Tag: Clinical-Nursing

  • Walden University NURS-6050 Week 2: Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet

    Walden University NURS-6050 Week 2: Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet

    Agenda Comparison Grid Assignment Template for Part 1 and Part 2

     
    Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid

    Use this Agenda Comparison Grid to document information about the population health/healthcare issue you selected and the presidential agendas. By completing this grid, you will develop a more in depth understanding of your selected issue and how you might position it politically based on the presidential agendas.

    You will use the information in the Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid to complete the remaining Part 2 and Part 3 of your Assignment.

    Identify the Population Health concern you selected.

    People residing in America regardless of social status, race, ethnicity and age

    Opioid epidemic

     

    Describe the Population Health concern you selected.

    The opioid epidemic has been experienced in most parts of the world, including the United States. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2022), the opioid crisis is currently characterized by a high prevalence of mortality related to the use of illicit synthetic opioids like fentanyl. For instance, approximately 108,000 individuals in America succumbed to drug-related overdose from both prescription and illicit drugs with 73 838 deaths were associated with fentanyl (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2022). Some of the opioid use long-term side effects include sleep-disordered breathing, chronic constipation, and increased bone fracture risks al Institute on Drug Abuse, 2022). Hence, as the opioid epidemic continues to rise, all stakeholders must incorporate an evidence-based and pragmatic approach to save lives, reduce risks, and remove barriers that hinder effective interventions Walden University NURS-6050 Week 2: Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet.

     

    Administration (President Name)

    President Joe Biden Administration

    President Donald Trump Administration

    Explain how each of the two presidential administrations approached the issue.

    President Joe Biden’s administration has taken the opioid epidemic issue seriously and has incorporated it into the Unity Agenda. The reason why the president decided to tackle the issue is because of the effects that opioid trafficking and use have on families, particularly in blue and red communities and other communities as well (The White House, 2022). As a result, under President Biden’s leadership, the rate of opioid poisoning and deaths have reduced even though these deaths continue to be unaccepted since most are due to fentanyl. The President’s efforts include his administration trying to sign the Consolidated Appropriations Act into law since the law aimed at classifying fentanyl and its related substances to fit in the Controlled Substances Act as Schedule I substances.

     

    During Donald Trump’s administration, the first step to curbing the opioid epidemic was declaring the epidemic as a public health emergency. The administration also proposed strategies to enhance and enforce the crisis by ensuring the affected individuals can access treatment, recovery, and prevention services (Grogan et al., 2020). The strategies also focused on ensuring that overdose-reversing drugs were available, including ways they would be distributed. The President also launched efforts to educate the community on the dangers of overdosing, which was one factor that led to an opioid prescription decrease of 31 percent in 2017 (Grogan et al., 2020). The reason was that the administration was targeting the opioid distributors to prevent them from fueling the opioid harm and epidemic in the American communities.

     

    Identify the allocations of resources that the current and previous presidents dedicated to this issue.

    For President Joe Biden in 2022, the administration awarded the Territories and States $1.5 billion in 2023 to address the opioid and addiction crisis. Also, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) enabled the awarding of $1.5 billion to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that would increase support of territories, tribal lands, and State’s efforts in addressing the opioid crisis and support recovering individuals (SAMHSA, 2024). Also, in 2024, the administration has set aside about $1.48 billion for the District of Columbia, territories, and states, and $63 million for Tribes to address the opioid crisis.

     

    Also, President Trump’s administration provided $1.8 billion in grants that would help in addressing the public health emergency crisis to prevent losing more Americans to overdose. Also, in 2018, the President Trump administration set 12.1 billion for opioid prevention and treatment efforts, with $15.6 billion for interdiction, law enforcement, and international initiatives (CMS, 2019). Other considerations in 2018 were the $500 million used for state grants under the CURES Act authorization to enhance access to treatment, recovery, and prevention services and minimize opioid misuse.

     

     

     

     

    ORDER YOUR ASSIGNMENT HERE

    Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis

     

    Using the information you recorded in Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid, complete the following to document information about the population health/healthcare issue you selected

    Administration

     

    Which administrative agency (like HHS, CDC, FDA, OHSA) would most likely be responsible for helping you address the healthcare issue you selected? Why is this agency the most helpful?

     

    The administrative agency that would be crucial in addressing the opioid epidemic is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). According to the Food and Drug Administration (2024), the FDA is still committed to addressing the opioid crisis in all measures, particularly in medical product innovation, since it will limit new opioid addiction and abuse cases and in treating people living with an addiction. For instance, in 2018, the FDA started an innovation challenge that aimed at enhancing medical device development, including mobile medical applications and diagnostic tests to combat the crisis while enhancing opioid use disorder treatment and prevention (Food and Drug Administration, 2024). Walden University NURS-6050 Week 2: Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet

    Also, the FDA approved new drugs through rigorous product reviews that highlighted their specific risks and benefits. Such considerations are necessary during opioid cases since the drugs must be assessed on the risks they pose to the patient, such as addiction and dependency.

    How do you think your selected healthcare issue might get on the presidential agenda? How does it stay there?

    President Joe Biden has incorporated the opioid epidemic in his Unity Agenda, thus showing the emergency state of the health issue. Hence, the only factor remaining is ensuring that the health issue remains part of the presidential agenda. Some of the strategies to boost the opioid epidemic in the Unity Agenda is by reaching out to the legislative through the nursing professional organization to present evidence-based research on why the opioid crisis fight should continue (The White House, 2022). That is evident in the statistics conducted in 2022 by the CDC, which shows that the rate of synthetic opioid deaths between 2021 and 2022 increased by 4.1 percent despite other rates like semisynthetic, heroin, and methadone being reduced (The White House, 2022). Also, it would be crucial to mobilize the communities with high mortality and morbidity rates to air their grievances to enable the federal, local, and state governments to formulate better means to intervene on the issue, especially in creating awareness.

     

    Who would you choose to be the entrepreneur/ champion/sponsor (this can be a celebrity, a legislator, an agency director, or others) of the healthcare issue you selected? An example is Michael J. Fox a champion for Parkinson’s disease.

    The champion that would be crucial in the fight against the opioid epidemic is Andrea Joy Campbell, who is the Attorney General of Massachusetts. That is because she started a fight against the opioid epidemic after Massachusetts witnessed over 2,000 individuals succumbing due to opioid overdose (Zang et al., 2021). Therefore, she can help in reaching out to other leaders to embrace policies and laws that might help the country fight the opioid epidemic entirely.

     

     

    Fact Sheet

    The fact sheet will address why the opioid crisis serves as a vital legislation agenda and the nurses’ role in its agenda-setting.

    Why Opioid Crisis Serves as a Vital Legislation Agenda

    The opioid crisis affects the well-being of all individuals regardless of their gender, race, or ethnicity particularly those that rely on opioids to minimize chronic illness.

    In 2022, there were approximately 108,000 individual deaths in America due to prescription and illicit drug overdose, with about 73,838 deaths associated with synthetic opioids, specifically fentanyl (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2022).

    Reasons for Addressing the Opioid Crisis

    In 2024, the President Biden administration set aside about $1.48 billion to help the District of Columbia, territories, and states address the opioid crisis, while Tribes were awarded $63 million proving the cost the health issue has imposed to the country (The White House, 2022)

     Since mortality continues to increase, it is necessary to formulate appropriate strategies that incorporate all stakeholders, including the federal, state, and local governments and community members.

    Managing Opioid Crisis

    President Joe Biden’s administration has incorporated the opioid crisis into the Unity Agenda.

     

    The Nurses’ Role in Its Agenda Setting

    The primary role that nurses have towards agenda setting include;

    Opioid Use Disorder Identification and Prevention

    Nurses spend most of their time in practice interacting with the patient, thus they can use the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) for evidence purposes and then utilize patient education to educate the patient and formulate effective treatment and condition management process (Grogan et al., 2020).

    Prescription Monitoring

    The best way that nurses can monitor patient prescriptions is by regularly assessing the symptoms to prevent instances where patients with chronic conditions like cancer become addicted to opioids.

    Advocacy

    Nurses’ major role is advocacy to fight for patient rights. According to Van-Cleave et al. (2021), nurses can participate in the policy-making process, provide evidence-based research to back the proposed policies and laws to curb the opioid crisis and identify better standards for opioid prescription.

     
    References

    CMS. (2019).
    Trump Administration takes Steps to Expand Access to Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder | CMS
    . Www.cms.gov. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/trump-administration-takes-steps-expand-access-treatment-opioid-use-disorder

    Food and Drug Administration. (2024).
    Overdose Prevention Activities Timeline
    . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/food-and-drug-administration-overdose-prevention-framework/timeline-selected-fda-activities-and-significant-events-addressing-substance-use-and-overdose#:~:text=On%20March%2022%2C%20FDA%20announced

    Grogan, C. M., Bersamira, C. S., Singer, P. M., Smith, B. T., Pollack, H. A., Andrews, C. M., & Abraham, A. J. (2020). Are Policy Strategies for Addressing the Opioid Epidemic Partisan? A View from the States.
    Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
    ,
    45
    (2), 277–309. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8004886

    National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2022, January 20).
    Overdose Death Rates
    . National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates#:~:text=Overall%2C%20drug%20overdose%20deaths%20rose

    SAMHSA. (2024, May 2).
    Biden-Harris Administration Announces Critical More Than $1.5 Billion State and Tribal Opioid Response Funding Opportunities
    . Www.hhs.gov. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2024/05/02/biden-harris-administration-announces-critical-more-than-1.5-billion-state-tribal-opioid-response-funding-opportunities.html

    The White House. (2022, September 23).
    Biden-Harris administration announces new actions and funding to address the overdose epidemic and support recovery
    . The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/23/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-and-funding-to-address-the-overdose-epidemic-and-support-recovery/

    Van-Cleave, J. H., Booker, S. Q., Powell-Roach, K., Liang, E., & Kawi, J. (2021). A Scoping Review of Nursing’s Contribution to the Management of Patients with Pain and Opioid Misuse.
    Pain Management Nursing
    ,
    22
    (1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.11.007

    Zang, X., Macmadu, A., Krieger, M. S., Behrends, C. N., Green, T. C., Morgan, J. R., Murphy, S. M., Nolen, S., Walley, A. Y., Schackman, B. R., & Marshall, B. D. (2021). Targeting community-based naloxone distribution using opioid overdose death rates: A descriptive analysis of naloxone rescue kits and opioid overdose deaths in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
    The International Journal on Drug Policy
    ,
    98
    , 103435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103435 Walden University NURS-6050 Week 2: Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet

     

    Walden University NURS-6050 Week 2: Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet

    Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet

    It may seem to you that healthcare has been a national topic of debate among political leaders for as long as you can remember.

    Healthcare has been a policy item and a topic of debate not only in recent times but as far back as the administration of the second U.S. president, John Adams. In 1798, Adams signed legislation requiring that 20 cents per month of a sailor’s paycheck be set aside for covering their medical bills. This represented the first major piece of U.S. healthcare legislation, and the topic of healthcare has been woven into presidential agendas and political debate ever since.

    As a healthcare professional, you may be called upon to provide expertise, guidance and/or opinions on healthcare matters as they are debated for inclusion into new policy. You may also be involved in planning new organizational policy and responses to changes in legislation. For all of these reasons you should be prepared to speak to national healthcare issues making the news.

    In this Assignment, you will analyze recent presidential healthcare agendas. You also will prepare a fact sheet to communicate the importance of a healthcare issue and the impact on this issue of recent or proposed policy.

    Resources

     

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.

    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    WEEKLY RESOURCES

    To Prepare:

    Review the agenda priorities of the current/sitting U.S. president and at least one previous presidential administration.

    Tip: 
    You can locate presidential agenda information by searching Google for your health topic and the president. For example,
     mental health Obama presidential agenda
    .

    Select an issue related to healthcare that was addressed by two U.S. presidential administrations (current and previous).

    Consider how you would communicate the importance of a healthcare issue to a legislator/policymaker or a member of their staff for inclusion on an agenda.

    Use your Week 1 Discussion post to help with this assignment
    .

    The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Comparison Grid, 1-Page Analysis, and 1-page narrative) with a title page. This is an APA paper. Use 2-3 course resources and at least 2 outside resources.

    Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid

    Use the Agenda Comparison Grid Template found in the Learning Resources and complete the Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid based on the current/sitting U.S. president and the previous president, and their agendas related to the population health concern you selected. Be sure to address the following:

    Identify and provide a brief description of the population health concern you selected.

    Explain how each of the presidential administrations approached the issue.

    Identify the allocation of resources that the presidents dedicated to this issue.

    Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis

    Using the information you recorded in Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid on the template, complete the Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis portion of the template, by addressing the following:

    Which administrative agency (like HHS, CDC, FDA, OHSA) would most likely be responsible for helping you address the healthcare issue you selected and why is this agency the most helpful for the issue?

    How do you think your selected healthcare issue might get on the presidential agenda? How does it stay there?

    An entrepreneur/champion/sponsor helps to move the issue forward. Who would you choose to be the entrepreneur/champion/sponsor (this can be a celebrity, a legislator, an agency director, or others) of the healthcare issue you selected and why would this person be a good entrepreneur/ champion/sponsor? An example is Michael J. Fox is champion for Parkinson’s disease.

    Part 3: Fact Sheet

    Using the information recorded on the template in Parts 1 and 2, develop a 1-page fact sheet that you could use to communicate with a policymaker/legislator or a member of their staff for this healthcare issue. Be sure to address the following:

    Summarize why this healthcare issue is important and should be included in the agenda for legislation.

    Justify the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues.

    Assignment document should include:

    Title page

    Introductory paragraph

    Agenda comparison grid and analysis

    Fact sheet

    Summary/conclusions

    References

    By Day 7 of Week 2

    Submit
     your final version of Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid, Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis, and Part 3: Narrative.

    submission information

    Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the 
    Turnitin Drafts
     from the 
    Start Here
     area.

    To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as 
    WK2Assgn+LastName+Firstinitial

    Then, click on 
    Start Assignment
     near the top of the page.

    Next, click on 
    Upload File
     and select 
    Submit Assignment
     for review.

    Rubric

    NURS_6050_Module01_Week02_Assignment_Rubric

    NURS_6050_Module01_Week02_Assignment_Rubric

    Criteria

    Ratings

    Pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Part 1: Agenda Comparison GridExplain how each of the presidential administrations approached the issue. Identify the allocations of resources that the two presidents dedicated to this issue.

    20
     
    to >
    17.0
     pts
    Excellent
    The response clearly and accurately explains how the presidential administrations approached the issue and identifies the resource allocations dedicated to the issue.

    17
     
    to >
    15.0
     pts
    Good
    The response accurately explains how the presidential administrations approached the issue and identifies the resource allocations dedicated to the issue.

    15
     
    to >
    13.0
     pts
    Fair
    The response is vague or partially inaccurate in its explanation of how the presidential administrations approached the issue, and/or in the identification of the resources allocated to the issue.

    13
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    The response is missing or inaccurate in its explanation of how the presidential administrations approached the issue, and/or in the identification of the resources allocated to the issue.

    20
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis- Address the following:Which administrative agency would most likely be responsible for helping you address the healthcare issue you selected? Why is this agency most helpful?How do you think your selected healthcare issue might get on the agenda? How does it stay there?Who would you choose to be the entrepreneur/ champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue you selected and justify your selection.

    25
     
    to >
    22.0
     pts
    Excellent
    The response clearly and accurately identifies an administrative agency most likely to be responsible for addressing the selected healthcare issue and why that agency is most helpful. …Response clearly and accurately explains how the healthcare issue gets on the agenda and remains there. …The response clearly and accurately identifies and justifies the entrepreneur/champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue selected.

    22
     
    to >
    19.0
     pts
    Good
    The response identifies an administrative agency most likely to be responsible for addressing the selected healthcare issue and why that agency is most helpful. …Response clearly and accurately explains how the healthcare issue gets on the agenda and remains there. …Identification and justification of the entrepreneur/champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue is included.

    19
     
    to >
    17.0
     pts
    Fair
    The identification of an administrative agency responsible for addressing the selected healthcare issue is vague or inaccurate and justification is inaccurate or misaligned for why that agency is most helpful. …Explanation of how the healthcare issue gets on the agenda and remains there is vague or inaccurate. …Identification and/or justification of the entrepreneur/champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue selected is inaccurate or does not align with the healthcare issue.

    17
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Identification of an administrative agency responsible for addressing the selected healthcare issue is missing. …Explanation of how the healthcare issue gets on the agenda and remains there is inaccurate or missing. …Identification and/or justification of the entrepreneur/champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue selected is inaccurate or missing.

    25
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Part 3: Fact SheetBased on your Agenda Comparison Grid for the healthcare issue you selected, develop a 1-2-page narrative that you could use to communicate with a policy- maker/legislator or a member of their staff for this healthcare issue.Summarize why this healthcare issue is important and should be included in the agenda for legislation.Justify the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues

    30
     
    to >
    26.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Creates an accurate and thorough fact sheet. …Using sufficient evidence, the response provides an accurate synthesis of evidence on why this healthcare issue is important and should be included in the agenda for legislation. …Response accurately justifies the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues.

    26
     
    to >
    23.0
     pts
    Good
    Creates an accurate fact sheet. …Using sufficient evidence, the response provides an accurate summary evidence on why this healthcare issue is important and should be included in the agenda for legislation. …Response accurately justifies the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues.

    23
     
    to >
    20.0
     pts
    Fair
    Creates a fact sheet that is partially accurate or incomplete. …Response provides an incomplete or inaccurate summary of evidence on why this healthcare issue is important and should be included in the agenda for legislation. …Response partially or inaccurately justifies the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues.

    20
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Creates a fact sheet that is inaccurate or incomplete. …Response provides an inaccurate summary of evidence or evidence is missing on why this healthcare issue is important and should be included in the agenda for legislation. …Response justifying the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues is inaccurate and incomplete or missing.

    30
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Resources

    10
     
    to >
    8.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Response includes 3 or more course resources and 2 or more outside sources.

    8
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Response includes 2-3 course resources and 2 outside sources.

    7
     
    to >
    6.0
     pts
    Fair
    Response includes fewer than 2 course resources and/or fewer than 2 outside resources.

    6
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Response includes 2 or fewer resources.

    10
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Written Expression and Formatting: ParagraphParagraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, low logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance.

    5
     
    to >
    4.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

    4
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Good
    Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

    3
     
    to >
    2.0
     pts
    Fair
    Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%-79% of the time.

    2
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. 5  pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Written Expression and Formatting: English Writing StandardsCorrect grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation. 5   to >
    4.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    4
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1-2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    3
     
    to >
    2.0
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3-4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    2
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    5
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Written Expression and Formatting: The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, indentations, parenthetical/in- text citations, and reference list. Walden University NURS-6050 Week 2: Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet

    5
     
    to >
    4.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct APA format with no errors.

    4
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1-2) APA format errors.

    3
     
    to >
    2.0
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3-4) APA format errors.

    2
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥5) APA format errors.

    5
     pts

  • Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

    Walden University Nurs 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

    Presidential Agendas

    Rather than focus on the treatment of chronic disease, policies that influence population health tend to emphasize prevention and wellness; the reduction or elimination of waste and the eradication of health disparities based on race, ethnicity, language, income, gender, sexual orientation, disability and other factors. The reasoning is that good health belongs to the whole, not just an individual. (New York State Dept. of Health, n.d.)  

    Regardless of political affiliation, every citizen has a stake in healthcare policy decisions. Hence, it is little wonder why healthcare items become such high-profile components of presidential agendas. It is also little wonder why they become such hotly debated agenda items.

    Consider a topic (mental health, HIV, opioid epidemic, pandemics, obesity, prescription drug prices, or many others) that rises to the presidential level. How did the current and previous presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?

    Reference:

    New York State Department of Health. (n.d.). 
    Making New York the healthiest state: Achieving the triple aim
    . Retrieved June 21, 2021 from https://www.health.ny.gov/events/population_health_summit/docs/what_is_population_health.pdf

    Resources

     

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.

    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources. 

    WEEKLY RESOURCES

    To Prepare:

    Review the Resources and reflect on the importance of agenda setting.

    Consider how federal agendas promote healthcare issues and how these healthcare issues become agenda priorities.

    By Day 3 of Week 1

    Post
     your response to the discussion question: Consider a population health topic that rises to the presidential agenda level. Which social determinant most affects this health issue? How did two recent presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?

    By Day 6 of Week 1

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     of your colleagues
    * on two different days
     by expanding on their response and providing an example that supports their explanation or respectfully challenging their explanation and providing an example.

     

    Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

    COVID-19- Health Issue 

    A great deal of different health issues has risen to the presidential agenda level for decades.  Various cases of health issues rise to the presidential level because of  high significance and need for immediate resolution. The health topic of Covid-19 greatly rose to the presidential agenda level due to significant illness and death, which led to widespread lockdowns, and disruptions to global supply chains; severely impacting the economy (Anselm et al., 2021). This pandemic led to a combination of economic, public health, and political crisis. The covid-19 pandemic crisis dominated news cycles, putting pressure on the government to address the situation (Anselm et al., 2021). These factors combined to elevate COVID-19 to the level of a presidential agenda item, requiring direct leadership, policy development, and public communication.

     

     I
    mpact of Social Determinants of Health

    The social determinant of health that mostly affected Covid-19 pandemic was socioeconomic status. Social economic status intersects with many other factors, including access to healthcare, living conditions, and occupation. For instance, people with lower income levels often have limited access to healthcare, and during the pandemic it made it extremely difficult to get tested or receive timely treatment for COVID-19 (Garrett, 2023).  During these times, economic pressure forced people to work even when sick, which was further spreading the viruses. Individuals in lower socioeconomic brackets were mostly living in crowded housing conditions, where social distancing was difficult (Garrett, 2023). This then increased the risk of transmission within households and communities. In addition, most citizens had jobs that required close physical proximity to others, increasing exposure to the virus (Garrett, 2023). Overall, lower socioeconomic status had less access to reliable information about the virus, prevention measures, and vaccines, leading to higher rates of infection and vaccine hesitancy (Garrett, 2023)

    GET WRITING HELP HERE

    Past President’s Approaches

    Presidents Joe Biden and Donald Trump approached the COVID-19 pandemic differently, in respect to their distinct leadership styles and policy priorities. President Trump’s initial approach to the covid 19 pandemic was  inconsistent while downplaying the virus. It was treated like a flu with the prediction that it would disappear. Citizens were disappointed with the inadequate distribution of testing kits and personal protective equipment (Park, Haynes, & Gasper, 201). In March 2020, Trump initiated and signed the CARES Act which provided $2.2 trillion in economic relief. This  included direct payments to individuals, expanded unemployment benefits, and support for small businesses (Park, Haynes, & Gasper, 2021). In addition, Trump emphasized on state autonomy in handling the pandemic, which led to disorganized enforcement of policies across the country (Park, Haynes, & Gasper, 2021). Federal mandates on issues like mask-wearing were not strongly imposed. Overall, Trump was a strong advocate for reopening the economy, which clashed with public health officials who recommended more cautious approaches.

     

    President Biden’s initial approach was consistent and emphasized on the seriousness of the pandemic. He encouraged mask-wearing, social distancing, and vaccination, and was modeling these behaviors in public appearances. Biden implemented a national strategy to combat COVID-19, focusing on vaccine distribution, testing, and public health measures. His administration placed a strong emphasis on following scientific guidance. Biden’s administration prioritized the mass distribution of vaccines. By March 2021, vaccines were widely available, and were administered (Park, Haynes, & Gasper, 2021). Initiatives like mobile vaccination units were widely available while partnerships with pharmacies to increase access (Park, Haynes, & Gasper, 2021). Biden implemented several federal mandates, including a mask mandate on federal property and for interstate travel. His administration also pursued vaccine mandates for federal workers and contractors, as well as for large employers, though some of these mandates faced legal challenges. Overall, Biden’s administration took a more centralized, federal approach to managing the pandemic, whereas Trump emphasized state autonomy and limited federal intervention.

               

     What I would do differently

    What I would do differently as an individual at the presidential level who will be handling COVID-19 case will initially be to establish a dedicated pandemic response team early on to monitor global health threats. I will implement comprehensive Lockdowns and travel restrictions in the early stages to prevent widespread transmission (Anselm et al., 2021). My early on approaches will be to prioritize mass production and distribution of testing kits, ensuring widespread and easy access to testing from the outset. I will provide clear, consistent, and science-based communication to the public. I will be regularly updating citizens through briefings, ensuring that the information is accessible and transparent. I will develop a response plan that specifically addresses the needs of vulnerable populations. This will include racial and ethnic minorities, low-income communities, and frontline workers (Garrett, 2023). Also, I will work closely with community leaders and organizations to reach underserved populations with specific public health messages and support. I will ensure equal distribution of vaccines, treatments, and healthcare resources to all. In addition, I will implement economic relief measures that support both individuals and businesses. These could include direct payments, expanded unemployment benefits, and small business grants.  Overall, I will rely mainly on the advice of public health experts and scientists in my decision-making processes, ensuring that policies are informed by the best available evidence. By focusing on these areas, as a presidential-level leader I could potentially manage a pandemic more effectively,  and maintain public trust.

     

     

    Reference
     

    Anselm J.M. Hennis, Anna Coates, Sandra del Pino, Massimo Ghidinelli, Rodolfo Gomez Ponce de Leon, Edwin Bolastig, Luis Castellanos, Renato Oliveira e Souza, & Silvana Luciani. (2021). COVID-19 and inequities in the Americas: lessons learned and implications for essential health services. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 45(130), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.130

     

     
    Garrett, T. M. (2023). Border securocracy: Global expansion of the U.S. Department of homeland security bureaucratic apparatus before, during and beyond covid-19. Administrative Theory & Praxis (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 45(3), 230–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2022.2112454

     

     
    Park, H. J., Hu, D., Haynes, E., & Gasper, K. (2021). When a lack of passion intertwines with thought and action: Neutral feelings about COVID-19 are associated with US presidential candidate attitudes and voting behavior. Emotion, 21(8), 1796–1800. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001051

     

    Reply from Tamika Cheatham

    The topic that I will be considering is mental health.  As such, mental health becomes a priority concern of the presidency due to the fact of its broad ramifications affecting not only the individual but social levels as well. Socioeconomic status is one of the most common socio-ecological contributors to mental disorders that affect care availability, accessibility, adequacy, and, hence, overall outcome (Horn et al., 2021). Low income and a lack of education are some typical aggravating factors in mental health decreases, which ultimately lead to an increased risk for significant disorders such as depression and anxiety. Addressing these disparities remains important if improvement in mental health outcomes at the population level is to be realized.

    During his term, Former President Donald Trump passed the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act so that similar coverage could be provided to mental health and substance use disorder services as would be provided for services of physical health (Presskreischer et al., 2022). His administration increased funding for programs in mental health and augmented access through the Affordable Care Act. Former President Donald Trump continued to keep mental health in the forefront, calling for programs such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. However, he gave most of his attention to mental health regarding substance abuse. By contrast, some of the programs dealing with mental health received reduced funding during the presidency of Trump.

    Presently, Joe Biden has made mental health part of his broader health agenda. His administration has sought to expand access to mental health services through initiatives like the American Rescue Plan, which, among many other things, allocated significant funding to mental health and substance use disorder services. Biden has also tried to underscore that an approach will be necessary to help ease the mental health crisis worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic to create access to more care, particularly in under-resourced communities.

    If I had to approach mental health from the presidential level, I would increase the funding of mental health services and integrate mental health care into the primary setting. Because stigma plays such a huge role, the expansion of mental health education and awareness campaigns is imperative in reducing stigma and increasing access. Finally, socioeconomic determinants would be addressed through policy changes promoting access to education, jobs, and affordable housing (Adabre & Chan, 2019). If we address these social determinants, it would lead to the construction of a holistic approach toward mental health and support all individuals, especially those coming from a disadvantaged background. Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

     

    References

    Adabre, M. A., & Chan, A. P. C. (2019). Critical success factors (CSFs) for sustainable affordable housing. Building and Environment, 156, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.030

    Horn, R., Arakelyan, S., Wurie, H., & Ager, A. (2021). Factors contributing to emotional distress in Sierra Leone: a socio-ecological analysis. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-021-00474-y

    Presskreischer, R., Barry, C. L., Lawrence, A. K., McCourt, A., Mojtabai, R., & McGinty, E. E. (2022). Factors Affecting State-Level Enforcement of the Federal Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act: A Cross-Case Analysis of Four States. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 48(1). 
    https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-10171062
    Links to an external site.

    Short, N. M. (2022). 
    Milstead’s health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide
     (7th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

    The White House. (2023, May 18). 
    Fact sheet: Biden-Harris administration announces new actions to tackle nation’s mental health crisis
    . The White House. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/05/18/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-tackle-nations-mental-health-crisis/

    The White House. (2020, October 5). President Donald J. Trump is safeguarding Americans’ mental health and preventing the tragedy of suicide. The White House. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-safeguarding-americans-mental-health-preventing-tragedy-suicide/

     

    Initial Post on the Opioid Crisis in America

    The opioid crisis in the United States has emerged as a significant public health emergency, rising to the level of a presidential agenda due to its widespread impact. Over 80,000 people succumbed to opioids in 2022.
    (CDC, 2023)
      The epidemic, characterized by the over-prescription and misuse of opioid medications, such as, Hydrocodone and Oxycodone, has resulted in a dramatic increase in opioid-related overdoses and deaths. The opioid crisis has disproportionately affected rural areas just as much as urban areas. In some rural communities, the overdose death rate is nearly twice that of urban areas. A critical social determinant of health that significantly affects this issue is socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare. Individuals in lower-income brackets are more likely to experience chronic pain, have limited access to healthcare, and consequently are more susceptible to opioid misuse. Communities with high unemployment rates and limited economic opportunities are disproportionately affected by the opioid crisis as well.

