Tag: Clinical-Nursing

Gloria Jenkins iHuman

Patient Demographics

Patient’s Name: Gloria Jenkins

Age: 65-years-old

Gender: female

HPI (History of Present illness):

Gloria Jenkins is a 65-year-old female who presented to the clinic with the chief complaint of back pain that started two days ago while she was working. The pain is located on her lower back and is described as sharp in character, felt deep inside her back not on the skin, and is graded as 7/10 on pain scale. The pain is present at all times (continuous) and is unaffected by bending forward or sitting. The pain makes it hard for her to sleep and worsens when she is working, on moving, rolling over in bed, and walking and standing for a long time Gloria Jenkins iHuman. She is currently unable to lift anything. The pain has no known relieving factors, and the patient has not tried any treatments for the pain. The pain radiates to the right leg, causing pain in the leg. The pain has since onset not gotten any better and the patient reports that she has never had such pain before. She denies any recent trauma or fall or anything like it. There is no associated weakness or numbness, or tingling sensation on her legs. However, she reports difficulty moving due to the pain. She denies any history of spinal disease or popping sensation heard before the onset of the pain.

 

Problem Statement:

Ms. Jenkins, a 65 years old female who present with the acute onset of Left Back Pain on a pain (7/10) 2 days ago following the moving of heavy tables at work. The pain starts in her back and radiates down right leg impairing both gait and her sleep. Upon PE, it shows positive straight leg raise on both right with positive finding with contralateral leg raise, RLE sensory, motor and reflex deficits. She denies fever/chills/night sweat, bladder/bowel dysfunction and denies unintentional weight loss. She has PMH of osteoporosis, 40-pack years smoking history and steroid use history. Family history of cancer and heart disease.

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Gloria Jenkins iHuman Primary Diagnosis

Herniated intervertebral disk.

The diagnosis for Ms. Jenkins is Herniated intervertebral disk. A Pt experiences herniated intervertebral disk when a part of the muscle pushes through an annulus crack. The herniated disc causes compression of nerves orth spinal cord leading to neurological deficits (motor, sensory, or reflex deficits) (Dydyk, Massa, & Mesfin, 2021). The symptoms include pain in the foot, leg, arm, or back (Fujii et al., 2019). The Pt may also feel weakness or numbness in the leg or arm and irritate nearby the nerves. The diagnosis for the Pt is Herniated intervertebral disk because she has Herniated intervertebral disk symptoms such as RLE sensory, back pain radiating on right leg, and positive straight leg raise on both R. the risk factors for herniated intervertebral disk include weight, genetics, smoking and being lifting heavy material. The patient has a 40-year pack year smoking history and she is more likely to experience herniated intervertebral disk. The disease can be managed conservatively with NSAIDs and physical therapy as the first line treatment modalities (Dydyk, Massa, & Mesfin, 2021). Other management options include epidural steroid injection and surgery for pain that is refractory to other management options.

 

Differential Diagnoses

Osteoporotic compression fractures

Osteoporotic compression fractures take place at the vertebral body causing the spine to collapse and weaken. The symptoms include back pain, loss of height, problems in controlling bowels and bladder, hunched over appearance. One of the symptoms for osteoporotic compression fractures possessed by the patient includes back pain. Osteoporotic compression fractures can be ruled out because the patient has no lost height and is able to control bowels and bladder. Like disc-herniation, surgery is only considered for severe debilitating symptoms of this disease.  Its management is often physiotherapy and analgesic for pain relief.

Spinal neoplasm

This refers to any malignant tumor occurring within the spine. These are the primary tumors that could occur within the spinal cord, excluding tumors of the meninges, autonomic nervous system, and peripheral nerves. However, all these neoplasms could lead to back pain, variable. Radiculopathy, and spinal cord compression syndrome. Symptoms include back pain radiating to other parts of the body, less sensitive to pain, cold and hear, loss of bladder or bowel function and difficulty walking (Din et al., 2022). The patient is experiencing back pain that radiates to the leg which is an indication of spinal neoplasm. Spinal neoplasm can be ruled out because the patient denied bowel and bladder dysfunction.

Muscular strain

The last alternative diagnosis is muscular strain. Muscular strain is an injury to tendon or muscle that connects bones to muscles. The symptoms include pain or tenderness, bruising, swelling, and muscle weakness (Urits et al., 2019). The patient has back pain but did not report swelling, and bruising.

 

Pharmacological Therapies

Ibuprofen OTC 400mg PO q 4-6 h PRN for pain and inflammation. Do not exceed 2400mg/day. Take with food to avoid IG upset.

Analgesic – Morphine sulfate intramuscular 5 mg STAT; Shift to tramadol 25 mg

tablets once daily in the morning to be taken orally for a week. Dispense 7 tables.

Consider epidural steroid injections, however it only provides short-term use.

Risk factors: 

Complete Hysterectomy, thin bones, Hypertension, asthma-steroid use

Gender: Female

Age:65

Family History: Cancer (mother) and Heart issues (father).

 

 

 

Social Determinants of Health

Educate to quit smoking.

 Health Promotion:

Education on lifestyle modification to maintain a healthy weight and better.

control of her diabetes and hypertension.

Enrollment is appropriate hypertension or cardiovascular and smoking cessation.

programs.

Education on better lifting mechanisms and the need to reduce straining at work.

Encourage for adequate bed rest and rest in between shifts.

 

Patient education:

Explanations and advice given to patients and family members.

Informed the patient that the disease is often self-limiting in most patients, and that the symptoms will go away on their own within two to twelve weeks.

Educate on physical activity and diet modification to maintain a healthy weight.

Advised on the need to adhere to medication for better controlled BP and blood sugar levels.

Educated to stop smoking and advised to join smoking cessation programs.

Educate to minimize straining at work and apply good lifting body mechanics or techniques.

Advised to ensure adequate bed rest and to take adequate rests between shifts at work.

Follow-up/Disposition

Upon discharge, follow up with the patient in a week to reevaluate pain levels and

readjust or change medication as required to possible NSAIDs.

Referral to the physiotherapist after three weeks for physical therapy.

Follow -up for possible surgery if indicated.

References

Din, R. U., Cheng, X., & Yang, H. (2022). Diagnostic role of magnetic resonance imaging in          low Back pain caused by vertebral endplate degeneration.
Journal of Magnetic             Resonance Imaging
,
55
(3), 755-771.

Dydyk, A., Massa, R., & Mesfin, F. (2021). Disk Herniation. Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure

Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing.

Fujii, K., Yamazaki, M., Kang, J. D., Risbud, M. V., Cho, S. K., Qureshi, S. A., … & Iatridis,   J. C. (2019). Discogenic back pain: literature review of definition, diagnosis, and            treatment.
JBMR plus
,
3
(5), e10180.

Urits, I., Burshtein, A., Sharma, M., Testa, L., Gold, P. A., Orhurhu, V., … & Kaye, A. D.   (2019). Low back pain, a comprehensive review: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and       treatment.
Current pain and headache reports
,
23
, 1-10 Gloria Jenkins iHuman.

 

NRNP_6531_Week9_Assignment_Rubric

NRNP_6531_Week9_Assignment_Rubric

Criteria

Ratings

Pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
HPI

10
 
to >
6.0
 pts

Proficient

Clearly written HPI statement with comprehensive information gathering from case questions. Includes important personal /family medical and social history.

6
 
to >
3.0
 pts

Competent

Well written HPI statement but may be missing 1-2 key components from the history. Missing pertinent positives and negatives. Does not include all important personal /family medical and social history.

3
 
to >
0
 pts

Novice

Poorly written HPI statement. Incomplete ideas and sentences. Lacks basic history taking skills. Missing pertinent positives and negatives. Missing important personal /family medical and social history.

10
 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Management Plan

20
 
to >
14.0
 pts

Proficient

Clearly written plan covering all critical components for patient’s final diagnosis. Follows current quarter management plan template. 3 scholarly references included.

14
 
to >
6.0
 pts

Competent

Well written plan but may be missing 1-2 key issues critical to patient’s diagnosis. Follows some of the current quarter management plan template. 2 scholarly references included.

6
 
to >
0
 pts

Novice

Poorly written plan. May be missing 3 or more key issues that are critical to patient’s diagnosis. Does not follow current quarter management plan template. 0-1 scholarly references included.

20
 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Performance overview/total i-Human Score

70
 
to >
50.0
 pts

Proficient

Total i-Human performance score is missing 1-2 key elements in overall clinical work-up. History, physical exams, body system classification, differentials, rankings, tests, diagnosis and exercises.

50
 
to >
30.0
 pts

Competent

Total i-Human performance score is missing some key elements in overall clinical work-up. History, physical exams, body system classification, differentials, rankings, tests, diagnosis and exercises.

30
 
to >
0
 pts

Novice

Total i-Human performance score is missing many key elements in overall clinical work-up. History, physical exams, body system classification, differentials, rankings, tests, diagnosis and exercises.

70
 pts

Total Points: 
100

NURS-6512N Week 3: Case Study Assignment: Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Testing of a 92-Year-Old African American Male

Assignment: Diagnostic Reasoning 

Include the following:

Identify the patient’s chief complaint.

Identify what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be most appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. Be specific and explain your reasoning.

Explain how the results would be used to make a diagnosis.

Identify 
three to five (3–5)
 possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient. Explain your thinking.

 

Case Study Assignment: Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Testing of a 92-Year-Old African American Male

Hypertension is one of the most common non-communicable lifestyle diseases that usually affect persons as they grow older. One of the causes is the inevitable stiffening of the walls of blood vessels through calcification as one ages. Combined with atherosclerosis due to hyperlipidemia, this is because of the higher prevalence of hypertension in the older generation (Barrett et al., 2019; Jameson et al., 2022). The patient discussed in this case is an elderly African American male with a history of hypertension who is non-compliant with taking his medications. On admission to the Emergency Department (ED), his BP is found to be high at 210/ 100 mmHg. The patient was brought by his daughter to the ED, and he presented with slurred speech. According to the Mayo Clinic (2022), dysarthria is a primary symptomatic indication of hemorrhagic stroke that affects the right side of the brain. Dysarthria is a disturbance in spoken speech by the patient as the speech center is impaired by the blood that infiltrates the brain parenchyma after a hemorrhagic stroke occurs. The patient high blood pressure could likely have been caused by non-adherence to his prescription or the ineffectiveness of the current medications he is on.

Background

Dysarthria is caused when neurons that send signals to control the tongue, face, and throat muscles are affected. Therefore, the muscles in these places become poorly coordinated due to the deranged neuronal signaling and weak and slow response (Barrett et al., 2019; Chiaramonte & Vecchio, 2020). The patient’s speech, affected by dysarthria, becomes slurred, slow, and incomprehensible. The increased blood pressure increases artery pressure in the brain, causing them to burst, resulting in hemorrhagic strokes. The neurons in the speech center get compromised; hence, they cannot effectively send nerve impulses to the neuromuscular junction for adequate movement required for speech.

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Convenient Diagnostic Tests and Physical Examination for the 92-Year-Old Patient

The brain has membranes that coordinate and send messages regulating our functions.  The brain parenchyma is referred to as subarachnoid hemorrhage or SAH. However, another type of hemorrhagic stroke affects the actual brain parenchyma and, by extension, the speech center and is referred to as intracerebral hemorrhage or ICH (Barrett et al., 2019; Jameson et al., 2022). In this case, it is most likely that the type of hemorrhagic stroke he suffered from was the ICH type. Ball et al. (2023). A physical assessment, including a neuro assessment, is essential to focus on during patient systems assessment.

