tillman Follow Up Sick Visit Shadow Health Treatment Plan

    Empathize

    01:05 PM EDT

    Thank you, that’s nice.

     Model Statement: 
    “It must be challenging and time consuming to run a small business. I know that your symptoms are causing you distress and have made an impact on your ability to work. We will work on improving your symptoms so you can resume your responsibilities.” Musculoskeletal Shoshanna Tillman Follow Up Sick Visit Shadow Health Treatment Plan

  • Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Hello…..

    Greet

    05/24/23 12:15 PM EDT

    Hi.

    Why are you here today?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:34 PM EDT

    I’m here to follow up on my last visit, about my joint pain, and how tired I’ve been.

    Sorry about that

    Empathize

    05/24/23 12:34 PM EDT

    Thank you.

    How long have you had joint pain?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:35 PM EDT

    The joint pain started about 3 months ago, now.

    Where is the joint point located? Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Question

    05/24/23 12:36 PM EDT

    In my hands and wrists, mainly, but also I have this all-over sort of pain.

    Is your pain like? (Clarified to Can you describe your pain?.)

    Question

    05/24/23 12:38 PM EDT

    I feel sort of stiff and achy all over. And my hands and wrists are stiff — there’s this dull, throbbing sort of pain. (Clarified to what the pain is like.) Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    What worsens your pain?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:38 PM EDT

    Holding my coffee cup in the morning is tough on my hands and fingers, and my wrists. Also typing and holding my art tools hurts after a while.

    What relieves your pain?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:39 PM EDT

    Long, hot showers can help a little. Also, the diclofenac has been helping some.

    can you rate your pain on a scale of 1 to ten?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:40 PM EDT

    I still have pain, but since starting the diclofenac, maybe a 2 out of 10. Before it was a 3 or 4.

    How long have you had fatigue

    Question

    05/24/23 12:41 PM EDT

    Going on 3 months now.

    Is your fatigue constant?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:41 PM EDT

    Always, yeah.

    Does your fatigue worsen?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:42 PM EDT

    Yeah, the fatigue feels worse as the day goes on.

    What makes your fatigue worse?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:44 PM EDT

    Nothing, I don’t think . . . but I am pretty stressed regularly.

    I am sorry about that

    Empathize

    05/24/23 12:44 PM EDT

    I appreciate that.

    Are you able to do your daily activities?

    Question

    05/24/23 12:45 PM EDT

    I guess so, yeah. I can do everything I need to. I just take a little longer these days, ’cause I’m so tired. And I sometimes just feel drained after everything.

    What causes your fatigue? Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Question

    05/24/23 12:45 PM EDT

    I don’t know why I’m so tired. I haven’t noticed anything that makes me particularly tired. Maybe it’s hormones or something. Or stress, I’m very stressed these days.

    Any allergies?

    Question

    05/2

    Any weight loss?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:03 PM EDT

    Yes, actually.

    How much weight have you lost?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:03 PM EDT

    4 or 5 pounds.

    How has loss of appetite affected your diet? (Clarified to How does your smaller appetite affect your diet?.)

    Question

    05/24/23 7:07 PM EDT

    I haven’t felt like eating much lately. I still eat regular meals, just smaller portions. (Clarified to how my lower appetite affects my diet.)

    Any recent injury?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:07 PM EDT

    No, never been injured, really.

    What are you anxious about?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:08 PM EDT

    I just worry about these symptoms I’ve been having. If they’re going to get worse, and if I’m going to have even more to deal with than I do now.

    Am sorry about that

    Empathize

    05/24/23 7:09 PM EDT

    Thank you, that’s nice.

    What are you sad about?

    Question

    05/24/23 7:09 PM EDT

    Well, I’m still feeling so fatigued and I’m just sad because I feel like it’s not getting any better . . . I just don’t want to feel like this anymore.

    Am sorry about that

    Empathize

    05/24/23 7:10 PM EDT

    Thanks.

