Category: Nursing

APA 7 sample nursing paper

 

Title of the Paper in Full

 

Student Name

Program Name or Degree Name (e.g., Bachelor of Science in Psychology), Walden University

COURSE XXX: Title of Course

Instructor Name

Month XX, 202X

 

Title of the Paper in Full

When you download a Walden template, the first action is to save it locally to your computer using the Save As command. You will want to make sure that you are moving the document to a new location on your computer when you Save As. Documents should not be maintained in the Download folder. When you are ready to use the template for a paper, you will open the template, and immediately Save As giving the document a new name. Once you have renamed the document, you can safely use the Save command for saving the document as you write APA 7 sample nursing paper.

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APA format and college-level writing can be difficult for many students returning to school after several years away from academia. An abstract is typically not required for the short papers that undergraduates write, so an abstract page is not included in this template but can be added if needed (you can find a version with the abstract on our
General Templates page
). The references page shows some sample references for sources such as webpages, books, journal articles, and course videos. Below follows some advice for writing your paper and adhering to APA standards.

Your
introductory paragraph
and every paragraph that follows should have a minimum of three sentences, with an average of four to five and no more than seven sentences. The last sentence of your opening paragraph should be the
thesis statement
, which summarizes the purpose of the assignment and how you intend to address it. The sentences preceding your thesis statement should simply provide background that contextualizes your thesis for readers.

 

Each paragraph should begin with a
topic sentence
, which summarizes the paragraph’s main argument or idea. Also, the last sentence (or lead-out) of each paragraph should be a transition statement that connects what you discussed in that paragraph and what is to come in the next one. In the middle of each paragraph, you should cover something with your own thoughts, and in a separate sentence, provide a sentence paraphrased from a source with an in-text citation at the end. The source may back up your opinion, or give an alternative viewpoint, or even simply provide some background. See the Writing Center’s
webpage on paragraphs
for further advice.

Try to use
paraphrases
instead of
direct quotations
when possible, only quoting when the meaning of the idea or excerpt would be lost if you paraphrase it. All information from sources, whether paraphrased or quoted, need to be cited.
Citations
should be in parenthetical or narrative citation format and include the last name(s) of the author(s) or name of the organization that published the material, year of publication, and a page or paragraph number for quoted material. Each source cited in your paper, unless it is a
personal communication
, should include a corresponding
reference list
entry. If no date is given for a source, write “n.d.” in place of the year (it stands for “no date”). This sentence does not come from a source, but I will end it with an in-text citation so you can see an example (Author, n.d.). If you have more than two sentences of information from one source, ensure that it is clear to the reader where the information in each sentence is from, using citations or other cue phrases (e.g. The authors also stated…). For more information and examples, see APA 7, Section 8.

Many websites that information comes from are suspect in terms of factual and unbiased information. In a nutshell, avoid using Wikipedia, About.com, Answers.com, or similar websites, as the Writing Center explains in the
“Why You Shouldn’t Wiki” blog post
. Though some .com sites are acceptable, most undergraduates have trouble identifying whether they can be trusted, so an easy guideline to follow is to avoid them. Websites ending in .gov, .net, .edu, .org, and so forth are typically more trustworthy than a .com source. See the Library’s
Evaluating Resources webpage
for more tips on finding reliable sources.

The body of your paper should have a couple of paragraphs or more. Your
conclusion paragraph
should briefly summarize the main points of your paper and place the paper in the context of social change. While your conclusion should not introduce new topics, you may suggest a direction for future research. Generally, you should not write anything in the conclusion that would require you to cite a source; instead, the conclusion should represent only your own thoughts and analysis.

Make sure you follow directions, and we recommend you download the grading rubric from Doc Sharing that breaks down how an assignment is graded. A one-page essay means a full one page of writing and does not include elements such as references, tables or figures, or the title page. The requirement of using two sources in your assignment directions does not mean simply providing two in-text citations for the same source; the sources themselves must be different. Lastly, if you have any questions about writing a paper or properly citing sources, feel free to contact the Writing Center at
writingsupport@waldenu.edu
or through our
Live Chat Hours
.

 

 

Reference
s

(Note that the following references are intended as examples only. These entries illustrate different types of references but are not cited in the text of this template. In your paper, be sure every reference entry matches a citation, and every citation refers to an item in the reference list.)

American Counseling Association. (n.d.).
About us.

https://www.counseling.org/about-us/about-aca

Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences.
Educational Leadership, 76
(1), 26-33.

Bach, D., & Blake, D. J. (2016). Frame or get framed: The critical role of issue framing in nonmarket management.
California Management Review, 58
(3), 66-87.
https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2016.58.3.66

Burgess, R. (2019).
Rethinking global health: Frameworks of Power.
Routledge APA 7 sample nursing paper

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients.
Health Psychology, 24
(2), 225–229.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Johnson, P. (2003).
Art: A new history.
HarperCollins.
https://doi.org/10.1037.0000136-000
​

Lindley, L. C., & Slayter, E. M. (2018). Prior trauma exposure and serious illness at end of life: A national study of children in the U.S. foster care system from 2005 to 2015.
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 56
(3), 309–317.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.06.001

Osman, M. A. (2016, December 15).
5 do’s and don’ts for staying motivated.
Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/5-dos-and-donts-for-staying-motivated/art-20270835

Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2016).
Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice
(7th ed.). Wiley.

Walden University Library. (n.d.).
Anatomy of a research article
[Video].
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/instructionalmedia/tutorials#s-lg-box-7955524

Walden University Writing Center. (n.d.).
Writing literature reviews in your graduate coursework
[Webinar].
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/webinars/graduate#s-lg-box-18447417

World Health Organization. (2018, March).
Questions and answers on immunization and vaccine safety.

https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/
  APA 7 sample nursing paper

APA 6 and 7 Comparison Tables of Changes

These comparison tables offer highlights of some changes between APA 6 and APA 7. Note that

these are not comprehensive tables of all changes between the two editions.

Citations

Topic APA 6 (location and old guideline) APA 7 (location and new guideline)

In-text citation

format for

three or more

authors

Table 6.1: In in-text citations of

sources with three to five authors,

list all authors the first time, then

use et al. after that; for sources with

six or more authors, use et al. for all

citations.

8.17 (Table 8.1): In in-text citations,

use et al. for all citations for sources

with three or more authors.

Direct

quotations

from

audiovisual

works

No guidance in the manual itself

(only on the APA Style Blog).