The neurologic examination will not stop at that but will also assess several neurological signs. A patient who has suffered a hemorrhagic stroke such as this one will usually also display signs that indicate meningeal irritation in the absence of inflammation. These signs indicate meningeal irritation, called meningism (Ball et al., 2023; McCance & Huether, 2019). In this case, a positive Kernig sign and a positive Brudzinski sign indicate the presence of meningismus or nuchal rigidity. A positive Brudzinski sign is elicited when hip flexion is not voluntary as the patient’s neck flexes. On the other hand, pain when the knee is extended as the thigh is bent at an angle of 90 degrees indicates a positive Kernig sign. Other appropriate tests for this patient include an electroencephalogram or EEG, an electrocardiogram or EKG, a chest X-ray, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain, and a magnetic resonance image (MRI) Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Testing of a 92-Year-Old African American Male.

Regarding imaging studies and evidence-based practice (EBP), a CT scan and an MRI should be the first imaging done. In this case, a CT scan gives the neurologist a much broader picture of any brain damage that this patient may have suffered. CT cans are more conclusive in detecting any bleeding in the brain.  In this case, An MRI will also be helpful. Apart from the primary hemorrhage, there will also be subsequent hemorrhages in the form of abnormalities such as cerebral vein thrombosis and cavernomas, amongst others. An MRI will help detect any persistent bleeding, as well as surgeries and treatment plans.

Other Laboratory Blood Tests

Apart from suffering from hypertension, the patient could also be suffering from a variety of coagulation abnormalities and hemorrhagic conditions. Specific blood tests must also be done to measure these and rule them out in the patient. These include prothrombin time or PT (which can be translated to the international normalized ratio or INR), platelet count, and the activated partial thromboplastin time or aPTT amongst others (Jameson et al., 2022; McCance & Huether, 2019). The presence of thyroid antibodies, immunoglobulins, antinuclear antibodies, and the rheumatoid factor must also be quantitatively assessed. This is to rule out other conditions, such as vasculitis. Lastly, liver function tests and a renal profile may have to be performed as well to rule out kidney and liver failure Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Testing of a 92-Year-Old African American Male.

Employment of the Tests to Make a Diagnosis

The above tests and investigations would show that this patient has a diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke. The impaired speech and the elevated blood pressure on assessment also support this diagnosis. Positive aPTT, PT, and INR tests would also point to a disorder of clotting that may have supported the hypertension in causing the stroke. The outcomes of these various tests and evaluations will be interpreted in light of the subjective information already in the clinician’s hands.

The Most Probable Differential Diagnoses for the Patient

According to the Mayo Clinic (2022) and Jameson et al. (2022), the other conditions that may also cause dysarthria and get mistaken for hemorrhagic stroke (differential diagnoses) include:

Transient ischemic attack (TIA).

Hypertensive encephalopathy.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS.

The thinking behind this is that these conditions would cause similar dysarthria. Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Testing of a 92-Year-Old African American Male

References

Ball, J., Dains, J.E., Flynn, J.A., Solomon, B.S., & Stewart, R.W. (2023).
Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach, 10
th
ed
. Elsevier.

Barrett, K.E., Barman, S.M., Brooks, H.L., & Yuan, J. (Eds) (2019).
Ganong’s review of medical physiology, 26
th
ed.
McGraw-Hill Education.

Chiaramonte, R., & Vecchio, M. (2020). A systematic review of measures of dysarthria severity in stroke patients.
PM&R, 13
(3), 314-324.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12469

Jameson, J.L., Fauci, A.S., Kasper, D.L., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L., & Loscalzo, J. (Eds) (2022).
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 21
st
ed
. McGraw-Hill Education.

Mayo Clinic (2022, May 17).
Dysarthria
.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysarthria/symptoms-causes/syc-20371994

McCance, K.L. & Huether, S.E. (2019).
Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children, 8
th
ed
. Mosby/Elsevier. Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Testing of a 92-Year-Old African American Male

NURS-6512 Week 2: Assignment 1: Building a Health History With Cultural and Diversity Awareness

BUILDING A HEALTH HISTORY: COMMUNICATING EFFECTIVELY TO GATHER APPROPRIATE HEALTH-RELATED INFORMATION

Effective communication is vital to constructing an accurate and detailed patient history. A patient’s health or illness is influenced by many factors, including age, gender, ethnicity, and environmental setting.

There may also be significant cultural factors. In May 2012, Alice Randall wrote an article for 
The New York Times
 on the cultural factors that encouraged Black women to maintain a weight above what is considered healthy. Randall explained from her observations and her personal experience, as a Black woman, that many African American communities and cultures consider women who are overweight to be more beautiful and desirable than women at a healthier weight. As she put it, “Many black women are fat because we want to be” (Randall, 2012).

Randall’s statements sparked a great deal of controversy and debate at the time; however, they emphasize an underlying reality in the healthcare field: Different populations, cultures, and groups have diverse beliefs and practices that impact their health. APRNs and other healthcare professionals should be aware of this reality and adapt their health assessment techniques and recommendations to accommodate diversity.

As an advanced practice nurse, you must build a patient health history that takes into account all of the factors that make a patient unique and tailor your communication techniques accordingly. Doing so will not only help you establish rapport with each patient, but it will also enable you to more effectively gather the information needed to assess a patient’s health risks.

For this first Assignment, you will take on the role of an APRN who is building a health history for a particular patient assigned by your Instructor. You will consider how social determinants of health and specific cultural considerations will influence your interview and communication techniques as you work in partnership with the patient to gather data for an accurate health history.

Note:
 You are expected to draw on the resources for 
both 
Week 1 and Week 2 when completing your Assignment.

RESOURCES

 

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.

Click the weekly resource links to access the resources.

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To prepare:

Reflect on your experience as an advanced practice nurse and on the information provided in the Week 1 Learning Resources on building a health history and the Week 2 Learning Resources on diversity issues in health assessments.

By Day 1 of this week, your Instructor will assign a case study for this Assignment. 
Note:
 Please see the 
Course Announcements
 section of the classroom for your Case Study Assignment.

Reflect on the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors related to the health of your assigned patient.

Consider how you would build a health history for the patient. What questions would you ask? How might you target your questions based on the patient’s social determinants of health? How would you frame the questions to be sensitive to the patient’s background, lifestyle, and culture?

Identify any potential health-related risks, based on the patient’s age, gender, ethnicity, or environmental setting, which should be taken into consideration.

What risk assessment instruments would be appropriate to use with this patient?

What questions would you ask to assess the patient’s health risks?

Select 
one (1)
 risk assessment instrument discussed in the Learning Resources, or another tool with which you are familiar, related to your selected patient.

Develop 
five (5)
 targeted questions you would ask the patient to build their health history and to assess their health risks.

Think about the challenges associated with
communicating with patients
from a variety of specific populations. What communication techniques would be most appropriate to use with this patient? What strategies can you as an APRN employ to be sensitive to different cultural factors while gathering the pertinent information?

Assignment: Building a Health History With Cultural and Diversity Awareness  

Include the following:

Explain the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the patient you were assigned. Be specific.

Explain the issues that you would need to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient, and why.

Describe the communication techniques you would use with this patient. Include strategies to demonstrate sensitivity with this patient. Be specific and explain why you would use these techniques.

Summarize the health history interview you would conduct with this patient. Provide at least 
five (5)
 targeted questions you would ask the patient to build their health history and to assess their health risks. Explain your reasoning for each question and how you frame each for this specific patient.

Identify the risk assessment instrument you selected, and then justify why it would be applicable to your assigned patient. Be specific.

BY DAY 7 OF WEEK 2

Submit
 your Assignment.

SUBMISSION INFORMATION

Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the 
Turnitin Drafts
 from the 
Start Here
 area.

To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as 
WK2Assgn1_LastName_FirstInitial

NURS-6512 Week 2: Assignment 1: Building a Health History With Cultural and Diversity Awareness

Then, click on 
Start Assignment
 near the top of the page.

Next, click on 
Upload File
 and select 
Submit Assignment
 for review.

 

Rubric

NURS_6512_Week 2_Assignment 1_Rubric

NURS_6512_Week 2_Assignment 1_Rubric

Criteria

Ratings

Pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Explain the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the patient you were assigned. Be specific.

15
 
to >
12.0
 pts

Excellent

The response clearly, accurately, and in detail explains the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the assigned patient.

12
 
to >
9.0
 pts

Good

The response accurately explains the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the assigned patient.

9
 
to >
6.0
 pts

Fair

The response vaguely and with some inaccuracy explains the socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the assigned patient.

6
 
to >
0
 pts

Poor

The response is inaccurate and/or missing explanations of the socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the assigned patient.

15
 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Explain the issues that you would need to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient, and why.

15
 
to >
12.0
 pts

Excellent

The response clearly, accurately, and in detail explains the issues to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient; explanations why are clear, accurate, and detailed.

12
 
to >
9.0
 pts

Good

The response accurately explains the issues to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient; explanations why are accurate.

9
 
to >
6.0
 pts

Fair

The response vaguely and with some inaccuracy explains the issues to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient; explanations why are vague and/or inaccurate.

6
 
to >
0
 pts

Poor

The response is inaccurate and/or missing explanations of the issues to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient; explanations why are inaccurate or missing.

15
 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Describe the communication techniques you would use with this patient. Include strategies to demonstrate sensitivity with this patient. Be specific and explain why you would use these techniques.

NURS-6512 Week 2: Assignment 1: Building a Health History With Cultural and Diversity Awareness

15
 
to >
12.0
 pts

Excellent

The response clearly and accurately identifies and describes in detail communication techniques to use with the patient, including specific strategies to demonstrate sensitivity with this patient, and a detailed explanation of why to use these techniques.

12
 
to >
9.0
 pts

Good

The response accurately identifies and describes communication techniques to use with the patient, including specific strategies to demonstrate sensitivity with this patient, and an explanation of why to use these techniques.

9
 
to >
6.0
 pts

Fair

The response vaguely and with some inaccuracy identifies and describes communication techniques to use with the patient, including strategies to demonstrate sensitivity with this patient, and a vague explanation of why to use these techniques.

6
 
to >
0
 pts

Poor

The response identifies inaccurately and/or is missing descriptions of communication techniques to use with the patient, including inaccurate or missing strategies to demonstrate sensitivity with this patient, and an inadequate or missing explanation of why to use these techniques.

15
 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Summarize the health history interview you would conduct with this patient. Provide at least five (5) targeted questions you would ask the patient to build their health history and to assess their health risks. Explain your reasoning for each question and how you frame each for this specific patient.

25
 
to >
22.0
 pts

Excellent

The response clearly, accurately, and in detail summarizes the health history interview to conduct with this patient, including at least five targeted questions to ask to build the health history and assess health risks, with detailed explanations for the wording of each question and why it is asked.

22
 
to >
19.0
 pts

Good

The response accurately summarizes the health history interview to conduct with this patient, including five targeted questions to ask to build the health history and assess health risks, with explanations for the wording of each question and why it is asked.