    Current President Biden

    The Biden Administration has prioritized addressing the opioid crisis, recognizing it as a significant public health issue that demands immediate action. A critical social determinant affecting this crisis is access to healthcare. Many individuals, particularly those in underserved communities, lack adequate access to comprehensive healthcare services, including mental health and addiction treatment. This lack of access exacerbates the misuse of opioids as individuals may turn to these substances for unmanaged pain or untreated mental health issues.

    President Joe Biden’s approach to the opioid crisis involves a multi-faceted strategy focusing on prevention, treatment, and harm reduction. His administration has allocated significant resources to expand access to evidence-based treatment, including medication-assisted treatment, and has emphasized the importance of reducing the stigma associated with addiction. The administration is working to increase access to naloxone, a life-saving medication that can reverse opioid overdoses, and to improve support systems for individuals in recovery.

    Past Presidents

    Two past U.S. Presidents have taken different approaches to addressing the opioid crisis. President Barack Obama, during his tenure, focused on expanding access to treatment and recovery services. The Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA), signed into law in 2016, was one of his administration’s key legislative efforts. This act aimed to expand prevention and education efforts while also improving access to treatment for those struggling with addiction. Obama’s approach recognized the need for a multi-faceted response that included both public health and criminal justice components.

    President Donald Trump, on the other hand, declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency in 2017 and focused on stricter law enforcement as well as expanding access to treatment. The SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act, signed into law in 2018, was a comprehensive package that included measures to increase access to addiction treatment, support prevention efforts, and reduce the supply of opioids. Trump’s administration also emphasized the importance of securing the U.S. borders to prevent the flow of illegal drugs into the country.

    What could be done differently

    While all approaches made strides in addressing the opioid crisis, there are areas where improvements could be made. If given the opportunity to tackle this issue, I would advocate for a more vigorous emphasis on prevention through education and community-based interventions. By addressing the root causes of opioid misuse, such as poverty, mental health issues, and lack of economic opportunities, a more sustainable solution could be developed. I would also focus on expanding access to non-opioid pain management alternatives such as massage and acupuncture. And increasing funding for research into new treatments for chronic pain that do not involve addictive substances. These efforts would help reduce the demand for opioids and provide long-term relief for those affected by this crisis.

    References

    https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/index.html
    Links to an external site.

    Jones, C. M., et al. (2018). Trends and key correlates of prescription opioid injection misuse in the United States. Addictive Behaviors, 76, 53-61.

    Kolodny, A., et al. (2015). The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual Review of Public Health, 36, 559-574.

    Volkow, N. D., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Opioid abuse in chronic pain—misconceptions and mitigation strategies. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(13), 1253-1263.

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    Tracy M Chaves

    Aug 28, 2024 9:01pm
    | Last reply Sep 1, 2024 2:16pm

    Reply from Tracy M Chaves

    Per the Health Policy and Politics Nurse’s Guide, there are four categories that influence what issues would make it to a presidential agenda level. Actors refer to people or groups that draw attention to problems; ideas refer to the power or value an issue has with polls or surveys; interests are related to the benefits such as reelection addressing an issue has; and lastly institutes are the “organizational structure” or the setting where the agenda is discussed (Short, 2022).
     

    There has been models developed to address explain how a policy rises to the presidential agenda level and change occurs, these models are the Iron Triangle Model, The Punctuated Equilibrium Model, The Advocacy Coalition Model, The Path Dependent Model, and the most popular Kingdom Model as described in the text (Short, 2022). When a problem coupled with the right timing and the right interest group leading the way an agenda gets on a presidential level.
     

    A popular health topic that rises to presidential agenda level is the topic of health insurance. Social determinants most affected by this health issue are economical stability and healthcare access and quality. There has been numerous presidential administrations that have tried reform with difficulty. The difficulty comes on the political views and goals of each political party. A good example of this is the Affordable Care Act. Implemented by democrats in 2010, later changed by republicans, and now currently going through different change again by democrats. For the 2024 elections, health policy issues will continue to be a main debate (Emory Rollins, n.d.).

    It is hard to say what I would do as no one has been successful in addressing the affordable healthcare issue. However, I would start with implementing health care professionals, such as nurses into the discussion as members. Unfortunately the decisions about our health is being made by those with little knowledge about it. “Nurses and IPHCWs bring a unique and trusted perspective to policy deliberation and development because of their training, values, ethics, and experience”(Short, 2022).
     

    A policy briefing would also be beneficial. Due to politicians usually not coming from a healthcare background, it would be important to assess their level of understanding, give clear explanations of the significance of the policy, give the actions that are needed, and the research evidence to back it all up (DeMarco, 2014).

    I know I would also would like to incorporate more preventative coverage research. On a personal level I have seen changes being made to CMS related to home health that I feel is not preventative but reactive. Insurance type also plays a factor on what services are covered or not, both with private insurance coverage and Medicare coverage.

     

    References

    DeMarco, R., & Tufts, K.A. (2014). The mechanics of writing a policy brief. 
    Nursing Outlook,
     62(3), 219-224.

    Emory’s Rollins School of Public Health. (n.d.) Health policy and the 2024 elections. Retrieved Aug 28 2024, from https://sph.emory.edu/features/2024/presidential-election/health-policy/
     

     
    Short, N.M. (2022). 
    Milstead’s health policy and politics: as nurse’s guide.
     Seventh edition, 57-71. Burlington, MA, Jones and Bartlett Learning.
     

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    Mihret Ghebreamlak

    Aug 28, 2024 9pm
    | Last reply Sep 1, 2024 4:17am

    Reply from Mihret Ghebreamlak

    COVID-19 and the Impact of Social Determinants of Health

    Main Post

    The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the profound influences that social determinants of health, broadly socio-economic status, have on population health. SES, measured by income, education, and employment, is important in determining health outcomes. The pandemic has made the low-income population face higher risks from limited access to healthcare, living in overcrowded environments, and employment in essential but high-exposure jobs (Abrams & Szefler, 2020). Each of these factors has contributed to higher COVID-19 infection rates, hospitalizations, and mortalities in marginalized communities. The disparities in health outcomes underline the need for more significant investments in public health infrastructure, notably in underserved communities, to mitigate the effects of such social determinants during future health crises (Maani & Galea, 2020).

    Past President’s Approaches

    President Donald Trump had earlier focused on economic measures and vaccine development. The administration initiated Operation Warp Speed to accelerate vaccine development, production, and distribution (Kellogg & Overton, 2021). His administration had been criticized for minimizing the severity of the virus and issuing confusing guidance on public health (Parker & Stern, 2022). Trump’s policies were generally directed toward opening up the economy, which made lower-income individuals particularly vulnerable as they could not work from home.

    President Joe Biden came into office with a pledge for a coordinated federal approach. His administration has emphasized widespread vaccination, public health guidance, and direct financial support to individuals and businesses. Biden also moved to address health inequity, targeting vaccination efforts in underserved communities, increasing funding for public health infrastructure, and extending unemployment benefits and stimulus payments to help those facing economic hardship due to the pandemic (The White House, 2021).

    What Could Be Done Differently

    While both administrations took necessary steps, addressing SES as a determinant of health would have led to improved outcomes. Such policy measures would include enhancing healthcare access for the uninsured or underinsured segments of society, supporting essential workers, and investing in public health infrastructure in low-income communities. Public health messaging must remain consistent and ensure that all communities receive accurate and proper information and resources to manage future health crises.

    References:

    Abrams, E. M., & Szefler, S. J. (2020). COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of health. 
    The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
    , 
    8
    (7), 659–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30234-4

    Kellogg, K., & Overton, H. (2021, June 4). 
    Operation Warp Speed: Innovating Vaccine Development While Addressing a National Crisis
    . Americafirstpolicy.com. https://americafirstpolicy.com/issues/operation-warp-speed-innovating-vaccine-development-while-addressing-a-national-crisis

    Maani, N., & Galea, S. (2020). COVID-19 and Underinvestment in the Public Health Infrastructure of the United States. 
    The Milbank Quarterly
    , 
    98
    (2). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12463

    Parker, C. F., & Stern, E. K. (2022). The Trump Administration and the COVID-19 crisis: Exploring the warning-response problems and missed opportunities of a public health emergency. 
    Public Administration
    , 
    100
    (3). https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12843

    The White House. (2021, January 20). 
    President Biden Announces American Rescue Plan
    . The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/legislation/2021/01/20/president-biden-announces-american-rescue-plan/

     

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    Kayla Rena Davis

    Aug 28, 2024 8:52pm
    | Last reply Sep 1, 2024 4:50am

    Reply from Kayla Rena Davis

    A widely discussed health topic that will be discussed in this post is the cost of prescription drugs and what Presidents Biden and Trump have done to assist Americans in lowering this cost. Biden and Trump aimed to bring down prescription drug prices and end surprise billing, even agreeing on some interventions to help this initiative.

     

    President Joe Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) grants Medicare the authority to negotiate the prices of specific prescription drugs, thereby introducing a significant shift in federal healthcare policy. Initially, the negotiations encompass ten selected drugs, with a maximum of 20 drugs per year; however, President Biden aims to expand this number to 50 drugs annually (The White House, 2024). The newly negotiated prices are slated to take effect in 2026, with projected savings estimated at $1.5 billion in prescription drug costs (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [CMS], 2024). In addition to drug price negotiations, the IRA imposes a cap on out-of-pocket expenses for Medicare beneficiaries, expected to yield an average savings of $400 per year (The White House, 2024). The Act also extends the insulin price cap introduced under the Trump administration, transitioning it from voluntary to mandatory and establishing a $35 monthly cap on insulin costs.

     

    President Donald J. Trump implemented several executive orders to reduce the cost of prescription medications and enhance access for Americans. One executive order extended the drug rebates that manufacturers offer to private insurers, making them available to Medicare beneficiaries (Robertson, 2023). Another order focused on making insulin and epinephrine more affordable for low-income individuals, reducing their cost to $35 or less. Initially voluntary, President Biden codified this measure into law (The White House, 2020). Additionally, President Trump signed an order permitting the importation of drugs from other states or countries to foster competitive pricing and abolished gag clauses, which had previously prevented pharmacists from discussing the most cost-effective options with consumers (The White House, 2020).

     

    To build upon the efforts of the current and previous administrations in reducing prescription drug costs for Americans, I propose extending negotiated drug prices to individuals without Medicare or Medicaid coverage. Additionally, to prevent price gouging, a pricing benchmark should be established based on the prices negotiated by Medicare and the prices paid by other countries for the same medications. This approach would ensure that negotiated prices are accessible to all, enhancing affordability and equity in healthcare.

     

     

     

     

    Reference:

     

    Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). (2024, August). 
    Medicare prescription drug inflation rebate program part …
     https://www.cms.gov/files/document/fact-sheet-part-b-rebatable-drug-coinsurance-reduction.pdf

     

    Robertson, L. (2023, September 19). 
    Trump’s executive orders on prescription drugs
    . FactCheck.org. https://www.factcheck.org/2020/07/trumps-executive-orders-on-prescription-drugs/

     

    The White House. (2020, July). 
    FACT SHEETS  President Donald J. Trump Is Taking Action to Lower Drug Costs and Ensure That Americans Have Access to Life-saving Medications
    . https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-taking-action-lower-drug-costs-ensure-americans-access-life-saving-medications/

     

    The White House. (2024, March 8). 
    Fact sheet: President Biden takes new steps to lower prescription drug and health care costs, expand access to health care, and protect consumers
    . https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/03/06/fact-sheet-president-biden-takes-new-steps-to-lower-prescription-drug-and-health-care-costs-expand-access-to-health-care-and-protect-consumers/

     

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    Hiedi Wurster

    Aug 28, 2024 8:37pm
    | Last reply Aug 31, 2024 6:07pm

    Reply from Hiedi Wurster

    The Opioid Crisis

    The opioid epidemic is one of the most devastating crises of our time.  Since opioids became widely prescribed in the 1990s, at least 500,000 people in the U.S. have died from an opiate overdose (Uncovering the Opioid Epidemic, n.d.). An estimated 2.5 million Americans have opioid use disorder (Abuse, 2023), and approximately 10 million Americans twelve years  old and older have misused opioids in the past year (Association, 2023). This crisis has manifested in three waves (Feldscher, 2022). Oxycontin, which has a high risk for dependency, was the first legally prescribed opioid that brought on the first wave of deaths that were linked to opioids (Feldscher, 2022).  The second wave came from heroin, which appealed to people who were already addicted (Feldscher, 2022). We are currently in the third wave, which is attributed to illegally obtained opioids such as fentanyl (Feldscher, 2022). In 2021 alone, close to $1.5 trillion was spent in combatting the crisis (Beyer, 2022). Opioid abuse not only takes a toll on its victims and their families, it costs society as well. Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

     

    Trump Administration Response

    Trump’s strategy appeared to take a reactive approach. He allocated $1.8 billion in grants to be given to states to fight opioid abuse (Trump Whitehouse Archives, n.d.) He has contacted countries, such as China, to appeal to them to stop the flow of drugs to the U.S. (Trump Whitehouse Archives, n.d.). He has even been able to quell the distribution of drugs over the internet by getting rid of one of the biggest online distributors (Trump Whitehouse Archives, n.d.). He also expanded access to treatment for opioid use disorder by creating the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act in October 2018 (CMS, 2019).

     

    Biden Administration Response

    The Biden administration appears to be taking a more proactive approach. They have certainly allocated money to the states to combat this epidemic. But they have also taken some specific action. They enacted legislation that has allowed nearly two million more medical professionals to be able to prescribe medication to treat opioid use disorder (Whitehouse, 2024).  He has prioritized keeping drugs out of the country by providing the latest drug detection technology to our federal agents who protect our ports of entry (Whitehouse, 2024). Although the Trump administration contacted China concerning their illicit exports, the Biden administration was able to convince them to close down the sources of drug manufacturing and to share information with the U.S (Whitehouse, 2024).  This administration also went global by bringing over 140 countries together to fight this epidemic (Whitehouse, 2024).

     

    Social Determinants of Opioid Abuse

    Social determinants play a large role in our health and well-being. There are five main categories of determinants that are known as upstream factors (Nicholson, 2023).  These five categories refer to our environment. They are economic stability, education access and quality, health access and quality, neighborhood and build environment, and social and community context (HHS, n.d.). People with lower education, lower incomes and are participating in some manner in a government program, are more likely to use opioids (Nicholson, 2023).

     

    What Would I Do Different

    I would have acknowledged the problem much earlier. But as of now, I would start locally by educating students about opioids.  This would include all levels of school using age-appropriate materials. I would also contact many of the employers in this area to offer information sessions on it. I would like to allocate more resources to our local law enforcement so they can be more pro-active in getting dealers off the streets. At a state level, I would like to have more education as well as treatment available at colleges as well as in prisons. It would be great to have more affordable housing options for people with SUD who are struggling with homelessness. As Maslow has reminded us, shelter is one of our basic needs, and we cannot achieve anything unless we have the safety of housing.

     

    References

    Abuse, N. I. (2023, August 7). 
    Only 1 in 5 U.S. Adults with opioid use disorder receive medications to treat it in 2021
    . Retrieved from nida.nih.gov: https://nida.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/2023/08/only-1-in-5-us-adults-with-opioid-use-disorder-received-medications-to-treat-it-in-2021#:~:text=News%20Release-,Only%201%20in%205%20U.S.%20adults%20with%20opioid%20use%20disorder,to%20treat%20it%20in%

    Association, A. P. (2023, August 28). 
    The Opioid Crisis: Impact, Challenges, and Paths to Recovery.
     Retrieved from Psychiatry.org: https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/opioid-crisis-impact-challenges-recovery

    Beyer, D. (2022, September 28). 
    JEC Analysis Finds Opioid Epidemic Cost U.S. Nearly $1.5 Trillion in 2020.
     Retrieved from beyer.house.gov: https://beyer.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=5684#

    CMS. (2019, November 1). 
    Trump Administration takes Steps to Expand Access to Treatment for Opioid Use Didorder.
     Retrieved from cms.gov: https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/trump-administration-takes-steps-expand-access-treatment-opioid-use-disorder

    Feldscher, K. (2022, February 9). 
    What led to the opioid crisis-and how to fix it.
     Retrieved from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/what-led-to-the-opioid-crisis-and-how-to-fix-it/#:~:text=It%20started%20in%20the%20mid,use%20of%20legal%20prescription%20opioids.

    HHS. (n.d.). 
    Healthy People 2030
    . Retrieved from healthy.gov: https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health

    Nicholson, H. L. (2023). Social determinanats of opioid use behaviors among adults in the United States. 
    Journal of Substance Use
    , 371-378.

    Only 1 in 5 US Adults With Opioid Use Disorder.
     (n.d.). Retrieved from National Institute on Drug Abuse.

    Trump Whitehouse Archives.
     (n.d.). Retrieved from Trump Whitehouse Archives: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-dedicated-administration-fighting-back-opioid-crisis/

    Uncovering the Opioid Epidemic.
     (n.d.). Retrieved from CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/museum/pdf/cdcm-pha-stem-uncovering-the-opioid-epidemic-lesson.pdf

    Whitehouse. (2024, march 8). 
    Fact Sheet: President Biden’s Unity Agenda for the Nation
    . Retrieved from whitehouse.gov: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/03/08/fact-sheet-president-bidens-unity-agenda-for-the-nation/

     

     

     

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    Hiedi Wurster

    Aug 28, 2024 8:21pm

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    WU_6050_Discussion_Draft2-2.docx

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    Hiedi Wurster

    Aug 28, 2024 8:19pm

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    Mehal Patel

    Aug 28, 2024 7:16pm
    | Last reply Aug 31, 2024 10:13pm

    Reply from Mehal Patel

    Social determinants of health

    According to Healthy People 2030, there are five determinants of social health, among them, neighborhood and safe environment are critical for a person’s wellbeing and quality of life. Due to the rise in gun violence, one of the five social determinants is in jeopardy. According to NICHM (National Institute of Healthcare Management), “Gun violence is a major public health problem, and a leading cause of premature death”.

    Gun violence issue

    On average, 118 people a day were killed from gun-related incidents in 2023. Gun violence, on average costs $557 billion annually, and among that $2.8 billion is spent on medical care, mental health services, and emergency services. For taxpayers in the United States of America, each non-fatal gun costs over $25000 and each gun death injury costs approximately $ 274,000. Its average cost is $1700 per taxpayer.

    How President Trump and Biden addressed this issue

    Former President Donald Trump offered one of the steps to prevent gun violence. He provided police protection to minorities. As per Donald Trump, minorities need police protection because of the hate crime. He understands what going into inner cities and need of police protection for minorities.

    On the other hand, President Biden stated that he will do everything he can, to prevent such crisis after mass shooting at Texas Elementary school in May 2022. According to a Washington D.C post released by Rhode Island senator Jack Reed, President Biden needs to take long overdue steps toward keeping firearms out of the hands of dangerous people, crack down on gun trafficking, and invest significant funding in mental health and school safety measures.

    How Gun Violence can be prevented

    In May 2022, a horrific incident happened in Texas Elementary School which suggests that gun violence issue needs to be taken seriously and politicians and leaders across the country need to make strict laws when it comes to gun access. Addressing mental health issues in the communities and removing stigma related to mental health issues is a critical component. Nurses can play an important role by joining professional organizations to address this issue.

    Nurses can join ANA and the American Academy of Nursing as it supports nurses’ engagement with family and community health screening, counseling work, and prevention training. In June 2023, ANA built upon its long-lasting advocacy with a resolution recommending heightened support and legislation, improved mental health services, and research specific to the healthcare arena. ANA has a large campaign related to violence against nurses in the workplace thus joining ANA will also help create more awareness about this issue and build networking to fight against this issue.

    References

    Sheehan, A. (2024). Nursing Power through Advocacy. Advocacy 101: Staying Connected with Your Legislators. 
    Pediatric Nursing
    , 
    50
    (3), 143–146. 
    https://doi.org/10.62116/PNJ.2024.50.3.143
    Links to an external site.

    Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). 
    Social determinants of health
    . Healthy People 2030; Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health
    https://nihcm.org/publications/gun-violence-the-impact-on-society
    Links to an external site.

    Gartley, C. E. (2023, November 4). 
    The role of nurses in firearm safety
    . American Nurse. https://www.myamericannurse.com/the-role-of-nurses-in-firearm-safety/

    Black Americans want new gun laws to curb gun violence. Trump offers more police. (2017, October 12). 
    Washingtonpost.com
    . 
    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A509302219/OVIC?u=minn4020&sid=ebsco&xid=da661830
    Links to an external site.

    BIDEN SIGNS SWEEPING GUN VIOLENCE PREVENTION BILL INTO LAW. (2022, June 25). 
    States News Service 
    NA. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A708422887/EAIM?u=minn4020&sid=ebsco&xid=647ab7a1

     

     

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    Amy Simmons

    Aug 28, 2024 6:54pm
    | Last reply Aug 31, 2024 11:10am

    Reply from Amy Simmons

    Main Post 

     

          Prescription Drug Prices

                Prescription drug costs have emerged as a significant concern in presidential discussions, mirroring the public’s growing anxiety about the increasing price of medications in the U.S. The debate centers on ways to lower drug costs for consumers while allowing pharmaceutical companies to continue investing in research and development. Although this issue has received support from both political parties, their proposed solutions can differ widely. It remains a key focus in healthcare reform debates, with many voters considering it a critical priority. 
    According to Vincent Rajkumar (2020), about 25% of American citizens struggle to pay for their medications, which, in turn, causes those Americans to be non-compliant, increasing their healthcare needs and costs due to the worsening of their health conditions.

                  
    Present Presidents Approach

                 Our current President, Joe Biden, views health care as a fundamental right rather than a luxury, which I completely agree with. From the outset, he has expanded access to health care for millions of Americans and worked to reduce costs. He remains committed to enhancing and safeguarding Medicare, Medicaid, and the Affordable Care Act. Due to the President’s initiatives, more Americans have health insurance compared to any previous administration. This commitment is reflected in his support for legislation like the American Rescue Plan Act and the Inflation Reduction Act, aimed to decrease prescription drug prices and lower monthly health insurance costs (The White House, 2022).

    Past President’s Approach

                Trump consistently spoke out about the high costs of prescription drugs, aiming at pharmaceutical companies and pharmacy benefit managers. Although he made the issue a focal point in political discourse, his administration made limited strides in reducing drug prices. The Trump administration tried to get the co-pays lowered to $35 for Americans with Medicare and Medicaid, but even that was ultimately denied. The Trump administration has faced many challenges meeting major campaign promises, especially those requiring legislative or administrative changes (Levitt, 2024).

    What could be Done Differently? 

                
    As an advanced practice provider, I will advocate for legislative and policy changes to lower drug prices and express support for bills allowing Medicare to negotiate drug prices, increase transparency, or promote generics and biosimilars. I will educate patients on the importance of preventative care, medication compliance, and healthy lifestyles to keep healthcare costs to a minimum Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

     

    References

    Levitt, L. (2024, February 15). 
    What would another Trump presidency 
    mean for health care?
     JAMA Health Forum. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2815369

    The White House. (2022, October 14). 
    Executive order on lowering prescription drug costs for Americans
    . The White House. 
    https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-
    Links to an external site.
     actions/2022/10/14/executive-order-on-lowering-prescription-drug-costs-for-americans
    /

    Vincent Rajkumar, S. (2020). The high cost of prescription drugs: Causes and solutions. 
    Blood Cancer Journal
    , 
    10
    (6). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-020-0338-x

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    John Dulko
     (He/Him)

    Aug 28, 2024 6:35pm

    Reply from John Dulko

    The topic considered that rises to the presidential agenda is mental health. Kirkbride et al. (2024) assert that the social determinants of mental health are socioeconomic disadvantage, early life adversity, childhood adversity, migration, ethnoracial discrimination, inequalities experienced by the LGBTQ+ community, sex-based inequalities, loneliness and social isolation, neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and inequality, social capital, fragmentation, and ethnic density, and physical environment.

    A limiting factor for any project is money. The Biden administration funded several projects to expand access to mental health services. Some of these services include the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, FindSupport.Gov, the Mental Health at Work Initiative launched by the Department of Labor, the Workplace Stress Toolkit rolled out by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the TodayIAm Campaign for veterans’ mental health, and the 24/7 hotline, 1-833-TLC-MAMA (The White House, 2023). All these efforts aimed to increase access to care and offer resources, which was made possible by the Biden administration’s funding and support.

    The Trump administration also offered funding for mental health improvement in the United States. “The President allocated approximately $425 million in emergency funds to address mental and substance abuse disorders” (The White House 2020). The Trump administration also repealed the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act, declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency, signed the Substance Use Disorder Prevention That Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act, and released emergency grants to states to improve access to treatment for substance use disorders and other mental illnesses during the COVID-19 pandemic (The White House 2020).

    Walden University (2020) recommends strengthening system capacity, connecting more Americans to care, and supporting Americans by creating healthy environments to improve the mental health crisis in the United States. In addition to what has already been done to improve access to care during the Trump and Biden administrations, all health plans could cover behavioral health services, and some could offer three visits per year without a copay. Another suggestion is to embed these professionals within the community, such as libraries, community centers, and homeless shelters. Telehealth services also must be invested in to improve access to care. To create healthy environments, the effect of social media should be studied, and the number of early childhood and school-based interventions should be increased (Walden University 2020).

     

     

    References

    Kirkbride, JB., Anglin, D.M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J., Jones, P.B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., Griffiths, S.L. (2024) The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations. 
    World Psychiatry
    , 23(1):58-90. 10.1002/wps.21160.

    Walden University. (2022). America’s agenda for addressing the mental health crisis. Walden University. https://www.waldenu.edu/online-doctoral-programs/phd-in-clinical-psychology/resource/americas-agenda-for-addressing-the-mental-health-crisis

    The White House. (2023, May 18). 
    Fact sheet: Biden-Harris administration announces new actions to tackle nation’s mental health crisis
    . The White House. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/05/18/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-tackle-nations-mental-health-crisis/

    The White House. (2020, October 5). President Donald J. Trump is safeguarding Americans’ mental health and preventing the tragedy of suicide. The White House. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-safeguarding-americans-mental-health-preventing-tragedy-suicide/ Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

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    QF

    Qiana Felder

    Aug 28, 2024 3:58pm
    | Last reply Aug 30, 2024 9:21pm

    Reply from Qiana Felder

    Topic

    The healthcare issue I chose is mental health, a pressing concern in the United States. Shockingly, nearly 50 million Americans are currently dealing with mental health issues, with over half of them not receiving any treatment (Mental Health America, 2022). This alarming trend persists due to various barriers, including limited coverage and socioeconomic status, making mental health a significant problem within our communities.

    Current President’s Approaches

    Current: The Biden administration has taken some necessary steps to prioritize mental health. In 2022, the administration launched the nationwide 988 hotline to ensure people could access support for mental health crises and suicide prevention more easily. President Biden also made more funding available for school-based mental health services and proposed a rule to make it easier for schools to bill Medicaid by reforming the billing processes (Affairs, 2023). Lastly, he intends that all insurance plans cover behavioral health services, including at least three visits yearly (The White House, 2022).

    Past President’s Approaches

    An emphasis was placed on improving mental health and the opioid crisis during the Trump administration. Legislation was signed to address mental health and substance abuse disorders, which allocated emergency funds to improve access to treatment (The White House, 2020). An executive order was also signed to make suicide prevention a priority for veterans. In addition, he signed the Substance Use Disorder Prevention That Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act (SUPPORT). This law increases access to treatment for citizens with mental health and substance abuse disorders.

    What Could Be Done Differently

    I see the impact of mental health far too often working as a nurse. Both Presidents have accomplished a great deal of change to improve the crisis. However, the need for more comprehensive mental health services is urgent. Mental health services would benefit from being integrated into primary care practices to make it easier for a behavioral health and primary care team to collaborate on the patient’s needs. Integrating care would also eliminate the need for the patient to find a provider, which can be stressful. With the available funding, the focus should be on prevention and awareness. More public health campaigns should be utilized to educate and reduce the stigma around mental health to encourage people to get treatment and the support they need.

     

    References

    Affairs (ASPA), A. S. for P. (2023, September 25). 
    Biden-Harris Administration Announces More Than $200 Million To Support Youth Mental Health
    . HHS.gov. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/09/25/biden-harris-administration-announces-more-than-200-million-support-youth-mental-health.html

    Mental Health America. (2022). 
    Quick Facts and Statistics About Mental Health
    . Mental Health America. https://mhanational.org/mentalhealthfacts

    The White House. (2020, October 5). 
    President Donald J. Trump Is Safeguarding Americans’ Mental Health and Preventing The Tragedy of Suicide – The White House
    . Trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-safeguarding-americans-mental-health-preventing-tragedy-suicide/

    The White House. (2022, March 1). 
    FACT SHEET: President Biden to Announce Strategy to Address Our National Mental Health Crisis, As Part of Unity Agenda in his First State of the Union
    . The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/01/fact-sheet-president-biden-to-announce-strategy-to-address-our-national-mental-health-crisis-as-part-of-unity-agenda-in-his-first-state-of-the-union/

     

     

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    LA

    Lailat Andu

    Aug 28, 2024 9:11am
    | Last reply Aug 31, 2024 3:44pm

    Reply from Lailat Andu

    Opioid Epidemic

    Opioid abuse presents a significant challenge to the public, requiring a multifaceted response that includes education, direct patient care, and public health interventions. It is a crisis that has been described as a public health emergency, with more than 70,000 overdose deaths recorded in 2019 alone, largely driven by synthetic opioids like fentanyl (Scholl et al., 2020). I believe the opioid epidemic underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to population health strategies to address the root causes of the opioid epidemic. Numerous socioeconomic factors, such as economic instability and access to healthcare, have been identified to have a major impact on the opioid epidemic. Implementing comprehensive healthcare reforms that ensure coverage for addiction treatment services is also vital to curbing opioid epidemics (Bachhuber et al., 2023).