8.28: To quote directly from an

audiovisual work, include a time

stamp marking the beginning of the

quoted material in place of a page

number.

Dates listed in

secondary

source

citations

6.17: Secondary source does not

include the date of the original

source.

8.6: Secondary source citation

includes the date of the original

source.

References

Topic APA 6 (location and old

guideline)

APA 7 (location and new

guideline)

Number of author names listed

in a reference

6.27: Provide surnames and

initials for up to seven

authors in a reference entry.

If there are eight or more

authors, use three spaced

ellipsis points after the sixth

author, followed by the final

9.8: Provide surnames and

initials for up to 20 authors in

a reference entry. If there are

21 or more authors, use the

ellipsis after the 19th,

followed by the final author

name (no ampersand).

Walden University Writing Center 2

author name (no

ampersand).

Reference format when

publisher and author are the

same

7.02: When a work’s

publisher and author are the

same, use the word “Author”

as the name of the publisher

in its reference entry.

9.24: When a work’s

publisher and author are the

same, omit the publisher in

its reference entry.

Issue numbers for journal

articles in references

6.30; see also 7.01: Include

issue number when journal

is paginated separately by

issue.

9.25: Include issue number

for all periodicals that have

issue numbers.

Publisher location 6.30: Provide publisher

location (city, state, etc.)

before publisher name.

9.29: Do not include

publisher location (city, state,

etc.) after publisher name in a

reference.

Reference for online work

with no DOI

6.32: If an online work has

no DOI, provide the home

page URL of the journal or

of the book/report publisher.

9.34: If an online work (e.g.,

a journal article) has no DOI

and was found through an

academic research database,

generally, no URL is needed.

The reference will look just

like the print version.

Hyperlinks in DOI and URL

formatting

6.32: DOI begins with either

“doi:” or with

“https://doi.org/” in

references. The

recommendation that URLs

should be in plain black text,

not underlined, follows

examples from APA 6 and

the APA Style Blog.

9.35: Both DOIs and URLs

should be presented as

hyperlinks (beginning with

“http://” or “https://”).

Standardize DOIs as starting

with “https://doi.org/”. In

documents to be read online,

use live links.

Blue/underlined or plain

black text, not underlined, are

both acceptable.

URL retrieval information in

references

7.01: URLs include a

retrieval phrase (e.g.,

“Retrieved from”).

9.35: The words “Retrieved

from” or “Accessed from” are

no longer necessary before a

URL. The only time the word

“Retrieved” (and not

Walden University Writing Center 3

“Retrieved from”) is needed

is in those rare cases where a

retrieval date is necessary

(see p. 290, 9.16).

Website name in references for

online media

Chapter 7: List the URL but

not the website name in the

publication information.

10.15-10.16: Include the

name of the website in plain

text, followed by a period,

before the URL.

Avoiding Bias

Topic APA 6 (location and old guideline) APA 7 (location and new guideline)

Singular

usage of

“they”

APA_6___7_Comparison_Tables_of_Changes

3.12: No mention of singular human

pronouns other than traditional,

binary “he” and “she” and their

related forms.

4.18: Use singular “they” and related

forms (them, their, etc.) when (a)

referring to a person who uses “they”

as their preferred pronoun (b) when

gender is unknown or irrelevant.

Disability 3.15: Use person-first language. 5.4: Both person-first and identityfirst language “are fine choices

overall” (p. 137). Okay to use either

one until you know group preference.

Gender and

noun/pronoun

usage

n/a: No guidance. 5.5: Use individuals’ preferred names

and pronouns even if they differ from

official documents, keeping in mind

concerns about confidentiality.

Race and

ethnicity–

Latin@

n/a: No guidance. 5.7: “Latin@” for Latino and Latina

can be used to avoid “Latino,” which

is gendered.

Race and

ethnicity–

Latinx

n/a: No guidance. 5.7: “Latinx” can be used to include

all gender identities.

Walden University Writing Center 4

General Formatting/Mechanics

Topic APA 6 (location and old

guideline)

APA 7 (location and new guideline)

Italics vs.

quotation marks

4.07: Use italics to highlight a

letter, word, phrase, or sentence as

a linguistic example (e.g., they

clarified the distinction between

farther and further).

6.07: Use quotation marks to refer to

a letter, word, phrase, or sentence as

a linguistic example of itself (e.g.,

they clarified the difference between

“farther” and “further”).

Numbers 4.31: Numbers in the abstract of a

paper should be expressed as

numerals.

6.32: Use numerals for numbers 10+

for all sections of the paper including

the abstract (numbers in abstracts

now follow general APA number

rules).

Numbers

expressing time

4.31: Although numerals should be

used for numbers that represent

time (among other things) even if

below 10, the number should be

spelled out if it refers to an

approximate amount of time (e.g.,

about three months ago).

6.32: Numbers representing time are

written as numerals, not spelled out,

regardless of whether the time is

exact or approximate (e.g. “about 7

weeks,” “3 decades,” or

“approximately 5 years ago”).

Punctuation for

bulleted lists

within a

sentence

3.04: For bulleted lists within a

sentence (i.e., when each list item is

a word or phrase, not a complete

sentence), use punctuation after

each list element in the same way

you would if the sentence had no

bullets (i.e., commas or semicolons

as appropriate and a period after the

last item).

6.52*: For bulleted lists within a

sentence, there is the option to either

(a) use no punctuation after any of

the list items, including the last, or

(b) use punctuation after each

bulleted item in the same way you

would if the sentence had no bullets

(as was the case in APA 6). The

manual suggests that using no

punctuation may be more appropriate

for lists of shorter, simpler items.

*Note: The term “seriation” does not

appear in APA 7 and has been

replaced by “lists” (see 6.50 for

lettered lists, 6.51 for numbered lists,

and 6.52 for bulleted lists).

Walden University Writing Center 5

Spacing after

punctuation

marks

4.01: Recommendation to space

twice after punctuation marks at the

end of sentences to aid readers of

draft manuscripts.

6.1: Insert only one space after

periods or other punctuation marks

that end a sentence.

Preferred

spellings of

technology

terms

Based on how words were written

in 6th edition manual, not explicit

examples of spelling, preferred

spellings were as follows: “e-mail,”

“Internet,” and “web page.” 4.12

indicates spelling should conform

to standard American English as in

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate

Dictionary.

6.11: Commonly used technology

terms are listed and should be spelled

as follows: “email,” “internet,” and

“webpage.”