19
 
to >
16.0
 pts

Fair

The response vaguely summarizes the health history interview to conduct with this patient, including five questions to ask that are vague or lacking specificity to build the health history and assess health risks, with vague explanations for the wording of each question and why it is asked.

16
 
to >
0
 pts

Poor

The response inadequately summarizes the health history interview to conduct with this patient, including fewer than five questions that are inadequate for building the health history and assessing health risks, with inadequate or missing explanations for the wording of each question and why it is asked.

25
 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Identify the risk assessment instrument you selected, and then justify why it would be applicable to your assigned patient. Be specific.

15
 
to >
12.0
 pts

Excellent

The response clearly and accurately identifies the selected risk assessment instrument, and provides detailed and specific justification for why it is applicable to the assigned patient.

12
 
to >
9.0
 pts

Good

The response accurately identifies the selected risk assessment instrument, and provides specific justification for why it is applicable to the assigned patient.

9
 
to >
6.0
 pts

Fair

The response vaguely identifies the selected risk assessment instrument, and provides vague justification for why it is applicable to the assigned patient.

6
 
to >
0
 pts

Poor

The response inadequately identifies the selected risk assessment instrument, and provides inadequate or missing justification for why it is applicable to the assigned patient.

15
 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Written Expression and Formatting: Paragraph Development and Organization — Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused and neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.

5
 
to >
4.0
 pts

Excellent

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

4
 
to >
3.0
 pts

Good

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.

3
 
to >
2.0
 pts

Fair

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.

2
 
to >
0
 pts

Poor

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. 5  pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Written Expression and Formatting: English Writing Standards — Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5   to >
4.0
 pts

Excellent

Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

4
 
to >
3.0
 pts

Good

Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3
 
to >
2.0
 pts

Fair

Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

2
 
to >
0
 pts

Poor

Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with understanding.

5
 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
Written Expression and Formatting: APA The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.

5
 
to >
4.0
 pts

Excellent

Uses correct APA format with no errors.

4
 
to >
3.0
 pts

Good

Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

3
 
to >
2.0
 pts

Fair

Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

2
 
to >
0
 pts

Poor

Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with understanding.

5
 pts

Total Points: 
100 NURS-6512 Week 2: Assignment 1: Building a Health History With Cultural and Diversity Awareness

Functional Assessments and Cultural and Diversity Awareness in Health Assessment

Socioeconomic, Spiritual, Lifestyle, and other Cultural Factors

The patient is an African-American man who is homeless, has experienced alcohol withdrawal seizures, has run out of medication, lives in a shelter, and needs to smoke to calm down and function. A socioeconomic issue affecting this patient is homelessness, which affects his consistent healthcare and a stable environment in which he can thrive. According to Bedmar et al. (2022), homelessness is a complex issue that affects beyond the lack of a place to live. It leads to poor health conditions and premature death because of the limited access to healthcare and resources for those affected. Homeless individuals are also at risk of developing communicable diseases and foot infections, which tend to have a low adherence to pharmacological treatments (Bedmar et al., 2022). There is also an increased risk of cardiovascular and neurological diseases, including diabetes, which are the most prevalent. Hepatitis and HIV positivity (Bedmar et al., 2022). Given this patient’s homelessness condition, it is evident that the patient in this scenario is already suffering from some of the consequences, such as low drug adherence, as he runs out of his medication. This patient lacks understanding of his medication and needs to follow up with his cardiologist to refill his prescription Functional Assessments and Cultural and Diversity Awareness in Health Assessment.

A spiritual issue affecting this patient could be a lack of support from a religious group such as a church, a mosque, or any other affiliation, leading him to turn to smoking as therapy to calm down. The patient is struggling with functioning and stress. Spiritual support could offer him a reprieve and reduce the need to use substances for stress management and as a coping mechanism.

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Lifestyle factors affecting this patient include substance use, medication adherence, and, likely, diet and exercise, given his hypertension. From the case information, the patient has a history of alcohol dependence that led to seizures from withdrawal. Additionally, drug adherence is difficult because of unstable living conditions. Lastly, limited access to healthy food, stress, and safe spaces for physical activity are likely to have limited the patient from observing a healthy diet and exercise, leading to his hypertension.

Culturally, African Americans tend to experience healthcare inequality and disparities, leading to reduced trust in the healthcare system. Worse, the patient is a homeless African American male, which exposes him to a higher risk of discrimination in the healthcare system, according to a study by Willison et al. (2023) that found that African Americans are four times more likely to be homeless and discriminated against in the healthcare system compared to their white counterparts.

Sensitive Issues

An issue that a healthcare provider should be sensitive to when handling this patient is judgment and stigma. The healthcare worker must avoid using judgmental language or words considered racial slurs or inappropriate. It is also important to empathize with the patient’s homelessness, addiction, and smoking habits. The goal is to ensure that the patient develops trust in the healthcare worker. Additionally, African Americans tend to experience discrimination in healthcare settings because of their race, according to Willison et al. (2023); therefore, it is necessary to ensure that this experience is not replicated in this patient’s case.

Another sensitive issue to consider when interacting with this patient is their privacy and dignity. The healthcare worker should ensure their discussions are private and confidential, remain respectful, and observe the patient’s dignity despite their socioeconomic status. Maintaining privacy and confidentiality is an ethical principle in healthcare that should be upheld regardless of a patient’s background, age, and condition.

Communication Techniques

A communication technique ideal when interacting with this patient is active listening, which entails paying close attention, being present, and asking questions for clarification (Kwame & Petrucka, 2021). Active listening is essential in this case because it encourages the patient to continue sharing important information that could be useful in their management, helps develop nurse-patient trust, and promotes patient-cantered care (Kwame & Petrucka, 2021). It is also essential to be empathetic during the interaction with the patient so that they can feel heard and develop trust towards the healthcare worker. Another ideal communication technique in this interaction is asking the patients open-ended questions, encouraging them to openly share their experiences without being judged. Using open-ended questions is essential in this case because it would encourage patient-centered care based on the information provided by the patient.

Health History Interview

What is your recent experience with alcohol withdrawal and other health issues you have been dealing with?

Asking this question would help the healthcare worker understand the severity and context of the alcohol withdrawal and seizures, as well as other health concerns.

How do you manage your blood pressure without medication? Do you have any other symptoms? Functional Assessments and Cultural and Diversity Awareness in Health Assessment

This question is essential in assessing the impact of operating without hypertensive medication to identify immediate health risks.

How do you feel about your current living situation, and do you have any support?

This question aims to gauge the patient’s emotional support system, crucial for his recovery and care.

How does your typical day look like? What substances are you using?

Asking this question helps to develop a comprehensive view of the patient’s lifestyle choices and how they affect their health. This information would be crucial in tailoring interventions for him.

Do you experience any barriers when accessing healthcare or medication?

This question establishes the specific obstacles preventing this patient from accessing consistent healthcare. The healthcare worker could have helpful information on how to circumvent these obstacles for the patient.

Risk Assessment Instrument

An appropriate risk assessment instrument to use on this patient is the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). This instrument is a 10-item tool developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) (Brummer et al., 2023). It covers aspects such as drinking behaviors, frequency, and alcohol-related problems. The responses ranged from 0 to 4 in scoring, which made the highest possible score of 40. It is a valuable tool in identifying harmful drinking patterns and can help identify drinking as the cause of the illness presented to a patient (Brummer et al., 2023). It also provides a robust framework for risky drinkers to reduce their alcohol consumption and its impact.

           
AUDIT would be ideal to use on this patient because the patient has a history of alcohol withdrawal seizures, which imply heavy alcohol use. It is, therefore, critical to assess his relapse risk and continued alcohol use using this risk assessment tool. Another reason for using AUDIT is that it is comprehensive in that it covers essential aspects of alcohol use, such as frequency, dependency, and effects. This information helps develop effective interventions for the patient.

References

Bedmar, M. A., Bennasar-Veny, M., Artigas-Lelong, B., Salvà-Mut, F., Pou, J., Capitán-Moyano, L., García-Toro, M., & Yáñez, A. M. (2022). Health and access to healthcare in homeless people: Protocol for a mixed-methods study.
Medicine
,
101
(7), e28816.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000028816

Brummer, J., Bloomfield, K., Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Pedersen, M. M., & Hesse, M. (2023). Using the alcohol use disorders identification test to predict hospital admission for alcohol-related conditions in the Danish general population: a record-linkage study.
Addiction (Abingdon, England)
,
118
(1), 86–94.
https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16034

Kwame, A., & Petrucka, P. M. (2021c). A literature-based study of patient-centered care and communication in nurse-patient interactions: barriers, facilitators, and the way forward.
BMC Nursing
,
20
(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00684-2

Willison, C., Unwala, N., Singer, P. M., Creedon, T. B., Mullin, B., & Cook, B. L. (2024). Persistent Disparities: Trends in Rates of Sheltered Homelessness Across Demographic Subgroups in the USA.
Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities
,
11
(1), 326–338.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-023-01521-9 
 Functional Assessments and Cultural and Diversity Awareness in Health Assessment

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

In many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken.  An infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Boland, Verduin, & Ruiz, 2022).

Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences. How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?

RESOURCES

 

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.

Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

TO PREPARE:

Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.

Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.

BY DAY 3 OF WEEK 1

Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.

Upload a copy of your discussion writing to the draft Turnitin for plagiarism check.  Your faculty holds the academic freedom to not accept your work and grade at a zero if your work is not uploaded as a draft submission to Turnitin as instructed.

Read
 a selection of your colleagues’ responses

BY DAY 6 OF WEEK 1

Respond
 to at least 
two
 of your colleagues on 
2 different days
 by explaining the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.

Note: 
For
this Discussion,
you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on 
Submit!

 

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Main Post

The development of psychopathology is influenced by biological, psychological, social, cultural, and interpersonal factors. Genetics is a crucial biological factor that influences the development of psychopathology. Genetics is how traits are passed down from one generation to the next. Based on genetic research, psychiatric illnesses have been found to run in families (Boland et al., 2022).  From birth, biology produce learned behavior, such as infants born with a sucking reflex.

Psychological factors that influence the development of psychopathy include early childhood adversity, childhood trauma, and bullying (Paetzold et al., 2023). Childhood adversity is linked to mental health issues for children and adults later in life. The social factors that influence the development of psychopathology are family dynamics, social support, and socioeconomic status. The support from leaders at school is a factor in the influence of psychopathology. Psychological factors can also have a positive impact on the development of psychopathy.  Teacher guidance at school significantly affects positive growth and career development (Xiong et al., 2023).

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Cultural factors play a significant role in influencing the development of psychopathology. Cultural beliefs and practices regarding mental health, illness, and treatment can shape an individual’s understanding of their mental well-being. Cultural norms and values regarding social expectations can impact how psychopathology is perceived and experienced within different cultural contexts. Parenting styles affect children’s developmental outcomes differently based on diverse cultural norms (Sahithy et al., 2019).

 

Reference

Boland, R. & Verduin, M. L. & Ruiz, P. (2022). 
Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry
 (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer

Paetzold, I., Gugel, J., Schick, A., Kirtley, O. J., Achterhof, R., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Lecei, A., Myin-Germeys, I., & Reininghaus, U. (2023). The role of threat anticipation in the development of psychopathology in adolescence: findings from the SIGMA Study. 
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
, 
32
(11), 2119–2127. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02048-w
Links to an external site.