     

    Social Determinant

    Economic Instability plays a crucial role in the opioid epidemic by exacerbating vulnerabilities that lead to substance misuse. Patients facing unemployment, low wages, and poverty often experience chronic stress, anxiety, and feelings of hopelessness, which can increase the likelihood of turning to opioids as a coping mechanism. Economic hardships also limit access to education and job opportunities, creating a cycle where patients are trapped in environments with fewer prospects for upward mobility. In economically distressed communities, the lack of resources and support systems further contributes to the spread of opioid misuse, as people have fewer avenues for seeking help and more exposure to drug use.

    Access to Healthcare is another key factor influencing the opioid epidemic. Patients in economically unstable situations often lack health insurance or have limited access to healthcare services, including mental health and substance abuse treatment. This barrier prevents early intervention, leading to the progression of addiction and increasing the risk of overdose. Even when healthcare is available, stigma, cost, and transportation issues can prevent patients from seeking or maintaining treatment. The lack of accessible, affordable, and integrated healthcare services exacerbates the opioid crisis by leaving many without the necessary support to recover and manage their addiction.

    Presidential Response to Opioid Epidemic

    Both President Joe Biden and former President Donald Trump have addressed the opioid epidemic as a significant public health issue, but they have taken different approaches based on their administrations’ priorities, strategies, and political contexts.

    PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW

    President Trump’s approach to the opioid crisis focused heavily on law enforcement, border security, and public health emergency declarations. Here are some key aspects; In October 2017, Trump declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency. This declaration allowed for the mobilization of resources and directed federal agencies to prioritize the crisis, though it did not unlock significant new funding. President Trump emphasized the need to strengthen law enforcement and border security to combat the influx of illegal opioids, particularly fentanyl, from other countries like Mexico and China. His administration increased funding for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and other agencies to crack down on drug trafficking. His administration also focused on prosecuting opioid manufacturers and distributors that were believed to be contributing to the crisis. He Also launched multiple public awareness campaigns to educate Americans about the dangers of opioid abuse, often framing it within the context of law and order. The campaigns emphasized the importance of prevention, and the risks associated with opioid misuse.

    President Biden’s administration’s approach to the opioid crisis has been more focused on public health, treatment, and harm reduction, while also maintaining an emphasis on law enforcement and border security. Under President Biden’s administration, the American Rescue Plan allocated significant funding to address the opioid crisis, including $4 billion for behavioral health and substance use disorder services. This funding aimed to expand access to treatment, recovery services, and harm reduction programs. The administration has also emphasized harm reduction strategies, such as supporting syringe service programs, expanding access to naloxone, and advocating for medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder. Biden’s approach is more public health-oriented, focusing on reducing the stigma associated with addiction and ensuring that those affected have access to the care they need. President Biden’s administration also focused on reducing overdose deaths by promoting overdose prevention sites, supporting community-based interventions, and ensuring that emergency medical services are equipped to respond to overdoses.

    I believe both of the last two presidential approaches to the opioid pandemic are very good. However, I would have combined the two approaches with more funding allocated to prevention and treatment for opioid abuse. A study by Volkow and Blanco (2021) highlights that improving physician training on pain management and the risks of opioid addiction can significantly reduce the number of new cases of opioid misuse. I believe curbing the opioid pandemic requires a holistic approach that combines prevention, treatment, harm reduction, and policy reform. By addressing the issue from multiple angles, society can reduce the incidence of opioid misuse and provide support to those affected by addiction.

    References

    Bachhuber, M. A., et al. (2023). Healthcare reform and opioid use disorder: A review of evidence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 146, 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2023.01.012

     

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdmp/index.html

     

    Scholl, L., Seth, P., Kariisa, M., Wilson, N., & Baldwin, G. (2020). Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2013–2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(11), 290–297. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a4

     

    Volkow, N. D., & Blanco, C. (2021). The changing opioid crisis: Development, challenges, and opportunities. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(1), 218-233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00841-6

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    Julia N Taylor

    Aug 28, 2024 7:57am
    | Last reply Aug 30, 2024 2:04pm

    Reply from Julia N Taylor

    More than 1.8 million new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed. About 607,000 Americans are expected to die of cancer in 2024, which translates to about 1,660 deaths per day, of which lung cancer makes up almost 25% of all cancer deaths (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2020a; ACS, 2020b). The estimated national expenditures for cancer care in 2017 were $147.3 billion (National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2018). The cost of treatment significantly impacts patients when deciding which treatment to use. The question is proposed which is safer and more cost-effective, alternative medication and/or conventional treatment for lung cancer, with the intent of comparing their effectiveness. Both cancer treatment approaches are beneficial and available; therefore, exploring treatment options using evidence-based sources and provider recommendations is critical. The clinical issue is the existence of competing options in treating lung cancer. People with cancer are interested in trying anything that may help them. Some people prefer alternative medication and others conventional treatment because each approach has benefits and limitations that suit the preferences or perceptions of an individual (Johnson, Park, Gross, & Yu, 2018a).

    Biden-Harris Administration’s goal is to reduce the cancer death Rate by at least 50 % over the next 25 years and improve the experience of living with and Surviving Cancer. This administration is said to put up $150 million in new federal funding to develop technology to help surgeons successfully remove cancerous tumors (white house). The issue is important in healthcare because a more practical option needs to be identified and recommended. Lung cancer has ravaged the population in terms of deaths and illnesses. Therefore, there is a need to identify effective evidence-based solutions to help the patients (ACS, 2020).

    While President Biden tried to reduce the cancer death rate, Former President Trump stated, “We’re going to get to the cure for cancer and Alzheimer’s and so many other things.” (med page today). I feel if finding the cure for cancer was that easy, then it would have been done a long time ago. Looking back on this administration, Trump talked a good game when he spoke about finding the cure for cancer, but it doesn’t seem as though he took it seriously. I say this because Trump is a money guy, and there is no money in the cure, but it is in the treatment. So the question remains: was his statement from the heart, or was it something his team put together for him to say? Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

    As cancer is a terrifying disease, and patients would be interested in anything that may help, the existence of competing options for curing the disease or achieving good palliation increases the dilemma and anxiety when deciding the treatment approach that needs to be used. I personally would explore different treatment options, such as alternative medication versus other conventional treatments, which are widely used and likable treatment approaches, with the intent of comparing their effectiveness on lung cancer. Evidence supports the use of AM compared to CCT, but more research with more excellent quality and evidence supports CCT over AM. The unintended finding on this topic is that using CCT combined with AM is the most effective approach for treating lung cancer because CCT is more effective in reducing tumors. At the same time, AM is more appropriate for enhancing general wellness during treatment.

     

    American Cancer Society. (2020a). Cancer facts & figures 2020. https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2020/cancer-facts-and-figures-2020.pdf

    American Cancer Society (2020b). Key statistics for lung cancer. 
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
    Links to an external site.

    Johnson, S. B., Park, H. S., Gross, C. P., & Yu, J. B. (2018a). Use of alternative medicine for cancer and its impact on survival. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 110(1), 121-124. 
    https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djx145
    Links to an external site.

    https://www.medpagetoday.com/washington-watch/electioncoverage/111158

    National Cancer Institute. (2018, April 27). Cancer Statistics. 
    https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics
    Links to an external site.

    https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/02/fact-sheet-president-biden-reignites-cancer-moonshot-to-end-cancer-as-we-know-it/

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    MM

    Miriane Meigueu

    Aug 28, 2024 7:46am
    | Last reply Sep 1, 2024 1:22am

    Reply from Miriane Meigueu

    The rising cost of healthcare has been a persistent and significant issue in the United States, frequently reaching the presidential agenda due to its profound impact on the nation’s overall well-being (Galvani et al., 2020). Among the various social determinants of health, economic stability stands out as the most critical factor influencing this issue. The ability of individuals and families to afford healthcare services directly affects their access to necessary medical care, preventive services, and overall health outcomes. When healthcare costs are prohibitively high, it exacerbates health disparities, particularly among low-income populations, leading to worse health outcomes and increased mortality rates. Economic stability, or the lack thereof, plays a pivotal role in determining whether individuals can afford insurance, pay for out-of-pocket expenses, or access necessary treatments without facing financial ruin (Rahman et al., 2022). This determinant directly impacts the overall health of the population, making it a crucial focus area in addressing the cost of healthcare.

    In addressing the cost of healthcare, two recent U.S. presidents, Barack Obama and Donald Trump, approached the issue with differing policies and strategies. President Obama’s approach was primarily centered around the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which aimed to increase access to healthcare while attempting to control costs. The ACA expanded Medicaid eligibility, established health insurance marketplaces, and provided subsidies to make health insurance more affordable for low- and middle-income individuals (Terrizzi et al., 2022). One of the ACA’s significant achievements was its provision preventing insurance companies from denying coverage based on pre-existing conditions, thereby improving access to care for many Americans. However, while the ACA made strides in increasing coverage, it did not fully address the rising costs of healthcare services and prescription drugs, which continued to burden many Americans.

    On the other hand, President Donald Trump’s administration sought to dismantle many aspects of the ACA, arguing that it imposed excessive government regulation and led to increased premiums for many consumers. Trump’s approach included efforts to repeal the ACA, which ultimately failed in Congress, and the promotion of short-term health plans and association health plans as more affordable alternatives (Levitt, 2024). These plans, however, often provided less comprehensive coverage, leaving consumers vulnerable to high out-of-pocket costs. Additionally, Trump signed executive orders aimed at increasing price transparency in healthcare and reducing prescription drug costs, but these measures had limited impact on the overall cost trajectory of healthcare in the United States.

    While both presidents addressed the issue of healthcare costs, their approaches highlight the complexity of the problem and the challenge of finding a comprehensive solution. The ACA’s expansion of coverage was a significant step forward, but it fell short in controlling the underlying factors driving healthcare costs, such as high prices for services, administrative expenses, and prescription drug prices. Conversely, Trump’s emphasis on deregulation and market-driven solutions failed to provide meaningful relief for those struggling with high healthcare costs, as these measures did not address the systemic issues contributing to the problem (Vogenberg & Marcoux, 2018).

    If I were to approach the issue of healthcare costs differently, I would advocate for a multi-faceted strategy that addresses both the affordability and the underlying cost drivers of healthcare. First, I would prioritize the implementation of a public option within the existing healthcare framework. A public option would provide consumers with a government-run insurance plan that competes with private insurers, potentially driving down premiums and out-of-pocket costs through increased competition (Geruso & Layton, 2020). This approach would maintain the consumer choice inherent in the current system while providing a more affordable alternative for those struggling to afford private insurance.

    Additionally, I would focus on addressing the underlying cost drivers in the healthcare system. This would include efforts to negotiate lower prices for prescription drugs, as well as implementing payment reforms that incentivize value-based care rather than fee-for-service models. By shifting the focus from the volume of services provided to the quality and outcomes of care, healthcare providers would be encouraged to deliver more efficient and effective care, ultimately reducing costs. Finally, I would invest in preventive care and public health initiatives aimed at addressing the social determinants of health that contribute to high healthcare costs. By improving access to preventive services, promoting healthy behaviors, and addressing factors such as housing, education, and food security, we can reduce the incidence of chronic diseases and other costly health conditions, ultimately lowering the overall demand for healthcare services and reducing costs. Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

    References

    Galvani, A. P., Parpia, A. S., Foster, E. M., Singer, B. H., & Fitzpatrick, M. C. (2020). Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA. 
    The Lancet
    , 
    395
    (10223), 524–533. 
    https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)33019-3
    Links to an external site.
    .

    Geruso, M., & Layton, T. J. (2020). Selection in health insurance markets and its policy remedies. 
    The Journal of Economic Perspectives
    , 
    31
    (4), 23–50. 
    https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.4.23
    Links to an external site.
    .

    Levitt, L. (2024). What would another Trump presidency mean for health care? 
    JAMA Health Forum
    , 
    5
    (2), e240262. 
    https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.0262
    Links to an external site.
    .

    Rahman, T., Gasbarro, D., & Alam, K. (2022). Financial risk protection from out-of-pocket health spending in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the literature. 
    Health Research Policy and Systems
    , 
    20
    (1). 
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-022-00886-3
    Links to an external site.
    .

    Terrizzi, S., Mathews-Schultz, A. L., & Deegan, M. M. (2022). State versus federal health insurance marketplaces: A bigger deal for Medicaid and a smaller deal for the individual mandate. 
    Health Policy OPEN
    , 
    3
    , 100059. 
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpopen.2021.100059
    Links to an external site.
    .

    Vogenberg, F. R., & Marcoux, R. (2018, September 1). 
    Challenges to the U.S. health care system from legal and regulatory changes in the Donald Trump era
    . PubMed Central (PMC). 
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6110638/
    Links to an external site.
    .

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    Chhinderpal Kaur

    Aug 28, 2024 5:54am
    | Last reply Aug 29, 2024 3:36pm

    Reply from Chhinderpal Kaur

    Presidential Issue

    One of the topics of presidential concern is mental health. Mental health is a subject that has grown over the decades and gained much awareness among populations. In the USA, mental health is an important part of everyday life and therefore must be given the attention it deserves. According to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 51 million US adults 18 years and above were suffering from a mental illness in 2019 (McKnight-Eily, 2021). According to the same report, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to an increase in mental disorders, with 40.9% of people aged 18 and above reporting having mental issues during the pandemic (McKnight-Eily, 2021).

    Related Social Determinants of Health

    According to Santamaria-Garcia et al. (2020), there are negative and positive factors that influence mental health. In the research, adverse factors include different forms of violence, inadequate access to resources, and discrimination (Santamaria-Garcia et al., 2020). Positive aspects include social and family support (Santamaria-Garcia et al., 2020). Another study by Anglin et al. (2021) identifies broader factors including neighborhood, trauma, racial disparities in antenatal and postnatal care, and discrimination. The study further discusses these in broader detail as social determinants of health that are related to psychosis in the USA.

    Actions of USA presidents

    President Donald Trump

    During his presidency, Donald Trump implemented several initiatives and policies related to mental health in the United States. First, he signed into law the SUPPORT Act, which stands for Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities. This Act addressed mental health by targeting opioid use which usually is a cause for mental health disorders. Second, he signed an executive order creating  PREVENTS (President’s Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End a National Tragedy of Suicide). This service was targeted to help veterans cope by improving their access to mental health services to reduce suicide rates among them. Lastly, he improved mental healthcare in schools to help in diagnosing and treating mental health issues in school-going students after the Parkland shooting of 2018 (Yan et al., 2021).

    President Joe Biden

    In 2021, The American Rescue Plan (ARP) was signed as an initiative to improve American health care by increasing funding for mental health due to the increase in mental illnesses posed by the Covid 19 pandemic. This initiative was meant to benefit especially the underserved communities as they were the most affected by the pandemic.  The ARP also addressed funding for mental health care accessibility in schools. A second initiative by Biden was that he supported the full implementation of the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, which launched in July 2022. The hotline is toll-free and meant to help people 24/7 get access when they are in a mental crisis or are suicidal. President Biden also addressed the Surgeon General Advisory on Mental Health by directing funds toward mitigating issues such as bullying and social media that cause mental illnesses among the youth (Mezuk et al., 2022).

    What I Would Do Differently

    Mental health according to my understanding, begins at the basic unit of society, which is a family. I would focus my interventions on the community level. I would increase access to mental health services in the community and make them affordable. I would increase community mental health workers to improve mental health service delivery. This will help to address other factors that lead to mental illnesses at the community level which will generally improve health outcomes.

    References

    Anglin, D. M., Ereshefsky, S., Klaunig, M. J., Bridgwater, M. A., Niendam, T. A., Ellman, L. M., … & van der Ven, E. (2021). From womb to neighborhood: a racial analysis of social determinants of psychosis in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(7), 599-610. https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071091

    Mezuk, B., Maust, D., & Zivin, K. (2022). A Response to the President’s Call to Support Public Mental Health. American journal of preventive medicine, 63(4), 660-663.

    McKnight-Eily, L. R. (2021). Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of stress and worry, mental health conditions, and increased substance use among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, April and May 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 70. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7005a3.htm?ACSTrackingID=USCDC_921-DM48285&ACSTrackingLabel=This%20Week%20in%20MMWR%20-%20Vol.%2070,%20February%205,%202021&deliveryName=USCDC_921-DM48285

    Santamaría-García, H., Baez, S., Gómez, C., Rodríguez-Villagra, O., Huepe, D., Portela, M., … & Ibanez, A. (2020). The role of social cognition skills and social determinants of health in predicting symptoms of mental illness. Translational psychiatry, 10(1), 165. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-020-0852-4 Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

    Yan, B. W., Hsia, R. Y., Yeung, V., & Sloan, F. A. (2021). Changes in mental health following the 2016 presidential election. Journal of general internal medicine, 36, 170-177. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-06328-6

    Expand discussion thread from Chhinderpal Kaur

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    Romel Suason

    Aug 27, 2024 11:45pm
    | Last reply Sep 1, 2024 9am

    Reply from Romel Suason

    Covid 19 Pandemic

     

    I will be discussing Covid 19 Pandemic. This is the topic I chose because Covid19 started when President Trump was still in office and ended in the President Biden Administration. Covid 19 crippled the whole world. Crashed economies of multiple countries. People resorted to using social media platforms to get their opinions across to family, friends, government agencies and the whole world.

     

    President Donald Trump initial Approach

    President Trumps saved millions of lives because of his decisive response to Corona Virus Pandemic. Even with all the negative and positive feedback from a lot of people he stopped unnecessary travel to foreign countries. A Corona Virus task force was immediately created to guide the country and everyone to prevent the spread of the virus. President Trump made sure that front line workers have all the necessary equipment (PPE, Gloves, Mask and Face shield) to protect frontline workers and their families and everyone. At first very little was known about Corona Virus.

     

    President Joseph Biden

    President Biden followed through with what President Donald Trump started. Testing sites were doubled. He made sure that social distancing was Implemented, vaccines, test kits were made available to everybody. Families, Schools, Small Businesses were guided properly on how to combat Corona Virus. The Biden Administration invested $25 billion dollars in vaccine manufacturing and distribution plan that it will get to all the states, cities and families. Elderly and immune compromised people were protected to reduce the mortality rate. Prepared for any pandemic threats that may or may not happen.

    Reflections

    I respect and believe both President Trump and President Biden did what they think was necessary to prevent the Spread of this deadly disease. They have succeeded in preventing this disease from getting worst.

    Being a Front Liner during the said pandemic. I will always be biased in the protection of health care workers. I have read in the Nursing, Health, & the Environment electronic book that was given to us as one of the references that really struck me.

     

    Among health care providers, registered nurses occupy a unique position. In both rural and urban settings, nurses are often the initial, and sometimes the only, point of contact for people seeking medical care. They are also the largest group of professional health care providers in the United States: an estimated 2.2 million. In occupational health practice, nurses outnumber physicians by six to one. Yet the vast majority of nurses have had no formal training in occupational or environmental health.

    If environmental health hazards and health effects are to be recognized and dealt with effectively, it is of fundamental importance that all health care providers have a clear understanding of the association between the environment and health. Toward that end the committee makes a series of recommendations for the integration and enhancement of environmental health in nursing education, practice, and research.

     

    What I would do differently if I was in the position to make a change is educate people first on how to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. Social media is being utilized for sports, news, music, people’s daily lives and all you can think of. It is part of people’s daily lives now a days. I would urge people from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to post on every page in Facebook, twitter, Instagram ways to prevent spread of diseases. Rather than report about how many people have been infected. Communities and Schools should have periodic exercises about disease prevention. So, in the in the future if something like this pandemic happens again people will be equipped with the knowledge of prevention. Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

     

    Reference

    Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Enhancing Environmental Health Content in Nursing Practice, Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (Eds.). (n.d.). 
    Nursing health, & environment
    Links to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
    :
    Strengthening the relationship to improve the public’s health.

    https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/coronavirus/
    Links to an external site.

    https://www.whitehouse.gov/priorities/covid-19/
    Links to an external site. 
     Walden University NURS 6050 week 1 Presidential Agendas discussion post and responses

  • Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing week 1 Discussion Post

    Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing week 1 Discussion Post

    Artificial intelligence tools and technologies can enhance the competency of patient assessment by AI-driven algorithms can identify subtle patterns, support different diagnosis, which can improve diagnostic accuracy and effectiveness, especially in complex or high-volume settings.  For example, the new stethoscopes Nurses and Dr.’s use are digital they give a heart rate and rhythm, which in turn sends the reading to a cell phone in which can prevent early signs of deterioration or disease.

    The potential benefits of integrating AI into patient assessment include improved diagnostic accuracy, early detection of diseases, and reduced clinical cognitive overload in high-stress environments. Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing week 1 Discussion Post

    Challenges include a lack of transparency and ethical issues, such as patient autonomy. Patient Data must be shared with AI systems. This raises issues of HIPAA compliance, data breach, and confidentiality.

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    In summary, AI can help clinicians perform at a higher level by augmenting core competencies, improving patient outcomes, and reducing disparities; however, ongoing education and intentional design to ensure safe outcomes.  It could have the potential to equip you with advanced digital literacy as a APRN, enhancing clinical fluency.

     

    References

    Khosravi, M., Zare, Z., Mojtabaeian, S. M., & Izadi, R. (2024). Artificial intelligence and decision-making in healthcare: a thematic analysis of a systematic review of reviews.
    Health services research and managerial epidemiology
    , 
    11
    , 23333928241234863

    Li, Y. H., Li, Y. L., Wei, M. Y., & Li, G. Y. (2024). Innovation and challenges of artificial intelligence technology in personalized healthcare. 
    Scientific reports
    , 
    14
    (1), 18994.

    Olawade, D. B., David-Olawade, A. C., Wada, O. Z., Asaolu, A. J., Adereni, T., & Ling, J. (2024). Artificial intelligence in healthcare delivery: Prospects and pitfalls. 
    Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health
    , 
    3
    , 100108.

     

    Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing week 1 Discussion Post response instructions 

    Post to colleague’s main post that is reflective and justified with credible sources. 9 to >8.0 ptsExcellent Point range: 90–100Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings. … Responds to questions posed by faculty. … The use of scholarly sources to support ideas demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

    8 to >7.0 ptsGood Point range: 80–89Response has some depth and may exhibit critical thinking or application to practice setting.

    7 to >6.0 ptsFair Point range: 70–79Response is on topic, may have some depth.

    6 to >0 ptsPoor Point range: 0–69Response may not be on topic, lacks depth
    Reflection on AI Integration in
    Advanced Practice Nursing week 1 Discussion Post

     

    Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing week 1 Discussion Post response

    Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing

    A superb discussion, Lewis! Your exploration of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) tools and technologies in the healthcare setting is perfectly evaluated. You have highlighted the importance of AI and related technologies in enhancing patient assessment in helping identify major diagnoses accurately, even in settings with huge amounts of data (Bajwa et al., 2021). Through the discussion, you have provided important examples the way AI helps in supporting effectiveness in care provision. For instance, the emerging stethoscopes Nurses and Doctors are digitally linked such that they are able to give heart rate and rhythm, which directly sends these messages to the cellphones, hence helping identify early signs and address them before the disease deteriorates. You have also provided the benefits of linking the AI into patient assessments since it helps in accurate diagnosis, early illnesses detection, and reducing clinical cognitive overload (Maleki, 2024). Additionally, there are evident challenges that arise due to the continued use of AI in healthcare facilities. For instance, AI might lead to a lack of transparency since only a few experts in IT and nurse informatics are able to access these systems. In addition, ethical issues including patient autonomy are at risk since the systems shares patient information with other are providers, hence data breach is possible. Such incidences might harm the continued use of AI systems in care facilities due to issues with HIPPA regulations that ensured patient data of protected (Alhejaily, 2024). Additionally, the AI systems might be hacked and leading to mass losses of essential data for patients and care facilities, which can lead to huge losses and safety issues. The discussion is perfectly written and clearly brings out the importance of AI in clinical settings and its challenges. The most important practice is to ensure there is digital literacy among the APRNs towards improving their clinical fluency. Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing week 1 Discussion Post

     

    References

    Alhejaily A. G. (2024). Artificial intelligence in healthcare (Review). Biomedical reports, 22(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1889

    Bajwa, J., Munir, U., Nori, A., & Williams, B. (2021). Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine. Future healthcare journal, 8(2), e188–e194.
    https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2021-0095

    Maleki Varnosfaderani, S., & Forouzanfar, M. (2024). The Role of AI in Hospitals and Clinics: Transforming Healthcare in the 21st Century. Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 11(4), 337.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040337 
     Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing week 1 Discussion Post

  • Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

    Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

    Week 1 Discussion Post

    The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare offers several potential benefits that can significantly enhance clinical practice. One key advantage is the increased efficiency and precision that AI brings to patient care. By reducing human error, AI facilitates quicker, evidence-based decision-making, which is vital for improving patient outcomes (Li, 2025). Furthermore, advancements such as telemedicine and AI-powered triage platforms have notably improved access to care, particularly for individuals in remote or underserved areas. This is crucial for patients who might otherwise encounter obstacles due to limited healthcare resources (Balakrishnan et al., 2025).

    However, alongside these benefits, there are significant challenges to consider. One of the most critical hurdles is the demand for robust infrastructure; high-quality data and reliable digital systems are essential for AI to function effectively. Unfortunately, these resources are not always available, especially in rural or resource-limited settings (Dankwa-Mullan, 2024). Additionally, trust and transparency are pivotal issues, as many AI systems operate as “black boxes.” This lack of transparency can lead to hesitance among providers who are keen to understand the rationale behind AI-driven decisions (Weiner et al., 2025).

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    Ethical considerations also loom large in the conversation about AI in healthcare. For example, there is a risk of bias and inequity, as algorithms trained on non-diverse datasets may reinforce existing health disparities rather than alleviate them (Gurevich, 2022). Concerns about privacy further complicate the landscape, as the processing of patient information by AI systems raises important questions regarding confidentiality and informed consent. Moreover, accountability remains a pressing issue; when AI recommendations lead to poor outcomes, it becomes unclear who should bear the responsibility—the healthcare provider, the AI system’s developer, or the system itself (Weiner et al., 2025). Hence, addressing these ethical complexities is crucial for ensuring that AI supports safe and equitable care. Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

    In summary, while AI holds great promise for improving patient outcomes through early detection and personalized care, it is vital to thoughtfully consider the implications of its integration within the healthcare system.

     

    References

    Balakrishnan, K., et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence in rural healthcare delivery: Bridging gaps and enhancing equity through innovation. 
    ArXiv.
     https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11738

    Dankwa-Mullan, I. (2024). Health equity and ethical considerations in using artificial intelligence in public health and medicine. 
    Preventing Chronic Disease, 21
    (245). 
    https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2024/24_0245.htmLinks to an external site.

    Gurevich, E. (2022). Equity within AI systems: What can health leaders expect? 
    Journal of Medical Systems, 46
    (8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-022-01787-3

    Li, D. M. (2025). A critical look into artificial intelligence and healthcare. 
    Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 8
    , 1545869. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1545869

    Weiner, E. B., et al. (2025). Ethical challenges and evolving strategies in the integration of artificial intelligence into clinical practice. 
    ArXiv.
     
    https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03576Links to an external site.

     

    This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeFirst Response:Post to colleague’s main post that is reflective and justified with credible sources. 9 to >8.0 ptsExcellent Point range: 90–100Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings. … Responds to questions posed by faculty. … The use of scholarly sources to support ideas demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

    8 to >7.0 ptsGood Point range: 80–89Response has some depth and may exhibit critical thinking or application to practice setting.

    7 to >6.0 ptsFair Point range: 70–79Response is on topic, may have some depth.

    6 to >0 ptsPoor Point range: 0–69Response may not be on topic, lacks depth

     

    Discussion Response: Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing

    Your discussion post offers an insightful and well-balanced overview of the promises and pitfalls of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in healthcare in general, and advanced practice nursing (APN) in particular. While well presented, I would like to further explore that issues identified, particularly the philosophical and systemic dimensions underpinning the technological shift towards AI as it related to equity, epistemology, and the evolving role of clinical judgment.

    First, the discussion post notes that AI-powered tools like triage and telemedicine platforms have expanded care access and improved equity, especially in underserved regions. While this is demonstrated, it is important to interrogate the inclusivity and sustainability of the AI-powered tools. The digital divide has exacerbated health inequities as seen digital literacy, device availability, and internet access disparities. For instance, populations in rural regions may benefit from the use of AI-powered tools, such as AI-driven diagnostics, only of they possess the infrastructure to support such technologies. This then raises concerns regarding whether the AI-powered tools and system are designed with contextual adaptability, or if they are perpetuating a one-size-fits-all model that simply privileges technologically advanced settings (Carroll, 2024). Additionally, the algorithmic bias noted in the discussion is a good point, but can be advanced to indicate that it is not mere a technical flaw, but a reflection of the broader societal inequities. Gurevich (2022) supports these sentiments, highlighting that training datasets may lack representation from marginalized communities, resulting in skewed risk assessments and diagnostic inaccuracies. There is a need to address this through a paradigm shift in data governance towards informed data collection, with a focus on prioritizing participatory design and community.

    Second, the discussion post explores the need to reframe clinical judgement and epistemic authority. Many AI systems have a “black box” nature that introduces a profound epistemological tension in clinical practice. Traditionally, decision-making in the healthcare environment is grounded in the combination of patient narratives, clinical experience, and empirical evidence. By contrast, AI operates using opaque algorithms that may not be aligned with human reasoning. This creates a disconnect that may erode the confidence of clinicians, and compromise shared decision-making (Kudyba, 2022). Weirner et al. (2025) underscore the need to have explainable AI systems, but acknowledge that this is difficult to achieve since it extends beyond a technical challenge to become a philosophical challenge. There is a need for AI to reconcile the machine-generated insights with nuanced, context-dependent nature of human health. A promising solution to this challenge is to develop “human-in-the-loop” models, in which clinical judgement is augmented by, rather than replaced with, AI. This presents a hybrid mode that helps to preserve the epistemic authority of healthcare providers while leveraging the computational strengths of AI (Carroll, 2024).