     Inspected both eyes: Normal. Her appearance has no visible abnormal findings, and the site for retractions has no visible abnormal findings

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:27 PM EDT

     Inspected both eyes: Normal. Her appearance has no visible abnormal findings, and the site for retractions has no visible abnormal findings

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:36 PM EDT

     Inspected mouth: Oral mucosa is moist and pink

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:36 PM EDT

     Inspected skin, hair, and nails: No abnormal findings.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:37 PM EDT

     Inspected hands and wrists: No visible abnormal findings present

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:37 PM EDT

     Inspected lower extremities: No visible abnormal findings present Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:38 PM EDT

     Palpated thyroid: No nodules, not enlarged, no irregularities, no tenderness reported

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:38 PM EDT

     Palpated upper extremities: No abnormal findings present in left or right forearm or left or right upper arms

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:39 PM EDT

     Palpated lower extremities: No abnormal findings present in left or right calves, left or right ankles, or left or right feet

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:40 PM EDT

    Put your arms out at chest level and keep your hands straight, palm down.

    Question

    06/01/23 5:42 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Palpated finger and wrist joints: PIP joints are tender on palpation bilaterally. DIP joints are nontender.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:42 PM EDT

    Hold your right hand out palm up.

    Question

    06/01/23 5:51 PM EDT

    Sure, yeah.

     Palpated right radial pulse: Palpated radial pulse was 2+

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:51 PM EDT

    Hold your left hand out palm up

    Question

    06/01/23 5:51 PM EDT

    Sure, yeah.

     Palpated left radial pulses: Palpated radial pulse was 2+

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:51 PM EDT

    With your write hand make a fist with your thump inside and then bend your wrist towards your little finger.

    Question

    06/01/23 5:53 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Finklestein’s test for right hand: No pain elicited over the styloid process of the radius on exam

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:53 PM EDT

    With your left hand make a fist with your thumb inside and then bend your wrist toward your little finger

    Question

    06/01/23 5:55 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Finklestein’s test for left hand: No pain elicited over the styloid process of the radius on exam

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:55 PM EDT

    Hold your right hand out palm up

    Question

    06/01/23 5:56 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Tinel’s Test on right hand: No paresthesia is elicited into the thumb (1st metacarpal), index finger (2nd metacarpal), or middle/lateral half of the ring finger (4th metacarpal) on exam palpation.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:56 PM EDT

    Hold your left hand out palm up

    Question

    06/01/23 5:58 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Tinel’s Test on left hand: No paresthesia is elicited into the thumb (1st metacarpal), index finger (2nd metacarpal), or middle/lateral half of the ring finger (4th metacarpal) on exam palpation.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 5:58 PM EDT

    Press the back of your hands together with your fingers pointing down

    Question

    06/01/23 6:02 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed Phalen’s Test: No pain or tingling sensation is elicited into the thumb (1st metacarpal), index finger (2nd metacarpal), or middle/lateral half of the ring finger (4th metacarpal) on exam flexion.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:02 PM EDT

    Touch the tip of your index finger to the tip of your thumb to make an OK sign with your right hand.

    Question

    06/01/23 6:03 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed OK Sign Test on right hand: Patient is able to make a complete circle with thumb (1st metacarpal and index finger (2nd metacarpal) on exam.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:04 PM EDT

    Touch the tip of your index finger to the tip of your thumb to make an OK sign with your left hand

    Question

    06/01/23 6:05 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed OK Sign Test on left hand: Patient is able to make a complete circle with thumb (1st metacarpal and index finger (2nd metacarpal) on exam.

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:05 PM EDT

    Hold your hands out then bend your wrist side to side and up and down.

    Question

    06/01/23 6:07 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Tested range of motion of wrists and fingers Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:07 PM EDT

    Grasp my fingers and squeeze.