Sahithya, B. R., Manohari, S. M., & Vijaya, R. (2019). Parenting styles and its impact on children – a cross-cultural review focusing on India. 
Mental Health, Religion & Culture
, 
22
(4), 357–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1594178

Xiong, Q., Fang, X., Wu, Y., Chen, H., Hu, W., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Guidance and counseling relations to high school students’ positive development and psychopathology: A non-recursive modeling study. 
Current Psychology
, 
42
(6), 4609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01722-7
Links to an external site.

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Initial Post

Biological, Psychological, Social, Cultural and Interpersonal Factors Influencing the Development Psychopathology

Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental illness and all the factors that are potentially responsible for them, paving the way to understanding their treatment. While there is no known cause of mental illness, various hypotheses have been suggested to explain the cause and their influence (Caspi et al., 2021). Biological factors play a vital role in the development of mental illnesses and revolve around neurotransmitters, disorders of neurodevelopment, and genetics. Disturbance of neurotransmitter levels has been thought to cause mental illness. For example, increased pain is responsible for schizophrenia, while a decrease in serotonin and noradrenaline is possible for depression (Troisi & Dieguez, 2022). Secondly, disorders in neurodevelopment are thought to play a vital role in presupposing the development of mental illnesses like autism and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (Caspi et al., 2021).

For example, in autism, there are notable differences in the amygdala, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and temporoparietal cortex (Caspi et al., 2021). Lastly, genetics are equally thought to predispose to mental illness; a family history of some diseases increases the risk of having them. Troisi and Dieguez (2022) stated that autism has a hereditary component of 42-80%, making the majority of the cases possibly heritable. Some psychological factors equally influence the development of mental illness, including emotional attachments, beliefs, past experiences, life events, and coping responses. For example, experiencing a traumatic life event increases a person’s likelihood of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (Gureje et al., 2020).

Similarly, emotional attachments in children to their parents predispose them to the development of separation anxiety disorder, which can be traumatic to them. Further, psychological stress due to finances and grief can equally predispose an individual to develop depression, according to (Collizi et al., 2020).

On the other hand, sociocultural factors also affect mental illness, including cultural practices, level of education, drug use behaviors, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. In cultural settings, for example, the beliefs influence the beliefs on causes of mental illness and how to treat them. According to Gureje et al. (2020), some people believe that mental illnesses

are due to evil spirits and thus require divine power and not medical intervention. Similarly, culture also affects what people would otherwise what they would consider a mental illness in general (Collizzi et al., 2019). On social factors many factors also dictate mental illnesses. For example, mental illnesses like depression and psychosis are summoned in those using illicit drugs. Similarly, mental illnesses are common in people identifying with some sexual orientation, like the LGTBQ+ (Moagi et al., 2021). Further, people of low socioeconomic status equally have a higher prevalence of diseases like depression, unlike those of high socioeconomic class.

Lastly, interpersonal factors play a vital role in the development of mental illness. Unlike those isolated, people with a support system have handled emotional demands well. For that reason, people without support systems, like those isolated elders, have high incidences of mental illnesses like depression (Collizi et al., 2019).

References

‌Caspi, A., Houts, R., Fisher, H., Danese, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2023). The General Factor of Psychopathology (p): Choosing Among Competing Models and Interpreting p. Clinical Psychological Science, 216770262211478-216770262211478.https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026221147872

Colizzi, M., Lasalvia, A., & Ruggeri, M. (2020). Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: Is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for

care? International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00356-9

Gureje, O., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Hall, B. J., & Reed, G. M. (2020). Cultural considerations in the classification of mental disorders: why and how in ICD-11. BMC Medicine, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-1493-4

‌Moagi, M. M., Der Wath, A. E. van, Jiyane, P. M., & Rikhotso, R. S. (2021). Mental health challenges of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people: An integrated literature review. Health SA Gesondheid, 26(1487). https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v26i0.1487

‌Troisi, A., & Dieguez, G. (2022). Etiology of Psychiatric Disorders: Lay Beliefs and the Role of Gender, Field of Study and Personality Traits. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 19(3), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220303

 

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

                                                               Factors that Influence the Development of Psychopathology

The development of psychopathology, therefore, is a complex process that involves biological, psychological, and social factors. From a biological perspective, genetic and neuroscientific factors can be identified as contributing to this behavior. Some factors have also been identified, including genetic predisposition, which may be inherited from family members. For instance, it has been realized that problems such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have genetic roots and specific genes have been identified to be involved in the development of these ailments. Consequently, neuroscientific research has also highlighted the brain and its structures and functions in relation to the development of psychopathology.

Psychological factors include an individual’s thinking patterns, behavior, emotions, and the upbringing they have received. Behavioral styles conditioned or acquired from observing other people can influence the expression of psychopathology (Grasser & Jovanovic, 2021). For instance, negative thought processes that are developed in childhood may lead to the development of anxiety disorders in later life due to the use of ineffective problem-solving strategies. Likewise, positive constructs, including cognitive distortions or maladaptive schemas, can also sustain symptoms of depression or anxiety. Hence, emotional experiences, including attachment early in life, as well as traumatic experiences, inform psychological functioning and susceptibility to mental disorders.

Social, cultural, and interpersonal factors are very influential in developing the psychopathology context. According to Fonagy et al. (2022), some of the social determinants include income, education, health care and social services, and social norms, which may influence the occurrence and progression of mental health disorders. Cultural beliefs and attitudes determine the perception of mental illness, which affects the seeking for assistance as well as recovery processes. Interpersonal relationships with family, friends, and other support systems also have a role in the onset of psychopathology.

The conceptual foundation for the practice of NPs should incorporate a biopsychosocial model of mental disorders. Hence, it is ideal for practitioners to incorporate biological, psychological, and social aspects in their assessment and treatment plans to gain a comprehensive understanding of the client (Furness et al., 2020). This approach assists in identifying the unique requirements as well as constraints of the individual so that the interventions will be more appropriate.

References

Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., Constantinou, M., Higgitt, A., Allison, E., & Luyten, P. (2022). Culture and psychopathology: An attempt at reconsidering the role of social learning. 
Development and Psychopathology
, 
34
(4), 1205-1220. 
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/culture-and-psychopathology-an-attempt-at-reconsidering-the-role-of-social-learning/B74B6B06D06248BD896A5D6059F373C1
Links to an external site.

Furness, T., Giandinoto, J. A., Wordie‐Thompson, E., Woolley, S., Dempster, V., & Foster, K. (2020). Improving physical health outcomes for people with severe mental illness: A proof‐of‐concept study of nurse practitioner candidate practice. 
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
, 
29
(2), 266-277. 
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/inm.12680
Links to an external site.

Grasser, L. R., & Jovanovic, T. (2021). Safety learning during development: Implications for the development of psychopathology. 
Behavioural Brain Research
, 
408
, 113297. 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432821001856
Links to an external site.

 

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Initial Discussion

Week One

In the study of psychopathology there is a focus on how mental illness occurs in human. Children and adolescents can be prone to predisposition of mental illness through gene transmissions (Butcher & Kendall,2018). Other influences include environmental factors that come along with socioeconomic factors such as violence, drug use and stunted development processes (Butcher & Kendall,2018). The researcher Dr. Engel alludes to the school of thought of nature versus nurture which asserts, if a person is nurtured or lacking nurturing the human behavior is altered and can influence mental health disorders (Kaplan & Sadocks,2022). This theory should be given a closer look because evidence demonstrates animals have environmental stressors and toxins that can mutate gene expression (Kaplan & Sadocks,2022).

The emotional and developmental stage of adolescence is critical in developing cognitively (Jackson &Milberg, 2018). Cognitive alterations may show up as ADHD that affects processing information, reinforcing information and retrieval of information (Jackson &Milberg, 2018).

Social, cultural, and interpersonal factors
play a role in how people may be affected by psychopathology. Sometimes clinicians are biased which could present inaccuracies in diagnosis for a patient who is not dominant in Western countries (Cheug&Mak,2018). Luckily the DSM IV and 5 have included an outline for cultural formulation (OCF) which addresses mental health concerns affecting different cultures (Cheug&Mak,2018).

These social, cultural, and interpersonal factors can play a part in the predisposition that contributes to mental disorders. Overall, many aspects of our adolescence play a role later on which results in how adults who have developed mental disorders cope with day-to-day experiences of this journey called life.

References

Boland, R. & Verduin, M. L. & Ruiz, P. (2022). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), 
https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001
Links to an external site.

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. 
https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006
Links to an external site.

Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. 
https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004
Links to an external site.

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

WK 1: Initial Discussion Post

Factors that Influence the Development of Psychopathology

According to research, numerous influences contribute to the development of psychopathology or the underlying factors that can affect an individual’s mental health negatively. This discussion will examine theoretical perspectives and categories of each facet that influence a reasonable behavior analysis. Studies show that both biological and psychological factors can create major depressive, bipolar, and schizophrenia disorders (Owen, 2023). Genetic predispositions mixed with traumatic environment interactions can cause a disorder to develop (Park & Kwan, 2018). Neuroscientific factors can include brain structure and function abnormalities, neurotransmitter imbalances, and neurodevelopmental factors involving prenatal or childhood stages like malnutrition or exposure to illness, which may contribute to adverse psychiatric conditions (Provencal et al., 2015). Psychological factors, including behavioral, cognitive, emotional, attachment, and development processes, can also contribute to maladaptive behavior (Koss & Gunnar, 2018). Behavioral processes can include learned and conditioned behaviors. Repetitive negative thinking patterns and abnormal information processing may trigger cognitive processes. Emotional processes can be affected by blatant difficulty in controlling emotions, while attachment and development are usually derived from caregivers’ neglect at critical development stages (Zeanah et al., 2016). Social, cultural, and interpersonal factors are also equally responsible triggers for an individual’s adverse mental health. Social isolation, stigmas surrounding mental health, discrimination issues, dysfunctional families, and poor peer relationships can all create an unstable mental health disposition if influenced by any combination of these factors during developmental periods that go unheeded without intervention or therapeutic response (Knapp & Wong., 2020).

In conclusion, the development of psychopathology is influenced by an entanglement of biological, psychological, and social factors. Genetic predispositions, brain abnormalities, and early developmental issues can lead to disorders like depression and schizophrenia. Psychological aspects such as behavioral conditioning, cognitive distortions, and emotional dysregulation also play significant roles. Social influences, including isolation, stigma, and family dysfunction, further exacerbate mental health challenges. A comprehensive understanding and interdisciplinary approach are essential to address these factors and promote mental well-being.

 

References

Knapp, M. and Wong, G. (2020). Economics and mental health: the current scenario. World Psychiatry, 19: 3-14. 
https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20692
Links to an external site.

Koss, K.J. and Gunnar, M.R. (2018). Annual Research Review: Early adversity, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 59: 327-346. 
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12784
Links to an external site.

Owen, M. J. (2023). Genomic insights into schizophrenia. 
Royal Society Open Science
, 
10
(2). 
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230125
Links to an external site.

Park, C., & Kwon, S. M. (2018). The role of emotion regulation in the relationship between genetic vulnerability and depression. 
Journal of Affective Disorders, pp. 227
, 350–356. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.012
Links to an external site.