Use of

abbreviations in

headings

n/a: No guidance in manual; On the

archived sixth edition APA Style

Blog, APA experts recommended

not using abbreviations in headings.

(see post titled “Can I use

abbreviations in headings?”)

6.25: Abbreviations can be used in

headings if they were previously

defined in the text (but cannot be

defined in the heading itself), or if

the abbreviation is exempt from

needing definition because it appears

as a term in the dictionary.

Acceptable

fonts

8.03: The preferred typeface is

Times New Roman, 12-point.

2.19: A variety of fonts are

acceptable, with focus on

accessibility for readers. APA

accepts sans serif fonts such as

Calibri 11, Arial 11, and Lucida Sans

Unicode 10, as well as serif fonts

such as Times New Roman 12,

Georgia 11, and Computer Modern

10. Note: Per our institutional

requirement, Walden doctoral

capstones should use Times New

Roman 12. Walden coursework

templates also use Times New

Roman 12, but the other APAendorsed fonts are also acceptable in

Walden coursework.

Walden University Writing Center 6

Paper-Specific Formatting

Topic APA 6 (location and old guideline) APA 7 (location and new guideline)

Paper title

length

2.01: Recommended title length is no

more than 12 words.

2.4: No prescribed limit for title

length (though recommendation for

conciseness).

Title

formatting

2.1: Title in regular type (not bold). 2.4: Title in bold type.

There is an institutional variation for

titles in doctoral capstone documents

(i.e., dissertations, doctoral studies,

or projects): The title is in plain type.

Doctoral capstone students should

refer to the APA 7 template for their

program posted on the Doctoral

Capstone Form and Style Programs

page after June 1 to see this Walden

institutional variation in place.

Heading

levels 3,4,

and 5

formatting

3.03: Levels 3, 4, and 5 are all

indented and sentence case.

2.27-2.28: Levels 3, 4, and 5 are all

title case. Level 3 is now flush left,

while 4 and 5 remain indented.

Tables and Figures

Topic APA 6 (location and old guideline) APA 7 (location and new guideline)

Tables 5.1 and 5.16: Table number is plain

type, table title is title case and set in

italics; see Sample Tables 5.1 to

5.16.

7.2 and 7.24: Table number is bold; table title

is title case and set in italics. See Sample

Tables 7.2 to 7.24.

Walden University Writing Center 7

Figures 5.1 and 5.12: Figure number and

caption are on same line and are

placed below the figure; see Sample

Figures 5.1 to 5.12.

7.2-7.21: Figure number and caption are on

separate lines and are placed above the figure,

and the style matches that for tables: Figure

number is bold, figure caption is title case and

Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies Assignment Example

Matrix Worksheet Template

 
Clinical issues impact on the quality of care, health providers’ well-being, patients’ safety, and delivery of services. Workplace incivility is a behavior characterized by disrespect and discourteous actions among employee. The behavior is typical in nursing practice and often affects the employees’ confidence, interprofessional collaboration, team work, and productivity if it is not effectively controlled. It also affects an employees’ psychological wellbeing because it leads to high levels of anxiety which fuels burnout and high job turnover. Effective control of nursing incivility is necessary in enhancing and promoting quality care and patient safety Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies Assignment Example . The following matrix worksheet template presents four research articles that addresses the issue of nursing incivility at work.

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Full
citation
of the selected article

Article #1

Article #2

Article #3

Article #4

Kile, D., Eaton, M., deValpine, M., & Gilbert, R. (2019). The effectiveness of education and cognitive rehearsal in managing nurse‐to‐nurse incivility: A pilot study. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(3), 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12709

Abdollahzadeh, F., Asghari, E., Ebrahimi, H., Rahmani, A., & Vahidi, M. (2017). How to prevent workplace incivility?: Nurses’ perspective. 
Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research
, 
22
(2), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.205966

Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies Assignment Example

 

Armstrong, N. (2018). Management of nursing workplace incivility in the health care settings: A systematic review. 
Workplace Health & Safety
, 
66
(8), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2165079918771106

 

Razzi, C. C., & Bianchi, A. L. (2019). Incivility in nursing: Implementing a quality improvement program utilizing cognitive rehearsal training. In Nursing forum (Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 526-536).
https://doi

10.1111/nuf.12366

 

Why
you chose this article and/or
how it relates
to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief
explanation of the ethics
of research related to your clinical issue of interest)

The article has been chosen because it is comprehensively addresses the importance of enhanced awareness and use of educational programs to reduce nurse-nurse incivility. The article explains in details how cognitive rehearsal techniques can be utilized to help nurses manage and cope with effects of incivility. The article supports the role of cognitive rehearsal in helping employees to cope with problems at work as it prepares them mentally to cope with stress.

The research article observed research ethics by allowing voluntary participation and treating the information provided anonymously and with confidentiality.

Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies Assignment Example

The article has been selected because it explains in detail the detrimental effects of workplace incivility to healthcare workers’ health and patient care. Given the psychological effects of incivility, the article delves in ways of managing it from a nurse’s perspective.

 

The research ethics were observed by allowing willing and voluntary participation and withdrawal without getting penalized in anyway. Informed consent was sought as well as treatment of collected data with confidentiality. The aims of the research were explained in details to the participants and the Research Council and Ethics Committee affiliated to the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences approved the proposal.

 

The article was chosen as it addresses the issue of workplace incivility and proposes evidence-based strategies of managing it. The researcher opines that incivility has negative effects on the emotional well-being of nurses to an extent of risking patient care and safety by increasing the occurrence of medical administration errors.

 

The research observed ethics by summarizing ten qualitative research articles from different databases to avoid research bias.

 

 

The article was chosen as it addresses the issue of incivility in nursing by implementing a quality improvement program. The study suggested use of cognitive rehearsal training in order to improve health at workplace, enhance job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.

 

The research observed ethics by seeking informed consent from the participants, explaining the research aims in details, maintaining confidentiality and anonymity in data collection, and allowing voluntary participation by the participants.

Brief
description of the aims
of the research of each peer-reviewed article

The aim of the research article was to create awareness among the nurses by helping them recognize incivility. In addition, the research aimed to reduce the impact of civility by using cognitive rehearsal techniques to address it.

The aim of the article was to determine how workplace incivility can be prevented in healthcare settings from perspective of nurses.

 

 

The aim of the research was to effectively control workplace incivility by proposing practical interventions that can be applied help nurses manage the problem.