    Question

    06/01/23 6:08 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed squeezing strength test: All fingers display active movement against full resistance

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:08 PM EDT

    Place your palms to mine and push towards me.

    Question

    06/01/23 6:09 PM EDT

    I can do that.

     Performed pushing strength test: Performed pushing strength test. All fingers display active movement against full resistance

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:09 PM EDT

     Tested sensation in both hands: Expected sensation in left and right hand

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:11 PM EDT

     Tested sensation in both hands: Expected sensation in left and right hand

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:11 PM EDT

     Tested sensation in both hands: Expected sensation in left and right hand

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:15 PM EDT

     Tested sensation of both feet: Expected sensation in left and right foot Shoshanna Tillman Shadow Health Transcript

    Exam Action

    06/01/23 6:15 PM EDT

  • Reliability Coefficient

    Reliability Coefficient

    Reliability refers to the amount of confidence you can have in a test score, which Chapter 2, “The Language of Assessment,” and Chapter 10, “Establishing Evidence of Reliability and Validity,” discuss at length The reliability coefficient for our sample in Table 11.1 is reported as alpha, and its value is 0.754.

    What reliability coefficient should you expect from the results of your classroom exams? The answer to this question varies, but it relates directly to the level of confidence you must have in the decisions made based on the test results. High-stakes decisions require measurement results with high reliability. In other words, the results of a test that decides whether or not a student graduates from a program of study would require a high level of reliability. For this reason, you should never base such a serious decision on just one classroom exam.

    GET ASSIGNMENT HELP HERE

    Miller, Linn, and Gronlund (2009) agree that the degree of reliability you must require for the results of a classroom test depends largely on the decision to be made based on the test results. Consider the importance of the decision and whether the decision can be reversed. If the reliability coefficient of a test’s results is low, make sure that you make tentative decisions; obtain additional data; and, most important, are willing to reverse your decision.

    Miller et al. (2009) report that the reliability coefficients of teacher-made tests usually vary between 0.60 and 0.85. Kehoe (1995) maintains that the results of tests of more than 50 items should have reliability coefficients of greater than 0.80, while Frisbie (1988) asserts that teacher-made test results should yield reliability coefficients that average about 0.50 and that 0.85 is the generally acceptable minimum reliability standard when decisions are being made about individuals based on a single test score. Frisbie also states that reliability coefficients of about 0.50 for the results of teacher-made tests can be tolerated when the scores are combined with other scores to assign a grade. In that case, you should be concerned with the reliability of the score that results from combining the scores.

    Our sample’s reliability coefficient of 0.754 looks respectable at first glance, according to these standards. This value should not be considered in isolation, however. The factors that affect the reliability coefficient of a test must be taken into account. These factors are discussed in detail in Chapter 10, “Establishing Evidence of Reliability and Validity,” and include the following:

    Quality of the test items

    Item difficulty

    Item discrimination

    Homogeneity of the test content

    Homogeneity of the test group

    Test length

    Number of examinees

    Speed

    Test design, administration, and scoring

    When reviewing the reliability coefficients of your classroom test results, consider all these factors. If you have a class that consists of a homogeneous group of high-achieving students, you might get a low reliability coefficient on a test of difficult, well-written, heterogeneous items that follow all the guidelines outlined in this text. It is also possible that a low reliability coefficient indicates that the items are either too difficult or too easy for the group of students. On the other hand, you could obtain a high reliability coefficient for a speeded test with a large number of items on narrowly defined content that is administered to a large heterogeneous group of students. Also remember that the testing conditions, quality of teaching, and number of questions and/or examinees are all factors that can affect the reliability of test scores. Low reliability coefficients are most often due to an excess of very easy or very hard items, poorly written items that do not discriminate, or test items that do not represent a unified body of content (Kehoe, 1995).