    Third, the discussion post is salient on ethics and accountability. AI-mediated care diffuses responsibility between institutions, clinicians, and developers. This poses a significant ethical dilemma. There is a need to establish a clear framework for oversight and accountability, and cultivate a culture of ethical reflexivity. This may involve providing ongoing education to clinicians about AI ethics, having transparent communication with patients about AI being involved in their care, and interdisciplinary collaboration between healthcare professionals, ethicists, and technologists (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2024).

    In conclusion, the discussion post makes it evident that AI offers transformative potential for healthcare. However, AI integration must be guided by principles of equity, transparency, and ethics. The goal should not be for AI to replace human care. Rather, the goal should be for AI to be fused in technological innovation, while remaining anchored in justice, context, and compassion. Overall, your discussion post is well presented, but can be improved by including the above mentioned points.

    References

    Carroll, W. (2024).
    Nursing Informatics: Truths, Talent, and Transforming the Future
    . Taylor & Francis.

    Gurevich, E. (2022). Equity within AI systems: What can health leaders expect?
    Journal of Medical Systems, 46
    (8), 1–9.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-022-01787-3

    Kudyba, S. P. (2022). 
    Healthcare Informatics: Improving Efficiency Through Technology, Analytics, and Management
    . Taylor & Francis Group.

    McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. (2024).
    Nursing Informatics and the Foundation of Knowledge
    (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

    Weiner, E. B., et al. (2025). Ethical challenges and evolving strategies in the integration of artificial intelligence into clinical practice.
    ArXiv
    .
    https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03576

    Reflection on AI Integration in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

  • NRSE 4545 – Informatics and Safety Essentials – Healthcare Technology Innovation Project

    NRSE 4545 – Informatics and Safety Essentials – Healthcare Technology Innovation Project

     
    Case Scenario Description and Problem Identification

    A hospital located in an urban area has an emergency room where the reason behind the huge time wastage in recording the patient information was the lack of interconnectivity between the triage entries, vital signs, and the physician’s prescriptions. Such disorder will extend patient wait times and enhance the rate of error in the process of offering care, which infuriates staff and encourages fatigue. Poor record keeping prevents collaboration between nurses and doctors, resulting in overlaps and time wastage (Ibrahim et al., 2022). In order to overcome such barriers, it is crucial to implement technology that assists in flow control of records, fewer repetitive operations, and additional financial outcomes as per the results in the emergency room.

    Technology Identification and Relevance

    Two crucial tools that can be used to solve the problems of processing data and keeping records in a simple way are enhanced EHR systems that are enhanced to facilitate smooth data transfer between platforms or mobile apps that will allow the nurses to make data on the move using voice command. One will enhance precision in medical records and also instill consistency in the understanding of records of care; the other will expedite the flow of patients in the clinics, as it will help the clinics make faster decisions at the point of care. NRSE 4545 – Informatics and Safety Essentials – Healthcare Technology Innovation Project

    Advanced EHR Integration with Interoperability Enhancements

    The current networked health records can carry out the automatic synchronization of patient information in the check-in, testing, and treatment areas. Once one team has entered information like temperature, drugs given, or blood test results, then that is shown in the places where it is needed without including the same data. That will decrease the frequency of repetitions and help the doctors, nurses, and specialists keep pace.

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    Accurate Documentation:

    Electronic health records involve better use with automatic upgrading rather than typing some information manually, reducing errors. As an example, as soon as a nurse fills in the background details of a patient, the figures will autofill every place the numbers are required. Physicians access correct information immediately (Murray, 2022). The system also has alerts that identify discrepancies, such as drugs incompatible with others or a lack of allergy records, enabling patient records to be more trustworthy in general.

    Use of Standardized Nursing Data:

    Electronic health records use set nursing terms such as SNOMED CT or LOINC to maintain consistency in notes and increase the compatibility of the system across clinics. At the same time, unified data input improves the cooperation of teams and gives them a chance to analyze big data and achieve better outcomes and insights (Gade, 2021). In EDs, making the data format consistent implies that nurses record the assessment or actions in a similar manner, which does not contribute to confusion, and that can facilitate the reporting of inaccurate rules.

    Improved Individual Patient Outcomes:

    Clinicians can make smarter decisions in real time when they are aware of the entire, updated patient information immediately. Since care is initiated sooner due to instant access that enables them to see the triage records and test results simultaneously, there is no waiting time. This will mean that there will be an increased number of people being seen within a shorter period of time, and the lines in the ER will be reduced, and the more important cases, such as heart attacks or some severe injuries, will be treated, for which time is everything.

    Mobile Nursing Documentation Tools with Voice Recognition

    Mobile documentation solutions enable nurses to record and access patient information in the field of care using a tablet or a handheld device. A voice recognition technology allows even further simplification of this process since nurses can dictate notes directly into the EHR system, preventing the need to lose focus on the patient.

     

    Accurate Documentation:

    Voice-assisted mobile technologies enhance promptness and fulfillment of record-keeping through instantaneity in charting in situ or as soon as the patient is encountered. This reduces the use of memory and post-shift note-taking, eliminating the chance of omissions or lack of accuracy. The research demonstrates that the area of mobile documentation minimizes the average time of documentation, and it also enhances the quality of nursing records (Morgan, 2023).

    Improved Individual Patient Outcomes:

    This will enable nurses to make more time to attend to patients since they are able to save time that would have been spent on keying in data by hand. Live documentation is applied in order to ensure that vital signs and assessments are instantly provided to the entire care team, which enhances the immediate response in cases of emergency. Indicatively, the inappropriate readings that would be typed in the mobile tools would trigger automatic signals to the providers, prompting immediate remedies.

    Population Health Planning:

    Mobile documentation tools make it possible to combine the data and find patterns in patient demographics, conditions, and treatment outcomes to assist in managing population health. They can help us in the allocation of resources and preventive health practices by monitoring the trends of respiratory diseases in the season or the local cases of trauma. These tools are incorporated together with electronic health records (EHR), which increases the data interoperability and precision to enhance the efficiency and safety of emergency departments.

    Technology Analysis and Application

    The identified technology is addressing the slow decision of documents, and the other technology is the correction of broken messages in the ERs. The EHR of the modernized version helps in the smooth flow of the entire patient data, yet the mobile applications speed up the task of treatment where it is provided.

    Documentation Improvement:

    The information between the check-in and release is made easier with the help of the handheld device and its respective health records. As an example, with the assistance of nursing notes, when the workers give the information about the gadgets used around, the information will automatically be transferred to the main server, so there will be no need to repeat the work, though the information about the latest changes will be ready at once for all individuals.

    Data Use and Outcome Enhancement:

    The tracking of live data embedded in EHRs can determine the slow parts of work, including the busiest time during check-in, and base workflow changes on it. The speech-to-text system helps cut down on paperwork and boosts the morale of the staff, which decreases stress and turnover of employees.

    Population Health Impact:

    This data has been consistent and can assist the hospital managers in monitoring the health of the masses, such as the rates of illness or injury, as they attempt to respond promptly. That can be aligned with larger objectives in the healthcare industry: the use of digital data to inform community health-related decisions.

    Ethical and Safe Use Proposal

    Moral guidelines, compliance with rules, and the protection of information are connected with the rollout of these tools, which are aimed at protecting patient rights and ensuring that technologies are used correctly.

    Data Privacy and Confidentiality:

    The two systems are to adhere to the HIPAA regulations as well as the data safety policies of individual organizations. Any data sent or stored must be encrypted to prevent unauthorized persons from viewing it. Role-based entry builds in only allow authorized employees to access private health records.

     

    Risk Mitigation and Security Strategies:

    Staff practice and cybersafety checks should be regularly updated; otherwise, an opportunity to commit fraud, attempts at hacks, or poor management of equipment increases. Rather than using passwords, fingerprints should be used with timed, induced word locks on handheld record systems; in case one is lost, the information is always secured.

    Ethical Standards and Professional Accountability:

    By documenting the data at the appropriate time and place, the nurses would have to do what is good and avoid what is harmful. Training must not be concentrated on the teaching of skills only, but also on the necessity of proper records and the repercussions of wrong or delayed information. And in that regard, hospitals should also have clear policies regarding the applications of voice technology to correct mistakes even before they are even stored in the account of a single patient.

    Legal and Regulatory Considerations:

    The groups are to make sure that their technology suppliers take into account the local demands concerning the communication between the equipment and its safety. These updates of the electronic health record should be in line with the existing laws and the ONC laws on system compatibility. It is necessary to have regulations for phone or tablet applications in patient care; they help maintain concentration and prevent poor etiquette. NRSE 4545 – Informatics and Safety Essentials – Healthcare Technology Innovation Project

    Workplace Policy and Ethical Oversight:

    The hospitals ought to have digital oversight solutions, such as recording technology malfunctions and developing ethical boards to screen novel applications. Honesty with the patient regarding data collection creates trust, and it is necessary to focus on the value of the individual choice and consent. Prudent use of digital records and mobile applications can make health groups safer and effective if they are empowered with good values and principles, and avoid the traps of being unable.

     

    Conclusion

    Information management in the emergency rooms is important to provide quality care with improved efficiency and safety. Voice technology combined with connected medical records will increase the accuracy of the records, improve the speed of team communication, and improve patient outcomes (Elhadad et al., 2024). Ethical implementation of the new tools is possible by adhering to regulations and protecting confidential information. With the innovative digital approach and proper management, clinics will modernize emergency treatment and support the health improvement of communities.

    References

    Elhadad, A., Hamad, S., Elfiky, N., Alanazi, F., Taloba, A. I., & El-Aziz, R. M. A. (2024). Advancing Healthcare: Intelligent Speech Technology for Transcription, Disease Diagnosis, and Interactive Control of Medical Equipment in Smart Hospitals. 
    AI
    , 
    5
    (4), 2497-2517.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-2688/5/4/121

    Gade, K. R. (2021). Data-driven decision making in a complex world. 
    Journal of Computational Innovation
    , 
    1
    (1).https://researchworkx.com/index.php/jci/article/view/2

    Ibrahim, I., Sultan, M., Yassine, O. G., Zaki, A., Elamir, H., & Guirguis, W. (2022). Using Lean Six Sigma to improve timeliness of clinical laboratory test results in a university hospital in Egypt. 
    International Journal of Lean Six Sigma
    , 
    13
    (5), 1159-1183.https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJLSS-08-2021-0138

    Morgan, A. S. (2023). Improving Timeliness of Nursing Documentation.https://arch.astate.edu/dnp-projects/39/

    Murray, L. (2022). 
    Unified Documentation and Information Retrieval for Electronic Health Records
    (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/143410 NRSE 4545 – Informatics and Safety Essentials – Healthcare Technology Innovation Project

     

     

    In this assignment, students will create a comprehensive Healthcare Technology Innovation Proposal designed to enhance patient care delivery, data management, and ethical use of technology in healthcare.

    For this assignment, please complete the following steps:

    Step 1: Choose one of the Case Scenarios provided

    Scenario 1: Telehealth Delivery in a Rural Community Health ClinicDownload Telehealth Delivery in a Rural Community Health Clinic

    Scenario 2: Emergency Department Patient Flow and EHRDownload Emergency Department Patient Flow and EHR

    Scenario 3: Social Media Boundaries and Patient PrivacyDownload Social Media Boundaries and Patient Privacy

    *Clearly describe the scenario, in your own words. Identify and describe current challenges related to patient data management, documentation accuracy, population health considerations, and care delivery efficiency.

    Step 2: Technology Identification and Analysis

    Identify two (2) current technologies (e.g., EHR, mobile health apps, telehealth platforms, multimedia communication tools, etc.) relevant to your scenario.

    For each of the two (2) technologies you select, explain how it contributes to at least two (2) of the following:

    Accurate Documentation – Describe how the technology supports clear, timely, and precise clinical documentation (e.g., auto-populated fields, decision-support prompts, error reduction).

    Use of Standardized Nursing Data – Explain how it helps nurses collect or use standardized terminology and classifications to improve consistency and interoperability.

    Improved Individual Patient Outcomes – Discuss how the technology improves patient care at the individual level, such as through better tracking, early detection, personalized care, or clinical decision support.

    Population Health Planning – Describe how data collected from this technology can be used to identify trends, allocate resources, or inform health policy for broader populations.

    Step 3: Ethical and Safe Use Proposal

    Outline a detailed proposal addressing the ethical, responsible, and safe use of your chosen technologies.

    Include specific strategies to mitigate common risks, adhere to professional nursing standards, legal/regulatory requirements, workplace policies, and promote patient rights concerning personal data and medical records. NRSE 4545 – Informatics and Safety Essentials – Healthcare Technology Innovation Project

    Guidelines

    Please include a properly formatted APA 7th Edition STUDENT Title PageLinks to an external site. (includes page numbers; NO running head).

    Your submission should be 3-5 pages in length, double-spaced,

    Please include 2-3 scholarly references to support your paper; only 1 reference can be a website (must be credible).

    APA 7th Edition documents should be double-spaced, including the reference page.

    Please use Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri 12-pt font with 1-inch margins

    Do NOT write in first-person.

    Please use!

    Scenario 2:

    Focus: Data Management

    In a busy urban emergency department, nurses are experiencing delays in documenting care due to poor integration between triage notes, vital signs, and provider orders in the electronic health record (EHR). These delays lead to communication errors, repeated tests, and extended patient wait times, affecting both patient outcomes and staff burnout.

    Challenge: How can improved EHR functions and supporting technologies (e.g., voice

    recognition, mobile documentation tools) streamline documentation and improve patient flow and safety?

    NRSE 4545 – Informatics and Safety Essentials – Healthcare Technology Innovation Project

  • Networking Opportunities NURS-6003 Module 1: Discussion

    Networking Opportunities NURS-6003 Module 1: Discussion

    Networking Opportunities

    In this module, you begin laying the foundation for your academic and professional success. Your efforts begin with a vision that includes your own definition of success. Your vision may vary from those of your colleagues, but this does not mean you have to take these first steps alone.

    Walden University and the College of Nursing also have a vision and mission, which include helping you to make your own vision a reality. Members of your new academic community, such as faculty, support teams, and fellow students, can also be helpful. Current practitioners and other member of the professional community can also help you to clarify your vision.

    This Module’s Discussion asks you to consider how the Walden mission and vision as well as the College of Nursing’s mission and vision apply to your professional and academic goals. You will also begin to identify individuals and teams who can help you along the way as you begin designing the “blueprint”—your Academic Success and Professional Development Plan—that will guide you toward your own vision for academic and professional success. Finally, you will explain the importance of networking and how it can help you achieve your professional and academic goals.

    Note
    : Unless otherwise noted, initial postings to Discussions are due on or before Day 3, and response postings are due on or before Day 6. You are required to participate in the Discussion on at least three different days (a different day for main post and each response). It is important to adhere to the weekly time frame to allow others ample time to respond to your posting. In addition, you are expected to respond to questions directed toward your own initial posting in a timely manner.

     

    Resources

     

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.

    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    WEEKLY RESOURCES

    To Prepare:

    Review the Walden and College of Nursing mission and vision statements, Walden’s goals and University Outcomes, and the MSN and PMC Program Learning Outcomes presented in this Module’s Learning Resources.

    Reflect on your professional and academic goals as they relate to your program/specialization.

    Consider how the information in these resources fit with your own goals and to your becoming a scholar-practitioner.

    Also consider academic and professional individuals and teams with whom you may collaborate in support of your efforts as a student at the university and as a professional within your organization and career.

    Consider the importance of networking and how it may help you achieve your professional and academic goals.

    By Day 3 of Week 1

    Post
     a brief introduction of yourself to your colleagues. Include an explanation as to how Walden’s vision, mission, goals, and social change initiatives relate to your professional and academic goals and to your becoming a scholar-practitioner. Also include an explanation for how the Walden MSN Program Outcomes and perspectives relate to your professional and academic goals and to your becoming a scholar-practitioner. Finally, explain why networking is important and how it may help you achieve your professional and academic goals.

    By Day 6 of Week 1

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     of your colleagues’ posts by suggesting additional individuals and/or teams with whom you wish to collaborate or by offering additional networking strategies.

    Latrina Shonta Jurrell

    Sep 1 10:52pm
    | Last reply Sep 6 7:47pm

    Reply from Latrina Shonta Jurrell

    My name is Latrina Jurrell.  Previously I worked as an analytical technician for 10 years.  I have worked at Buckamn Laboratories, Cargill, Sherwin Williams, LMP, and Eurofins.  I changed by career.  I have been a Registered Nurse with 17 years of diverse experience.   I have worked in critical care, pediatrics, oncology, and ambulatory settings. I am skilled in intensive care nursing, sedation and anesthesia recovery, infusion therapy, and patient navigation. I have worked in leadership as Charge Nurse and Patient Care Coordinator, with a strong record of fostering collaboration across multidisciplinary teams to improve patient outcomes. I educate patients and families on complex treatment plans, guiding them through challenging diagnoses, and ensuring continuity and quality of care throughout the healthcare journey.

    Walden University’s mission aligns closely with my professional goal of becoming a Nurse Practitioner.  I have seen firsthand how advanced practice providers can transform patient care through evidence-based practice and patient education. Walden’s emphasis on preparing scholar-practitioners resonates with my desire to deepen my clinical knowledge, engage in research-informed practice, and contribute to positive social change. By advancing my education at Walden, I will be equipped not only to provide high-quality, holistic care to diverse populations but also to advocate for health equity, mentor future nurses, and support initiatives that improve outcomes in underserved communities.

    As I pursue my goal of becoming a Nurse Practitioner, networking will be essential. Engaging with professional organizations  such as oncology or critical care nursing associations will allow me to stay current with best practices and emerging research. I also plan to leverage my existing relationships with colleagues and mentors at institutions to gain insight into advanced practice roles and patient care innovations.

    Networking will not only support my academic journey but also position me to advocate for patients, mentor other nurses, and contribute to positive social change within the healthcare system. By building and maintaining these professional relationships, I will be better prepared to transition into the Nurse Practitioner role and provide the highest quality of care to diverse patient populations.

     

     

     

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    Bridget Wingate

    Aug 29 3:45pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 9:06pm

    Reply from Bridget Wingate

    Hi, my name is Bridget Wingate and I live in Ellijay, Georgia. I finally knew what I wanted to be when I grew up in my mid-30s, and I graduated at 39. This December will be my 10-year Registered Nursing anniversary and all 10 years have been in the aesthetic field. I specialize in treating patients with dermal fillers and wrinkle relaxers, threads, sclerotherapy and various lasers at a facial plastics office in Atlanta. I also own and operate a boutique medspa in my little town where I provide aesthetic treatments to clients seeking natural, safe enhancements. Together, my husband and I have 6 children (3 still at home), 2 dogs (Harley and Willy), 30+ chickens and 5 turkeys (2 are babies and they are precious). Life is busy but blessed.

    I chose Walden University because it aligns with my goals professionally and personally. The online platform allows me to juggle my life and school and family. Also, Walden’s desire to empower nurses as change agents through advanced knowledge and ethical practice reflects the goals I have set for myself;  I want to expand my clinical scope, gain autonomy, and ensure regulatory protection for my business in the evolving legal landscape of medical aesthetics (Walden University, n.d.). Walden MSN Program Outcomes – applying evidence-based practices to enhance patient outcomes and leading systemic change collaboratively – reflect my academic and professional goals to grow from merely providing services to safeguarding patient safety while offering innovative care in aesthetics. As the American Nurses Association (ANA) explains, nurses must be prepared to meet “the rapidly shifting expectations of practice” with critical thinking and lifelong learning (ANA, 2021, p. 9). For me, that means gaining the credentials and evidence-based tools I need to stay current in both clinical excellence and state law compliance to protect my patients, my license, and my business.

    Networking is beneficial in both clinical nursing and entrepreneurship. First of all, I find that the camaraderie of like-minded individuals, all juggling life with its ups and downs in pursuit of a common goal, creates a sense of family-like unity.  Local networking will help me locate preceptor sites and networking with fellow medspa owners helps keep services offered fresh and updated (Schmidt, n.d). Lastly, I value networking with those that have legal industry insight because compliance is a top priority to protect my investment of time and money and to grow with confidence.

    I aim to build not only a successful medspa, but one grounded in strong clinical ethics, safety, and professional autonomy. I believe partnering with Walden will help me achieve my goals. I look forward to this journey with all of my colleagues.

     

    Warm Regards,

    Bridget Wingate, RN

     

    References

     

    American Nurses Association. (2021). 
    The nursing scope and standards of practice
     (4th ed.). ANA.

    Schmidt, K. (n.d.). 
    5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networkingLinks to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
     Retrieved November 14, 2018, from https://blog.bluepipes.com/5-reasons-nurses-should-take-professional-networking-seriously/

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    Vision, mission, and goals.
     
    https://www.waldenu.edu/about/who-we-are/mission-vision
    Links to an external site.

    IMG_0014.jpg

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    Diana Lynn Nix

    Aug 27 11:14pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 9:36pm

    Reply from Diana Lynn Nix

     

    Initial Post

    My name is Diana Nix RN, BSN, VA-BC. I am a vascular access RN with previous experience in Neuro Trauma ICU and ER. I have worked with all age groups across many demographics as a travel nurse. My professional and academic goals are to achieve a lifetime of learning, advancing my skills as I go, sharing my knowledge, providing the best care possible to my patients, and to have a great working relationship with the interdisciplinary teams I work with. Like Walden, I value my contributions to society and the impact I can have (Walden University, n.d.). I also strive for professional excellence through research projects and collaboration. I will always treat my patients with dignity and respect, and hope to make a difference in my community by providing culturally competent care and improving the health outcomes of those that need it the most. I want to make a difference by improving the care that patients receive by overcoming challenges in the hospital setting and creating positive changes. I will strive to always be ethical in my decisions and helping patients and their families come to informed and educated  decisions about their care or the care of their loved one (Walen University, n.d.). I want to educate my patients and families on ways to contribute to their health and how to improve their diseases and outcomes by compliance with instructions and medications, and access to community resources when needed.

    Networking as a practitioner is important. You have to have good working relationships with other practitioners and doctors, as well as other staff members. Taking care of patients is a team approach, often with different specialties and levels of expertise (Schmidt, K., n.d.). Networking also helps us to grow and change as we challenge ourselves personally and professionally. This is how we change specialties or start a new position. We also network when we join professional organizations to learn from the experts in our field and to stay up-to-date on best practices. Networking can also lead to positive changes through committees to improve practices, policies,and procedures. Networking will help me to better care for my patients by taking a collaborative approach to diagnostics and treatment. I can also learn and grow from the experts in my field with learning conferences and trainings.

    References

    Schmidt, K. (n.d.). 5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networkingLinks to an external site. [Blog post]. Retrieved November 14, 2018, from https://blog.bluepipes.com/5-reasons-nurses-should-take-professional-networking-seriously/

    Walden University. (n.d.). Walden University catalogLinks to an external site.. Retrieved Aug 27, 2025, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu

     

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    NE

    Ndidi Joan Egemonu

    Aug 27 10:51pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 2:18pm

    Reply from Ndidi Joan Egemonu

    My Goals and Walden University Vision and Mission Discussion DQ

    Main DQ

    Hello everyone, I am Ndidi Joan Egemonu, and I live in Jacksonville, Florida. As a nurse with many years of experience in different nursing specialties, a career that started in my home country, Nigeria, I still needed to give more.  My academic goal has always been to achieve higher education and use the knowledge to impact lives, especially those from my community. As a community leader in the greater Nigerian community in Jacksonville, I have been fortunate to give talks to my community on multiple health topics. During this, I discovered two areas that most of the community does not like talking about: hospice and mental health. Many of the members are aware of the end-of-life journey and preparations, and the resources available to help them grieve positively, but occasionally remain in denial. The aspect that shocked me most was the level of denial about mental health despite its ravaging impact on the people. There are many reported cases of domestic abuse, spousal homicide, and much more. This was where I discovered the void that motivated me to advance my career in mental health. The knowledge I will acquire in this career will be used to impact people individually and collectively. I understand that a holistic approach to life must be employed to achieve stability. I started searching for a college with a similar Vision and Mission to acquire this knowledge. I shared my desire to get into a college willing to invest in me to help me achieve my goal, and my friend recommended Walden University.

    I chose Walden University because its vision and mission align with mine, and its curriculum and academic program are rich, focusing on its depth, breadth, and stimulating learning environment. It offers an abundance of opportunities and a high-quality, comprehensive experience that goes beyond a standard curriculum. Walden’s PMHNP curriculum is exhaustive and robust, covering a wide range of subjects and topics in a thorough and well-organized manner, ensuring students receive a broad and deep education. Through Walden’s interdisciplinary approach that connects and integrates multiple fields of study, students can see the relationships between different subjects, which helps them to foster a more holistic understanding, a vision I hold dearly.

    Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) Outcome

    Walden’s MSN program is skills- and outcomes-focused, preparing students to be broad communicators who apply critical thinking in real-world situations. Knowledge acquired at Walden is less discipline-specific but embraces the wider concerns of the humanities and social sciences”(Walden University,2025). It offers students more synergistic, integrated, and coherent paths to experimental and active learning, preparing them to become scholar-practitioners. MSN curriculum in Walden addresses significant and enduring questions and prepares students to think like historians, political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, literary critics, anthropologists, etc. (Walden University,2025). The scholar-practitioner prepared at Walden is a package with holistic knowledge to impact the world. This aligns with my vision to foster change through a holistic approach. The experiential and active learning in Walden offers the MSN students expanded opportunities for mentored research with both proactive academic and non-academic advising and support, and this fosters a sense of community, cohorting, and promotes belonging and connection, and helps build confidence in a scholar-practitioner.

    My vision for social change
     is to use the holistic knowledge acquired at Walden to correct the knowledge deficit in understanding the need to seek help instead of focusing on the stigma associated with mental health. I will achieve this by engaging people and educating them with every encounter.

    Explain why networking is essential and how it may help you achieve your professional and academic goals.

    There is a common saying that knowledge is power. No single person monopolizes knowledge; brainstorming, collaborative interactions, and mentorships are ways to learn and improve ourselves. This cannot be achieved without networking. Walden University’s mission and vision cover this aspect and make the faculty, academic, and non-academic staff available to the students for networking. This includes the library resources, the technical support, the enrollment, and the financial officers. There are alum associations, professional groups, and some social media platforms one can join and learn from. Networking is crucial and will help me achieve my professional and academic goals by giving me access to job opportunities, receiving mentorship and support from peers, staying informed about new advancements and best practices, and fostering collaboration to improve patient care. It will provide a vital support system for me when facing challenges and burnout, helping the broader profession evolve through shared knowledge and advocacy for better healthcare policies and environments.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Walden University. (2025). 
    College of Nursing: Mission
    . Walden University Catalog and Handbook.
     
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/catalog/nursing

     

    Walden University. (2025). 
    Vision and Goals.
     Walden University Student Handbook. 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals#s-lg-box-30140618Links to an external site.
    Links to an external site.

     

    Walden University. (2025b). 
    Academics: College of nursing: Master of science in nursing (MSN)
    . Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) – College of Nursing – Academics at Walden University. 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/catalog/nursing/master-science/nursing#s-lg-box-29662482
    Links to an external site.

     

    Wofford, P. (2018). 
    10 networking tips for nurses who hate networking
    . Nurse.org. Retrieved from 
    https://nurse.org/articles/tips-for-nurse-networking/Links to an external site.
    Links to an external site.

     

     

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    CP

    Crystal Prado

    Aug 27 9:33pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 10:16pm

    Reply from Crystal Prado

    Hello everyone, my name is Crystal Prado, and I’m based in Miami, Florida. I’ve dedicated the last 17 years to growing my career in healthcare, starting as a CNA, then becoming an LPN, and eventually an RN. I’m currently working toward my MSN at Walden University with the goal of becoming a Nurse Practitioner. I’ve had the opportunity to work in several clinical areas, including MedSurg, Telemetry, Stepdown, ER, and Surgery. Emergency medicine, however, has always been my true calling, and I plan to specialize as a Trauma Nurse Practitioner after completing my degree.

    What drew me to Walden University is its strong focus on addressing real-world challenges through education. The university’s commitment to creating positive social change and supporting learners from all backgrounds aligns with the kind of nurse I strive to be (Walden University, n.d.). In emergency settings, I often see how social and economic issues affect patient care, and I believe that with the right education and tools, I can make a meaningful impact.

    Walden encourages its students to think critically and act with purpose. This focus on reflection, inquiry, and community improvement supports my goal to become more than just a skilled clinician; I want to be a leader who advocates for improved healthcare access and better outcomes, especially for underserved populations (Walden University, n.d.).

    The MSN program is designed to build advanced clinical knowledge, leadership abilities, and a deep understanding of evidence-based practice, all of which are essential for my future role as a trauma nurse practitioner. The program outcomes also emphasize collaboration, ethical decision-making, and system-level thinking, which will prepare me to not only care for patients at the bedside but also contribute to broader healthcare initiatives (Walden University, n.d.).

    Professional networking is something I’ve learned to value more as I advance in my career. Forming connections with other nurses, faculty members, and healthcare leaders provides opportunities for mentorship, support, and collaboration. According to Schmidt (n.d.), networking can help nurses stay current, grow professionally, and open doors to new roles. Even for those who may feel shy or unsure about networking, there are ways to approach it that feel genuine and comfortable, such as participating in professional organizations or engaging in online communities (Wofford, 2018).

    By building a strong network, I hope to gain insights from others in the field, share my own experiences, and grow both personally and professionally.

    References:

    Schmidt, K. (n.d.). 
    5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networking
     [Blog post]. BluePipes. Retrieved November 14, 2018, from https://blog.bluepipes.com/5-reasons-nurses-should-take-professional-networking-seriously/

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    Walden University catalog
    . Retrieved October 4, 2019, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu

    Wofford, P. (2018). 
    10 networking tips for nurses who hate networking
    . Nurse.org. Retrieved from https://nurse.org/articles/tips-for-nurse-networking/

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    AA

    Abimbola Adegborioye

    Aug 27 8:14pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 6:01pm

    Reply from Abimbola Adegborioye

     

     

     

     

                                                         Introduction and How School Mission Aligns with Being a Psych NP

     

     

                                                                                                                       Introduction

     

    Hello, class. My name is Abimbola (Abi) Adegborioye. I live in Plantation, Florida, and I am originally from Nigeria, West Africa. I am a wife and mother of three beautiful children: 22 years old, 19 years old, and 18 years old—two boys, and the last, a girl. Currently, I work as a Board Certified family Nurse Practitioner in a skilled nursing facility that specializes in geriatric nursing in South Florida. My focus is on Pulmonology and pain management.