Provençal N, Booij L, Tremblay RE. The developmental origins of chronic physical aggression: biological pathways triggered by early life adversity. J Exp Biol. 2015 Jan 1;218(Pt 1):123-33. 
https://doi: 10.1242/jeb.111401

Zeanah, C. H., Chesher, T., & Boris, N. W. (2016). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. 
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55
(11), 990–1003. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.08.004
Links to an external site.

 

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Week 1 Discussion Main Post

There are several factors that contribute to the development of mental health disorders (Butcher & Kendall, 2018). Problems with neurotransmission are considered one factor in the development of mental health disorders, including the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate (National Institutes of Health (US), 2007). Pharmacological treatment of mental health disorders helps regulate these neurotransmitters (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). Some mental health disorders have been associated with genetics, with some disorders being passed down from genes inherited from family (Butcher & Kendall, 2018; Nestler et al., 2016). Genetic links have been found in disorders such as ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, MDD, and autism (American Psychological Association, 2013; National Institutes of Health (US), 2007). Although, gene expression is influenced by one’s environment (Butcher & Kendall, 2018). Genetics predisposes one to certain disorders, but it depends on the environment as to which genes will be expressed (Butcher & Kendall, 2018).

Neuropsychological factors such as illness, injury, and hospitalization contribute to the development of mental health disorders in children and adolescents (Basu & Banerjee, 2020; Butcher & Kendall, 2018). Developmental factors, including age at onset of puberty, which impacts development of depression in children and adolescents, or age during a traumatic event, can influence behavior (Butcher & Kendall, 2018). Gender also plays a role in the development of certain mental health disorders. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop depression than adolescent boys (Butcher & Kendall, 2018).

Stress also impacts the development of mental health disorders in children and adolescents (Butcher & Kendall, 2018). It has been found that severe stress early in life can cause structural changes in the cerebral cortex (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). Academic and social pressure at school, as well as interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers, can impact mental health functioning (Basu & Banerjee, 2020; Butcher & Kendall, 2018). Low socioeconomic status has been shown to negatively impact psychological development (Basu & Banerjee, 2020; Butcher & Kendall, 2018). Mental health is also impacted by immigration and refugee status, with children from war-stricken countries experiencing more PTSD (Butcher & Kendall, 2018). The location of where one lives can also impact mental health as, for example, major depressive disorder is more common in rural than urban areas (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). Other environmental factors that can contribute to mental health disorders include abuse, neglect, parental education level, social media, natural disasters, and abuse (Basu & Banerjee, 2020; National Institutes of Health (US), 2007).

 

References

American Psychological Association. (2013). Five major psychiatric disorders share genetic links. 
Monitor on Psychology
, 
44
(5), 10. 
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/05/disorders
Links to an external site.

Bains, N., & Abdijadid, S. (2023, April 10). Major depressive disorder. In 
StatPearls
. StatPearls Publishing. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/
Links to an external site.

Basu, S., & Banerjee, B. (2020). Impact of environmental factors on mental health of children and adolescents: A systematic review. 
Children and Youth Services Review
, 
119
, 105515. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105515
Links to an external site.

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In 
J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2.
 (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. 
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001
Links to an external site.

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In 
J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2.
 (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. 
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001
Links to an external site.

National Institutes of Health (US). (2007). Information about mental illness and the brain. 
NIH Curriculum Supplemental Series [Internet]
. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20369/#:~:text=Most%20scientists%20believe%20that%20mental,certain%20medications%20for%20the%20illness.
Links to an external site.

Nestler, E. J., Peña, C. J., Kundakovic, M., Mitchell, A., & Akbarian, S. (2016). Epigenetic basis of mental illness. 
The Neuroscientist
, 
22
(5), 447–463. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858415608147
Links to an external site.

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

To accurately address and manage mental health conditions, it is important to analyze the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology. From literature reviews, it is evident that the above-mentioned factors are intertwined and thus play a vital role in the mental illness or wellness of an individual. Explained below are some specifics of how these factors affect the development of psychopathology.

The biological (genetic and neuroscientific): As it is in the medical sector whereby certain individuals are at risk for certain health conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer due to their genetic makeup, so it is in psychiatry (Daníelsdóttir, et al., 2024). Certain individuals are predisposed to mental health conditions such as alcoholism, bipolar, and schizophrenia due to genetic factors. Imbalances in the brain relating to dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain associated with neurochemical imbalances in the brain can be attributed to the biological makeup of an individual’s brain chemistry.

Psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental): The psychological factors have vital influences on the psychopathology of an individual. For example, some individuals engage in reckless or callous behaviors due to deficits in cognitive processing. The level of emotional intelligence and developmental level can also be reflected in psychopathological symptoms assessment

Social, cultural, and interpersonal factors: The social, cultural, and interpersonal factors are values and beliefs that shape an individual’s lifestyle and choices can either foster mental wellness or illness. Cheung and Mak (2018), makes it clear that the social world is influenced by emotional and behavioral disorders. The perception of past experiences such as trauma, abuse, and neglect, or other major life events such as the death of a loved one can impact mental health. The availability or lack of social support, social socioeconomic status can also impact an individual’s psychopathology.

 

References

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology.

In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Daníelsdóttir, H. B., Aspelund, T., Shen, Q., Halldorsdottir, T., Jakobsdóttir, J., Song, H., Lu, D.,

Kuja-Halkola, R., Larsson, H., Fall, K., Magnusson, P. K. E., Fang, F., Bergstedt, J., & Valdimarsdóttir, U. A. (2024). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Health Outcomes. JAMA psychiatry, e240039. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0039

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Week 1 Main Post

Genetic mapping studies help identify the genes implicated in heritable diseases, based on their chromosome location (Boland & Verduin, 2022). In psychiatric diseases, this may involve complex approaches. Family studies and gene mapping strategies also contribute to advances in psychiatry because they provide information about the aggregation of disease among relatives of affected individuals (Boland & Verduin, 2022).

Neuroscientific includes neuropsychology defined as the study of brain behavior (Jackson & Milberg, 2018). Neuropsychology has helped transition psychopathology from symptom-based diagnosis to brain-based, behavioral relationships (Jackson & Milberg, 2018). Neuropsychological assessments have also evolved, based on the individual’s performance or current condition versus their baseline cognitive abilities.

Psychological, which includes behavioral and cognitive processing as well as emotional development, involves clarifying sometimes-complicated phenomena. Its progression can be understood more clearly using the diagnosis of psychosis and its 5 stages breakdown as an example. Stage 1 is the prodromal stage very early in the process, stage 2 is the acute phase where there are feelings of being overwhelmed, stage 3 is the stabilization of struggling with psychosis and feeling vulnerable, stage 4 is recovery from living with these feelings of vulnerability and finally stage 5 the long-term management of life after psychosis (National Institute of Mental Health, 2024). I believe that many psychiatric disorders can be put into stages to better understand their prognosis and devise treatment plans to care for these individuals.

Sociocultural factors influence the way society has created many disparities in mental health and it is well documented across the class, race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation.

Boland, R., & Verduin, M.L. (Eds.). (2022). 
Kaplan & sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry. 
Wolters Kluwer.

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), 
APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders
. 
Vol. 1
.
Links to an external site.
 (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), (pp. 65–90). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004

 

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.

 

Psychopathology is defined as the study of mental disorders related to diagnosis, treatment, and symptoms (Boland, 2021). The biological factors that contribute to development of psychopathology involve gene expression and brain development. Observing the childhood development where the serotonin gene expression leads to vulnerability of children to be neglected or abused which leads to Major Depressive Disorder (Boland, 2021). Studies have shown that glucocorticoids, neutrophines, and cytokines contribute to a child’s ability to endure adversity and resilience from a negative event (Boland, 2021). Other examples of biological impact on psychopathology include maternal stress having impact of adrenal hormones that the baby has (Boland, 2021).

Emotional and social development contribute to psychological factors where smiling plays a factor with the infant depending on caregivers’ warmth and survival. This affects the psychopathology in that chemical neurotransmitters are released for both the infant and mother caregiver (Boland, 2021). Other psychological behaviors involve humans congregating and forming groups with similar characteristics and interests (Boland, 2021). Through the psychological process of congregating and developing bonds/relationships with other members of the same sex and different sex can contribute to psychopathology. The psychological factors of mimicking behavior that is beneficial for the individual and the group can positively benefit them and cause the brain to release chemical neurotransmitters such as “dopamine” to reward the brain  (Raypole, 2022).

The psychosocial and behavioral concepts relating to psychopathology are derived from many theories such as Piaget’s cognitive development stages (Boland, 2021). The major stages include: 1.) Sensorimotor, 2.) preoperational thought, 3.) concrete operations, 4.) formal operations (Boland, 2021). These stages start with infants using their senses to make sense of the world such as sucking reflex to indicate hunger and transition into children using symbols and language for preoperational thought which move into concrete operations where children use concrete examples to make sense of the world and then transition to formal operations where the children (adolescent’s) thinking is simple, logical, symbolic, and systematic (Boland, 2021).

The sociocultural aspect involves sociobiology and how the many characteristics involving evolution of humans and their actions involving aggression, altruism, reproduction, competition, and aggression play roles in psychopathology where disorders and adaptive strategies are utilized (Boland, 2021). The argument can be placed that sociobiology contributes to reasoning for psychopathology and how human species act in the form of social norms (Boland, 2021).

The comparison of DSM V criteria for diagnosing psychiatric illnesses are based on a series of signs and symptoms that stand out from normal behavior of humans and are categorized in a way that allow a clinician to come up with a diagnosis for a particular mental illness (Smoller et. al., 2019). Psychiatric genomics consortium is a collaboration among scientists to study DNA level sequences and correlate them to psychiatric disorders and individuals with a family history of psychiatric illness (Smoller et. al., 2019).

References

Boland, R. (2021). 
Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry
 (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health. 
https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781975145583
Links to an external site.

Raypole, C. & Saripalli, V (2022). How to hack your hormones for a better mood. Optum Serve. Retrieved from: healthline.com

Smoller, J. W., Andreassen, O. A., Edenberg, H. J., Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., & Kendler, K. S. (2019). Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. 
Molecular psychiatry
, 
24
(3), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-017-0010-4

 

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Psychopathology is the examination of mental disorders and mental illnesses (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2024). There are numerous and infinite factors that can affect one’s mental health. One of the first factors that will be discussed will be biological factors. Some of the biological factors that can affect one’s mental health are hormones, genetic predisposition, brain structures, developmental acceleration, genetics, the endocrine system, neurotransmitters, and abnormalities of the brain (Ma et al., 2019). All factors can influence one’s mental health individually or in combination. These are the factors that an individual is provided with at birth.

The next factors that will be discussed that can influence one’s mental health will be the psychological factors. These factors include trauma, childhood neglect, abuse, the death of an immediate family member, emotional attachments and responses, stressors, and beliefs (Haywood et al., 2022).   These factors can affect individuals in different ways.  Two individuals can experience the same life experiences and be affected differently. Some individuals will thrive after the events and others will become delayed in their development and coping ability. This is always a discussion and unclear as to why one individual is affected differently from another.

Social factors that influence mental health are socioeconomic status, trust, income, education, food, community belonging, housing, social support, employment, and discrimination (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2024). Any one of these factors can cause one to feel isolated from the rest of the population.  In this isolation, one’s mental health can decline and then the individual can become less functional to not functioning in society.  These factors are what make support groups beneficial in mental health treatment.