    You must consider all influencing factors when interpreting a reliability coefficient for the results of a test. A test that has a low reliability coefficient could be providing reliable results. Your judgment is a very important part of the equation. As Mark Twain said, “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.” Statistical findings are meaningless in themselves, and they can be distorted to fit erroneous interpretations. It is your informed interpretation of the data that adds the ingredient of fairness to your grade assignments. Refer to Chapter 10, “Establishing Evidence of Reliability and Validity,” for a detailed discussion related to reliability estimates of classroom exams. Reliability Coefficient.

  • Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health

    Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health

    Subjective Data Collection: 57 of 57 (100.0%)

    Hover To Reveal…

    Hover over the 
    Patient Data 
    items below to reveal important information, including 
    Pro Tips
     and 
    Example Questions
    .

    Found:

     Indicates an item that you found.

    Available:

     Indicates an item that is available to be found.

    Category

    Scored Items

    Experts selected these topics as essential components of a strong, thorough interview with this patient.

    Patient Data

    Not Scored

    A combination of open and closed questions will yield better patient data. The following details are facts of the patient’s case.

    Chief Complaint

    PLACE YOUR ORDER HERE 

    Finding:

    Asked about chief complaint

    Finding:

    Reports fatigue

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking your patient in open terms about the reason for their visit allows them to explain their concerns in their own words, providing a foundation for your interview.

    Example Question:

    What brings you in today?

    Finding:

    Reports joint pain

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking your patient in open terms about the reason for their visit allows them to explain their concerns in their own words, providing a foundation for your interview Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health.

    Example Question:

    What brings you in today?

    History of Present Illness

    Finding:

    Asked about onset of pain

    Finding:

    Reports having joint pain for 3 months

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a
    patient reveals a medical condition
    or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    When did your pain begin?

    Finding:

    Asked about location of pain

    Finding:

    Reports pain in hands and wrists

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Where do you feel the pain?

    Finding:

    Reports full body pain

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Where do you feel the pain?

    Finding:

    Asked about timing of pain

    Finding:

    Reports that the pain is worst in the morning when she wakes up

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    When in the day do you have pain?

    Finding:

    Reports that the pain is constant

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    When in the day do you have pain?

    Finding:

    Asked about characteristics of pain

    Finding:

    Reports pain in wrists and hands is dull, throbbing, and stiff

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    What is the pain like in your hands and wrists?

    Finding:

    Reports full body pain is stiff and achy

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    What is the full body pain like?

    Finding:

    Asked about aggravating factors of pain

    Finding:

    Reports that holding her coffee mug in the morning is difficult

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your pain worse?

    Finding:

    Reports pain is worse after long periods of typing or holding art tools

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your pain worse?

    Finding:

    Reports pain is worse after long periods of sitting

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your pain worse?

    Finding:

    Asked about relieving factors of pain

    Finding:

    Reports that hot showers make her feel better

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your pain feel better?

    Finding:

    Asked about severity of pain

    Finding:

    Reports pain is currently at 2

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    How would you rate your pain currently?

    Finding:

    Reports pain was 3-4 before diclofenac

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    How would you rate your pain before taking diclofenac?

    Finding:

    Asked about onset of fatigue

    Finding:

    Reports 3 months of fatigue

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    When did your fatigue begin?

    Finding:

    Asked about timing of fatigue

    Finding:

    Reports that the fatigue is constant

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Is the fatigue constant?

    Finding:

    Reports fatigue worsens as the day goes on

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does your fatigue worsen throughout the day?

    Finding:

    Asked about aggravating factors for fatigue

    Finding:

    Denies aggravating factors for fatigue

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything make your fatigue worse?

    Finding:

    Asked about relieving factors for fatigue

    Finding:

    Denies relieving factors for fatigue

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Does anything relieve your fatigue?

    Finding:

    Asked about impact on daily activities

    Finding:

    Reports daily activities are doable

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Can you complete your daily activities?

    Finding:

    Denies pain with daily activities

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the
    history of the present illness
    . This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Do your daily activities cause you pain?