    The issue of mental health care has become one of the most urgent problems in the modern healthcare system, and particularly among vulnerable and underserved groups of people. As a student in Walden University’s Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) program,’ I aim to integrate evidence-based practice with compassion to ensure more individuals get access to care. This discussion describes how the mission and vision of Walden, the MSN initiative or program outcomes, and networking with others can help me as a scholar-practitioner to realize my academic and professional aspirations (goals) and ambitions.

    ‘
    How the Walden Mission, Vision, Goals, and Social Change Initiatives Match with My Goals
    ’

    The ‘mission and vision at Walden University’ are compliant with my professional and academic intentions and plans of becoming a ‘Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner.’ Walden aims to build a diverse learning community that tackles the issues faced by society and also create outstanding social changes (Walden University, n.d.). Such devotion is aligned with my objective of broadening psychiatric services to underserved groups of the population, including homeless veterans and rural adolescents with untreated depression. Through an emphasis on quality, integrity, and student-centeredness, Walden can enable me to apply knowledge to the creation of transformational changes in the outcomes of mental illnesses.

    How My Goals Align and Relate to MSN Initiative or Program Results

    The ‘outcomes of the MSN’ initiative or program available at Walden will also help me in the professional practice as a Psych NP. The program is geared toward evidence-based practice, advancing equity in health, and life-long education (Walden University, 2025). The findings also match my interest in implementing trauma-informed CBT therapy in community clinics and the use of telepsychiatry to attend to adolescents in remote settings with a lack of accessibility. The focus on reflective practice will enhance my abilities to become a qualified and ethical scholar-practitioner capable of doing innovative and advocacy work within the mental health environment across various contexts.

    The Value of Networking to Meet Academic and Professional Goals

    Networking will be fundamental in achieving my academic and professional goals as a Psych NP. Interactions and networking with faculty, peers, and interdisciplinary health teams will help establish cooperation and mentoring and facilitate engagement and the exchange of knowledge (Hamlin, 2024). Networking will open career opportunities, professional references, and tips to help me develop a long-term practice. Networking is a crucial aspect and competency emphasized by professional organizations, such as the ‘American Association of Nurse Practitioners,’ as a method of becoming a leader, advocate, and expanding the NP association to the healthcare system (Fernandez, 2022). These affiliations will foster or promote my growth and advancement as a student and professional practitioner. Networking Opportunities NURS-6003 Module 1: Discussion

    Conclusion

    Finally, the mission and social change efforts at Walden, the program outcomes of the MSN program, and the different networking opportunities all fit my academic and career pursuits as a future ‘Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner.’ All materials (resources) and strategies (plans or approaches) will enhance mental health care and lead to my personal or individual accomplishment. As a scholar-practitioner, I will be able to transform individuals’ lives and make mental services accessible to them, and become part of Walden’s dream as an assurance to deliver and achieve desirable social changes.

     

    References

    Fernandez, A. (2022, June 16). 
    The benefits of networking for nurse practitioners.
     American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Retrieved August 27, 2025, from 
    https://www.aanp.org/news-feed/the-benefits-of-networking-for-nurse-practitioners
    Links to an external site.

    Hamlin, K. (2024). 
    Professional networking in nursing.
     NurseJournal. 
    https://nursejournal.org/resources/networking-in-nursing/
    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (2025). 
    Online Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree | Walden University.
     Waldenu.edu. 
    https://www.waldenu.edu/online-masters-programs/master-of-science-in-nursing
    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    Academics: Student handbook: Vision, Mission, and goals.
     Retrieved August 27, 2025, from Waldenu.edu. 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals
    Links to an external site.

     

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    William Statum

    Aug 27 7:14pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 1:58pm

    Reply from William Statum

    Hi Classmates!

    My name is William David Statum; my father and I have the same first name, so people call me David. I am a proud dog dad to Baby Bella, a beautiful Chihuahua; she is sleeping in my lap while I write this post. I live in southern Middle Tennessee. Nursing school was a midlife career change for me. I have been a nurse for 13 years. I have spent the majority of my nursing career focusing on substance abuse and addictions, food insecurity, and hunger. I worked with local drug treatment court programs, and my family and I started a food bank in my rural community; the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically changed things quickly. We began by helping a few families, and literally overnight, we have been serving more than 1,500 families each week for the past seven years. I have learned that all things derive from relationships, so I spend a considerable amount of time establishing them. With this networking model, I can obtain the resources I need to help people. In all things that I do, whether through faith or profession, communication has been a driving force, and I am excited to begin this post-MSN PMHNP certification, where I can grow into my calling.

    Walden’s vision of a community that values knowledge and professional competencies is important to me. We all have things to offer, and when we build an inclusive, knowledge-based environment, we can learn from one another. Not so much as touting our own accomplishments, but, instead, using that knowledge from those accomplishments to bring change where change is needed, growth where it is required, and inclusion to learn and resources to solve critical societal challenges where greater global goodness is necessary.

    Walden’s goals to adhere to that vision provide a safe, academic environment that demonstrates tangible learner-centered, process-centered approaches toward achieving academic excellence. It feels good to be learning in an environment that appreciates my educational and professional background and uses it as a catalyst to help me reach my goals. I enjoy learning and growing, so this learning model resonates with me. I looked at several similar programs, but most of them are test-based courses; I learn better by discovery, research, and critical thinking than by learning only to pass one exam per course. I get so nervous in those other environments that it hinders my progress toward achieving my learning goals and helping build positive social change.

    A significant portion of my daily activities involves promoting a safe environment to foster social change. Our feeding program operates efficiently each day, so we have deliberately based all conversations on whether they add value to the mission of the food bank. That concept is not original with me. Dolly Parton is quite a positive force in Tennessee. I actually met her once at Walmart. In an interview, when promoting an album in England, the interviewer told her that one of their princesses invited her to tea. Ms. Parton’s response was in the form of a question. Is the princess helping her promote her album? Since the answer was no, she suggested that perhaps they could get together at another time. She was trying to effect social change within her own immediate environment, respecting the time and talents of those who were helping her achieve her goals while there.

    Walden’s initiatives to support positive social change through the development of principled, knowledgeable, and ethical scholar-practitioners have had a profound impact on me, as this word-mapping has already influenced how I lead, set goals, and contribute to making society better (Walden, 2025).

    Walden’s MSN Program Outcomes, emphasizing evidence-based practice, leadership, advocacy for health equity, and social change, directly align with my goal of becoming a scholar-practitioner by providing a framework to synthesize theory and practice (2025). I anticipate that this emphasis toward scholarship and practice, supported by confidence gained from completing this program, will assist me in efforts to analyze health data, promote quality improvement, advocate for vulnerable populations, and lead change in diverse healthcare settings, ultimately advancing your professional and academic goals while contributing to societal well-being. This confidence will help me establish new networking relationships to advance my career with greater ease and less anxiety. (Savard, et. al., 2023) Networking with like-minded healthcare professionals could become a catalyst to begin nurturing relationships that offer access to hidden job opportunities, opportunities to find mentors and career guidance, emotional support, and a strong peer network to prevent burnout, increased knowledge about different specialties and new developments, and the chance to influence the healthcare system by advocating for change. Honestly, networking has been challenging for me, probably because I lack confidence sometimes. Knowledge and nursing skills foster professional confidence, so I am excitedly looking forward to shifting my mindset to that of a scholar-practitioner, which will enable me to reframe my understanding of networking and ultimately reach my goals of building a successful practice, helping my community, and developing relationships to offer significant and tangible assistance for those in need.

     

    References:

    Savard, I., Al Hakim, G., & Kilpatrick, K. (2023). The added value of the nurse practitioner: An evolutionary concept analysis. 
    Nursing open
    , 
    10
    (4), 2540–2551. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1512

    Walden University. (2025). Academics: Student handbook: Vision and goals. Vision and Goals – Student Handbook – Academics at Walden University. https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals#:~:text=Walden%20University%20strives%20to%20produce,a%20commitment%20to%20lifelong%20learning.

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    TS

    Thais Banos Silverio

    Aug 27 5:27pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 4:09am

    Reply from Thais Banos Silverio

    Main Post

    My name is Thais Banos Silverio. I have been a registered nurse for more than five years, working in different departments. In recent times, I have worked in the emergency and critical care units providing healthcare services to the most vulnerable patient population. In my experience, I have recognized the value of nurses, especially in the management of high-stress situations and the ability to make informed, critical, and relevant decisions that can improve patient outcomes. As an individual who has worked in the emergency unit, I have also contributed to supporting both the patients and the family members through quality communication and interpersonal relationship skills. I am pursuing my education to continue improving my academic goals, championing diversity, collaboration, and strengthening my commitment to realizing opportunities for personal growth and professional development. My focus is on the best ways by which I can contribute to the general health and well-being of every member of society, especially those with mental health complications living in underserved communities.

    Walden University operates on a vision, mission, and value statement that prioritize social change. Through this institution, it is easier to align my goals and academic restoration with its agenda because of the flexibility of the learning environment, allowing for continuous education and maintenance of my responsibilities as a nursing professional (Walden University, n.d.). My desire to join Walden University was also because of their ability to interact with scholars and other professionals who are dedicated to positive change and lifelong learning. The focus of this University is to ensure that healthcare personnel are capable of advancing the delivery of competent services across different life stages while also serving the interests of the community (Walden University, n.d.). In the capacity of a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, I am confident that I will be capable of contributing to the expansion of access to mental health care services, addressing issues of stigma, isolation, and discrimination through compassionate and evidence-based solutions.

    The MSN program at Walden University is supportive of my development as a nurse leader. Through the course instructions, I will be part of the population that contributes to critical thinking, applying research, and making ethical decisions. I am confident that through these outcomes, it will be easier to align my operations and desires with an integrated approach to evidence-based art interventions and quality solutions targeting mental health care while enhancing the nature of outcomes for the community and clinical settings (Walden University, n.d.). Walden University also provides an opportunity to network with other students, the faculty, and academic advisors. These will be critical players in my journey as I build connections, access mentorship, academic support, and opportunities for professional collaboration.

    References

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    Walden University catalog links to an external site
    Links to an external site.
    . Retrieved from 
    https://catalog.waldenu.edu
    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    Walden University catalog links to an external site
    Links to an external site.
    . Retrieved from 
    https://catalog.waldenu.edu
    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    The writing center links to an external site
    Links to an external site.
    . Retrieved from 
    https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter
    Links to an external site.

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    Amanda Michelle Perez

    Aug 27 4:56pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 2:26pm

    Reply from Amanda Michelle Perez

    Hi everyone, my name is Amanda. I’m from Miami, Florida and have been working as an RN in the ER of a level one trauma facility for 3 years. Prior to becoming an RN, I was working as a medical assistant and office manager for a urgent care company down here in South Florida. Working in these urgent and emergent environments has trained my brain and body to always be ready and unfortunately for my family and friends, I never stop moving even when I’m off the clock. With this experience, I’ve been exposed to many different types of patient populations and disease processes at every stage of its progression.

    As an RN pursuing an advanced degree, my idea of success is waking up each morning, healthy, feeling content with the choices I have made that led me to where I am. I don’t believe success can be measured, but can be the impact you leave on others, making sure it’s better than the way you found them.

    I felt that continuing my education to become an FNP was my way of contributing back to my community with all the experiences and lessons I’ve learned whilst working in such a harsh environment. Coming from an immigrant family with a long line of nurses and nurse practitioners I not only felt it was my duty to continue on but I have this sense of passion and pride being given the opportunity to follow in my family’s footsteps. When it came to choosing a program to attend, Walden’s vision and one of their goals made it an easy and obvious choice. With a vision surrounded by creating an environment that values knowledge and professionalism to drive for a greater societal change (Walden University, 2025). Walden’s College of Nursing furthers the university’s vision by emphasizing their dedication to a diverse nursing population. This encapsulates my goals as a future FNP in one short sweet sentence. Being exposed to many patients who are unable to properly manage their care, my goals for future self are to be easily accessible to more patient populations.

    When it comes to networking, in my personal opinion I feel that healthcare is a bit overlooked. Throughout my career, I joined the Emergency Nurses Association and was able to make friends and meet colleagues in my area with the same life and career interests. Because nursing is constantly evolving, maintaining professional relationships is especially important when your wish is to keep your knowledge fresh and relevant (Schmidt, n.d).

    Schmidt, K. (n.d). 
    5 Reasons Nurses Should Engage in Professional Networking. 

    5 Reasons Nurses Should Engage in Professional Networking


    Links to an external site.

    Links to an external site.
    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (2025). 
    Academics: Student Handbook: About Walden
    . Student Catalog, Student Handbook, and University Guidebooks – Student Catalog, Handbook, and University Guidebooks – Academics at Walden University. Retrieved August 27, 2025, from 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/about-walden
    Links to an external site.

    Links to an external site.
    Links to an external site.

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    ZA

    Zenia Alvarez

    Aug 27 2:37pm
    | Last reply Aug 29 9:25pm

    Reply from Zenia Alvarez

    Module 1 Discussion

     

    My Professional Goals and Walden University’s Vision

    Hello everyone! My name is Zenia, I graduated in 2013 as a Pharmacy Technician and worked in that field until 2020 before pursuing nursing, completing my degree in 2020, and gaining experience as a school nurse and in COVID testing. In 2023, I began working for Florida Blue as a Navigator Nurse, collaborating with a Community Specialist to help members and the community better understand and act on their health and basic needs. Most recently, I completed my FNP in June 2025, where I have recognized the growing need for mental health support in the community. In my pursuit of a career in nursing, I should select a college that drives excellence, equity, and social change. The mission and the vision of Walden University fit into my professional and academic goals since they will contribute to the creation of evidence-based practice, nursing leadership, and innovativeness. In this discussion, I outline how the philosophy of Walden and the results of my MSN program will enable me to develop as a scholar-practitioner and how networking can facilitate my long-term success.

    The mission and vision of Walden University rest on setting up a multi-ethnic body of scholar-practitioners at the University, and in pursuing life-long learning and social change (Walden University, 2025). This complements my aspirations of becoming a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) that lowers the disparities, which occur in relation to access to mental health care. The university also reflects my vision of social change, as I personally want to change the way in which poorly served groups can be helped in regard to mental health outcomes. The education that can facilitate the interaction of theory, research, and advocacy can help bring the much-needed change in the professional service as an academic.

    The mission statement of the College of Nursing contains the description of the necessity of having education in nursing that is empirically relevant and academically demanding (Walden University, 2025). This will help me attain my objective of achieving cultural competence in practice, which must be achieved when dealing with patients of diverse backgrounds. It is established that culturally competent nursing mitigates disparities and enhances patient-provider interactions (Kamimura et al., 2020). As Walden offers a program design with the inclusion of contextual learning, I am certain that I will be able to develop the appropriate set of skills that would allow me to address the mental health needs of diverse populations and serve as a leader within a specific practice in the realm of psychiatric nursing.

    My MSN program outcomes also match my academic and career plans. Particularly, the program targets the area of evidence-based practice execution and integration of the scientific evidence in the patient care process (Walden University, 2025). In psychiatry, a critical importance is placed on evidence-based care, given that the decision regarding the treatment process must be safer and effective, based on clinical principles and evidence (Varcarolis & Fosbre, 2020). Upon learning these outcomes, I will be in a position to administer high-quality and equitable care and meet my dream of facilitating mental wellness in populations.

    Another of the program outcomes that can be directly associated with my professional development is the area of systems leadership and policy advocacy. Graduate-prepared nurses are expected to transform the healthcare systems and effect changes in policies that are aimed at improving patient outcomes (AlMekkawi & El Khalil, 2020). This is of utmost importance in psychiatric nursing, as the barrier to care that comes with stigma and structural disadvantage of the population with mental disorders is an obstacle to accessing care. I will use this training to influence the government in implementing policies that will make psychiatric services readily available in both urban and rural regions.

    The importance of networking is also necessary both at the professional and academic levels. Investigations show that with professional networking, one can find mentorship, career growth, and assured partnering deals to enhance practice in their areas of medical care (Wani, 2024). Through networking, we are in a position to share the knowledge and support each other; these are two aspects that are critical in addressing the complex needs of patients. By developing their connections with both faculty members and other clinicians, and professional organizations, I will further position myself in the profession to be a clinician who can contribute more value to the community.

    In conclusion, the MSN program outcomes of Walden University are well aligned with my personal and professional goals. The emphasis that they have on social change, evidence-based training, and culturally competent training assists me in growing as a psychiatric nurse practitioner. Networking and collaboration will go hand in hand to enable me to advance as a scholar-practitioner who will achieve better outcomes of mental health within diverse populations.

     

    References

    AlMekkawi, M., & El Khalil, R. (2020). New graduate nurses’ readiness to practise: a narrative literature review. 
    Health Professions Education
    , 
    6
    (3), 304-316. 
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2020.05.008
    Links to an external site.

    Kamimura, A., Higham, R., Rathi, N., Panahi, S., Lee, E., & Ashby, J. (2020). Patient–provider relationships among vulnerable patients: the association with health literacy, continuity of care, and self-rated health. 
    Journal of patient experience
    , 
    7
    (6), 1450-1457. 
    https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373519895680
    Links to an external site.

    Varcarolis, E. M., & Fosbre, C. D. (2020). 
    Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing-E-book: A communication approach to evidence-based care
    . Elsevier Health Sciences.

    Walden University. (2025). 
    Academics: Student Handbook: About Walden
    . Student Catalog, Student Handbook, and University Guidebooks – Student Catalog, Handbook, and University Guidebooks – Academics at Walden University. Retrieved August 27, 2025, from 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/about-walden
    Links to an external site.

    Wani, P. (2024). Connecting for success: the role of networking in medical education. 
    Cureus
    , 
    16
    (11). DOI: 10.7759/cureus 74643

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    MB

    Marien Joanna Bomwell

    Aug 27 2:18pm
    | Last reply Aug 31 8:27am

    Reply from Marien Joanna Bomwell

    Hello everyone,

    My name is Marien Bomwell, and I am excited to start the Nurse Practitioner program here at Walden. I have been a Registered Nurse for 4 years in the Emergency department. Before becoming a nurse, I worked in the ER for 6 years as an ER tech, and I loved the fast-paced environment, adrenaline, and excitement. Having that prior experience and the exposure to unpredictable situations and patients with a variety of medical needs motivated me to start my nursing career. I wanted to expand my skills and clinical knowledge, and help others through those demanding situations, which gave me a solid sense of purpose.

    My goal now is to continue learning and broaden my professional nursing knowledge. In my opinion, becoming a Nurse Practitioner will strengthen my relationship with patients and have a considerable impact on the overall health of a diverse range of patients. For this reason, I picked Walden University. Its vision aligns with my professional goals, as it will enable me to manage the challenge of continuing to work with its adaptable learning alternatives. Walden’s mission will help me prepare with evidence-based practice to stand for the communities in need. Additionally, Walden’s social change initiatives to promote the worth and dignity of communities will guide me in managing health inequalities and supporting vulnerable populations (Walden University, 2025a).

    At Walden, the MSN Program Outcomes and perspectives align with my professional and academic goals by helping me enhance my leadership skills and contribute to delivering better nursing care within society. The program outcomes will also enable me to communicate more efficiently in various ways when diagnosing, implementing a plan of care, and preventing illnesses for different populations (Walden University, 2025b).

    In relation to networking while in Nurse Practitioner school, it is essential because it will enable me to exchange knowledge with others and provide a support system that motivates me and helps reduce my stress levels, thereby enhancing my performance. Professionally, networking will help me find the right mentor who can share their perspectives on what to do and what not to do for career growth, as well as establish the necessary connections for job opportunities (Schmidt, n.d). Networking Opportunities NURS-6003 Module 1: Discussion

     

    References

    Schmidt, K. (n.d). 
    5 Reasons Nurses Should Engage in Professional Networking. 

    5 Reasons Nurses Should Engage in Professional Networking


    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (2025a). 
    Vision and Goals
    . 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals
    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (2025b). 
    Learning Outcomes. 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/catalog/nursing/master-science/nursing#s-lg-box-29662482
    Links to an external site.

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    Nerlande Bellevue

    Aug 27 1:40pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 6:03pm

    Reply from Nerlande Bellevue

    Hello everyone,

    My name is Nerlande, and I currently reside in Broward County, Florida. I have been working as a nurse for the past five years. In this period, I have acquired a strong passion for contributing to advancing positive health outcomes for my patients and the communities I serve. This course gives me an opportunity to advance my academic journey here at Walden and grow alongside each of you.

    My goals as a nurse are in tandem with Walden’s mission and vision, which emphasize academic excellence, promoting social change, and the need for evidence-based practice. This aligns well with long-term commitment to providing patient-centered care (Walden University, n.d.). Walden’s vision serves as a guiding force in helping me become a scholar-practitioner who applies clinical expertise and, at the same time, advocates for equity, quality, and innovation in healthcare. In addition, the College of Nursing’s mission to prepare nurses for leadership and transformative practice will significantly help in expanding my influence beyond bedside care. This will go a long way to ensuring health promotion and patient education in my line of duty.

    Consequently, the MSN program outcomes support my professional and academic development. With their heavy focus on leadership, collaboration, decision-making, and evidence-based practice, the outcomes serve as an integral path to my growth as I transition into advanced practice roles. Besides, I regard them as benchmarks for the knowledge and skills I am looking forward to acquiring. In the long run, they will be critical in strengthening my clinical competencies and help me contribute meaningfully to the nursing profession and the communities I serve.

    Eventually, networking is truly a vital part of academic and professional success. As such, I believe that it is important to build and enhance relationships with faculty, peers, and other healthcare professionals. Such relationships are crucial in collaboration, mentorship, and the exchange of diverse perspectives (Wofford, 2018). Hence, as I navigate this program, these connections will be vital in engaging and expanding my professional opportunities in advanced practice nursing.

    References

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    Walden University catalogLinks to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
    . Retrieved October 4, 2019, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu

    Wofford, P. (2018). 
    10 networking tips for nurses who hate networkingLinks to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
    . Retrieved from https://nurse.org/articles/tips-for-nurse-networking/

     

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    Kenneth Ejiofor Oruka

    Aug 27 12:36am
    | Last reply Aug 30 9:51pm

    Reply from Kenneth Ejiofor Oruka

     

    Hello everyone, my name is 
    Kenneth Ejiofor Oruka
     (But you may simply call me Ken). I was born and raised in a one-room shack in the suburb of Enugu State, Nigeria. It was never easy for my parents, especially my mother, who was determined to see us succeed even as she had nothing to support six of us. She struggled and got severely depressed when I was still in elementary two. All hopes seemed to have vanished for all of us, but from that a young age, I knew I was different. I braced up the challenge, engaged in different childhood labor and petty trading. When other kids were playing, I would be thinking of what the next day would look like. I never watched any Television until adulthood, no childhood memories, and no friends. When others played, I studied borrowed textbooks under kerosene lamps, sketching every letter and words as if they were a map out of my poverty. I faced every post study assessment question with desperations and starvation of someone who hoped on knowledge as my only inheritance.

    Why did I choose Nursing as a Profession?

    I didn’t pursue nursing because it was simple—I chose it because it mattered. Of the many things that my mother laid her hands as a means of surviving, being an untrained/uneducated ‘home birth attendant’ was the one that earned her the most respect, as she was often referred to as ‘home nurse’. Hence, I believed that I could continue building on my mothers’ legacies by obtaining a degree in nursing. Interestingly, I simplified nursing as what my mother was doing and expected it to be a cheaper alternative to the other courses since I would be training myself.

    Moreover, I viewed nursing as profession that is far beyond technical expertise. To me, it’s about truly hearing people when the world is too rushed to listen. It’s about being present—physically, emotionally, and ethically—when someone is at their most fragile. It’s about earning the profound trust to care for life itself; all of which my mother was known for in the community. Because of this, I was determined to enjoy the discipline of the training, the breadth of opportunities, and the universal importance of the role. It was my honest desire to help uphold that foundation—not just to treat disease, but to foster health, justice, and empathy. I chose a life of service, science, and strength that will build on my mothers’ effort and also make me different.

    Across Nations: The Journey of an African Nurse

    I am pleased to state that beyond all odds, I made it as a nurse—shaped by the pulse of Africa, where resilience isn’t optional, it’s instinctive. My training was forged in crowded wards and under constrained conditions, where care meant creativity and compassion meant everything. I have stood beside pain that had no diagnosis, relied on intuition honed by necessity, and spoken up even when my voice was dismissed. I’ve led quietly, persistently, even when the spotlight pointed elsewhere.

    But my identity isn’t confined by geography. I realized that am not only an African nurse, but a nurse with a global calling. Having conquered hunger locally and escaped generational poverty, I knew that it was time for me to seek international recognition, not for praise, but for parity. I wanted my expertise to be acknowledged, my credentials to carry weight, and my insights to shape conversations beyond borders. I envision collaboration across nations, contributing to health systems worldwide, and bringing the depth of my experience to global platforms. This is a journey that I am committed to accomplishing.

    Connecting Vision to Impact: How My Aspirations Reflect Walden’s Mission

    Walden University’s commitment to empowering a diverse network of professionals to drive meaningful social change (Walden University, n.d) strongly aligns with my personal and professional path. Specifically, the University “envisions a premier, inclusive online learning community where knowledge and professional competencies are valued for their contributions to solving critical societal challenges and advancing the greater global good”. As a nurse trained in Africa, I’ve directly encountered the inequities in healthcare—limited access, under-recognition, and resource gaps. My mission extends beyond delivering compassionate, evidence-based care; I strive to champion equity and amplify the global presence of African-trained nurses.

    The university’s dedication to cultivating scholar-practitioners who lead through service and innovation mirrors my academic aspirations. I’m eager to advance my nursing education, engage in impactful research, and guide others through mentorship. I view my role not only as a clinician, but as a catalyst—someone who leverages knowledge to dismantle systemic obstacles and empower communities.

    Aligning The Walden University
     
    College of Nursing Mission with My Aspirations

    The College of Nursing’s dedication to providing education that is both academically rigorous and culturally attuned resonates with my aspiration for a learning space that respects my heritage and equips me for global impact. I’m drawn to Walden’s flexible, practitioner-driven approach, which empowers me to blend hands-on experience with scholarly advancement.

    Their focus on social transformation and leadership cultivation aligns seamlessly with my vision of launching international health collaborations as a means of ‘take-it-back-home’ effort and driving policy changes that elevate African-trained nurses within the global healthcare landscape.

    Becoming a Scholar-Practitioner: My Journey Toward Global Relevance

    Embracing the scholar-practitioner path at Walden empowers me not only to learn but to lead in knowledge creation. My goal is to advance research that showcases the ingenuity and resilience of African healthcare systems, while fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to address urgent global health issues. Guided by Walden’s mission and vision, I pursue this work with integrity, intellectual rigor, and a deep sense of purpose.

    Aligning Walden’s MSN Outcomes with My Vision as a Nurse

    As a nurse committed to achieving global recognition, building on my mother’s unnoticed effort, and effecting meaningful change, I view the Walden MSN program not merely as a pathway to a degree, but as a transformative framework aligned with my professional aspirations. The program’s core competencies—advanced clinical practice, leadership development, evidence-based inquiry, policy engagement, and patient-centered care (Walden University, n.d.)—are directly supportive of my long-term goals. Ultimately, Walden prepares me not only to excel professionally, but to serve with purpose, lead with vision, and contribute to a legacy of equity and transformation in global health.

    Professional Networking as Steppingstone to Realizing My Academic Goals

    In today’s competitive personal, professional, and organizational landscapes, professional networking has emerged as a vital tool for individual success (Faizan, 2025).  According to Akkas (2023), Scholars have also identified a range of variables, including networking, that significantly influence an individual’s career success. Networking goes beyond swapping business cards or adding LinkedIn contacts—it’s about forging meaningful connections that help propel you toward your aspirations, particularly in a profession as evolving and people-focused as nursing. Schmidt (n.d.) noted that Nurses occupy a vital and increasingly multifaceted role in patient care, contributing significantly to nearly every operational aspect of healthcare organizations. Their expertise positions them to influence the design and execution of institutional processes and protocols. When nurses are empowered to lead in these areas, the resulting improvements enhance both the organizational environment and overall system performance.

    Schmidt (n.d.) further notes that professional networking encompasses structured interactions and affiliations that arise within occupational or career-related contexts. Fundamentally, professional networking serves as a conduit through which individual expertise evolves into broader impact. It enables the transition from practicing as a competent nurse within a localized setting to becoming a globally recognized leader contributing to the advancement of healthcare across international boundaries.

    Sources of Professional and Social Networking

    To cultivate meaningful connections and advance professional development, Walden University (n.d.) recommended that individuals may engage with a diverse array of networking channels, including:

     Institutional and Educational Affiliations

    University alumni networks (e.g., Walden University Alumni Association)

    Student-led organizations and campus groups

    Faculty, staff, and peers within academic institutions

    Classroom-based interactions and cohort relationships

    Professional and Civic Engagement

    Industry-specific associations and credentialing bodies

    Conference, seminar, and workshop participants

    Volunteer and service-based organizations

    Former colleagues and workplace contacts

    Political and advocacy groups

     Personal and Community-Based Networks

    Friends and extended family members

    Neighborhood and local community connections

    Social clubs, hobby groups, and fitness communities

    Faith-based institutions and religious communities

    Military affiliations and veteran networks

    Service professionals (e.g., legal, medical, financial, real estate, travel, veterinary)

    Parent-related networks (e.g., PTA, youth sports, scouting organizations)

    Digital and Online Platforms

    Social media platforms such as Facebook (including university-specific groups), Instagram, Twitter

    Professional networking sites like LinkedIn

    Interest-based platforms including Meetup.com and Ted.com

    Academic and research collaboration networks

    Why Networking Matters

    The motivations for nurse practitioners to cultivate professional networks are diverse and continually evolving. According to Goolsby and Knestrick (2017), engaging in networking fosters connections that facilitate access to emerging opportunities, enhance personal and professional growth, support collaborative research initiatives, promote involvement in health policy advocacy, and strengthen the implementation of evidence-based practices.