 

The aim of this research was to educate nurses on how to identify workplace incivility and equip them with ways of dealing and addressing incivility.

 

Brief description of the
research methodology
used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was
qualitative
,
quantitative
, or a
mixed-methods
approach. Be specific.

The research utilized mixed method research approach which incorporate both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data was collected before nurses received cognitive rehearsal training and after. The data was collected via surveys and a comparative analysis done.

The researcher utilized qualitative methods based on conventional content analysis. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews while the sample was obtained using purposive sampling.

 

The study utilized quantitative research methods to conduct a systematic review of current and relevant evidence on workplace incivility using ten studies.

Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies Assignment Example

The research utilized quantitative research method. Data was collected using nursing incivility scale (NIS). The instrument was used to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive rehearsal educational module.  The participants completed the NIS before, immediately after, and 1 month after the program.

 

A brief description of the
strengths
of each of the research methodologies used, including
reliability
and
validity
of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.

The major strength of mixed methods research approach is that it enhances understanding of qualitative and quantitative results’ contradictions and avoiding the limitations of a single approach. Also, it allows a shorter data collection time when compared to sequential methods.

 

The methods used in gathering data and information in mixed methods research approach supplement each other which strengthens data validity and reliability.

The use of qualitative research method allowed the researcher to examine the issue of workplace incivility in depth. Use of semi-structured interviews allows the researcher to ask questions, seek clarification, as well as redirect questions as the situation obliges.

Reliability and validity was applied as the interviews allowed one-on-one correspondence while the interview questions were structured in a manner that all the participants were subject to same questions despite being in different locations.

The key strength of systematic review of studies is that it provides quick answers on clinical issues as derived from previous studies as information is readily available. Systematic reviews are highly reliable and valid since the research evidence used is carefully synthesized to answer specific clinical questions.

 

The use quantitative methods allowed the researcher to interpret data in an easier manner since the variables are already defined. The method also allow the researcher to maintain objectivity and accuracy in the process of data collection hence making results more reliable and valid.

 

 

General Notes/Comments

The article how an educational intervention (cognitive rehearsal) can be used promote a positive and civil workplace and ensure patient receive effective/safe care.

 

 

 

 

 The article is very useful as it expands knowledge on workplace incivility prevention. It explains how improving communication and supporting nurses can help in reducing workplace incivility

The article is informative and provides information on implications of workplace incivility in healthcare settings as well as proposes necessary interventions in addressing incivility such as educational training on incivility to create awareness and equipping nurses’ communication skills.

The article is informative as it adds to the body by explaining how incivility programs can equip nurses with skills to identify and manage incivility by reacting in a proactive, professional manner thereby promoting a healthy work environment.

 

 

 

Conclusion

 

The research articles reviewed in the worksheet address the issue of workplace incivility among nurses, its psychological effects and interventions such as cognitive rehearsal techniques, resilience training, and creating of awareness. The articles can be further reviewed to get the best evidence to be used as evidence-based practice for reducing incivility Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies Assignment Example .

 

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References

Abdollahzadeh, F., Asghari, E., Ebrahimi, H., Rahmani, A., & Vahidi, M. (2017). How to prevent workplace incivility?: Nurses’ perspective. 
Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research
, 
22
(2), 157-163. 
https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.205966

Armstrong, N. (2018). Management of nursing workplace incivility in the health care settings: A systematic review. 
Workplace Health & Safety
, 
66
(8), 403-410. 
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2165079918771106

Kile, D., Eaton, M., deValpine, M., & Gilbert, R. (2019). The effectiveness of education and cognitive rehearsal in managing nurse‐to‐nurse incivility: A pilot study. 
Journal of Nursing Management
, 
27
(3), 543-552. 
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12709

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2018). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Razzi, C. C., & Bianchi, A. L. (2019, October). Incivility in nursing: Implementing a quality improvement program utilizing cognitive rehearsal training. In 
Nursing forum
 (Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 526-536).
https://doi

10.1111/nuf.12366

Walden University Library. (2022).
Quick Answers: What are filtered and unfiltered resources in nursing?
https://academicanswers.waldenu.edu/faq/73299

Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies Assignment Example

Postcard from the future assignment example

 
Assignment 1: Postcard from the Future

Introduction

The delivery of healthcare services depends to a huge extent on its effectiveness of decision making. Every action taken by the nurses relies on the information they have acquainted themselves with. The process of nursing starts by obtaining and passing information in the first and subsequent stages. Nursing informatics deals with data management, knowledge, information, and wisdom that can be of used in the nursing field Postcard from the future assignment example. Since we are living in an era of Electronic Health Care, it is not possible to ignore the concept of Nursing Informatics in nursing practice (Kaur et al 2015). This is because; all nurses must make use of informatics skills in their practice.

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However, change is inevitable. And the rate at which Information Communication Technology (ICT) is evolving means that in the near future, either, new skills in nursing informatics will be invented, or the existing ones will have evolved in their method and way of use.

As a result of these changes-expected in the Nursing Informatics- a new technology likely to integrate the factors discussed below is likely to be adopted.

Technological inventions

This will put into consideration all ICT elements which may include, media or digital devices already used by the nurses as they offer healthcare. Mair et al (2012), made a suggestion about the division of e-health, that is “the use of emerging information and communications technology, especially the Internet, to improve or enable health and healthcare” (Mair et al, 2012).  These changes will be realized in four domains:

Management systems
– though which information can be acquired, stored, transmitted and displayed. The information may include administrative, health as well as clinical activities and the patient information will be displayed as recorded (Stolfi et al 2007).

Communication systems-
these will be used in communication by participants who are far apart. Important information about the patients; counseling, management and diagnosis will be relayed via telecommunication devices for effective nurse care. The use will involve telemedicine, tele-care systems among others. Emails and smart phones will be very useful in undertaking the activities. This will prevent nurses or patients walking for longer distances in provision of care or acquisition of care respectively (Kristensson et al, 2015).

Decision support systems that are computerized
– this will be used by the nurses where the decision made is evidenced in a computer system. The decision can also be based on an outcome derived from computer processes.

Information systems
– the internet technology will be very useful in the attainment of nursing information. Patients will be able to access any information they need hence the need for all homes to be connected with internet services. The information available in the internet will also be tailored to individual needs and not as general as is mostly the case today. Health portals will be very effective in delivery of the information as well as mobile phone applications. (Wälivaara, et al, 2011).