 

Cultural factors that influence mental health are holistic care, immigration, mono-ethnicity, multi-ethnicity, cultural beliefs, rituals, stereotypes, support, adaptation, acculturation, values, access to services, stigmas, and prejudices (World Health Organization, 2024).    Someone’s cultural beliefs or their family’s beliefs can keep them from accessing care and treatment. If the cultural belief is that mental health does not exist then the client suffering from mental illness will have feelings of guilt, paranoia, and possibly distrust in the mental health system for treatment and will not obtain what they truly require for the resolution of mental illness.

 

Lastly, we will cover interpersonal factors that influence psychopathology. Interpersonal factors are demographics, actions, thoughts, personality, problem behaviors, bonding, biogenetics, functioning level, and cognition (National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2024).  These are just a few examples of factors that affect psychopathology and mental health.  A human being is a sum of all of its parts and pieces as well as what they have experienced.   In mental health, a care provider is continuously investigating to better a client’s mental health, health, as well as overall well-being.

 

References

Haywood, D., Baughman, F., Mullan, B., & Heslop, K. (2022). What Accounts for the Factors of Psychopathology? An Investigation of the Neurocognitive Correlates of Internalising, Externalising, and thr p-Factor. 
Brain Sciences
, 
12
(4), 421. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040421
Links to an external site.

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2024). 
Johns Hopkins medicine
. John Hopkins Medicine. 
www.hopkinsmedicine.org

Ma, S., Meng, Z., & Chen, R. (2019). The Hippo : Biology and Pathophysiology. 
ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY
, 
88
, 577–604. 
http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111829
Links to an external site.

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2024). 
National Alliance on Mental Illness
. NAMI. 
www.nami.org

National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2024). National Center for Biotechnology Information. 
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

World Health Organization. (2024). 
World health organization
. 
www.who.int

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Week 1 Discussion Post

A conception of psychopathology does not attempt to explain psychological phenomena deemed pathological. Instead, it identifies which psychological phenomena are considered pathological and thus require explanation. Conversely, a theory of psychopathology aims to explain the psychological phenomena and experiences identified by the conception as pathological. The way we understand psychopathology and related terms has significant implications for individuals, medical and mental health professionals, government agencies and programs, and society.

Biological factors

Behavior, including pathological behavior, originates from brain functioning. Many of our current treatments for pathological behavior are biological in nature; for example, we use drugs that alter neurotransmitter systems. Understanding psychopathology must ultimately encompass an understanding of its biological bases. Recent advances have been made in understanding and treating many psychological disorders using biological techniques. Early, often accidental, discoveries that certain drugs alleviated psychiatric symptoms led to the development of modern psychotherapeutic drugs and to the hypotheses of the 1950s and 1960s that many psychiatric disorders result from “imbalances” in neurotransmitter systems. However, the development of the brain is generally a complex interaction of genes, prenatal environment, and postnatal environment.

Psychological factors

Many psychologists argue that significant advancements include the development of explicit diagnostic criteria, the increasing use of structured interviews, and the proliferation of brief measures tailored for use by mental health professionals conducting empirically supported treatments (e.g., Antony & Barlow, 2022). However, some professionals disagree. Even the widely embraced use of explicit criteria for psychiatric diagnoses has been challenged (Beutler & Malik, 2002). For instance, Weiner (2000) criticized the current Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) as “a psychometrically shaky, inferential nosological scheme involving criteria and definitions that change from one revision to the next.”

Behavioral assessment methods and psychophysiological assessments can provide valuable information. For example, diary measures can be used to ask a client to record and rate the frequency and intensity of panic attacks shortly after they occur or to monitor eating or smoking habits. Psychophysiological techniques are also useful; for instance, a polysomnographic evaluation conducted in a sleep lab can provide valuable information about a client’s sleep quality (Savard & Morin, 2002). Similarly, measures of psychological arousal can offer important insights in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder, particularly concerning treatment processes and outcomes (Litz, Miller, Ruef, & McTeague, 2022).

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal factors

Central to the study of Cultural psychopathology is defining culture itself. The emphasis on values and beliefs highlights the psychological nature of culture. We argue that culture is manifested through interactions between people and is inherently social. Positioning practices (customs and rituals) alongside values and beliefs suggests that social practices are influenced by these values and beliefs. For instance, people are often thought to rely on their family during crises due to a strong sense of familism or family orientation. However, researchers rarely explore what aspects of the social world encourage or support this reliance on family. Culture is significant in various domains within psychopathology research. It plays a crucial role in the expression of disorders and distress, with cultural analysis revealing the variability in how mental illness is manifested. Social and cultural factors can also influence the etiology and prevalence of disorders by placing some individuals at greater risk than others for developing psychopathology.

Mullings and Schulz (2006) note that “it is often difficult to pinpoint how the interaction, articulation, and simultaneity of race, class, and gender affect women and men in their daily lives, and the ways in which these forms of inequality interact in specific situations to condition health.” They suggest that gender, race, and class should be viewed as social relationships rather than individual characteristics.

References.

Beutler, L. E., & M. L. Malik (Eds.) (2002). Rethinking the DSM: A Psychological Perspective. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Litz, B. T., Miller, M. W., Ruef, A. M., & McTeague, L. M. (2022). Exposure to trauma in adults. In M. M. Antony & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders (pp. 215–258). New York: Guilford.

Maddux, J. E., & Winstead, B. A. (2008). Psychopathology : Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding: Vol. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis [CAM].

Mullings, L., & Schulz, A. (2006). Intersectionality and health: An introduction. In A. Schulz & L. Mullings (Eds.), Gender, race, class, & health (pp. 3–17).

Savard, J., & Morin, C. M. (2002). Insomnia. In M. M. Antony & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders (pp. 523–555). New York: Guilford.

NRNP 6635 Week 1: Discussion – FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Main Discussion Post

The development of psychopathology or psychiatric disorders is influenced by an interplay of various factors. The factors can be broadly classified as biological, genetic, neuroscientific, psychological, cognitive, behavioral, developmental, social, cultural, or interpersonal factors. Describing how these factors result in the development of mental disorders or conditions is crucial in the understanding of the progression and etiology of psychiatric disorders.

Biological Processes that Impact the Development of Psychopathology

Genetic abnormalities, vulnerabilities, or predispositions significantly contribute to the development of various psychiatric disorders, including alcoholism, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, depression, and attention deficit disorder (Smoller et al., 2019). Family studies, early twin studies, and population-based twin studies have continuously demonstrated substantial genetic influences on psychiatric disorders. For instance, schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder that is highly heritable, with genetic susceptibility contributing to approximately eighty percent of its risk (Merikangas et al., 2022). Research also shows that there is a combination of genes that mutate to affect the serotonergic, glutamate, and dopaminergic systems, resulting in the development of psychiatric conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (Strom et al., 2021). Various neuroscientific factors have also been linked to the development of psychopathology. Neurotransmitter alterations of dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin have been associated with the development of schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression (Sheffler et al., 2023). Neuroimaging studies have established the linkage between structural brain abnormalities and various psychiatric disorders. For example, the dysregulation of neuroendocrine systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system, is associated with increased secretion of the HPA hormone that substantially contributes to the development of depression (Hinds & Sanchez, 2022).

Psychological Factors that Impact the Development of Psychopathology

Behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and developmental processes are some of the critical psychological factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology. According to Smoller et al. (2019), adverse childhood events, neglect, losing close family members, early developmental trauma, and insecure attachment to caregivers are some of the factors that alter normal development, contributing to the development of psychiatric disorders. Emotional dysregulation, characterized by the inability to regulate emotions and prolonged negative emotions such as anger or fear, can lead to the development of mood disorders such as depression (Gray et al., 2020). Reduced behavioral activation, such as participating in less pleasurable activities, and problematic coping behaviors, such as substance use, are behavioral factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology (Carreira-Míguez et al., 2022).

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors Impacting the Development of Psychopathology

Low socio-economic status, low income and education levels, discrimination, stressful life events, and exposure to traumatic experiences are some of the social and environmental factors that lead to the development of psychiatric disorders. Limited access to health care is a common social disparity, particularly among marginalized populations, which prevents individuals from seeking and obtaining the required therapy, making them more vulnerable to poor mental health outcomes (Schlax et al., 2019). At the interpersonal level, persistent interpersonal conflicts, loneliness, isolation, group dynamics, and lack of support systems in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood are some of the factors that significantly contribute to the development of psychopathology (Boland et al., 2022).

References

Boland, R. & Verduin, M. L. & Ruiz, P. (2022). 
Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry
 (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer

Carreira-Míguez, M., Navarro-Jiménez, E., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2022). Behavioral patterns of depression patients and control population. 
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
, 
19
(15), 9506. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159506
Links to an external site.

Gray, V., Douglas, K. M., & Porter, R. J. (2020). Emotion processing in depression and anxiety disorders in older adults: systematic review. 
BJPsych Open
, 
7
(1), e7. 
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.143
Links to an external site.

Hinds, J. A., & Sanchez, E. R. (2022). The role of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in test-induced anxiety: assessments, physiological responses, and molecular details. 
Stresses
, 
2
(1), 146-155.
 https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses2010011
Links to an external site.

Merikangas, A. K., Shelly, M., Knighton, A., Kotler, N., Tanenbaum, N., & Almasy, L. (2022). What genes are differentially expressed in individuals with schizophrenia? A systematic review. 
Molecular Psychiatry
, 
27
(3), 1373–1383. 
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01420-7
Links to an external site.

Schlax, J., Jünger, C., Beutel, M. E., Münzel, T., Pfeiffer, N., Wild, P., Blettner, M., Kerahrodi, J. G., Wiltink, J., & Michal, M. (2019). Income and education predict elevated depressive symptoms in the general population: results from the Gutenberg health study. 
BMC Public Health
, 
19
(1), 430.
 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6730-4
Links to an external site.

Sheffler, Z. M., Reddy, V., & Pillarisetty, L. S. (2023). Physiology, neurotransmitters. In 
StatPearls
. StatPearls Publishing.

Smoller, J. W., Andreassen, O. A., Edenberg, H. J., Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., & Kendler, K. S. (2019). Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. 
Molecular Psychiatry
, 
24
(3), 409–420.
 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-017-0010-4
Links to an external site.

Strom, N. I., Soda, T., Mathews, C. A., & Davis, L. K. (2021). A dimensional perspective on the genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 
Translational Psychiatry
, 
11
(1), 401. 
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01519-z
Links to an external site.

Industrialization, Imperialism, and America’s Entry Into WWI

In preparation for the initial post, consider two (2) of the minority groups during 1880–1914:  Women’s rights activists African Americans Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe Child workers Great Plain IndiansThen, in one (1) to two (2) paragraphs, address one (1) of the following:   Explain the socio-economic status and challenges of your minority groups at the turn of the century. Evaluate how the Industrial Revolution affected your chosen minority groups. Analyze how the Progressives brought reform to your selected minority groups. Do you find that the Progressives successfully made government responsive and improved the conditions of your chosen minority group?

 

Industrialization, Imperialism, and America’s Entry Into WWI

In the late 19
th
century and early 20th centuries, diverse factors, including industrialization and social reforms, impacted different minority groups in the US, including women rights activists, African Americans, immigrants from the South, and child workers. According to Williams et al. (2010), African Americans were freed from slavery and hence experienced a diverse, daunting socio-economic landscape. For example, the enactment of Jim Crow laws resulted in racial segregation and discrimination. This resulted in the majority of African Americans being relegated to second-class Americans.