    How Networking Would S
    upports My Aspirations

    Advancing Academically:
     Building relationships with faculty, alumni, and peers at institutions like Walden opens doors to joint research, collaborative projects, and mentorship that deepen your development as a scholar-practitioner.

    Growing Professionally:
     Active participation in nursing organizations, conferences, and online communities keeps you informed, strengthens your professional identity, and prepares you for leadership opportunities.

    Achieving Global Impact:
     Engaging with international colleagues and institutions enables you to champion policy change, contribute to global health efforts, and ensure your insights shape conversations beyond borders.

     

    References

    Akkas, M. (2023). 
    Role of networking skill to career success
    . 
    https://doi.org/10.57240/DUJMBK02
    Links to an external site.

    Faizan, R. (2025). The Importance of Professional Networking: A Pathway to Career Success, 
    Scientific Societal & Behavioral Journal, 1(1), 59-65.
     DOI: 10.63329/av3nz1236

    Goolsby, M. J., & Knestrick, J. M. (2017). Effective professional networking. 
    Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners
    , 
    29
    (8), 441–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12484

    Schmidt, K. (n.d.). 
    5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networkingLinks to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
     [Blog post]. Retrieved August 26, 2025, from 

    5 Reasons Nurses Should Engage in Professional Networking


    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (n.d). Vision and Mission. Retrieved August 26, 2025 from 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals
    Links to an external site.
    .

    Walden University. (n.d.). Networking. Retrieved on August 26, 2025, from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/careerservicescenter/networking/home

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    College of NursingLinks to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
     Retrieved August 26, 2025, from 
    https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/fieldexperience/son#s-lg-box-3837398
    Links to an external site.

     

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    Lavonia Nicole Landrum

    Aug 26 9:47pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 10:58pm

    Reply from Lavonia Nicole Landrum

    My name is Lavonia (Niki) Landrum. I am 33 years old and have been a nurse for 11 years. I have spent the majority of my career on a surgical orthopedic floor of a small, 100-bed, rural hospital in South Georgia. I also have experience as an OR circulator, mental health nurse, and spent the majority of the pandemic on our COVID-19 unit. I have been at my current facility for 11 years next month. I have a wonderful husband, and together we have two 15-year-old boys, a 14-year-old boy, and a 9-year-old girl. After many years as a charge nurse and full-time mom, I am finally ready to begin my journey to becoming a Family Nurse Practitioner.

    Since graduating from nursing school in 2014, I have worked in many different roles. Each one brought a new set of challenges that I was eager to approach head-on. While working through the pandemic in 2020, I decided to return to school to obtain my Bachelor’s Degree, graduating in 2022. Although I thought this was the end of my educational path, just two years later, I began dreaming about furthering my education to become a Family Nurse Practitioner. This led me to researching many different schools and talking to numerous advisors while searching for the best fit for me. Walden University was one of the many schools that I contacted; however, it immediately ascended to the top of my prospect list.

    Walden’s vision and mission statements mirrored my needs for an “inclusive online learning community” that provides the necessary knowledge and skills to make a positive impact on the public (Walden, 2025). This aligns perfectly with my goals, both short and long-term. I intend to work full-time while continuing my education, and upon completion, I will practice as a Family Nurse Practitioner in my community. I was also intrigued that I would be able to connect with like-minded nurses throughout the country, as “Walden University provides a diverse community of career professionals with the opportunity to transform themselves as scholar-practitioners (Walden University, 2025).” This connection with future Nurse Practitioners across the country will be invaluable throughout my upcoming career.

    As a student, networking provides a vast wealth of knowledge and experience to be shared among like-minded individuals pursuing higher education.  These relationships can not only assist in the successful completion of the program but also provide future collaboration for patient care. Networking amongst medical professionals “serve as an invaluable resource for knowledge that can be instrumental in advancing the nurse’s career (Schmidt, 2020).” This networking can assist in providing the best care to patients, ultimately improving their outcomes.

     

    References:

    Schmidt, K. (2020, September 4). 5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networking. BluePipes Blog. https://blog.bluepipes.com/5-reasons-nurses-should-take-professional-networking-seriously

    Walden University. (2025). Academics: Student handbook: Vision and goals. Vision and Goals – Student Handbook – Academics at Walden University. https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals#:~:text=Walden%20University%20strives%20to%20produce,a%20commitment%20to%20lifelong%20learning.

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    Donna Carol-Baxter

    Aug 26 9:08pm
    | Last reply Aug 31 8:12am

    Reply from Donna Carol-Baxter

    My name is Donna Baxter. I have been a nurse for 15 years, with experience in Medical Surgical, Cardiac, ER, and Critical Care. I recently fulfilled my Doctor of Nursing Practice degree and have transitioned into academia as an undergraduate nursing professor, while maintaining my clinical skills in the acute care setting. I am excited to start the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner program and look forward to expanding my knowledge to contribute to the vulnerable populations.

    I chose Walden University and the College of Nursing because their mission and vision closely match my goals as a DNP-prepared nurse, educator, and administrator. Their emphasis on social change, leadership, and lifelong learning aligns with my goal of improving mental health care and making a significant difference in vulnerable populations. (Walden University, n.d.-b)

    As I develop my Academic Success and Professional Development Plan, I recognize the importance of engaging with the academic community. Faculty mentors me in refining my passion for working with mental health populations through teaching and enhancing my clinical skills. Support teams, such as advisors and library staff, assist me in accessing resources and staying organized. Fellow students provide collaboration and shared experiences that broaden my perspective. Connecting with practicing mental health professionals offers practical insights and helps me clarify best practices for patient care. (Turi et al.)

    Networking is fundamental for achieving both professional and academic success. Building relations with faculty, peers, and experts provides mentorship, teamwork, and career opportunities. It also creates a reassuring community, offering encouragement and responsibility as I pursue my goals. Through networking, I can strengthen my impact as a nurse educator and administrator, ultimately advancing care for mental health populations. (Walden University, n.d.-b) Networking Opportunities NURS-6003 Module 1: Discussion

    In summary, Walden’s mission and vision provide a background for aligning my academic journey with my professional goals. Leveraging my educational and professional networks will guide me in developing my blueprint for success and accomplishing my vision of improving mental health care through leadership, education, and practice. (Walden University, n.d.-b)

     

    Reference:

    Turi, Eleanor, et al. “The Effectiveness of Nurse Practitioner Care for Patients with Mental Health Conditions in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Review.” 
    Nursing Outlook
    , vol. 71, no. 4, 1 July 2023, pp. 1–23, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029655423001008, 
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2023.101995
    Links to an external site.
    .

     

    Walden University. (n.d.-b). 
    Vision, mission, goals, and social change
    . 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals
    Links to an external site.

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    Lauren Smith

    Aug 26 8:40pm
    | Last reply Aug 28 10:52pm

    Reply from Lauren Smith

    My name is Lauren Smith and I am currently a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit in Tampa, Florida. I am pursuing my Family Nurse Practitioner Post-Master’s Certificate here at Walden University. I am very excited for this opportunity to further my education as a student enrolled at Walden University as its vision and goals resonate with me, particularly the goal “to produce graduates who are scholarly, reflective practitioners and agents of positive social change” (Walden University, 2025, 
    Goals
     section). I believe that as an advanced practice provider I have the knowledge and skills to guide those in my community and society to shift toward health promotion and prevention. This is important to me because I want to lead a long, healthy life and focus on prevention rather than treatment so I can enjoy what the future has in store for me as I watch my 4 young children grow.

    Similar to how Walden University’s goals impress upon me, the Mission of the College of Nursing excites me as it is “dedicated to excellence in nursing education, provides programs to transform diverse nursing professionals into champions of change who will improve health outcomes and advance health equity (Walden University, 2025, 
    College of Nursing, Mission
     section). Despite my career as an intensive care nurse and nurse practitioner, recently I have been eager to interact and care for patients who are not critically ill. For well over a decade I have been taking care of acutely ill pediatric patients, which can weigh on a provider over time. I’m eager to start a new chapter and practice in Family health, which will allow me to shift from caring for the critically ill to promoting advancement in health and wellness to my patients.

    As I progress on my new journey it will be essential to establish connections and networks where I can learn and grow continuously, as this avenue of Family practice is new to me. I plan to start with my local network and contacts in the medical community as I embark on the search for practicum sites. I recently learned about the Tampa Bay Advanced Practice Nurses Council, which is a resource for networking within my local community where they have meet ups and continuing education opportunities (TBAPNC Tampa Bay Advanced Practice Nurses Council, n.d.). Additionally, I anticipate associating myself with professional nursing organizations such as Nurse Practitioner Associates for Continuing Education (NPACE), which will be a great resource for continuing education (NPACE Nurse Practitioner Associates for Continuing Education, 2025, 
    Advance your career. Shape the future of healthcare).

    Within the Walden University community, I plan to connect with my Academic Advisor to discuss my course curriculum and ensure I remain on track as this is a fast paced curriculum. I have signed up for a round table discussion on preparing and planning for my practicum.

    References:

     

    NPACE Nurse Practitioner Associates for Continuing Education. 2025. 
    Advance your career. Shape the future of healthcare. 
    https://www.npace.org/
    Links to an external site.

     

    TBAPNC Tampa Bay Advanced Practice Nurses Council. (n.d.). 
    https://tbapnc.enpnetwork.com/https://tbapnc.enpnetwork.com/https://tbapnc.enpnetwork.com/https://tbapnc.enpnetwork.com/
    Links to an external site.

     

    Walden University. (2025). 
    College of Nursing: Mission
    . Walden University Catalog and Handbook.
     
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/catalog/nursing

     

    Walden University. (2025). 
    Vision and Goals.
     Walden University Student Handbook. 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals#s-lg-box-30140618
    Links to an external site.

    SC

    Sherry Clair

    Aug 26 2:50pm
    | Last reply Aug 30 2:30pm

    Reply from Sherry Clair

    I graduated from nursing school in 2009 and began my career as a Labor and Delivery Nurse—a role I once considered my dream job. I celebrated with families during their most joyful moments and provided comfort for some during the worst day of their lives. I shared with my family then that I planned to dedicate my entire nursing career to being an L&D nurse. However, after the birth of my middle child, my perspective—and ultimately, my professional goals—changed profoundly.
     

    During my son’s medical visits, I encountered multiple instances of insensitive and uninformed remarks from healthcare providers. One of these remarks directed at me while the provider was examining my son on my lap; ‘You knew about it while you were pregnant, and you still continued the pregnancy?’.  These experiences were heartbreaking coming from individuals that I held in high esteem.  They were also illuminating compelling me to advocate for compassionate, unbiased care for individuals with disabilities. Motivated by these personal encounters, I have sought to influence positive change within my professional and local communities regarding the medical care for people with intellectual and physical disabilities.
     

    Walden University’s vision to “solve critical societal challenges” and its goal of producing graduates who are “reflective and agents of positive social change” resonate deeply with me (Walden University, n.d.). As a mother and nurse passionate about this vulnerable population, I believe Walden’s mission fits perfectly with my academic journey and professional goals. Pursuing a Family Nurse Practitioner degree at Walden allows me to build on my foundation in nursing education and will give me the tools to provide holistic, respectful care to individuals with complex needs.
     

    With approximately 13% of the population has intellectual or physical disabilities, and over 70% of this group require care from multiple medical specialties (Institute on Disability Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Statistics, n.d.), care unique to this population is needed. My goal is to be an advocate and provider who not only delivers compassionate primary care but also provides access to comprehensive, multi-disciplinary services specific to this population.
     

    The Walden MSN Program Outcomes emphasizes the development of practitioners who combine evidence-based practice, demonstrate ethical leadership, and engage in social change initiatives (Walden University, n.d. ).  Qualities that are essential to my growth as a clinician and advocate. These outcomes align with my commitment to reflective practice and lifelong learning, which are vital for delivering quality care and effecting systemic change within healthcare settings.
     

    Networking is an important component of achieving these personal and practice goals. By connecting with peers, mentors, and professionals across specialties, I can expand my knowledge, advocate for best practices, and collaborate to improve care models for individuals with disabilities. Such professional relationships provide opportunities to influence policy, improve access to care, and support holistic, patient-centered approaches.
     

    In summary, my personal experiences and professional aspirations align closely with Walden’s vision, goals, and MSN Program Outcomes. I am dedicated to becoming a practitioner who not only provides compassionate care but also contributes to positive social change in healthcare for individuals with intellectual and physical disabilities.
     

     

    References
     

    Institute on Disability Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Statistics. (n.d.). 
    Annual Disability Statistics Compendium 2025
    . 
    https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED673281.pdf
    Links to an external site.
     

    Walden University. (n.d.). 
    Walden University student handbook
    . 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals
    Links to an external site.
     

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    Harnell Seguerra

    Aug 26 1:41pm
    | Last reply Aug 26 8:30pm

    Reply from Harnell Seguerra

    Hi everyone, my name is Harnell, and I’ve been a nurse for 20 years. 
    After 
    I finished
     my Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing, I 
    started
     my career as an Operating Room Nurse.
     Then I saw an opportunity to I could grow more with my knowledge, abilities, and skills in different settings. I decided to move to the Intensive Care Unit and stayed for 14 years. 
    Now is the time for me to advance my career to 
    a higher
     level, 
    taking
     my Master’s Degree.

    To further my education, I decided to pursue a career as an Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, and I found my online program at Walden University. 
    I was 
    very excited that I could go back
     to school while working full-time.

    To achieve this goal, I enrolled in Walden University and share the same vision, mission, and goals. As a student-centered program, it will help me enhance my academic abilities and skills (Walden University, n.d.a). 
    Being surrounded by multidisciplinary, I can 
    make
     my knowledge and 
    skills
     
    positive
    .
     
    Advancing my education will 
    nurture
     my critical thinking skills and 
    help
     me excel in my profession.

    While I’m practicing in Critical care settings, this MSN program will cultivate me to demonstrate a high level of knowledge in 
    taking care of
     critically ill patients. Walden University will help me get all the education I need and apply this learning to the issues and challenges in the workplace (Walden University, n.d.b).

    Networking has been very important in the field of nursing. It plays a role in social interactions and personal relationships. We are all practicing in different nursing specialties, but we can narrow down ideas that can help ourselves and benefit our patients. Collaborating with all medical professions, including a former coworker, will develop a solid and strong relationship that may help me in the future (Wofford, 2018).

     

    References :

    Walden University. (n.d.a). 
    Walden University catalogLinks to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
    . Retrieved October 4, 2019, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu

    Walden University. (n.d.b). 
    Walden University catalogLinks to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
    . Retrieved October 4, 2019, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu

    Wofford, P. (2018). 
    10 networking tips for nurses who hate 
    networkingLinks
     to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
    . Retrieved from https://nurse.org/articles/tips-for-nurse-networking/

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    Reagan Bryant

    Aug 26 12:09pm
    | Last reply Aug 27 1:17am

    Reply from Reagan Bryant

    I have only cared for pediatric patients in Memphis, TN, and the surrounding areas throughout my nursing career. I currently work at a pediatric hospital on the surgical/orthopedics floor and at a psychiatric facility on the child/adolescent unit. The patients I work with have experienced different traumas such as abuse/neglect, gunshot wounds, and car wrecks. Caring for children from various backgrounds and experiences has ignited my passion to help children and families even more. My professional goal is to open a clinic as a pediatric mental health nurse practitioner alongside a licensed social worker and other medical professionals to serve those in my community.

    Psychiatry and mental health have always piqued my interest. Mental health has been a controversial topic within the Black community, and I would like to help educate people and remove its stigma. To do that, I knew I had to further my education and find a school aligned with my own values. Walden’s MSN program had been recommended to me by a former student, but I also conducted my own research. According to Walden University (n.d.), their MSN program’s outcomes emphasize lifelong learning, supporting diversity and multiculturalism, and facilitating community social change. These values strongly align with my personal and professional goals.

    The patient population I work with is often affected by socioeconomic barriers such as poverty, racism, and limited access to healthcare. These factors greatly influence mental health, and I want to understand better the social and psychological influences behind behavior to provide more effective care. Working at a behavioral health facility has allowed me to learn from psychiatric NPs, social workers, and therapists while observing the many factors that shape mental health outcomes. This experience, paired with Walden’s focus on social change, reinforces my decision to pursue advanced practice nursing to continue educating, advocating, and making meaningful change.

    Networking has also played an essential role in my journey. Collaborating with psychiatric nurse practitioners, social workers, and therapists at my current facility has helped me expand my knowledge and gain new perspectives on treatment approaches. Beyond workplace connections, networking with peers, mentors, and professional organizations will help me stay updated on best practices and create opportunities to advance my career. Making myself open and available to others in this field will strengthen my ability to influence and serve my community.

    References:

    Walden University. (n.d.). Vision and goals: Student handbook – Academics at Walden University. Retrieved from 
    https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/
    Links to an external site.

    Schmidt, K. (n.d.). 
    5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networkingLinks to an external site. https://blog.bluepipes.com/5-reasons-nurses-should-take-professional-networking-seriously/
    Links to an external site.
     [Blog post]. Retrieved November 14, 2018, from

    Hamlin, K. (2024, October 23). Professional networking in nursing. NurseJournal.org. Retrieved from 
    https://nursejournal.org/resources/networking-in-nursing/
    Links to an external site.

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    Sherley Alexandre

    Aug 25 8:45pm
    | Last reply Aug 27 7:13pm

    Reply from Sherley Alexandre

    Hi, my name is Sherley. I chose to attend Walden University because of its reputation for providing flexible online programs that fit well with my busy schedule. I was drawn to their focus on creating positive social change and helping students make a difference in their communities. I appreciate that Walden’s learning environment is supportive and designed to help working professionals succeed, which made it the perfect choice for me as I balance my job, family, and education (Walden University, n.d.).

     

    I decided on Walden University because its mission to promote social good by educating ethical and innovative healthcare professionals aligns with my personal values. The Master of Science in Nursing program with a specialization as a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner matches my goal of developing advanced clinical skills and taking on leadership roles in mental health care. Additionally, I valued Walden’s commitment to diversity and inclusion, which creates an environment that encourages growth and provides the necessary resources for success (Walden University, n.d.).

     

    I hope to grow personally through my education at Walden by gaining more knowledge and skills in mental health care. My goal is to become a confident and skilled Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner who can provide comprehensive, compassionate treatment to my patients. I also want to enhance my research and critical thinking abilities so I can advocate effectively for my patients and make a meaningful impact in my community. I believe that Walden’s program will equip me with the tools needed to serve others better and improve mental health services (Nurse.org, n.d.).

     

    Earning my MSN degree in Psychiatric Nursing from Walden University will help me reach my professional goals by preparing me for advanced practice roles. This degree will enable me to offer specialized mental health services and assume leadership positions within healthcare organizations. For example, I plan to work in community mental health clinics or outpatient facilities, helping patients recover and raising awareness about mental health issues. The skills I develop will also allow me to mentor other nurses and contribute to improvements in mental health care in my community (Walden University, n.d.).

    Main Discussion Post

    Hello, my name is Brinley! I am 25 years old and currently live in Georgia with my husband and our chocolate lab. I started nursing school at the start of the pandemic and have now been a nurse for 3 years. I started as a new graduate in the ICU, and I am still there currently. I love where I currently work, but I have always wanted to further my education. I am excited to gain my Acute Care Nurse Practitioner license ultimately. I am still uncertain about what specialty I want to work in after I graduate.

    Walden’s vision, mission, goals, and social change initiatives align with my professional and academic goals in several different ways. The first way is that I am currently still working full-time, so I need to find a school that would be accommodating to my work schedule. I love that Walden University offers nurse practitioner programs exclusively online, so I can continue to work while furthering my education. Another perk of being online is being able to connect with peers from all different walks of life. Walden offers learner-centered programs that allow me to incorporate some of my own needs into my academics.  Walden University emphasizes producing scholar-practitioners who produce a positive social change (Walden University, 2025a). This allows me to achieve my professional goals by learning how to improve my patients’ outcomes and promote equity for all. I hope that by choosing Walden, I can expand my knowledge of diverse groups and continue advocating for them as a practitioner.

    Walden’s MSN program further supports my professional and academic goals by educating me on global perspectives, which allow me to continue to evolve as a healthcare professional. They also use nursing theories and ethical principles such as integrity, human dignity, and social justice (Walden University, 2025b). These principles directly align with the kind of nurse I am today and the type of nurse practitioner I want to be. My goal as a future nurse practitioner is to be able to give my patients a more comprehensive and diverse view of healthcare.

    Networking is essential, no matter what career you choose. By networking, I can connect with peers and professionals in healthcare who have been in my situation and can enlighten me on what to expect and offer guidance on topics they wish they had known before expanding their education. Through networking with peers, I was introduced to Walden University. My peers can also provide me support through my academics and help alleviate stress (Hamlin, 2024). I can also gain potential mentors who can help shape how I will be as a nurse practitioner. Most job opportunities are also found by networking; 80% of jobs are filled by networking alone (Schmidt, 2020). Referral bonuses also offer a nice reward from networking. Starting to network now might lead to meeting people who can help me achieve my long-term professional goals.

     

    References

    Hamlin, K. (2024, October 23). 
    Professional networking in nursing
    . NurseJournal.org. 
    https://nursejournal.org/resources/networking-in-nursing/
    Links to an external site.

    Schmidt, K. (2020, September 4). 
    5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networking
    . BluePipes Blog. https://blog.bluepipes.com/5-reasons-nurses-should-take-professional-networking-seriously/

    Walden University. (2025a). 
    Academics: Student handbook: Vision and goals
    . Vision and Goals – Student Handbook – Academics at Walden University. https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals#:~:text=Walden%20University%20strives%20to%20produce,a%20commitment%20to%20lifelong%20learning.

    Walden University. (2025b). 
    Academics: College of nursing: Master of science in nursing (MSN)
    . Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) – College of Nursing – Academics at Walden University. https://academics.waldenu.edu/catalog/nursing/master-science/nursing#s-lg-box-29662482

     

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    Nathalie Candide Crevecoeur

    Aug 25 3:24pm
    | Last reply Aug 29 12:51pm

    Reply from Nathalie Candide Crevecoeur

    Hi everyone, my name is Nathalie, and I’m a PACU nurse with 10 years of experience in telemetry, medical-surgical, stepdown, and ICU settings. I’m beginning the Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) track because I come from a culture where mental health has not traditionally been prioritized, and I want to help close that gap for patients and families in my community here in Florida.

    Walden’s emphasis on positive social change and learner-centered education resonates with my purpose. The focus on quality, integrity, and student-centeredness mirrors how I practice at the bedside and how I aspire to lead as a future PMHNP, utilizing inquiry, reflection, and evidence to advocate for vulnerable populations and reduce mental health stigma. Walden University Outcomes, particularly facilitating positive social change, practicing legal and ethical integrity, and communicating effectively, align directly with the competencies I aim to develop as I transition from acute care to psychiatric practice (Walden University, n.d.-a).

    The program’s call to build an individualized “blueprint” for academic and professional success fits my journey: I plan to integrate my critical-care assessment skills with advanced psychiatric assessment, psychopharmacology, and psychotherapy competencies. By engaging faculty, support teams, and peers, I aim to strengthen clinical reasoning, information literacy, and culturally responsive care, key to becoming a reflective scholar-practitioner who can translate evidence into equitable mental-health outcomes (Walden University, n.d.-b).

    Networking will be essential as I pivot specialties. Within Walden, I’ll connect with faculty mentors and classmates across regions to exchange resources on PMHNP best practices. Professionally, I plan to join local and national psychiatric nursing organizations, attend grand rounds, and cultivate preceptor relationships. Effective networking helps clarify career goals, surfaces learning opportunities, and builds collaborative support systems, especially valuable for someone moving from PACU/ICU to behavioral health (Schmidt, n.d.; Wofford, 2018).

    My vision is to deliver safe, dignified, evidence-based mental-health care while advocating for access and destigmatization. I’m excited to learn with you all and to contribute to a community that turns scholarship into meaningful social change.

    References:

    Schmidt, K. (n.d.). 
    5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networking
    . {Blog post]. Retrieved November 14, 2018, from 

    5 Reasons Nurses Should Engage in Professional Networking


    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (n.d.-a). 
    University outcomes and values
    . 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals
    Links to an external site.

    Walden University. (n.d.-b). 
    Vision, mission, goals, and social change
    . 
    https://academics.waldenu.edu/handbook/vision-goals
    Links to an external site.

    Wofford, P. (2018). 
    10 networking tips for nurses who hate networking
    . Nurse.org. Retrieved from 
    https://nurse.org/articles/tips-for-nurse-networking/
    Links to an external site.

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    Amy Barlock

    Aug 25 1:17pm
    | Last reply Aug 29 12:54pm

    Reply from Amy Barlock

    Hi, my name is Amy and I’ve been a nurse for 5 years. I began my nursing career at the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic and the med-surg with a focus on orthopedic floor I worked on quickly turned into a step down unit. After about a year and a half I decided to move to Gilbert Arizona where my now husband was living. I worked at MD Anderson Cancer Center and did outpatient infusion for almost two years there. A few years later we moved to North Carolina and have an almost 2 year old boy. I work for Duke Health as PRN at their oncology infusion center in Durham. I have always held a passion for health and wellness and my goal is to become an advanced practitioner who works in the functional medicine field. We love to travel and am very happy this program is online to allow me to continue to do so.

    Waldens vision, mission, goals, and social change initiatives relate to my professional and academic goals and to my becoming a scholar-practitioner because I believe that having a diverse community of career professionals is better than no diversity. “Walden University provides a diverse community of career professionals with the opportunity to transform themselves as scholar-practitioners so that they can effect positive social change (Walden University, 2025).” Every individual in the world has a different experience and knowledge base and we can learn so much from them. I want to make an impact on my community as an advanced practice provider and part of Waldens vision is to “prepare distinguished graduates to advance the greater good of global communities (Walden University, 2025).” Positive social change aims to improve human and social conditions by promoting the worth, dignity, and development of individuals and communities. As a professional, my goal is to join professional nursing organizations and advocate for my community.

    The MSN Program outcomes and perspectives relate to my professional and academic goals by aligning with the type of advanced practice provider I want to be. One that stood out to me is “Integratively assess, diagnose, plan, implement, and evaluate cost-effective healthcare strategies that reduce health disparities by patient/population advocacy for access to specialist nursing care (Walden University, 2025).” Integrity is huge and having strong moral principles is something I don’t take lightly and was happy to see this on their program outcomes. My academic goals also consist of being able to evaluate health needs of diverse populations, ongoing commitment to professional development, which is highlighted under Waldens program outcomes. I strive to do this not only for myself, but to be a role model for my son.

    Networking is so important in this field and it can help me achieve my professional and academic goals. Networking helps you hear about job openings before they’re even advertised, which can make you stand out. By making these connections with others you can learn more about new practices in the field. Networking also builds trust and communication among different specialties. “Professional networking can help nurses achieve the fundamental knowledge required to take the next step. For example, nurses can develop relationships with individuals who work in their desired fields or roles with the intent of gaining knowledge. In other words, this professional contact may never lead to an actual job, but instead serve as an invaluable resource for knowledge that can be instrumental in advancing the nurse’s career (Schmidt, n.d.).” I can relate to this because this is how I found my current job here in North Carolina. I network on LinkedIn and came across a job posting for oncology at Duke. It wasn’t the department I wanted, but I developed a relationship with this person and she became such a great resource for me and then eventually a year and a half later I was able to land the job I was initially looking for.

     

    Walden University. (n.d.). Nurse Practitioner Programs Practicum Manual for the Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) and Post-Master’s Certificate: Section 1: Introduction. 
    https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/msn/practicum-manual/introduction#s-lg-box-27713490
    Links to an external site.

    Schmidt, K. (n.d.). 
    5 reasons nurses should engage in professional networkingLinks to an external site.
    Links to an external site.
     [Blog post]. Retrieved November 14, 2018, from 

    5 Reasons Nurses Should Engage in Professional Networking


    Links to an external site.

    Expand discussion thread from Amy Barlock

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    AB

    Angalisa Rose Brittlebank

    Aug 25 10:21am
    | Last reply Aug 28 3pm

    Reply from Angalisa Rose Brittlebank

    The Foundation of my Academic and Professional Success
     

    Success to me means being able to achieve a goal or desired outcome. It is being a better version of yourself. 
    I have been a nurse for 6 years now with experience in many different areas, but child/adolescent mental health is a passion of mine. While currently working as a school nurse, I have had the opportunity of working with school counselors and psychologists with whom have assisted me with accomplishing my goal of becoming a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner.
     

    How does Walden/College of Nursing Mission/Vision apply to my Professional/Academic goal
     

    As mentioned in my introduction, mental health my passion, while choosing a program that would be beneficial to my academic success, Walden’s mission statement for the PMHNP program states to”Provide holistic care for patients with psychiatric disorders and emotional challenges. Be a lifeline to those who are struggling.”(walden university,2025). Holistic Care in Nursing is key and I truly believe in this.
     

    Networking
     

    In my opinion, networking is important, because it can open doors to endless possibilities. When deciding which university to choose to further my degree, I utilized many different resources in making my decision. For example, talking with friends and social media sites.
     

    References
     

    Walden University.(2025)
     Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Program.
     

    https://waldenu.edu
     

    Expand discussion thread from Angalisa Rose Brittlebank

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    Amanda Jean Rawlinson

    Aug 23 10:56pm
    | Last reply Aug 27 7:09pm

    Reply from Amanda Jean Rawlinson

    Hello, my name is Amanda, but I go by Mandie. I have been working as a Pediatric Psych Nurse for the past 3 years and absolutely love this field. I see the growing need for more providers and more people in general when it comes to this area of health care. I have also done a few travel assignments as well. I got married last year in November to my best friend, Eli. We have 2 crazy cats and live in Jacksonville, FL. I moved here to FL from IL (freezing cold).