    Finding:

    Reports daily activities take longer

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Do your daily activities take longer?

    Finding:

    Reports feeling drained after completing daily activities

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Do you feel more tired after completing daily activities?

    Finding:

    Asked about perceived cause of fatigue

    Finding:

    Reports feeling that it might be stress or hormones

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: If a patient reveals a medical condition or symptoms they have, it is important to ask a wide variety of follow-up questions about the history of the present illness. This can help providers better understand the nature of the disorder, especially through questions about timing, severity, and types of symptoms.

    Example Question:

    Is there anything you believe could be causing your fatigue?

    Past Medical History

    Finding:

    Asked about allergies

    Finding:

    Reports codeine allergy

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any allergies?

    Finding:

    Reports codeine reaction is rash and itching on body

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    What reaction do you have when you take codeine?

    Finding:

    Denies latex allergy

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any latex allergies?

    Finding:

    Denies food allergies

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any food allergies?

    Finding:

    Denies environmental allergies

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any environmental allergies?

    Finding:

    Asked about existing health conditions

    Finding:

    Denies existing health conditions

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have any existing health conditions?

    Finding:

    Asked about history of mental health

    Finding:

    Denies history of mental health conditions

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Do you have a history of mental health conditions?

    Finding:

    Asked about hospitalizations

    Finding:

    Reports childbirth 3 times

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Have you ever been hospitalized?

    Finding:

    Asked about surgeries

    Finding:

    Denies having had surgery

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: A patient’s past medical history includes their health conditions, what preventative and maintenance treatments they have received, and any previous medical interventions they have received. Asking about a patient’s medical history helps you contextualize their current health for proper assessment.

    Example Question:

    Have you ever had surgery?

    Home Medications

    Finding:

    Asked about home medications

    Finding:

    Reports previously taking ibuprofen

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Do you take any medications?

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac sodium

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their
    health conditions
    and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Do you take any medications?

    Finding:

    Reports having an IUD

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. Shoshanna Tillman Musculoskeletal Shadow Health This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Do you take any medications?

    Finding:

    Followed up on diclofenac sodium

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac sodium ER 50 mg

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What dose is your diclofenac sodium?

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac sodium twice daily

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    How often do you take diclofenac sodium?

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac sodium for joint pain

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What are you taking diclofenac sodium for?

    Finding:

    Reports diclofenac sodium has helped relieve the pain

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Has diclofenac sodium helped your pain?

    Finding:

    Followed up on ibuprofen

    Finding:

    Reports having used to take ibuprofen 2-3 times a day as needed

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    How often did you take ibuprofen?

    Finding:

    Reports having used to take 400 mg of ibuprofen

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What dose of ibuprofen did you take?

    Finding:

    Reports only taking ibuprofen before starting diclofenac

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    When were you taking ibuprofen?

    Finding:

    Reports having taken ibuprofen for joint pain

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What were you taking ibuprofen for?

    Finding:

    Reports the ibuprofen helped the pain some

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    Did the ibuprofen help your pain?

    Finding:

    Followed up on IUD

    Finding:

    Reports IUD is levonorgestrel

    (Found)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    What type of IUD do you have?

    Finding:

    Reports having current IUD for 2 years

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    How long have you had your IUD?

    Finding:

    Reports starting IUD after birth of youngest child

    (Available)

    Pro Tip: Asking about a patient’s home medications gives you information on the nature of their health conditions and how effectively they are being managed. This helps determine the need for you to adjust the patient’s treatments or medication regimen.

    Example Question:

    When did you first begin your IUD?

    Finding:

    Asked about medication regimen adherence

    Finding:

    Reports taking diclofenac as prescribed

  • Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

    Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

    The SEM enables us to estimate the amount by which a student’s obtained score might differ from the student’s true score. Chapter 10, “Establishing Evidence of Reliability and Validity,” discuss the implications of the SEM on test score interpretation.