Impact of the proposed technology on nurse care

The outcome of the proposed technology will be articulated to the resources and the nurse structures in general as well as nursing processes. The processes, nursing structures and processes can be used to impact changes in the condition of the patient. The processes in question include the interaction between the nurses and the patients as well as their practice environment. The Information Communication Technology will have an impact on the practices of various nurses, and how the nurses’ use of these ICTs will influence the patient condition.  The impacts include:

Professional satisfaction
– The technology will impact positively on professional satisfaction of various nurses through creation of a friendly working environment through quality of provided care. On the other hand, the patients will be satisfied by the services they receive from the nurses in areas such as in quality of life, their safety and comfort.

Patient outcomes and or experience
– the technology will ensure that the patients are optimally provided with the best care and that the care is provide at the right time as well as in the right way. If the outcome will be positive in all these fields, the acceptability of the nurses will be improved towards different patients; whether current or potential.

Care continuity
– this is where there will be care collaboration and coordination whereby, patients together with their families will be involved in the provision of health care and an improved responsiveness by different patients will be realized.

Quality assessment-
this is where channels for providing feedback will be available and can be viewed by anybody who can access the internet. As a result, potential patients will be able to evaluate the best place to get the intended health care based on their own evaluation.

Steps towards achieving this technology

Change attitude
– The very first and most important element towards attainment of this technology is both the nurses and the patient’s ability to embrace change. Challenges should be seen as opportunities and not hindrances. Being open to change means new exploration will also be possible.

Delivery
-the new technology can be delivered to the nurses through distance learning programs that are very common in the current world. The nurses being the administrators should also be given room for adjusting through seminars and allowed study leaves. In the learning institutions, the nurses should be taught on the best way to use the ICT with a lot of ease and the various challenges they might expect to get in the implementation. For example, patients’ ignorance and illiteracy among others.

Teaching methods
– the patients can be taught the new technological methods through simulation tests by various personnel of change. This can be facilitated by the use of available schools or colleges to cut on costs (Broussard et al, 2009).

Conclusion

Since the proposed technology makes use of the available technological devices, for example the use of mobile phones, internet and computers among others, the integration process will not be soo much problematic. Besides, some of the proposed technological changes are used in other fields such as the use of mobile phone applications.

The proposed technology if successfully implemented will realize tremendous changes in the delivery of nursing care. Satisfaction and quality services summed up by an increased value for life will be achieved. However, the willingness of all participants to cooperate in the implementation is vital.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Broussard, L., Myers, R., & Lemoine, J. (2009). Preparing Pediatric Nurses: The Role of    Simulation-Based Learning.
Issues In Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing
,
32
(1), 4-15.             doi:10.1080/01460860802610178

Finch, T. L., Mair, F. S., O’Donnell, C., Murray, E., & May, C. R. (2012). From theory to           ‘measurement’ in         complex interventions: Methodological lessons from the        development of an e-health      normalisation instrument.
BMC Medical Research             Methodology
,
12
(1), 69-84. doi:10.1186/1471-         2288-12-69

Kaur, S., & Rawat, H. L. (2015). IMPORTANCE OF NURSING INFORMATICS IN    NURSING CURRICULUM FOR             UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION            TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING PROFESSION.
Baba Farid University          Nursing             Journal
,
9
(2), 1-5.

Kristensson, P., Brunstrom, A., & Pedersen, T. (2015). Affective forecasting of value    creation: professional nurses’ ability to predict and remember the experienced value of a      telemedicine diagnostics ICT service.
Behaviour & Information Technology
,
34
(10), 964-            975. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2014.978379

Stolfi, A., Dudley, G., Moore, K., & Johnson, G. (2007). ENHANCING PATIENT       ASSESSMENT, CARE AND DOCUMENTATION THROUGH TECHNOLOGY.          
Oncology Nursing Forum
,
34
(2), 570.

Wälivaara, B., Andersson, S., & Axelsson, K. (2011). General practitioners’ reasoning about             using mobile distance-spanning technology in home care and in nursing home care.
Scandinavian Journal Of Caring Sciences
,
25
(1), 117-125. doi:10.1111/j.1471-            6712.2010.00800.x

 

Unit 1: What is Nursing Informatics?

Timeline: 1 Week

Foreword

Prior to beginning this unit, review the Student Guide. Next, read the Course Introduction that contains useful information about how to proceed through the course. You may find it helpful to return to these two resource modules throughout the course as they contain the instructions about how to complete specific tasks (e.g., engage in conference forums; submit assignments).

Overview

Think about the ways in which computer technology has changed over the past five or ten years. What was “new” and “modern” only a short time ago is now often considered to be “obsolete.” As a result of these rapid changes, it has become increasingly important for consumers and healthcare professionals, including nurses, to become familiar with new and emerging technologies. One of the goals of this unit is to introduce you to the role of the nurse as a knowledge worker, as you explore the competencies required to be an effective user of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in your day-to-day practice as a nurse.

Nursing Informatics is the “science and practice [that] integrates nursing, its information and knowledge and their management, with information and communication technologies to promote the health of people, families, and communities worldwide” (International Medical Informatics Association, 2011, para 2
). 
This interaction is illustrated in the diagram below.

(Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing, 2012).

In this unit, we will introduce you to concepts and resources foundational to your use of nursing knowledge and information.

Ergonomics

Athabasca University’s academic writing resources.

Welcome Video

Watch this video and learn more about Nursing 322 and this initial unit.

322 Unit 1
 from 
CNHS AU
 on 
Vimeo
.

Then take a moment to introduce yourself in the Introduction Forum. Share something about yourself, and include your initial ideas on the application of Nursing Informatics. Take time to read some of the recent postings in this forum and become familiar with others registered in this course.

Unit Learning Outcomes

Actively engaging with the content of this unit will enable you to:

distinguish between the concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom;

describe the role of the nurse as a knowledge worker;

apply ergonomic principles toward preventing discomfort, lost productivity, and injury when working with computers; and

explore the plethora of academic writing resources available within Athabasca University.

Learning Activities and Resources

Learning Activity 1 – Nursing Knowledge and Information

Consider “Nursing Knowledge and Information.” How does this term resonate with you? Before engaging in the readings, you may wish to jot down your ideas on the meaning of nursing knowledge and information.