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African Americans disproportionately experienced heightened poverty levels as they could only access low-paying and menial jobs on farms and as domestic workers. On the other hand, while it opened new opportunities for urban centers, the Industrial Revolution had minimal economic impact on most African Americans. African Americans often found themselves excluded from skilled labor and inequality discrimination during hiring. Industrialization, Imperialism, and America’s Entry Into WWI.

The Industrial Revolution had a mixed impact on African Americans. On the one hand, while it offered a path for migration from rural to urban for industrial jobs, it also expounded on the existing racial dissemination. The influx of European immigrants relegated the Africans to the bottom of the economic and social ladders. On the other hand, the Industrial Revolution resulted in the growth of cities, ghettos, and slums, the latter of which were found in African American concentrations (Williams et al., 2010). The slums and ghettos summed up segregated environments, which, in turn, were short of adequate housing, education facilities, and sanitation, which resulted in exacerbating the challenges faced by African Americans.

The progressive era was denoted by an increase in activism both politically and on social grounds. These were aimed at establishing solutions to counter the problems of organization and industrialization. While the activities advocated for justice and racial equality, racial attitudes and political realities already existed. For example, the NAACP became the leading organization advocating racial equality via public advocacy and legal challenges. The NAACP sought to bring down the Jim Crow system, but progress was slow, and multiple obstacles were faced (Library of Congress, 2014) Industrialization, Imperialism, and America’s Entry Into WWI.

While the progressive era marked some advances regarding civil rights for African Americans, the Jim Crow system and the legacy of slavery continued to pose a notable challenge. The Industrial Revolution, on the one side, offered opportunities for African Americans and reinforced racial inequalities and hierarchies. The activists’ input, despite being limited, provided the foundations for future struggles for racial justice in the country.

 

References

Library of Congress. (2014).
The Segregation Era (1900–1939) – The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom | Exhibitions – Library of Congress
. Library of Congress; Library of Congress.
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html

Williams, D. R., Mohammed, S. A., Leavell, J., & Collins, C. (2010). Race, socio-economic status, and health: complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. 
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
, 
1186
, 69–101.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x
  Industrialization, Imperialism, and America’s Entry Into WWI

The New Deal Essay

For the initial post, pick two (2) of the following (any program and/or act of the New Deal).  Reflecting over the weekly reading and lesson video The New Deal Coalition (also linked in the Required Resources), address the following for your selections:

 

Consider workers, immigrants, and African Americans. Explain how minorities were represented by the New Deal.

Analyze to what extent you think that the New Deal effectively ended the Great Depression and restored the economy.

 

Programs – The New Deal Essay

Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Farm Security Administration (FSA)

 

Acts – The New Deal Essay

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Economy Act

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Tennessee Valley Authority Act (TVA)

National Employment System Act (Wagner-Peyser Act)

Home Owners Loan Act

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIA)

Glass-Steagall Act (Banking Act)

Securities & Exchange Act

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

Resettlement Administration (RA)

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Social Security Act

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

 

The New Deal Essay

The New Deal

The New Deal was identified as a host of programs or legislations enacted during President Roosevelt’s era. These laws and programs were a response to the great depression, which had a weighty impact on Americans. According to Schlesinger (2003), while the programs and legislation were focused on addressing the evident economic crisis, they diversely affected different groups, i.e., minorities. This paper explores the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the National Labor Relations Act or Wagner Act on African Americans, immigrants, and workers during the New Deal period.

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The CCC was a program developed to offer jobs to young men. It was a relief program that successfully employed millions of young men to work in natural resources projects, i.e., national parks, soil erosion prevention, and conservation of natural resources (Katznelson, 2013). However, the inclusivity for minorities was limited. Like many programs developed during the New Deal, programs experienced racial segregation as African Americans faced inequality dissemination and limited opportunities for advancement (Schlesinger, 2003). Despite the discrimination of minority groups, the CCC program offered economic relief as the majority of young men had some income, hence an improvement in individual livelihoods. But in a larger view, the program was a failure to address the systematic disparities, i.e., racial disparities in their American community.

On the other hand, passed in 1935, the Wagner Act was legislation to protect workers’ rights via labor unions. This was a landmark moment for labor movements in the US. Regarding the representation of minorities, the ACT had a profound impact on workers, including immigrants and African Americans (Katznelson, 2013). This is because the Act allowed them to join unions that advocated for better pay and working conditions. However, some unions limited the inclusion of African Americans. In terms of effectiveness, the Wagner Act strengthened the country’s labor positions, as through unions, workers could secure improved pay and working conditions, which boosted the workers’ economic status (Schlesinger, 2003). However, despite improving worker-related issues, the legislation had limited success in alleviating ethnic and racial inequalities.

Including the explored new deals above, the new deal policies offered a notable relief to the American economy and for workers who could find work and address economic hardships from the Great Depression. However, the news deals didn’t fully end the depression and systematic discrimination that minority groups faced. In summary, while the New Deal offered a new dawn to millions of people, the success was uneven, such as not meeting the needs of minorities and inequalities.

 

References

Katznelson, I. (2013). Fear itself: The New Deal and the origins of our time.
Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas
, 10(3), 61–78.

Schlesinger, A. M. (2003).
The coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935
. Houghton Mifflin.

WW II – Treaty of Versailles and fascist, militarist, and imperialist policies

In preparation for the initial post, consider two (2) of the following historical events:

Treaty of Versailles

Rise of fascism, militarism, and imperialism

Failure of the League of Nations

Hitler and the Nazi Party

The Lend-Lease Act

Japanese expansion and the bombing of Pearl Harbor

Then, in one (1) to two (2) paragraphs, address one (1) of the following:

Assess if the United States’ foreign policy during the 1930s helped to promote World War II. Could the United States have prevented the outbreak of World War II? If so, how? If not, why not?

Explain if the United States, despite neutrality, aided the Allies against the Axis powers.

Analyze if using atomic (nuclear) weapons to defeat enemies in war is a setback for democracy (President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan).

 

WW II – Treaty of Versailles and fascist, militarist, and imperialist policies

WWII

There are two historical events which are most directly associated with the beginning of the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles and fascist, militarist, and imperialist policies. This document was not only signed in 1919 after the WWI in order to determine peace, but also put several bounded measures on Germany from economical, territorial and even military aspects (Birk & Groß, 2015). The terms of the treaty were completely humiliating for the German people mainly because they had to pay reparations, where most of the factories were seized, and the territory was reduced thus paving way for dictator Adolf Hitler. For a number of Germans, the treaty was seen as a profound shame, and it is here that Hitler found fertile ground for his fascism, and the sort of nationalism, militarism, and eugenics he portrayed.

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At the same time, the further growth of fascism, militarism and imperialism began in Germany in 1920-1930s. In Italy, Benito Mussolini seized power and put into practice fascism. In Japan militaristic leaders went for imperialism in east Asia. These movements were essentially characterized by hatred of democracy, liberalism and internationalism and in their place, they espoused authoritarianism and imperialism respectively (Parfitt, 2018). Germany and Japan both aimed at the restoration of their nations and lieutenant challenging post-World War I international relations Governed by the Treaty of Versailles and the League of nations. WW II – Treaty of Versailles and fascist, militarist, and imperialist policies

The contrast between the Treaty of Versailles and the rise of fascism, militarism, and imperialism lies in their nature of the treaty that was a feeble effort at making peace. On the other hand, fascism and militarism as ideologies aimed at challenging the status quo (Roubinek, 2019). However, both were connected, for the lack of a stable peace as offered by the treaty led to rise of these ideologies that culminated into more instability.

American foreign policy was isolated in the 1930s during the Great Depression when the country had its own problems to solve. The Neutrality Acts of this year were intended to avoid the entanglement of the U.S in European struggles. But this neutrality contributed to the emergence of all conditions for the second World War, as the US did not take the first actions regarding fascist powers’ aggressive actions (Woods, 2021). Failure to give even starker sponsorship to the League of Nations or to negotiate in the initial phase of aggression by the Germany, Italy and Japan, America allowed these countries to go bolder, which led to the outbreak of war.

 

References

Birk, E., & Groß, G. P. (2015). From Versailles via Paris to Moscow: Strategic options and perspectives of the German Empire with a view to National Power Policy (Part 2). 
Security and Defence Quarterly
, 
6
(1), 65-85.

Parfitt, R. (2018). Fascism, Imperialism and International Law: An Arch Met a Motorway and the Rest is History… 
Leiden Journal of International Law
, 
31
(3), 509-538. doi:10.1017/S0922156518000304

Roubinek, E. S. (2019). From a Nazi imperialism to a fascist imperialism: Transnational nationalisms and the creation of a “New Europe”. In 
German-occupied Europe in the Second World War
 (pp. 101-117). Routledge. 1st Edition

Woods, R. B. (2021). 
The Roosevelt Foreign-Policy Establishment and the” Good Neighbor”: The United States and Argentina, 1941–1945
. University Press of Kansas.

Integrating Self-Leadership and Policy Advocacy for Positive Health Outcomes

Application of Course Knowledge

The knowledge gained throughout the course has been of significant importance to understanding self-leadership and policy advocacy within the field of healthcare and for nursing leadership. Through the analysis of self-leadership, I have realized that the regulation of emotions and motivation is crucial to stress and team management (Harari et al., 2021). Moreover, the calculated examination of obesity as the key problem of public health revealed the importance of the research-based practice for dismantling inequalities in access to health services and fighting for improved health within communities.

Concept Impact

Of all the concepts captured in this presentation, both emotional intelligence and policy engagement were particularly notable. Self-regulation is important in stressful settings found in healthcare facilities where accurate decisions have to be made. Learning how to change policies and practice advocacy for population health in the obesity case study has expanded my view of nursing beyond just client care, stressing that it’s significant to be involved in the formulation of approaches and policies that have an effect on population health (Cardel et al., 2022).

Program Outcome 5

Tutor-Marked Assignment & Learning Activities Some of the learning activities and assignments in the course have directly supported the achievement of Program Outcome 5, it focusses on using collaborative and compassionate nursing methods to promote favorable health outcomes. In solving problems of clients who are obese, among others, I have come to understand how to undertake research and come up with evidence in order to improve the health of the community, thereby countering the role of nursing in community health promotion (Warr et al., 2021). Integrating Self-Leadership and Policy Advocacy for Positive Health Outcomes

AACN Essentials Competency 10.3

The choice of the AACN Essentials Competency 10.3 has become beneficial to developing leadership skills as a result of this focus. In particular, I have learnt how to assess the results of purposeful change, for instance, in the spheres of leadership and policy and emotional intelligence. They have equipped me to lead during emergencies so that my leadership is informed by research, fairness, and equality.