    The SEM is very important because, if we assume that an obtained score on a test is necessarily the student’s true score, we will misinterpret the test results (Reynolds et al., 2008). The SEM for our sample in Table 11.1 is 3.8, which means that the true score for an observed raw score of 72 would range between 68.2 and 75.8. This range is referred to as the confidence band.

    Suppose that the passing score on a test was predetermined to be 75. Would you consider adding 4 points to all scores on the test if the SEM was a 4? While it is not advisable to add points, or scale grades, for each individual test, if you are inclined to scale the grades, it is a better practice to wait for the final grade. Suppose you scale up the grades three points for exam one and the scores on exam two are very high. Will you scale down the scores for exam two? You probably would cause a student revolt.

    GET ASSIGNMENT HELP HERE

    Scaling individual test scores can alter the predetermined weighting of the components of the course grade. The better practice is to wait until the end of the course; look carefully at the means, medians, reliability coefficients, and SEMs for all exams; consider the final score spread; and then add points (if you judge it necessary) to the final grade assignment (refer to the discussion on grading in Chapter 13, “Assigning Grades”).

    The important lesson to be learned from the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) is that classroom test scores are not absolute, and they do not represent students’ true scores. Measurement error is present in all scores, so you must look at the margin of error in a test and be flexible when translating raw scores into test scores and test scores into course grades. If the statistical analysis provided by your test development software does not provide the SEM, you can calculate it by using the formula in Exhibit 10.5.

    Score DistributionA test score distribution complements the analysis of test data by providing you with a description of how the class as a whole performed on the test. A distribution helps you visualize test results and makes the scores easier to interpret. Score distributions are typically reported in a frequency table or in a graphic format.Table 11.3 is a grouped frequency distribution associated with the sample data in Table 11.1. This frequency distribution groups the raw scores on the test into four-point intervals. In this distribution, you can see, for example, that six students scored from 84 to 87. This distribution provides a visual representation for interpreting the range of raw scores on a test. It enables you to visualize the significance of test analysis data such as the mean and the median and to identify how the scores on the test are clustered Standard Error of Measurement (SEM).

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  • nurs 6501 final exam

    Question 1
    1 pts

     

    When are childhood cancers most often diagnosed?

    Group of answer choices

    During infancy

    At peak times of physical growth

    After diagnosis of a chronic illness

    After an acute illness

    Question 2
    1 pts

    How is gonorrhea transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus?

    Group of answer choices

    Unbound in the blood via the placenta

    Attached to immunoglobulin G (IgG) via the placenta

    By direct inoculation with the fetal scalp electrodes exposed to maternal body fluids

    Predominately through infected cervical and secretions during the birth process

    Flag question: Question 3

    Question 3
    1 pts

    Compared with an adult, an infant has a greater content of extracellular fluid, as well as a greater rate of fluid exchange. What effect does this have on the fluid balance of a child compared with that of an adult?

    Group of answer choices

    Edema development is less of a problem.

    Overhydration is not difficult to manage.

    Daily fluid requirements are greater.

    The control of dehydration is more difficult.

    Question 4
    1 pts

    A child has osteosarcoma and the healthcare team is assessing for metastases. What diagnostic study would be the 
    priority
    ?

    Group of answer choices

    Pancreatic enzyme analysis

    Liver biopsy

    Chest x-ray or CT scan

    Brain MRI

    Question 5
    1 pts

    Gait disturbances and instability are characteristic of which form of cerebral palsy?

    Group of answer choices

    Spastic

    Dystonic

    Ataxic

    Biochemical

    Question 6
    1 pts

    The student asks the professor for a definition of orexigenic neurons. What description by the professor is 
    most
     accurate?

    Group of answer choices

    Promote appetite and stimulate eating

    Suppress appetite and inhibit eating

    Increase overall metabolism

    Promote satiety after eating

    Question 7
    1 pts

    Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of individuals with what?