    Walden’s vision, goals, mission, and social change initiatives relate to my professional and academic goals by being all about the students. One of their core values is student centeredness. That just goes to show how important our success is to this program; they want to see us do well and succeed. Their goals are very similar in that aspect. They also provide students with so many different options when it comes to fields of study.

    This program relates to my academic goals because they are dedicated to making us reliable, dependable, and competent in our field of study. We have ample resources available to use that we can utilize to better our education. They truly seem to care about their students and really want us to succeed.

    Networking is important because you never know who you might meet and what they may have to offer. It also allows us to be more open and available to knowledge and things we might have not learned. We may also find mentorship in networking. It’s all about being open and making yourself available to opportunities. You want to make yourself known so they can also seek you out. Networking Opportunities NURS-6003 Module 1: Discussion

  • NURS-6521 Week 9 Assignment

    NURS-6521 Week 9 Assignment

    Week 9 Assignment: Case Studies/Scenarios

    Case Studies

    Scenario 1

    In the first case, there are multiple discrepancies in medications that need to be addressed for appropriate medication therapy to be accomplished. The medication for Lupron 3.75 mg incorrectly identifies the mode of administration by administering it subcutaneously, since Lupron Depot is administered intramuscularly as a single injection monthly. In that case, the correct medication order is thus Lupron Depot 3.75 mg IM monthly for six months, dispense one vial with five refills. The medication is for treating endometriosis using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, which is done using continuous stimulation of the receptors (Kim et al., 2021). Such mechanisms lead to down-regulation of gonadotropin secretion and subsequent suppression of estrogen secretion, providing symptomatic relief from endometriosis.

    Also, the medication for the finasteride treatment incorrectly identifies 1 mg daily for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but it is supposed to be 5 mg daily for BPH. The correct medication order is therefore: Finasteride 5 mg PO daily, dispense thirty tablets with three refills, and it is important to acknowledge that finasteride is an inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase (Pompili et al., 2021). The medication reduces the conversion rate from testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, hence regenerating prostate volume with improvement in urinary obstructs.

    The erythromycin medication order is also inaccurate because it identifies “otic,” which is for ophthalmic medication only. The correct medication order should thus read “Erythromycin 0.5% ophthalmic ointment; apply ½-inch ribbon to the affected eye (s) every four hours for five days; dispense one 3.5-gram tube with no refills. According to Mahfouz et al. (2023), erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is an inhibitor that binds specifically to the 50S ribosomal subunit in bacterial treatment.

    There is also an inaccuracy in the medication order for Augmentin, since there is an ingredient amount reversal written as 125 mg amoxicillin and 875 mg clavulanate. The correct administration should be 875 mg amoxicillin with 125 mg clavulanate acid administered every twelve hours for ten days, dispense 20 tablets, no refills (Gregory et al., 2021).

    There is also an inaccuracy in the spelling of the last medication order rivoraxaban 20 mg PO daily. The correct medication order is thus: Rivaroxaban 20 mg tablet daily with evening meal; dispense thirty tablets with no refills. The medication is an oral direct anticoagulant, an inhibitor with action on factor Xa; it prevents the formation of thrombosis (Genis‐Najera et al., 2022).

    Scenario Two

    JL is a 65-year-old female presenting with fatigue, sore throat, and mild fever, who has tested positive for COVID-19, where her stable oxygen saturation and standard chest X-ray indicate mild disease. Given her age and concurrent therapy with Atorvastatin, antiviral treatment is needed to reduce the risk of disease progression. The recommended regimen is Nirmatrelvir 300 mg, which involves two 150 mg tablets with the ritonavir 100 mg medication where just one tablet is taken orally every twelve hours for five days, known commercially as Paxlovid (Hammond et al., 2022). Atorvastatin on the other hand should be stopped for three days during and after the course due to significant CYP3A4 inhibition by ritonavir and the potential increase of statin serum levels and myopathy risk. In addition, acetaminophen 500 mg every six hours may be used as an alternative for fever or sore throat, adequate fluid intake, and rest (Krohmer et al., 2023).

    Additionally, JL should be educated about potential side effects such as altered taste, diarrhea, and possible drug interactions and instructed to complete the entire five-day antiviral regimen even if symptoms improve and to seek medical attention once respiratory symptoms worsen or oxygen saturation falls below 94 percent. Also, the effectiveness of the therapy must be monitored by assessing the symptoms and ensuring that follow-up happens within three days. On the same note, Nirmatrelvir inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), preventing viral replication. In contrast, ritonavir is a pharmacokinetic enhancer that inhibits CYP3A-mediated metabolism, thus maintaining therapeutic drug levels (Hammond et al., 2022). Such a combination, illustrated by Hammond et al. (202), has significantly reduced hospitalization and mortality rates in high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection.

    Scenario 3

    JS, aged 23 years, is presenting with weakness, poor concentration, and excessive menstrual bleeding. After carrying out a series of tests on the patient, JS was found to have high levels of TSH measured at 20 µIU/mL with low levels of MCV, MCHC, and ferritin, hence confirming the diagnosis for the case of primary hypothyroidism together with iron deficiency anemia (Davis & Phillippi, 2022). The treatment procedure follows a strategy for simultaneously handling these two situations in relation to medications on an ongoing basis.

    In addition, the appropriate treatment for the condition is using Levothyroxine 75 mcg orally daily before eating anything, 30-60 minutes before breakfast, with vitamin C 500mg for improved bioavailability. Levothyroxine is proposed since it is a pure formulation acting on the hormone T4, which is metabolized in the body with a new hormone named T3, thus restoring body metabolism (Eghtedari & Correa, 2023). Ferrous sulfate 325 mg (65mg elemental iron) would also be effective in enhancing iron deficiency, even if the patient must be advised to separate levothyroxine and iron by at least four hours to avoid absorption interference.

    However, there is an appropriate need for withholding the kelp vitamin completely since it contains high levels of iodine, making it potentially dangerous for body functions for all individuals with hypothyroidism (Eghtedari & Correa, 2023). Also, chromium, turmeric, and other tea formulations would warrant consideration for potential interactions, even though they would also be safe for unidirectional usage with high caution (Garber et al., 2021). Overall, the outcome of the treatment would depend on enhanced iron deficiency and hypothyroidism, hematologic stability, and metabolic equilibrium.

    Scenario 4

    In a 60-kg patient, the appropriate dosage would be 300 mg IV daily; since the pharmacy gives the dosage in 2 mL vials with 80 mg medication, 7.5 mL would have to be obtained for each treatment session. Moreover, since the infusion rate is 10 mg/min, it would take 30 minutes to administer the medication wholly. When trough levels were down to 3 mcg/mL, it is clear it is too high since it would need to be under two mcg/mL for once-daily dosing in order to avoid renal nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity where either the dose would need to be reduced for 4 mg/kg (IV 240 mg daily) or the dosing interval would need to be extended to 36 hours(Chaves & Tadi, 2023). Hence, the reordered medication would be: Gentamicin 240 mg IV q24h; infused IV over 30 min, and there is a need to monitor renal function and trough levels before the fourth treatment cycle is administered.

    As an aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit irreversibly in bacterial cells, thus preventing protein synthesis and causing cell death in a concentration-dependent way with bactericidal rates. In that regard, when gentamicin is administered intravenously, gentamicin bioavailability is so low due to its high polarity, projecting its inability to pass equally well throughout the gastrointestinal tract, thus requiring parenteral therapy for systemic infections only (Gamaan et al., 2023). The two significant toxicities associated with the aminoglycosides belong to their nephrotoxicity in the renal tubular cell concentration, which affects receptor function in the vestibular system, aside from their toxic function within inner ear cells (Chaves & Tadi, 2023). As such, monitoring creatinine levels and any audiological toxicities, in addition to blood urea nitrogen levels, is required to avoid its toxic effects and to maintain gentamicin efficacy in its usage.

     

    References

    Chaves, B. J., & Tadi, P. (2023, April 10). Gentamicin. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557550/

    Davis, M. G., & Phillippi, J. C. (2022). Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Evidence‐Based Treatment. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 67(3), 394–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13358

    Eghtedari, B., & Correa, R. (2023, August 28). Levothyroxine. National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539808/

    Gamaan, M., Zaky, H., & Ahmed, H. (2023). Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity: A mechanistic approach. Azhar International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.21608/aijpms.2023.161755.1167

    Genis‐Najera, L., Sañudo‐Maury, M. E., & Moquete, T. (2022). A Single‐blind, Randomized, Single‐dose, Two‐sequence, Two‐period, Crossover Study to Assess the Bioequivalence between Two Oral Tablet Formulations of Rivaroxaban 20 mg in Healthy Mexican Volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development, 11(7), 826–831. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.1092

    Gregory, J., Huynh, B., Tayler, B., Korgaonkar-Cherala, C., Garrison, G., Ata, A., & Sorum, P. (2021). High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Amoxicillin Plus Clavulanate for Adults With Acute Sinusitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(3), e212713. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.2713

    Hammond, J., Leister-Tebbe, H., Gardner, A., Abreu, P., Bao, W., Wisemandle, W., Baniecki, M., Hendrick, V. M., Damle, B., Simón-Campos, A., Pypstra, R., & Rusnak, J. M. (2022). Oral Nirmatrelvir for High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Adults with Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(15). https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2118542

    Kim, G.-Y., Kim, J.-H., Lee, T., Bae, B.-C., Baik, H., Kim, T., Kim, J., Kang, D. W., Kim, J. H., Kim, D., Cho, H.-Y., & Kim, D.-D. (2021). In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a 3-month sustained-release microsphere depot formulation of leuprolide acetate. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 52(1), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-021-00551-x

    Krohmer, E., Rohr, B. S., Stoll, F., Gümüs, K. S., Bergamino, M., Mikus, G., Sauter, M., Jürgen Burhenne, Weiss, J., Meid, A. D., Czock, D., Blank, A., & Haefeli, W. E. (2023). Influence of a Short Course of Ritonavir Used as a Booster in Antiviral Therapies Against SARS-CoV-2 on the Exposure of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-023-07538-w

    Mahfouz, A. A., Said, H. S., Elfeky, S. M., & Shaaban, M. I. (2023). Inhibition of Erythromycin and Erythromycin-Induced Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates. Antibiotics, 12(3), 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030503

    Pompili, M., Magistri, C., Maddalena, S., Mellini, C., Persechino, S., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2021). Risk of Depression Associated With Finasteride Treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 41(3), 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000001379

     

    NURS-6521 Week 9 Assignment

    Case studies are a useful way for you to apply your knowledge of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of pharmacology to specific patient cases and health histories.

    For your week 9 assignment, evaluate drug treatment plans for patients with various disorders and justify drug therapy plans based on patient history and diagnosis.

    Directions:
     
    For each of the scenarios below, answer the questions using your required learning resources, Medscape, and clinical practice guidelines (ie AHA, ACC, ADA). When recommending medications, write out a 
    complete prescription
     for each medication. What order would you send to a pharmacy? Include drug, dose, route, frequency, special instructions, # dispensed (days supply), refills etc. Also state if you would continue, discontinue or taper the patient’s current medications (if applicable). Use 
    at least 3 sources
     for 
    each scenario
     and cite sources using APA format.

    Week 9 Cases

    SCENARIO 1

    What are the errors in the following prescriptions (5 total)? Rewrite each prescription correctly. What is each medication classification? What is the mechanism of action (MOA)?

    Lupron 3.75 mg Inject SC monthly for endometriosis up to 6 months #1 5RF

    finasteride 1 mg PO daily for BPH #30 3RF (
    Note: women should not handle crushed/broken tablets- teratogenic to male fetus
    )

    erythromycin 0.5% otic ointment Apply a ½ inch ribbon to the affected eye(s
    ) every 4 hours x 5 days #1 tube (3.5g) 0RF

    Augmentin (875 mg 
    clavulanate/125 mg amoxicillin) PO every 12 hours x 10 days #20 0RF

    rivoraxaban 20 mg PO daily with evening meal #30 0RF

     

    SCENARIO 2

    JL is a 65-year-old female seen in the clinic today. She presents with fatigue, brain fog, sore throat and temperature of 99.1. She reports that symptoms began three days ago with a sore throat and have progressively worsened. She also mentions loss of appetite. Oxygen sat 97%, respiratory rate 17, bp 122/73. Her rapid COVID-19 antigen test is positive. Chest x-ray is clear, no signs of pneumonia. Current medication includes atorvastatin 40 mg po daily. What treatment plan would you implement for JL (include complete medication order)? What patient education and monitoring would you provide?

     

    SCENARIO 3

    JS is a 23-year-old woman that presents with fatigue, poor concentration and heavy menstrual periods. Her labs today show TSH 20, MCV 76, MCHC 27, ferritin 11, TIBC 421, Hgb 11.8. Current medications include sumatriptan prn for migraine with aura and drospirenone 4mg one tablet po daily prescribed by her pharmacist, as well as kelp, chromium picolinate, turmeric and green tea supplements daily. What treatment plan would you implement for JS? What medication changes would you make? Include complete medication order(s). How would you monitor the effectiveness of this plan, and what patient education would you provide?

     

    SCENARIO 4

    A patient is prescribed 
    gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV once daily
     for a 
    60 kg
     patient. The pharmacy stocks gentamicin in 
    80 mg/2 mL vials
    .

    How much gentamicin (mg) should be administered per dose?

    How many milliliters of gentamicin solution should be drawn up for each dose?

    If the infusion rate is 10 mg/min, how long will it take to administer one dose?

    A trough level is drawn 30 minutes before the next dose, and the result is 3 mcg/mL. Is the current dosing regimen appropriate based on the trough level? Would you increase, decrease, or leave the dose the same?
     Please include a complete medication order. What are risks associated with aminoglycoside therapy?

    Why is gentamicin typically administered intravenously rather than orally? How does this relate to bioavailability?

     

    Assignment: Case Studies

    Case studies are a useful way for you to apply your knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic aspects of pharmacology to specific patient cases and health histories.

    For this Assignment, you evaluate drug treatment plans for patients with various disorders and justify drug therapy plans based on patient history and diagnosis.

    Resources

     

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.

    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    WEEKLY RESOURCES

    To Prepare:

    Review the case study posted in “Announcements” by your Instructor for this Assignment

    Review the information provided and answer questions posed in the case study

    When recommending a medication, write out a complete prescription for the medication

    Whenever possible, use clinical practice guidelines in developing your answers when possible

    Include at least three references to support your answer and cite them in APA format.

    By Day 7 of Week 9

    Submit the Assignment.

    submission information

    Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the 
    Turnitin Drafts
     from the 
    Start Here
     area.

    To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as 
    WK9Assgn_LastName_Firstinitial

    Then, click on 
    Start Assignment
     near the top of the page.

    Next, click on 
    Upload File
     and select 
    Submit Assignment
     for review.

    Rubric

    NURS_6521_Week9_Assignment_Rubric

    NURS_6521_Week9_Assignment_Rubric

    Criteria

    Ratings

    Pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 1: Appropriate medication is prescribed or changed. Rationale provided and includes current literature to support decision. All aspects of the patient history are considered in making the medication selection.

    15
     
    to >
    11.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Medication selected is appropriate and considers all of the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear, complete, and appropriate.

    11
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Medication selected might be appropriate but conflicts with the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear but lacks discussion about potential prescribing issues.

    7
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Fair
    Medication selected is not appropriate for this patient unique characteristics. Rationale provided is not correct or is flawed in applying the medication to this patient.

    3
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Medication selected is inappropriate or would not be provided based on patient unique characteristics.

    15
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 1: Written medication orders include all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    3
     pts
    Complete
    Written medication orders includes all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    The prescription is incomplete. Aspects of a complete order are missing. The order is either incomplete, inaccurate, or inappropriate.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 1: References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable.

    4
     pts
    Excellent
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Correct APA format is used.

    3
     pts
    Good
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years but do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

    2
     pts
    Fair
    References for the scenario are not from within the past 5 years or do not reflect the content of this scenario and do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    No references are included. References do not reflect the content of this scenario. Appropriate clinical practice guideline is not include. Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

    4
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 1: Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

    3
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    2
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    1
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 2: Appropriate medication is prescribed or changed. Rationale provided and includes current literature to support decision. All aspects of the patient history are considered in making the medication selection.

    15
     
    to >
    11.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Medication selected is appropriate and considers all of the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear, complete, and appropriate.

    11
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Medication selected might be appropriate but conflicts with the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear but lacks discussion about potential prescribing issues.

    7
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Fair
    Medication selected is not appropriate for this patient unique characteristics. Rationale provided is not correct or is flawed in applying the medication to this patient.

    3
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Medication selected is inappropriate or would not be provided based on patient unique characteristics.

    15
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 2: Written medication orders include all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    3
     pts
    Complete
    Written medication orders includes all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    The prescription is incomplete. Aspects of a complete order are missing. The order is either incomplete, inaccurate, or inappropriate.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 2: References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. NURS-6521 Week 9 Assignment 

    4
     pts
    Excellent
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Correct APA format is used.

    3
     pts
    Good
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years but do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

    2
     pts
    Fair
    References for the scenario are not from within the past 5 years or do not reflect the content of this scenario and do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    No references are included. References do not reflect the content of this scenario. Appropriate clinical practice guideline is not include. Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

    4
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 2: Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

    3
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    2
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    1
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 3: Appropriate medication is prescribed or changed. Rationale provided and includes current literature to support decision. All aspects of the patient history are considered in making the medication selection.

    15
     
    to >
    11.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Medication selected is appropriate and considers all of the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear, complete, and appropriate.

    11
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Medication selected might be appropriate but conflicts with the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear but lacks discussion about potential prescribing issues.

    7
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Fair
    Medication selected is not appropriate for this patient unique characteristics. Rationale provided is not correct or is flawed in applying the medication to this patient.

    3
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Medication selected is inappropriate or would not be provided based on patient unique characteristics.

    15
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 3: Written medication orders include all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    3
     pts
    Complete
    Written medication orders includes all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    The prescription is incomplete. Aspects of a complete order are missing. The order is either incomplete, inaccurate, or inappropriate.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 3: References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable.

    4
     pts
    Excellent
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Correct APA format is used.

    3
     pts
    Good
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years but do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

    2
     pts
    Fair
    References for the scenario are not from within the past 5 years or do not reflect the content of this scenario and do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    No references are included. References do not reflect the content of this scenario. Appropriate clinical practice guideline is not include. Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

    4
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 3: Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

    3
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    2
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    1
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 4: Appropriate medication is prescribed or changed. Rationale provided and includes current literature to support decision. All aspects of the patient history are considered in making the medication selection.

    15
     
    to >
    11.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Medication selected is appropriate and considers all of the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear, complete, and appropriate.

    11
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Medication selected might be appropriate but conflicts with the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear but lacks discussion about potential prescribing issues.

    7
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Fair
    Medication selected is not appropriate for this patient unique characteristics. Rationale provided is not correct or is flawed in applying the medication to this patient.

    3
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Medication selected is inappropriate or would not be provided based on patient unique characteristics.

    15
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 4: Written medication orders include all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    3
     pts
    Complete
    Written medication orders includes all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    The prescription is incomplete. Aspects of a complete order are missing. The order is either incomplete, inaccurate, or inappropriate.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 4: References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable.

    4
     pts
    Excellent
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Correct APA format is used.

    3
     pts
    Good
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years but do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

    2
     pts
    Fair
    References for the scenario are not from within the past 5 years or do not reflect the content of this scenario and do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    No references are included. References do not reflect the content of this scenario. Appropriate clinical practice guideline is not include. Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

    4
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 4: Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

    NURS-6521 Week 9 Assignment

    3
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    2
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    1
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    3
     pts

    Total Points: 
    100

  • Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders – NURS-6521 Week 7 Assignment: Case Studies

    Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders – NURS-6521 Week 7 Assignment: Case Studies

    Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders

    Pharmacologic management of musculoskeletal and related disorders, such as arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gout, and chronic pain, requires an understanding of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and individual patient factors. Factors such as genetics, age, comorbidities, diet, and concurrent medication use significantly influence drug metabolism and therapeutic response (Cox et al., 2025). The following scenarios evaluate drug therapy plans, identify prescription errors, and propose evidence-based treatment options following current clinical practice guidelines.

    Scenario 1: Prescription Errors, Classifications, and Mechanisms of Action

    Allopurinol 2 mg PO initially, followed by 0.6 mg one hour later for acute gout flare #3 0 RF

    Error:
    Incorrect dose and indication. Allopurinol is not used for acute gout attacks but for chronic urate-lowering therapy (Qurie et al., 2023).

    Correct Prescription:

    Allopurinol 100 mg PO daily; increase gradually every 2–4 weeks to achieve serum uric acid <6 mg/dL. Dispense #30, 1 refill . Mechanism of Action (MOA): Inhibits xanthine oxidase, decreasing uric acid synthesis (Aziz & Jamil, 2023). Classification: Xanthine oxidase inhibitor (urate-lowering therapy). Rationale : Initiated for chronic gout prevention per 2020 ACR Gout Guidelines (American College of Rheumatology, 2020). GET ASSIGNMENT HELP HERE Dextromethorphan/bupropion (Vraylar) 45 mg/105 mg ER tablet. Take 1 tablet PO QAM for 3 days, then 1 tablet PO BID #60 0 RF Error: Incorrect brand name; Vraylar is cariprazine, not dextromethorphan/bupropion. Correct Prescription: Dextromethorphan/bupropion (Auvelity) 45 mg/105 mg ER tablet; take 1 tablet PO twice daily. Dispense #60, 0 refills. MOA : Dextromethorphan/bupropion acts by combining NMDA receptor antagonism and sigma-1 receptor agonism from dextromethorphan with dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition from bupropion, resulting in enhanced monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission that improves mood regulation (McCarthy et al., 2023). Classification: Combination of an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist and sigma-1 receptor agonist (dextromethorphan) with a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (bupropion). In combination, used as an antidepressant. Rationale: Dextromethorphan/bupropion is used for acute major depressive disorder (MDD) following FDA-approved labeling. Trazadone 50 mg PO qhs #30 1 RF Error: Spelling error. Trazodone has been misspelled as “Trazadone”. Correct Prescription: Trazodone 50 mg PO at bedtime for sleep. Dispense #30, 1 refill. MOA: Trazodone primarily blocks 5-HT₂A receptors and inhibits the serotonin transporter (SERT), which increases serotonergic signaling in a way that improves mood and alleviates anxiety (Shin & Saadabadi, 2022). It also antagonizes α₁-adrenergic and H₁-histamine receptors, which contribute to its sedating and orthostatic-hypotension effects. Classification: Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) antidepressant (Shin & Saadabadi, 2022). Lithium carbonate 300 mg PO TID #90 for the goal therapeutic range of 1–2 mEq/L Error: Toxic target range; therapeutic serum level should be 0.6–1.2 mEq/L. Correct Prescription: Lithium carbonate 300 mg PO TID; monitor serum lithium and renal function every 3 months. Dispense #90, 0 refills. MOA: Lithium carbonate modulates neurotransmitter signaling via inositol monophosphatase inhibition (Sakrajda & Rybakowski, 2025). Classification: Mood stabilizer. Fentanyl transdermal patch 25 mcg/hr Apply 1 patch topically every 72 hours. Rotate application site. #10 patches 1RF Error: Strength appropriate, but must specify opioid-naïve status (contraindicated). Should be reserved for opioid-tolerant patients. Correct Prescription: Fentanyl transdermal patch 25 mcg/hr; apply 1 patch topically every 72 hours. Rotate sites. For opioid-tolerant patients only. Dispense #10 patches, 1 refill. MOA: Fentanyl is a μ-opioid receptor agonist providing central analgesia (Rullo et al., 2024). Classification: Opioid analgesic (Schedule II controlled substance). Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders – NURS-6521 Week 7 Assignment: Case Studies Scenario 2: Buspirone Half-Life and Anxiolytic Prescriptions Buspirone has a half-life of 3 hours. If a patient takes 15 mg at 20:00, by 08:00 (12 hours later), four half-lives have passed (12 ÷ 3 = 4). The remaining amount = 15 × (½)^4 = 0.94 mg. Thus, the plasma concentration is approximately 0.94 mg. Three Commonly Prescribed Medications for Anxiety Buspirone (Buspar) Order: Buspirone 10 mg PO twice daily. Dispense #60, 1 refill. MOA: Partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors (Wilson & Tripp, 2023). Side Effects: Dizziness, nausea, headache. Rationale: Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic suitable for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Escitalopram (Lexapro) Order: Escitalopram 10 mg PO daily. Dispense #30, 1 refill. MOA: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (Landy & Estevez, 2023). Side Effects: Nausea, sexual dysfunction, and insomnia. Rationale: First-line SSRI for GAD and panic disorder (DeGeorge et al., 2022). Sertraline (Zoloft) Order: Sertraline 50 mg PO daily. Dispense #30, 1 refill. MOA: SSRI that increases synaptic serotonin (Moncrieff et al., 2022). Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, insomnia, fatigue. Scenario 3: Pediatric ADHD Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis: Based on DSM-5-TR criteria, LB exhibits symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity consistent with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), combined type. First-Line Medication: Methylphenidate ER (Concerta) Order: Methylphenidate ER 18 mg PO every morning. Dispense #30, 0 refills. MOA: Inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake in the CNS, enhancing attention and focus (Verghese & Abdijadid, 2024). Monitoring: Weight, appetite, BP, HR, sleep, and behavioral changes (Wolraich et al., 2020). Rationale: Stimulants like methylphenidate are first-line per AAP and NICE guidelines, with 70–80% efficacy in school-aged children (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2020). Scenario 4: Polypharmacy, Assessment, and Medication Optimization Current Medications: Metformin, Jentadueto (linagliptin/metformin), fluoxetine, amitriptyline, valacyclovir, gabapentin. Assessment: Duplication: Metformin and Jentadueto both contain metformin, which is a risk for lactic acidosis (Dyatlova et al., 2022). CNS depressants (amitriptyline + gabapentin + fluoxetine) raise fall and sedation risk (van Poelgeest et al., 2021). Unknown labs (A1c, renal, hepatic function) impede safe refills. Plan: Discontinue standalone metformin (duplicate therapy). Continue Jentadueto 2.5/1000 mg PO BID for diabetes. Reassess amitriptyline use; it may contribute to fatigue. Consider taper and switch to duloxetine if needed for neuropathic pain (Catalisano et al., 2024). Order labs: CBC, CMP, A1c, eGFR, LFTs, BP, and EKG. Possible disease states: Diabetes, depression, neuropathic pain, viral infection (Herpes Simplex Virus), and anxiety/insomnia. Conclusion Safe pharmacologic management requires attention to dosage accuracy, therapeutic duplication, pharmacodynamics, and individualized factors such as comorbidities and concurrent medications. Clinical decision-making should align with updated guidelines to ensure safety and efficacy across age groups and disease states. References American Academy of Pediatrics. (2020). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics , 144 (4), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528 American College of Rheumatology. (2020). Gout clinical practice guidelines . Rheumatology.org. https://rheumatology.org/gout-guideline Aziz, N., & Jamil, R. T. (2023, July 25). Biochemistry, xanthine oxidase . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545245/ Catalisano, G., Campione, G. M., Spurio, G., Galvano, A. N., di Villalba, C. P., Giarratano, A., Alongi, A., Ippolito, M., & Cortegiani, A. (2024). Neuropathic pain, antidepressant drugs, and inflammation: A narrative review. Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care , 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44158-024-00204-z Cox, N., Mallen, C. D., & Scott, I. C. (2025). Pharmacological pain management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A narrative literature review. BMC Medicine , 23 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-03870-0 DeGeorge, K. C., Grover, M., & Streeter, G. S. (2022). Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. American Family Physician , 106 (2), 157–164. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/generalized-anxiety-disorder-panic-disorder.html Dyatlova, N., Tobarran, N. V., Kannan, L., North, R., & Wills, B. K. (2022). Metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580485/ Landy, K., & Estevez, R. (2023). Escitalopram . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557734/ McCarthy, B., Bunn, H., Santalucia, M., Wilmouth, C., Muzyk, A., & Smith, C. M. (2023). Dextromethorphan-bupropion (Auvelity) for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience , 21 (4), 609–616. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.23.1081 Moncrieff, J., Cooper, R. E., Stockmann, T., Amendola, S., Hengartner, M. P., & Horowitz, M. A. (2022). The serotonin theory of depression: A systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Molecular Psychiatry , 28 (3243–3256), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0 Qurie, A., Bansal, P., Goyal, A., & Musa, R. (2023, December 26). Allopurinol . National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499942/ Rullo, L., Morosini, C., Lacorte, A., Cristani, M., Coluzzi, F., Candeletti, S., & Romualdi, P. (2024). Opioid system and related ligands: From the past to future perspectives. Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care , 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44158-024-00201-2 Sakrajda, K., & Rybakowski, J. K. (2025). The mechanisms of Lithium action: The old and new findings. Pharmaceuticals , 18 (4), 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040467 Shin, J. J., & Saadabadi, A. (2022). Trazodone . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470560/ van Poelgeest, E. P., Pronk, A. C., Rhebergen, D., & van der Velde, N. (2021). Depression, antidepressants, and fall risk: Therapeutic dilemmas—A clinical review. European Geriatric Medicine , 12 (3), 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-021-00475-7 Verghese, C., & Abdijadid, S. (2024, October 29). Methylphenidate . Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482451/ Wilson, T. K., & Tripp, J. (2023). Buspirone . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531477/ Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., Evans, S. W., Flinn, S. K., Froehlich, T., Frost, J., Holbrook, J. R., Lehmann, C. U., Lessin, H. R., Okechukwu, K., Pierce, K. L., Winner, J. D., & Zurhellen, W. (2020). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics , 144 (4), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528   Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders – NURS-6521 Week 7 Assignment: Case Studies Case studies are a useful way for you to apply your knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic aspects of pharmacology to specific patient cases and health histories. For this Assignment, you evaluate drug treatment plans for patients with various disorders and justify drug therapy plans based on patient history and diagnosis. Resources   Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity. Click the weekly resources link to access the resources. WEEKLY RESOURCES To Prepare: Review the case study posted in “Announcements” by your Instructor for this Assignment Review the information provided and answer questions posed in the case study When recommending a medication, write out a complete prescription for the medication Whenever possible, use clinical practice guidelines in developing your answers when possible Include at least three references to support your answer and cite them in APA format. By Day 7 of Week 7 Submit the Assignment. submission information Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the  Turnitin Drafts  from the  Start Here  area. To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as  WK7Assgn_LastName_Firstinitial Then, click on  Start Assignment  near the top of the page. Next, click on  Upload File  and select  Submit Assignment  for review. Rubric NURS_6521_Week7_Assignment_Rubric NURS_6521_Week7_Assignment_Rubric Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Scenario 1: Appropriate medication is prescribed or changed. Rationale provided and includes current literature to support decision. All aspects of the patient history are considered in making the medication selection. 15   to >
    11.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Medication selected is appropriate and considers all of the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear, complete, and appropriate.