Reading 1

Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). (2017, March). 
Joint position statement. Nursing informatics
.  Retrieved from 
https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/nursing-information-and-knowledge-management_position-statement.pdf

Reading 2

McGonigle, D., Hunter, K., Sipes, C., & Hebda, T. (2014). Why nurses need to understand nursing informatics. 
AORN Journal, 100
(3), 324-327. Retrieved from 
http://0-search.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2012711210&site=eds-live

Why is informatics essential to nursing and nursing practice? The first reading comes from the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) serving to articulate our profession’s perspective on the importance of nursing informatics. The second reading, authored by a group of nurse experts in informatics takes a different approach, describing the data, information, knowledge, and wisdom pathway supported by nursing informatics. Then, using a series of personal reflections, the authors offer practical examples of the use of informatics in nursing.

Address the following learning challenges:

What are the differences between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom?

Reflect on the progression from data to information, to knowledge, and to wisdom.

Give an example of how you use data and information to build knowledge and wisdom in your day-to-day practice as a nurse.

How can information technology support each component of nursing practice?

Learning Activity 2 – Ergonomics

Let us think for a moment about the impact of computers on workers’ health and the costs to the individual and the healthcare system because of poorly designed computer equipment and workspaces. If you are a frequent computer user, what impact have you noticed on your own health and wellbeing?

We anticipate that many of you are reading this unit on a laptop computer, perhaps sitting at the kitchen table or tucked into a corner of the family room. Watch this short video 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcZMfSFzFwM
 for a few simple suggestions on how to improve your posture while using this technology.

Reading 3

Morrison, J., & Lindberg, P. (2008). When no one has time: Measuring the impact of computerization on health care workers, 
AAOHN, 56
(9), 373-8. Retrieved from 
http://0-search.proquest.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/docview/219352471/abstract/3BF30C84366B416CPQ/1?accountid=8408

Reading 4

WorksafeBC (2009) 
How to make your computer work for you. 
Victoria, BC: Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia. Retrieved from 
http://www.chiropractic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/comptr_wrkstn-WorkSafeBC.pdf

A well-designed workspace is essential. To assist workers in understanding and addressing challenges in the design and use of computer workstations, WorksafeBC provided a comprehensive guide. Work your way through the content considering the tips to prevent injury and changes that can be made to help you work comfortably and efficiently. Here are some suggestions:

Check your posture.

Adjust your chair.

Rearrange your workstation layout.

Improve your lighting and minimize glare.

Improve your job design.

Then, use the checklist found on pages 26-29 of Reading 4 to assess your home office area. What improvements can you make?

Learning Activity 3 – Academic Writing

In your nursing education and prior courses in this program, you have been developing expertise in academic writing, a key component in advancing nursing knowledge. What tools do you have available to you? Take a few minutes and explore the resources available within Athabasca University’s Write Site 
http://write-site.athabascau.ca
. How many hours have you spent formatting papers to comply with APA? A useful supplement to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association guidelines is the APA Style Blog 
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/
. Check it out!

After you have reviewed these resources, put them to work by creating a template that can be re-used. Although it will take time to develop your template initially, it will save you time as you work through this and other courses in your program. Here’s how to get started.

Did you know that the APA manual (6th edition) contains an example of a correctly formatted scholarly paper? Stop and find those figures now in Chapter 2 of the manual. The information contained in the grey text boxes is useful in locating more detailed information about each element.

Open a blank document in your word processing software and begin to create a template that includes each of the required elements illustrated in the APA manual. Insert a word or two as a ‘placeholder’ in each of the required elements (e.g., running head, title page).

Follow the guidelines in the APA manual carefully to ensure that your template is correctly formatted (e.g., margins, tabs, page numbers, headings, double spacing). If you do not know how to set margins or insert page numbers (or how to complete other basic word processing functions) consult the help function.

Separate the pages of your template by using page breaks.

When you begin to write a paper, use the ‘Save As’ (or similar) feature in your word processing software to create a new copy of your template. Edit this copy to create a correctly formatted scholarly paper.

If you discover an error in your template, take time to revise your original template so that it is correct the next time you use it.

You will, of course, need to ensure that your reference citations and reference list are correctly formatted in each paper. Noting the location of examples in your APA Manual (e.g., by inserting paper tabs in your manual or by consulting the information found in the figures) will help you find them quickly when you need them.

Review and Reflection

Before you move on to Unit 2, think for a moment about your use of information and its sources in your nursing practice.

What types of information do you use in the day-to-day care of clients?

Where do you source that information?

What are some of the barriers you face in accessing information to support client care?

Required Forum Postings

Please share your reflections in the Unit 1 Forum. This conference posting is mandatory and must be completed as part of the Conference Forum component of this course.

Then, as you complete the course, go back periodically and see how your understanding has grown and evolved.

Guidelines for Posting to the Conference Forums

Before you begin your posting, read the most recent 5 to 8 postings in the Unit 1 Forum and think about how you can add to the discussion. You may respond to one of the entries posted by a classmate and/or you may share examples from your practice setting. Your posting should be substantive (that is, adding to the discussion, not merely agreeing with what someone else has said) and should reflect a sound understanding of the content of the unit.

Limit your contribution to one or two ideas, concepts, or themes so that others can follow your conversation more easily (maximum 150 words). Remember, you are writing to share your thoughts and to invite your classmates into an open dialogue. Lengthy postings with many points often go unread or unchallenged because there is too much information to respond to.

Include a reference citation or URL for a useful resource or an example of one of the concepts discussed in the unit. This will enrich your posting and enhance your classmates’ learning.

Note: 
Your tutor may or may not respond directly to your postings in the Conference Forums. If you have specific questions for your tutor, please send them to him/her using Course Mail.

Assignment 1: Thinking Ahead

Review the requirements for Assignment 1, which is to be completed after Unit 3. Begin to think about your topic. Some of the content of this unit may be useful in completing this assignment. It is to your advantage to review the recommended readings and reflect on the questions posed and to complete the exercises presented in each unit.

Note: 
Students in NURS 322 are not permitted to submit all of their course assignments at the same time. You are expected to review the feedback provided by your tutor on each of your assignments and to incorporate that feedback into your subsequent assignments.