    Group of answer choices

    Schizophrenia

    Major depression

    Mania

    Panic disorder

    Question 8
    1 pts

    A child has a disorder that resulted in the failure of bones to ossify, resulting in soft bones and skeletal deformity. What treatment plan does the healthcare professional discuss with the parents?

    Group of answer choices

    Extremely careful handling

    Increasing vitamin D intake

    Revascularization

    Containment and motion therapy

    Question 9
    1 pts

    Abnormalities in brain development related to schizophrenia are thought to develop when?

     

    Group of answer choices

    Prenatal

    Infancy

    Early Childhood

    Adolescent

    Question 10
    1 pts

    A patient with schizophrenia will have alterations in their dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.   The APRN would expect it to be described as:

    Group of answer choices

    stimulated

    absent

    hyperactive

    hypoactive

    Question 11
    1 pts

    A woman has been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome but is confused because her pelvic ultrasound (US) was read as normal and did not show cysts. What response by the health care professional is most appropriate?

    Group of answer choices

    We will schedule another US in 3 months to check again.

    The cysts may be too small to see right now.

    Maybe that diagnosis was incorrect; let’s schedule more testing.

    You do not need to have cysts on your ovaries to have this condition.

    Question 12
    1 pts

    A patient has been diagnosed with lithium toxicity. Which electrolyte imbalance does the healthcare professional correlate with this condition?

    Group of answer choices

    Hypernatremia

    Hyponatremia

    Hyperkalemia

    Hypokalemia

    Question 13
    1 pts

    A professor explains to a class that the reason lymph nodes enlarge and become tender during infection is because of what reason?

    Group of answer choices

    B lymphocytes proliferate.

    The nodes are inflamed.

    The nodes fill with purulent exudate.

    The nodes are not properly functioning.

    Question 14
    1 pts

    A patient is in the Emergency Department with heat stroke. What finding does the healthcare provider associate with this condition?

    Group of answer choices

    Core temperatures usually reaching approximately 39.5″1eC (103.1″1eF)

    Absence of sweating despite a high core temperature

    A rapidly decreasing core temperature as heat loss from the evaporation of sweat ceases

    Symptoms caused by the loss of sodium and prolonged sweating

    Question 15
    1 pts

    The neurobiology of depression is believed to be related to the atrophy of neurons in the:

    Group of answer choices

    hypothalmus

    hippocampus

    thalmus

    amygdala

    Question 16
    1 pts

    Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma?

    Group of answer choices

    IgM

    IgG

    IgE

    IgA

    Question 17
    1 pts

    The APRN is assessing a patient that has monotone speech and unchanged facial expressions even though he states he is happy and excited about his life.   This is an example of:

    Group of answer choices

    Delusion

    Hallucination

    Anhedonia

    Pressured speech

    Question 18
    1 pts

    The musculoskeletal system is responsible for:

    Group of answer choices

    Movement and support

    Movement and protection

    Movement, support, and heat

    Blood circulation, movement, support, heat, protection

    Question 19
    1 pts

    A patient has damage to the lower pons and medulla. What finding does the healthcare professional associate with this injury?

    Group of answer choices

    Flexion with or without extensor response of the lower extremities

    Extension response of the upper and lower extremities

    Extension response of the upper extremities and flexion response of the lower extremities

    Flaccid response in the upper and lower extremities

     

    Question 20
    1 pts

    A student asks the professor to explain the jaundice that accompanies hemolytic anemia. Which statement is by the professor is 
    most 
    accurate?

    Group of answer choices

    Erythrocytes are destroyed in the spleen.

    Heme destruction exceeds the liver’s ability to conjugate and excrete bilirubin.

    The patient has elevations in aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT).

    The erythrocytes are coated with an immunoglobulin.

    Question 21
    1 pts

    What congenital malformation is commonly linked to acute leukemia in children?