    11
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Medication selected might be appropriate but conflicts with the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear but lacks discussion about potential prescribing issues.

    7
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Fair
    Medication selected is not appropriate for this patient unique characteristics. Rationale provided is not correct or is flawed in applying the medication to this patient.

    3
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Medication selected is inappropriate or would not be provided based on patient unique characteristics.

    15
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 1: Written medication orders include all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    3
     pts
    Complete
    Written medication orders includes all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    The prescription is incomplete. Aspects of a complete order are missing. The order is either incomplete, inaccurate, or inappropriate.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 1: References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders – NURS-6521 Week 7 Assignment: Case Studies

    4
     pts
    Excellent
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Correct APA format is used.

    3
     pts
    Good
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years but do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

    2
     pts
    Fair
    References for the scenario are not from within the past 5 years or do not reflect the content of this scenario and do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    No references are included. References do not reflect the content of this scenario. Appropriate clinical practice guideline is not include. Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

    4
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 1: Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

    3
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    2
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    1
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 2: Appropriate medication is prescribed or changed. Rationale provided and includes current literature to support decision. All aspects of the patient history are considered in making the medication selection.

    15
     
    to >
    11.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Medication selected is appropriate and considers all of the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear, complete, and appropriate.

    11
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Medication selected might be appropriate but conflicts with the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear but lacks discussion about potential prescribing issues.

    7
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Fair
    Medication selected is not appropriate for this patient unique characteristics. Rationale provided is not correct or is flawed in applying the medication to this patient.

    3
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Medication selected is inappropriate or would not be provided based on patient unique characteristics.

    15
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 2: Written medication orders include all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    3
     pts
    Complete
    Written medication orders includes all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    The prescription is incomplete. Aspects of a complete order are missing. The order is either incomplete, inaccurate, or inappropriate.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 2: References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable.

    4
     pts
    Excellent
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Correct APA format is used.

    3
     pts
    Good
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years but do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

    2
     pts
    Fair
    References for the scenario are not from within the past 5 years or do not reflect the content of this scenario and do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    No references are included. References do not reflect the content of this scenario. Appropriate clinical practice guideline is not include. Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

    4
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 2: Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

    3
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    2
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    1
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 3: Appropriate medication is prescribed or changed. Rationale provided and includes current literature to support decision. All aspects of the patient history are considered in making the medication selection.

    15
     
    to >
    11.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Medication selected is appropriate and considers all of the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear, complete, and appropriate.

    11
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Medication selected might be appropriate but conflicts with the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear but lacks discussion about potential prescribing issues.

    7
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Fair
    Medication selected is not appropriate for this patient unique characteristics. Rationale provided is not correct or is flawed in applying the medication to this patient.

    3
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Medication selected is inappropriate or would not be provided based on patient unique characteristics.

    15
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 3: Written medication orders include all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    3
     pts
    Complete
    Written medication orders includes all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    The prescription is incomplete. Aspects of a complete order are missing. The order is either incomplete, inaccurate, or inappropriate.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 3: References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable.

    4
     pts
    Excellent
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Correct APA format is used.

    3
     pts
    Good
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years but do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

    2
     pts
    Fair
    References for the scenario are not from within the past 5 years or do not reflect the content of this scenario and do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    No references are included. References do not reflect the content of this scenario. Appropriate clinical practice guideline is not include. Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

    4
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 3: Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

    3
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    2
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    1
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 4: Appropriate medication is prescribed or changed. Rationale provided and includes current literature to support decision. All aspects of the patient history are considered in making the medication selection.

    15
     
    to >
    11.0
     pts
    Excellent
    Medication selected is appropriate and considers all of the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear, complete, and appropriate.

    11
     
    to >
    7.0
     pts
    Good
    Medication selected might be appropriate but conflicts with the unique patient characteristics. Rationale for selection is clear but lacks discussion about potential prescribing issues.

    7
     
    to >
    3.0
     pts
    Fair
    Medication selected is not appropriate for this patient unique characteristics. Rationale provided is not correct or is flawed in applying the medication to this patient.

    3
     
    to >
    0
     pts
    Poor
    Medication selected is inappropriate or would not be provided based on patient unique characteristics.

    15
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 4: Written medication orders include all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate. Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders – NURS-6521 Week 7 Assignment: Case Studies

    3
     pts
    Complete
    Written medication orders includes all 5 aspects required for a valid order. The order is complete, accurate, and appropriate.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    The prescription is incomplete. Aspects of a complete order are missing. The order is either incomplete, inaccurate, or inappropriate.

    3
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 4: References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable.

    4
     pts
    Excellent
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years and include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Correct APA format is used.

    3
     pts
    Good
    References for the scenario are within past 5 years but do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

    2
     pts
    Fair
    References for the scenario are not from within the past 5 years or do not reflect the content of this scenario and do not include the appropriate clinical practice guideline if applicable. Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    No references are included. References do not reflect the content of this scenario. Appropriate clinical practice guideline is not include. Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

    4
     pts

    This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome
    Scenario 4: Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

    3
     pts
    Excellent
    Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

    2
     pts
    Good
    Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    1
     pts
    Fair
    Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

    0
     pts
    Poor
    Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

    3
     pts

    Total Points: 
    100

    Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders – NURS-6521 Week 7 Assignment: Case Studies

    Case studies are a useful way for you to apply your knowledge of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of pharmacology to specific patient cases and health histories.

    For your week 7 assignment, evaluate drug treatment plans for patients with various disorders and justify drug therapy plans based on patient history and diagnosis.

    Directions:
     
    For each of the scenarios below, answer the questions using your required learning resources, Medscape, and clinical practice guidelines (ie AHA, ACC, ADA). When recommending medications, write out a 
    complete prescription
     for each medication. What order would you send to a pharmacy? Include drug, dose, route, frequency, special instructions, # dispensed (days supply), refills etc. Also state if you would continue, discontinue or taper the patient’s current medications (if applicable). Use 
    at least 3 sources
     for 
    each scenario
     and cite sources using APA format.

    WEEK 7 ASSIGNMENT (covers weeks 7-8)

    SCENARIO 1

    What are the errors in the following prescriptions (5 total)? Rewrite each prescription correctly. What is each medication classification? What is the mechanism of action (MOA)?

    allopurinol 2 mg PO initially, followed by 0.6 mg one hour later for acute gout flare #3 0 RF

    dextromethorphan/bupropion (Vraylar) 45 mg/105 mg extended-release tablet Take 1 tablet PO QAM for 3 days, then 1 tablet PO BID #60 0RF

    trazadone 50 mg po qhs #30 1 RF

    lithium carbonate 300 mg po TID #90 for goal therapeutic range of 1-2 mEq/L

    fentanyl transdermal patch 25 mcg/hr Apply 1 patch topically every 72 hours. Rotate application site. #10 patches 1RF

     

    SCENARIO 2

    Buspirone has a 
    half-life
     of 3 hours. If a patient takes 15 mg at 20:00, what will the blood level (mg) be at 8 am? Name 
    3 medications
     you might prescribe for a patient with 
    anxiety
    . Include complete medication orders, MOA and common side effects for each of the 3 medications.

     

    SCENARIO 3

    LB is an 8-year-old male brought in by his mother due to concerns about behavior and school performance. His teacher reports that LB is frequently out of his seat, talks excessively, blurts out answers, and has difficulty completing tasks or following multi-step directions. At home, he often loses toys and homework, seems forgetful, and struggles to stay focused on activities like reading. He has no significant medical history. Growth and development are age-appropriate. He sleeps about 9 hours per night but still wakes up feeling tired. His diet is average for a child his age. There are no signs of anxiety, depression, or other mood disorders. What is the 
    most likely 
    diagnosis
    ? What is an appropriate 
    first-line medication
     (include complete medication order)? What 
    monitoring parameters
     should be considered during treatment?

     

    SCENARIO 4

    ST is a 51-year-old male presenting for medication refills. He has no recent lab work, but reports fatigue and occasional dizziness. Current meds: metformin 1000 mg PO daily, Jentadueto 2.5 mg/1000 mg PO BID, fluoxetine 20 mg po daily, amitriptyline 50 mg PO qhs, valacyclovir 1 gram PO TID x 7 days, gabapentin 300 mg PO TID. He is unsure of his A1c or blood pressure. How would you assess and 
    improve his regimen
    ? What monitoring is needed? List 
    5 possible disease states
    based on his medications. Pharmacologic Management of Musculoskeletal and Related Disorders – NURS-6521 Week 7 Assignment: Case Studies

  • NURS-6521 Week 4: Assignment Case Studies

    NURS-6521 Week 4: Assignment Case Studies – Pharmacology concepts for the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems.

    To Prepare:

    Review the case study posted in “Announcements” by your Instructor for this Assignment

    Review the information provided and answer questions posed in the case study

    When recommending a medication, write out a complete prescription for the medication

    Whenever possible, use clinical practice guidelines in developing your answers when possible

    Include at least three references to support your answer and cite them in APA format.

    NURS-6521 Week 4: Assignment Case Studies – Pharmacology concepts for the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems.

    SCENARIO 1

    What are the errors in the following prescriptions (5 total)? Rewrite each prescription correctly. What is each medication classification? What is the mechanism of action (MOA)?

    fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair) 115/21 mcg 1 inhalation BID #1 Diskus 3 RF

    albuterol 4 mg po 15-30 min before exercise #30 2 RF

    budesonide/fluticasone (Symbicort) 160/4.5 mcg, 2 puffs inhaled BID and 1-2 puffs prn asthma symptoms (max 12 inhalations in 24 hours) #1 inhaler 2 RF

    tiatropium (Spiriva Respimat) 2.5 mcg/actuation inhaler; inhale 2 actuations po once daily for COPD #1 inhaler/60 actuations 1 RF

    lamotrigine (Keppra) 500 mg po BID #60 2 RF

     

    SCENARIO 2

    AB is a 34-year-old female presenting to the clinic with ongoing migraine headaches. “I’m still getting migraines once a week, even though I take Ubrelvy when they start.” She reports experiencing 3 to 4 migraine attacks per month, typically associated with throbbing pain on one side, light sensitivity, and nausea. Migraines can last from 6-24 hours. AB has been taking Ubrelvy 50 mg po as needed at migraine onset for the past 3 months. She says it helps sometimes, but not consistently, and the pain often returns in a few hours. PMH: migraine without aura (diagnosed at age 27) Current medications: Ubrelvy 501mg po PRN at onset of migraine, ondansetron 4 mg ODT dissolve on tongue PRN nausea, may repeat in 8 hours if needed. Vitals: BP 118/74, HR 78. What treatment plan would you implement for AB? What medication changes would you make? How would you monitor the effectiveness of this plan, and what patient education would you provide? Is a patient with migraines more likely to start on an acute or preventive agent? What are examples of each?

     

    SCENARIO 3

    RC is a 58-year-old female that presents to the clinic today with early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease. What would you prescribe? Consider her labs and provide a drug therapy plan. Include complete medication orders. How would you monitor therapy? Labs: TSH 3.4 mU/L, vitamin D 22 ng/mL, B12 501 pg/mL, Hgb 12.8 g/dL, BG 96 mg/dL, A1C 5.9%, BP 115/72, HR 76. Medications include: Tresiba 15 units SC once daily QHS, Novolog 5 units SC before each meal TID (adjusting based on carbohydrate intake and glucose monitoring), and lisinopril 10 mg po daily

     

    SCENARIO 4

    PL is a 63-year-old male with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes presenting for follow-up and treatment optimization. Current medications include dicyclomine 10 mg po QID prn abdominal pain, pantoprazole 40 mg po daily 30 minutes before breakfast, losartan 50 mg po daily, and probiotics daily. His lab work today includes: BG 196 mg/dL, A1C  8.6%, K⁺ 4.2,  Cr 1.8, eGRF 27, BP 127/74. What treatment plan would you implement for PL (include complete medication order)? What is the classification and MOA of the drug you selected; why is it the best treatment option for PL? What education would you provide and how would you monitor the effectiveness of the treatment plan? What is his goal A1C?

     

     

    NURS-6521 Week 4: Assignment Case Studies – Pharmacology concepts for the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems.

    WEEK 4: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary System

    Scenario 1: Medication Errors

    Question:
    What are the errors in the prescriptions (5 total)? Rewrite each prescription correctly. What is each medication classification? What is the mechanism of action (MOA)?

    fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair) 115/21 mcg 1 inhalation BID #1 Diskus 3 RF

    Error:
    Incorrect dosage strength. Advair Diskus is available as 100/50, 250/50, or 500/50 mcg; 115/21 is the HFA inhaler formulation. The wrong device is specified.

    Correct Prescription:

    fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair Diskus) 250/50 mcg; inhale 1 puff by mouth twice daily. Dispense: 1 Diskus (60 doses). Refills: 3.

    Classification:
    Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) + long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA).

    MOA:
    Fluticasone decreases airway inflammation via glucocorticoid receptor activity (Remien & Bowman, 2024); salmeterol stimulates β2-adrenergic receptors, causing bronchodilation (Hsu & Bajaj, 2023).

    GET ASSIGNMENT HELP HERE

    albuterol 4 mg po 15-30 min before exercise #30 2 RF

    Error:
    Oral albuterol is rarely used; inhalation is standard for exercise-induced bronchospasm.

    Correct Prescription:

    Albuterol sulfate HFA inhaler 90 mcg/actuation; inhale 2 puffs by mouth 15 minutes before exercise. Dispense: 1 inhaler (200 actuations). Refills: 2.

    Classification:
    Short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA).

    MOA:
    Stimulates β2-adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, leading to relaxation and rapid bronchodilation (Johnson & Bounds, 2024).

    budesonide/fluticasone

    (Symbicort) 160/4.5 mcg, 2 puffs inhaled BID and 1-2 puffs prn asthma symptoms (max 12 inhalations in 24 hours) 1 inhaler 2 RF

    Error:
    Medication incorrectly written as “budesonide/fluticasone.” Should be budesonide/formoterol. PRN dosing is only indicated in SMART (single maintenance and reliever therapy) but requires clarification.

    Correct Prescription:

    Budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort) 160/4.5 mcg; inhale 2 puffs by mouth twice daily and 1 puff as needed for asthma symptoms, maximum 12 inhalations per 24 hours. Dispense: 1 inhaler (120 actuations). Refills: 2.

    Classification:
    ICS + LABA.

    MOA:
    Budesonide reduces airway inflammation; formoterol is a rapid-acting LABA that provides bronchodilation (Lipworth et al., 2024).

    tiotropium (Spiriva Respimat) 2.5 mcg/actuation inhaler; inhale 2 actuations po once daily for COPD #1 inhaler/60 actuations 1 RF

    Error:
    Route written incorrectly as “po” (oral); should be “by inhalation.”

    Correct Prescription:

    Tiotropium (Spiriva Respimat) 2.5 mcg/actuation; inhale 2 actuations (5 mcg total) by mouth once daily. Dispense: 1 inhaler (60 actuations). Refills: 1.

    Classification:
    Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA).

    MOA:
    Blocks M3 muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle, preventing acetylcholine-mediated bronchoconstriction (Delgado & Bajaj, 2022).

    lamotrigine (Keppra) 500 mg po BID #60 2 RF

    Error:
    Wrong drug name. Lamotrigine (Lamictal) and levetiracetam (Keppra) are two different drugs. Incorrect combination written.

    Correct Prescription (assuming levetiracetam intended):

    Levetiracetam (Keppra) 500 mg; take 1 tablet by mouth twice daily. Dispense: 60 tablets. Refills: 2.

    Classification:
    Antiepileptic (broad-spectrum).

    MOA:
    Modulates synaptic neurotransmitter release by binding to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, stabilizing neuronal activity (Contreras-García et al., 2022).

    Scenario 2: Migraine (AB, 34 years old)

    Treatment Plan & Medication Changes

    AB continues to experience migraines 3–4 times per month despite acute therapy with Ubrelvy. Since migraines are frequent and disruptive, preventive therapy is warranted per AHS guidelines (American Headache Society, 2024). For this case, I will optimize acute therapy (Ubrelvy) and continue an antiemetic.

    Prescriptions

    Preventive
    – Propranolol LA 60 mg PO once daily.

    Sig: Take 1 capsule by mouth daily.

    Disp: 30 capsules. Refills: 2.

    Acute
    – Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) 50 mg PO PRN.

    Sig: Take 1 tablet by mouth at onset of migraine; may repeat in 2 hours if needed (max 200 mg/24 hrs).

    Disp: 16 tablets. Refills: 2.

    Antiemetic
    – Ondansetron ODT 4 mg.

    Sig: Dissolve 1 tablet under the tongue PRN for nausea; may repeat in 8 hours.

    Disp: 20 tablets. Refills: 1.

    Classification & MOA

    Propranolol
    : Non-selective β-blocker; reduces frequency of migraines by stabilizing vascular tone and decreasing excitability (Jeong et al., 2024).

    Ubrogepant
    : CGRP receptor antagonist; blocks neuropeptide-mediated vasodilation and pain signaling (Boinpally et al., 2024).

    Ondansetron
    : 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; blocks serotonin-mediated nausea pathways (Theriot & Ashurst, 2019).

    NURS-6521 Week 4: Assignment Case Studies – Pharmacology concepts for the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems.

    Monitoring & Education

    Maintain headache diary (frequency, triggers, severity).

    Monitor Blood pressure and heart rate for propranolol side effects.

    Education: Avoid migraine triggers (caffeine, skipped meals, poor sleep, stress).

    Follow-up in 6–8 weeks to assess frequency reduction (goal ≥50% reduction in migraine days).

    Scenario 3: Early-Onset Alzheimer’s (RC, 58 years old)

    RC is a 58-year-old woman with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Her labs are stable, except for a vitamin D deficiency. She has a history of diabetes (on insulin therapy) and hypertension (on lisinopril). Management should address cognitive decline and vitamin D deficiency while ensuring safety with her current regimen.

    Prescription & Drug Therapy Plan

    Cognitive Symptoms – Alzheimer’s Disease

    Donepezil 5 mg PO once daily at bedtime

    Mechanism: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor increases acetylcholine in the brain, slowing cognitive decline (Marucci et al., 2020).

    Prescription

    Medication:
    Donepezil 5 mg tablets (Aricept or generic)

    Sig:
    Take one (1) tablet by mouth once daily at bedtime
    .

    Quantity
    : 30 tablets (30-day supply)

    Refills:
    2

    Special Instructions:
    Take at bedtime. May be taken with or without food. Monitor for nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, dizziness, or slow heart rate. Contact the clinic if fainting, palpitations, or severe GI upset occur.

    Titrate to 10 mg PO once daily after 4–6 weeks if tolerated.

    Vitamin D Deficiency

    Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) 2000 IU PO once daily

    Mechanism: Restores vitamin D levels, improves bone health, and may support cognition (Al-Hashimi & Abraham, 2024).

    Prescription

    Medication:
    Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) 2000 IU capsules/tablets

    Sig:
    Take one (1) capsule by mouth once daily.

    Quantity:
    30 capsules (30-day supply)

    Refills:
    2

    Special Instructions:
    Take with food to improve absorption. Recheck vitamin D level in 3 months.

    Continue current medications

    Tresiba 15 units SC QHS.

    Novolog 5 units SC TID before meals (with carbohydrate adjustments).

    Lisinopril 10 mg PO once daily.

    Monitoring Plan

    Cognition & function:
    Use MMSE or MoCA every 6–12 months.

    Adverse effects of donepezil:
    Monitor for nausea, diarrhea, bradycardia, and insomnia. Check HR regularly (Kumar et al., 2023).

    Labs:

    Vitamin D level in 3 months.

    Continue routine diabetes labs (A1C every 3–6 months, BG logs).

    Renal function (BMP) annually with lisinopril and insulin use.

    Blood pressure & HR:
    Monitor for hypotension or bradycardia.

    Family/caregiver input:
    Monitor changes in memory, ADLs, and mood.

    Scenario 4: Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes (PL, 63 years old)

    Because PL has type 2 diabetes with CKD (eGFR 27), metformin is contraindicated (risk of lactic acidosis), and SGLT2 inhibitors are not recommended at this level of kidney function. The best choice is a GLP-1 receptor agonist, which lowers A1C, reduces CV risk, and is safe in reduced renal function (Adamczak et al., 2024).

    Prescription:

    Medication:
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity) 0.75 mg/0.5 mL prefilled pen

    Sig (Directions):
    Inject 0.75 mg subcutaneously once weekly.

    Quantity:
    4 pens (28-day supply)

    Refills:
    2

    Special Instructions:
    Administer on the same day each week, with or without meals. Rotate injection sites (abdomen, thigh, upper arm). Do not share pens.

    Drug Classification & Mechanism of Action (MOA)

    Class:
    GLP-1 receptor agonist

    MOA:
    Mimics incretin hormone GLP-1, enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety, which lowers A1C and promotes weight loss (Ayesh et al., 2024).

    NURS-6521 Week 4: Assignment Case Studies – Pharmacology concepts for the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems.

    Education for PL

    Common side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (usually improve after the first week).

    Eat smaller, more frequent meals to reduce GI upset.

    Monitor blood sugar regularly; keep a log.

    Report symptoms of pancreatitis (severe abdominal pain, persistent nausea/vomiting).

    Continuing lifestyle modifications (low-carb diet, exercise as tolerated).

    Monitoring Plan

    Blood glucose logs
    : monitor fasting and postprandial BG.

    A1C:
    repeat in 3 months (goal:
    <7% , individualized; with CKD and age, <7.5–8% may be reasonable). Renal function: monitor serum creatinine/eGFR every 3–6 months. BP: continue losartan for renal protection. Weight and GI tolerance: track during follow-up visits. Goal A1C: <7% (per ADA), but <7.5–8% may be safer given CKD, age, and comorbidities (ElSayed et al., 2024).   References Adamczak, M., Kurnatowska, I., Naumnik, B., Stompór, T., Tylicki, L., & Krajewska, M. (2024). Pharmacological nephroprotection in chronic kidney disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus—Clinical practice position statement of the Polish Society of Nephrology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 25 (23), 12941–12941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312941 Al-Hashimi, N., & Abraham, S. (2024, January 10). Cholecalciferol . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549768/ American Headache Society. (2024). Preventative migraine treatment . American Headache Society. https://americanheadachesociety.org/resources/primary-care/preventative-migraine-treatment Ayesh, H., Suhail, S., Ayesh, S., & Niswender, K. (2024). Comparative efficacy and safety of weekly Dulaglutide versus weekly insulin in type 2 Diabetes: A network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Metabolism Open , 100284–100284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2024.100284 Boinpally, R., Shebley, M., & Trugman, J. (2024). Ubrogepant: Mechanism of action, clinical and translational science. Clinical and Translational Science , 17 (1), e13675. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13675 Contreras-García, I. J., Cárdenas-Rodríguez, N., Romo-Mancillas, A., Bandala, C., Zamudio, S. R., Gómez-Manzo, S., Hernández-Ochoa, B., Mendoza-Torreblanca, J. G., & Pichardo-Macías, L. A. (2022). Levetiracetam mechanisms of action: From molecules to systems. Pharmaceuticals , 15 (4), 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040475 Delgado, B. J., & Bajaj, T. (2022). Tiotropium . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541127/ ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Early, K. B., Bruemmer, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ekhlaspour, L., Garg, R., Khunti, K., Lal, R., Lingvay, I., Matfin, G., Napoli, N., Pandya, N., Pekas, E. J., Pilla, S. J., Polsky, S., & Segal, A. R. (2024). Older adults: Standards of care in diabetes—2025. Diabetes Care , 48 (Supplement_1), S266–S282. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-s013 Hsu, E., & Bajaj, T. (2023, June 20). Beta 2 Agonists . National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542249/ Jeong, E., Mogos, M. F., & Chen, Y. (2024). Stroke risk reduction in migraine patients using propranolol: Evidence from two large-scale real-world data analyses. MedRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) . https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.11.24308801 Johnson, D. B., & Bounds, C. G. (2024, January 10). Albuterol . National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482272/ Kumar, A., Sharma, S., & Gupta, V. (2023). Donepezil . National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513257/ Lipworth, B., Kuo, C. R., Stewart, K., & Chan, R. (2024). Budesonide/formoterol or budesonide/albuterol as an anti-inflammatory reliever therapy for asthma. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2024.02.003 Marucci, G., Buccioni, M., Ben, D. D., Lambertucci, C., Volpini, R., & Amenta, F. (2020). Efficacy of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuropharmacology , 190 (1), 108352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108352 Remien, K., & Bowman, A. (2024). Fluticasone . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542161/ Theriot, J., & Ashurst, J. V. (2019). Antiemetic serotonin-5-HT3 receptor blockers . National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513318/ NURS-6521 Week 4: Assignment Case Studies – Pharmacology concepts for the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems.

  • California vs Washington Comparison of APRN Board of Nursing Regulations

    Comparison of APRN Board of Nursing Regulations: California vs. Washington State

    Introduction

    Boards of Nursing (BONs) ensure public safety by regulating nursing practices (Halm, 2018). California and Washington have APRNs with regulatory frameworks in each state, governing through specific rules regarding licensure and scope of practice. The comparison will be made according to two dimensions considered very important: they allow APRNs to practice independently based on their education and experience, independent practice authority, and continuing education requirements California vs Washington Comparison of APRN Board of Nursing Regulations.

    Independent Practice Authority

    One of the significant differences between California and Washington state pertains to the autonomy granted to APRNs. Historically, APRNs have been much more restricted in California and must practice under standardized procedures with physician supervision (Bosse et al., 2017). This has recently changed through legislation changes that allow qualified APRNs with a threshold requirement, such as three years of full-time practice, to apply for independent practice authority. This gives APRNs more autonomy, but a transitional process still regulates the pathway to complete independence.

    By contrast, APRNs are granted full practice authority in Washington State from licensure forward. In effect, APRNs in Washington can diagnose and treat patients independently and prescribe medications, including and excluding controlled substances, from the beginning of their careers without requiring physician collaboration. Based on these measures, Washington emerges as one of the more APRN-friendly states, where advanced practice nurses, from the very outset, can utilize their fullest scope in improving healthcare access for underserved populations California vs Washington Comparison of APRN Board of Nursing Regulations.

    Continuing Education Requirements

    Continuing education is inherent in APRNs for competency. APRNs in California require 30 hours of CE for license renewal every two years. Continuing education requirements include courses in pharmacology, especially the courses with prescriptive authority to keep up with the best practices in the medication management process.

    APRNs in the State of Washington must also have completed 45 hours of continuing education related to their scope of practice, including current issues in patient safety and updates to clinical practice. The CE requirements in Washington have a degree of flexibility that could allow the APRNs to meet specific interests or clinical needs and, therefore, may lead to more specialized expertise.

    Implications for APRN Practice

    These differences in independent practice authority and continuing education represent varying professional freedom that APRNs experience in states like California and Washington. APRNs in California need to undergo a more articulated process before they begin independent practice, thus postponing the full use of their training (Bosse et al., 2017). Contrarily, the entire practice authority of Washington immediately allows APRNs, upon licensure, to integrate into advanced roles that might help alleviate such healthcare shortages in rural areas. Continuing education requirements similarly keep APRNs in Oregon and Washington updated in their knowledge, but the flexibility offered by Washington allows perhaps more tailored learning and skill development.

    Adherence to Regulations

    APRNs, therefore, in these states practice their profession within their legal authority through strict adherence to their regulating law. For example, APRNs seeking practice authority independence in California will have to meticulously record their years of practice before seeking independence (Halm, 2018). In Washington state, on the other hand, an APRN may practice independently at the point of licensure, with ongoing continuing education during licensure to provide safe, evidence-based care California vs Washington Comparison of APRN Board of Nursing Regulations

    Conclusion

    This comparison of APRN regulations, side by side, between California and Washington state underlines how often similar rules emanate from a specific state, thus setting the professional environment for APRNs. Both states similarly wish to protect public safety and maintain high nursing practice standards. Yet, the immediate full practice authority available in Washington is in contrast to that of California, which provided a more incremental approach, thus influencing the speed and manner in which APRNs could fully employ their training and experience. As these state regulations continue to evolve, APRNs must also seek knowledge on effective navigation across changing state lines.

     

    References:

    Bosse, J., Simmonds, K., Hanson, C., Pulcini, J., Dunphy, L., Vanhook, P., & Poghosyan, L. (2017). Position statement: Full practice authority for advanced practice registered nurses is necessary to transform primary care. 
    Nursing Outlook
    , 65(6), 761–765.

    Halm, M. A. (2018). Evaluating the impact of EBP education: Development of a modified Fresno test for acute care nursing. 
    Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing
    , 15(4), 272–280. doi:10.1111/wvn.12291 California vs Washington Comparison of APRN Board of Nursing Regulations