References

American Psychological Association. (2010). 
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
 (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing. (2012). 
Nursing informatics entry to practice competencies for registered nurses. 
Retrieved from 
http://casn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/NursingInformaticsEntryToPracticeCompetenciesFINALENG.pdf

Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). (2017, March) 
Joint position statement. Nursing informatics
.  Retrieved from 
https://cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/nursing-informatics-joint-position-statement.pdf?la=en

International Medical Informatics Association. (2011). 
The nursing informatics special interest group – definition. 
Retrieved from 
https://sites.google.com/site/imianiedwg/

McGonigle, D., Hunter, K., Sipes, C., & Hebda, T. (2014). Why nurses need to understand nursing informatics. 
AORN Journal, 100
(3), 324-327. Retrieved from 
http://0-search.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2012711210&site=eds-live

Morrison, J., & Lindberg, P. (2008) When no one has time: Measuring the impact of computerization on health care workers, 
AAORN, 56
(9), 373-8.

WorksafeBC. (2009) 
How to make your computer work for you. 
Victoria, BC: Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia. Retrieved from 
http://www.chiropractic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/comptr_wrkstn-WorkSafeBC.pdf

Even when I work with computers, with high technology, I always try to put in the touch of the hand.

Issey Miyake

Unit 2: Information and Communication Technologies

Timeline: 1 Week

Overview

As defined in Unit 1, Nursing Informatics is the “science and practice [that] integrates nursing, its information and knowledge and their management, with information and communication technologies to promote the health of people, families, and communities worldwide” (International Medical Informatics Association, 2011, para 2
). 
The purpose of this unit is to develop a common understanding of what is meant by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and to describe these and their use within the context of nursing practice.

Welcome Video

Watch this video and learn more this unit.

322 Unit 2
 from 
CNHS AU
 on 
Vimeo
.

Unit Learning Outcomes

Actively engaging with the content of Unit 2 will enable you to:

identify information and communication technologies commonly used in healthcare;

consider the application and impact of these technologies to nurses and nursing practice; and

describe practices that will support the development of effective virtual teams.

Learning Activities and Resources

Learning Activity 1 – Creating a common understanding

You will agree that not everyone has a common understanding or skill level in the use of technology. Do you have work or school colleagues who struggle with expectations regarding the use of computer technology, mobile devices, and their use?

The first two readings in this unit are focused on bridging that gap. The first is a brief reading that provides helpful hints to nurses on using information technologies. Written in a chatty, conversational style, this American registered nurse touches on many of the topics within this course.

The book is available within Athabasca University’s collection to download as an e-book. To access it you need to sign into the AU Library and locate the book by searching under 
Books and Media
. When located, you can view the book via Ebrary, print off relevant sections to review later, or download the book for 14 days.

Reading 1

Wilson, B. 
The nerdy nurse’s guide to technology.
 Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.

Reading 2

The second reading comes from Canada Health Infoway, an organization introduced in the first unit. This report, produced as part of the Emerging Technology Series, provides an overview of the use of mobile devices in health care by clinicians, including nurses. In the reading you are introduced to the term mobile health (mHealth). Postcard from the future assignment example Throughout the term, we encourage you to develop a list of terminology specific to nursing informatics and to locate and record their meaning and source definitions. Doing so will strengthen your understanding and application.

Canada Health Infoway. (2013, November). 
Mobile computing in clinical settings
. White Paper (Executive Summary). Emerging Technology Series. Retrieved from 
https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/1790-mobile-computing-in-clinical-settings-white-paper-executive-summary/view-document?Itemid=101

You can also access this information by entering these words in your search engine: Canada Health Infoway mobile computing in clinical settings

Canadians are strong users of communication technologies with 86.6% of households reporting computer, laptop or tablet ownership and 83% of households reporting Internet access (World Bank, 2014, p. 52).

What is your organization’s policy regarding the use of personal mobile communication devices at work to support practice? This practice, termed BYOD has required “new tools, architectures and policies to govern and control these endpoint devices” (Canada Health Infoway, 2013, p. 5).

Learning Activity 2 – Understanding the impact on nursing practice

The impact of information and communication technologies is all around us. In fact, there is no aspect of our lives, professional or personal, which hasn’t been impacted by the exponential growth in the use and functionality of these technologies. For example, nurse-call centres such as HealthLink Alberta (see 
http://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/healthinfo/link/index.html
) are now the norm for consumers seeking health information and guidance. If this link is not working, enter the following in your search engine:  Alberta Health Services HealthLink

How has information and communication technology impacted nursing practice? Take a few minutes and brainstorm the nursing practices that would fall into each quadrant using 
this Word document
.

Assessment

Health Promotion

Clinical Intervention

Service Organization

Once you have completed the exercise, check your ideas against the content in the following reading (see pg. 1305 of Reading 3) Postcard from the future assignment example.

Reading 3

While, A., & Dewsbury, G. (2011). Nursing and information and communication technology (ICT): A discussion of trends and future directions. 
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48
(10), 1302-1309. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnustu.2011.02.020

To retrieve this article, go to the AU Library at: 
http://library.athabascau.ca/

Type the title of the article into the AU Library search engine box (In very light font, it shows 
Search books, articles, and media
).

While and Dewsbury (2011) describe advantages and disadvantages of the use of information and communication technology in healthcare.

What do you think?

Are the advantages so strong that we should put aside potential disadvantages?

Consider this question from the perspective of the:

healthcare consumer (clients and their families)

healthcare providers (nurses, physicians)

healthcare system (administrators, government)

Does your position change dependent on the perspective you are taking?

Lastly, While and Dewsbury (2011) describe research into the impact of information and communication technology on the work life of nurses. One statement may have resonated with you, as we have all experienced using computer systems that are “cumbersome, illogical, slow, complicated and unreliable at times” (p. 1307).

Where would you place your current practice on the grid (see page 1308) between high and low use?

Are you a basic user of technology in your practice or would you consider the demands for its use making you an advanced practitioner?

Learning Activity 3 – Working in a virtual team

The use of information and communication technology in healthcare has also impacted the organization and reporting structures that nurses practice within. Virtual teams have become the norm within the regional health structures with nurse leaders assuming responsibility for programs spread across broad geographical areas. Postcard from the future assignment example Routine interactions occur by computers, email, and videoconferencing.

In Reading 4, Cowan offers eight principles to guide leadership within a virtual team. Central to this leadership is developing a professional social presence. You are encouraged as you work through this course and post comments to the unit forums to keep these principles in mind.

Reading 4

Cowan, L. D. (2014). E-Leadership: Leading in a virtual environment – Guiding principles. 
Nursing Economics$,
 
32
(6), 312-322.

Retrieved from 
http://0-search.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=99954953&site=eds-live

You can also access this information by going to the AU Library at 
http://library.athabascau.ca/
 and then, type the title of the article into the AU Library search engine box (In very light font, it shows 
Search books, articles, and media
).