    Group of answer choices

    Down syndrome

    Wilms tumor

    Retinoblastoma

    Neuroblastoma

    Question 22
    1 pts

    The APRN is treating a patient with bipolar 1 disorder.  The major focus of treatment is on:

    Group of answer choices

    mania

    depression

    anxiety

    panic attacks

    Question 23
    1 pts

    A health care professional determines that the student needs more education when the student makes which statement about treating bone infection?

    Group of answer choices

    Bone contains multiple microscopic channels that are impermeable to the cells and biochemicals of the body’s natural defenses.

    Microcirculation of bone is highly vulnerable to damage and destruction by bacterial toxins, leading to ischemic necrosis of bone.

    Bone cells have a limited capacity to replace bone destroyed by infections.

    Bacteria are walled off by macrophages and T lymphocytes; consequently, the antibiotics cannot penetrate the infected area.

    Question 24
    1 pts

    A student is learning about pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). What information does the student clarify with a study partner as being correct?

    Group of answer choices

    An episode of mild PID can decrease the possibility of a successful pregnancy by 80%.

    Such an inflammation may result in permanent changes to the ciliated epithelium of the fallopian tubes.

    PID has not been associated with an increased risk of an ectopic pregnancy.

    Contracting this infection increases the risk of cervical cancer.

    Question 25
    1 pts

    A patient has hepatomegaly, bronze-colored skin, and cardiac dysrhythmias. What condition does the healthcare professional prepare to teach the patient about?

    Group of answer choices

    Aplastic anemia

    Pernicious anemia

    Hereditary hemochromatosis

    Immune thrombocytopenia purpura

    Question 26
    1 pts

    A healthcare professional wants to volunteer for a community education project to help prevent spinal cord injury. What activity would the professional most likely volunteer for?

    Group of answer choices

    Teaching school aged children bicycle safety

    Teaching stretching to high school athletes

    Teaching adults good body mechanics for lifting

    Teaching older adults how to prevent trip-and-fall events

     

    Question 27
    1 pts

    An infant has been diagnosed with intussusception and the student asks the healthcare professional to explain the condition. What explanation by the professional is 
    most
     accurate?

    Group of answer choices

    Poor colonic motility due to a problem in the parasympathetic nervous system

    The colon stays in the upper right quadrant instead of moving to its normal location.

    One part of the intestine telescopes into another section of the intestine.

    Fibrosis increases the resistance to blood flow within the portal system.

    Question 28
    1 pts

    The APRN is assessing a patient that states that Napoleon Bonaparte is the King of France even thought he has a book that says he is dead.   This is an example of:

    Group of answer choices

    Delusion

    Hallucination

    Anhedonia

    Pressured speech

     

    Question 29
    1 pts

    A healthcare professional has educated a student on folic acid. Which statement by the student indicates that more teaching is needed?

    Group of answer choices

    Folic acid absorption is dependent on the enzyme folacin.

    Folic acid is stored in the liver.

    Folic acid is essential for RNA and DNA synthesis within erythrocytes.

    Folic acid is absorbed in the upper small intestine.

    Question 30
    1 pts

    Mr. Smith, 58 years old, presents to the urology office with complaints of gross hematuria which have been present for five days. He also expresses difficulty with urination and episodes of dysuria. He is experiencing flank pain, which radiates into the abdomen and groin. Mr. Smith has had nausea and vomiting. He does not drink many fluids, but when he does his fluid intake usually caffeinated beverages. The NP knows that:

    Group of answer choices

    The lumen of the prostatic urethra narrows and lengthens, resulting in progressive urine flow obstruction. This process occurs when there is growth of the glandular-epithelial and stromal/muscle tissue of the prostate.

    Acute pain can result from renal colic, which occurs when the smooth muscle of the ureter contracts to move a kidney stone.

    Renal tubule dysfunction and atrophy can result from renal tissue fibrosis, which includes transforming growth factor and angiotensin II in the process

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