 

References

Cardel, M. I., Newsome, F. A., Pearl, R. L., Ross, K. M., Dillard, J. R., Miller, D. R., … & Balantekin, K. N. (2022). Patient-centered care for obesity: how health care providers can treat obesity while actively addressing weight stigma and eating disorder risk. 
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
, 
122
(6), 1089-1098.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S2212267222000077

Harari, M. B., Williams, E. A., Castro, S. L., & Brant, K. K. (2021). Self‐leadership: A meta‐analysis of over two decades of research. 
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
, 
94
(4), 890-923.
https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joop.12365

Warr, W., Aveyard, P., Albury, C., Nicholson, B., Tudor, K., Hobbs, R., … & Ziebland, S. (2021). A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies exploring GPs’ and nurses’ perspectives on discussing weight with patients with overweight and obesity in primary care. 
Obesity Reviews
, 
22
(4), e13151.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/obr.13151
   Integrating Self-Leadership and Policy Advocacy for Positive Health Outcomes

The Rise of Information Age – Science and Technology Essay – HIST 405 American History

The Rise of Information Age – Science and Technology

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HIST 405 American History

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The Rise of Information Age – Science and Technology

The 20th century is considered to be the century of science and technology especially in the USA where great advancements made during this period changed the present world in terms of space research, medical facilities and computing. From the period of reaching President Kennedy’s target of taking a man to the moon to technology advancement created by cold war competition, USA became a world power in scientific development. The main focus of this paper will be dedicated to the technical and political challenges of the NASA, innovative technological issues of the Cold War, biotechnology as well as development of the contemporary medicine, computing and internet grounding.

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Technical and Political Dilemmas Faced by NASA in Meeting Kennedy’s Goal

When President John F. Kennedy declared in 1961 that the United States intends to take a man to the Moon before the end of the decade, NASA had to overcome numerous technical and political problems to accomplish this huge task. The technical issues were focused on major problems of scientific and engineering nature that had to be solved (Logsdon, 2011). NASA needed technologies that were out of this world and did not exist. The technologies that could successfully launch the Saturn V rocket far enough into the space to allow the astronauts to travel to that last little bit to get to the Moon. This contest also involved designing a craft that would take astronauts to the Moon and back, safely land on the lunar surface and leave. The space exploration and travel subjected humanity to major challenges such as space navigation, management of the life support systems and the actual physical manner in which the lunar module was to land on the moon’s surface. The Rise of Information Age – Science and Technology Essay – HIST 405 American History.

Politically, NASA came under much pressure because by the time it was formed, the Soviet Union had already embarked on space exploration having put the first artificial satellite in orbit and sending the first man (Yuri Gaggarin) to space. The political importance of showing American’s superiority to the Soviets added to the pressure on NASA. Anything could be considered a national shame, and therefore, the project was not only a scientific one, but also a major political gamble (Lambright, 2010). A truly effective collaboration with politicians on the one hand and internal engineers and scientists on the other, as well as the struggle for support within the Congress, all of was based on the interactions between different governmental bodies and NASA. President Kennedy’s spirited vision was not to bring a new style of living in space. Instead, it was all about the Cold War power game to demonstrate American technology superiority and gain an added advantage (Lambright, 2010).

Technological Advances in Space Exploration and Military Initiatives During the Cold War

The conflict of the Cold War led to very rapid technological development especially in space and defense technologies. The superpowers conducted science for war because both the United States and Soviet Union spent significant portions of their resources on research & development to support their global struggle (MacDonald, 2017). The most dramatic technological advancements of the technological phase of space exploration were the space race that led to the Apollo Moon landings and produced important advancements in rocket propulsion, satellite communication, and material science. All these inventions had a civil space use as well as military purpose.

In the period of the Cold War, military innovations included ICBMs, nuclear submarines and stealth aircraft which required technology (Moltz, 2019). This has made the rocketry innovations that further moved spacecraft to also create missiles that can deliver nuclear warheads at long ranges. Also, it is pertinent to note that official global positioning system (GPS), also known as global positioning satellite, which was invented to help military at this period was one of the most important technological advancements of the period that was later used for public use.

Space exploration was inseparable from military rivalry since both the US and the USSR aimed at proving their tech supremacy. The physical achievement of the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 was a splendid technological feat, which helped maintain the military might position of United States during the Cold War (Moltz, 2019). Aside from geopolitical perspective, the scientific information in the concept of finding out about space also contributed to future technological advancement in telecommunication, meteorology, and remote sensing.

The Role of Civilian Science in Biotechnology and Medical Research

From the mid to late 20th century, civilian science started to be appointed to this position, different from the military push of the Cold War era. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other agencies of the federal government invested in research that would later pay off in genetics, pharma and health care technologies (Corbett et al., 2023). Thus, there was a significant change which was mainly due to a growing understanding of the possibility to enhance public health and quality of life through scientific research.

Among these, the most popular and most dynamically developed in civilian science was biotechnology after DNA structure discovery in 1953. These advancements in the biotechnology revolution included the genetically modified organisms (GMOs), Gene therapy and the direct to the patient, ailment matching medicine (Egbe, 2018). The federal government was involved in funding and also in regulating such research and thanks to them that many scientists have been able to find other treatment and technologies which form the basis of most advanced medical treatment today.

Furthermore, medical research not only concerns a society’s health, but also turned into an economic sector as well. The strengthening of this connection between the National University of Singapore and biotechnology companies contributed to the economic success of the health care and pharmaceutical areas through the development of the industry (Inshakova et al., 2021). Self-generated by civilians and backed by government funding, it made the United States the world’s hub of biotechnology ranging from agriculture to medicine industry.

Technological Advances in the 20th Century and Their Impact on Medicine and Computing

The advancements of the twentieth century further revolutionized the field of medicine in addition to computers as well the advances in the internet. The biggest medical advancement that science was able to bring is the introduction of antibiotics that dramatically changed the way people fought infectious diseases. New technologies like the simple X-rays, CT scan, and MRI machines put into use helped the doctors diagnose and treat diseases or conditions which previously could not even be seen (Pesapane et al., 2018). Vaccines, anesthetics, and surgeries were also crucial in transforming healthcare, thus improving life and life expectancy.

Along with this medical advancement came computers and informatics which are becoming mandatory in research and healthcare fields. The first computer, which includes the ENIAC built during the 1940s, created the basis of the modern computers and the internet at the end of 20
th
century, the development of personal computer, software technology and networking enabled medical records, online consulting, and computer aided diagnosis systems (Campbell-Kelly et al., 2023). The internet, which was first conceived as an option for military usage as a means of communication, expanded into a vehicle for conveying knowledge across nations, and thus affecting both medicine and science The Rise of Information Age – Science and Technology Essay – HIST 405 American History.

These advances also facilitated the emergence of large-scale medical research capable of using data analysis based on the use of computer systems. For example, the human genome project which was successfully completed in 2003 undergone a computational ability developed in 20th century (Pesapane et al., 2018). This program was the beginning of PHR and gave a new understanding of the genetic foundations of diseases as well as opening the way to individualized treatment.

The United States as a Scientifically Oriented Society

At the end of the 20th century, American society was ranked as one of the most scientifically advanced societies globally. Such a shift was enabled by a large-scale investment into scientific research, growth of the research university model, and strong research culture. Federal government’s support for rethinking on scientific research came through organizations like NASA, National Institute of Health (NIH), and National Science Foundation (NSF) (Lerner et al., 2021). For example, these organizations offered grant to scientists and institutions through the pursuance of many fields including outer Space exploration and Biotechnology among others.

The U.S education system also signed up to the scientific orientation of United States. Every American university turned into one of the world’s leading institutions for scientific research, drawing talent from across the world. Almost all the technological advances of the Information age such as the internet, GPS, and biotechnology were fostered by tripartite collaborations between academic, government, and private sector. Moreover, post-World War II America, the emergence of the Silicon Valley and the concept of new age technology industry put the United States on the scientific map of the world (Routh, 2017). Digital and software giants like Apple, Microsoft, and Google revolutionized computing and communication, and made America the technology capital of the world. This environment of scientific research and technological advancement fostered a society of research and technology innovation and advancement, putting the United States at forefront of science and technology.

Conclusion

In a recap, the technical and the political problems that NASA locked to in the 1960s together with the Cold War technology helped create one period of quick growth that modified both military and the civilian science. In the end of the twentieth century, the bio and medical techs along with computer technologies prepared the setup for today’s scientific society in which the United States had a leading role.

References – The Rise of Information Age – Science and Technology Essay – HIST 405 American History

Campbell-Kelly, M., Aspray, W. F., Yost, J. R., Tinn, H., & Díaz, G. C. (2023). 
Computer: A history of the information machine
. Routledge.

Corbett, P. S., Janssen, V., Lund, J. M., Pfannestiel, T., Vickery, P., & Waskiewicz, S. (2023, July 6).
U.S. History
. OpenStax, OER Commons. Retrieved January 2, 2024, from
https://openstax.org/details/books/us-history

Egbe, N. (2018). BIOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION AND POTENTIAL MILITARY APPLICATIONS. 
Academy Journal of Science and Engineering
, 
12
(1), 73-85.

Inshakova, A. O., Baltutite, I. V., Epifanov, A. E., & Abesalashvili, M. Z. (2021). Biotechnology as a type of converged technologies in industry 4.0 and a source of increased danger in civil law of The Russian Federation. In 
Modern Global Economic System: Evolutional Development vs. Revolutionary Leap 11
 (pp. 1558-1567). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69415-9_172

Lambright, W. H. (2010). Exploring space: NASA at 50 and beyond. 
Public Administration Review
, 
70
(1), 151-157.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02119.x

Lerner, R. M., Fisher, C. B., & Weinberg, R. A. (2021). Toward a science for and of the people: Promoting civil society through the application of developmental science. In 
Individuals as Producers of Their Own Development
 (pp. 175-190). Routledge. 1st Edition

Logsdon, J. M. (2011). John F. Kennedy’s Space Legacy and Its Lessons for Today. 
Issues in Science and Technology
, 
27
(3), 29-34.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43315485

MacDonald, A. C. (2017). 
The long space age: The economic origins of space exploration from Colonial America to the Cold War
. Yale University Press.

Moltz, J. C. (2019). The changing dynamics of twenty-first-century space power. 
Journal of Strategic Security
, 
12
(1), 15-43.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26623076

Pesapane, F., Codari, M., & Sardanelli, F. (2018). Artificial intelligence in medical imaging: threat or opportunity? Radiologists again at the forefront of innovation in medicine. 
European radiology experimental
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2
, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41747-018-0061-6

Routh, D. K. (2017). 
The first new nation: The United States in historical and comparative perspective
. Routledge.

 

The Rise of Information Age – Science and Technology Essay – HIST 405 American History

[Please delete all instructions once you have completed this case study. Length: 4-5 double-spaced pages. Use a minimum of one (1) documented example from your US History OpenStax course text
and four (4) scholarly sources
from the Chamberlain Library. Remember, sources for this case study are found under the
Leganto Source List
for a total of five (5) sources. Add in-text citations and end references, and double-space the writing once completed. The course text has already been added to the references, but please add your additional scholarly source to the list.]

Introduction

Describe the technical and political dilemmas experienced by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in its efforts to meet Kennedy’s goal of putting an astronaut on the Moon before the end of the 1960s.

Assess technological advances during the Cold War in space exploration and military initiatives.

Differentiate how civilian science led to the prominence of biotechnology and other medical research from the government.

Examine how the technological advances in the 20th century revolutionized medical science and opened the way for computers and the internet.

Distinguish how the United States during the 20th century became one of the most scientifically oriented societies in the world today.

Conclusion

The Rise of Information Age – Science and Technology Essay – HIST 405 American History