Review and Reflection

Before you move on to Unit 3, consider the questions posed in this unit. Was much of the information new to you? Are you perhaps apprehensive about the depth and breadth of content? Or, did you bring to the course a strong foundation in information and communication technology?

Before moving on identify two personal learning objectives related to the use of information and communication technologies. Write these down and refer to them throughout the course.

Optional Forum Posting

Take a few minutes and review student postings found in the Unit 2 Forum. Consider your learning from this unit and should you wish, please add to the discussion on Information and Communication Technologies. Share your learning objectives if you are comfortable doing so. Offer a suggestion on the development of virtual teams. Do you manage such a team? If you are currently a member of a virtual team give your perspective on the guiding principles.

Guidelines for posting to the conference forums are found in Unit 1.

Assignment 1: Thinking Ahead

Review the requirements for Assignment 1, which is to be completed after Unit 3. Begin to think about your topic. Some of the content of this unit may be useful in completing this assignment. It is to your advantage to review the recommended readings and reflect on the questions posed and to complete the exercises presented in each unit.

Note: 
Students in NURS 322 are not permitted to submit all of their course assignments at the same time. You are expected to review the feedback provided by your tutor on each of your assignments and to incorporate that feedback into your subsequent assignments Postcard from the future assignment example.

References

Canada Health Infoway. (2013, November). 
Mobile computing in clinical settings
. White Paper (Executive Summary). Emerging Technology Series. Retrieved from 
https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/1790-mobile-computing-in-clinical-settings-white-paper-executive-summary/view-document?Itemid=101

Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing. (2013). 
Nursing informatics teaching toolkit: Supporting the integration of the CASN nursing informatics competencies into undergraduate nursing curricula. 
Ottawa: Author. Retrieved from 
http://casn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2013ENNursingInformaticsTeachingToolkit.pdf

Cowan, L. D. (2014). E-Leadership: Leading in a virtual environment – Guiding principles. 
Nursing Economics$,
 
32
(6), 312-322. Retrieved from 
http://0-search.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=99954953&site=eds-live

International Medical Informatics Association. (2011). 
The nursing informatics special interest group – definition. 
Retrieved from 
https://sites.google.com/site/imianiedwg/

While, A., & Dewsbury, G. (2011) Nursing and information and communication technology (ICT): A discussion of trends and future directions. 
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48
(10), 1302-1309. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnustu.2011.02.020.

Wilson, B. 
The nerdy nurse’s guide to technology.
 Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International. Retrieved from 
http://0-www.ebrary.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca

World Bank (2014). 
Little data book on information and communication technology
 2014. Herndon, VA: World Bank Publications. Retrieved from 
http://0-www.ebrary.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca

Last updated: January 3, 2017 ©Copyright 2016 
Athabasca University

 

Everything you need for better future and success has already been written. And guess what? All you have to do is go to the library.

Henri Frederic Amiel

Unit 3: Navigating the Digital Library

Timeline: 1 Week

Overview

Postcard from the future assignment example Some have suggested that finding information using digital library databases can be like finding the proverbial “needle in the haystack.” Developing sound search skills to access the information you need to support and inform your practice is essential to becoming an expert nurse knowledge worker.

If you can effectively use the Internet, why do you also need to learn to use and search the digital library? A good question! Think about how you normally search for information. Where do you go? What search engines do you use and what databases do you normally access for information? What were the most common types of sites and information that you found? What was their underlying purpose?

In this unit, you will learn about the kinds of resources stored in digital libraries and how to search for information stored in those repositories. Although the primary focus of this unit is learning to use online journal databases, the skills you acquire will also be useful in locating e-texts and other resources commonly found in a digital library.

Welcome Video

Watch this video and learn more this unit.

322 Unit 3
 from 
CNHS AU
 on 
Vimeo
.

Click on this 
http://library.athabascau.ca/WelcomeVideo.html
 as an introduction to the plethora of resources available to students within Athabasca University’s Library Resources.

Unit Learning Outcomes

After completing Unit 3, you will be able to meet or exceed the following unit learning outcomes and:

discuss how information found on the Internet differs from that found in digital library databases;

explore the acquisition of knowledge through Internet and library holdings; and

conduct an effective literature search using a digital journal database.

Postcard from the future assignment example

As you read, try not to become overwhelmed by the number of new terms introduced. You will become more familiar with them as you work through this unit.

Learning Activities and Resources

Learning Activity 1 – A practical example

The information found in digital libraries commonly comprises scholarly works that have been subjected to peer review. This may or may not be the case with information found elsewhere. What does it mean to say that a scholarly work has been peer reviewed? Peer review means “a process by which a scholarly work (such as a paper or a research proposal) is checked by a group of experts in the same field to make sure it meets the necessary standards before it is published or accepted.” Retrieved from:  
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peer%20review
.

List some of the reasons why peer review is deemed to be an important indicator of the quality of an article.

Which of these reasons would you consider to be most significant? And why?

Not all articles in peer-reviewed journals are necessarily peer-reviewed. Consider, for example, the editorials found at the beginning of most peer-reviewed journals.

What is the primary purpose(s) of an editorial?

What influence might those purposes have on a reader’s evaluation of the information contained in an editorial?

Let us explore this further by examining an editorial in a recent issue of the Canadian Nurse.

First
, if you do not know your Athabasca University Library identification number, contact the AU Library (library@athabascau.ca). You cannot complete this unit without using your Library identification number, as it provides access to the online library databases. You also need access to the library to complete the literature reviews required for your assignments in this and other courses in your program.

Once you have entered the AU library, you can find the journal holdings by opening the drop down menu labeled 
Find Resources
. Then, under the heading 
Find Resources by
 
Subject/Name
, click on the link 
Journal Title Name
 and enter the search words “Canadian Nurse.” This will bring you to the Canadian Nurse holdings by database. Open the tab entitled 
CINAHL Plus with Full Text
 to locate a recent issue.  Postcard from the future assignment example Not an efficient way to search? What would be easier?

Now that you have located the journal, read the editorial in a recent edition. Some questions to reflect upon:

To what extent did you agree or disagree with the editor’s comments? Why or why not?

Is it legitimate to use an editor’s point of view in writing a scholarly paper? Why or why not?

Before you move on in this unit, consider the term 
evidence-based practice
. What does this mean to you and your nursing practice? Consider the definitions found in the reading below. While you are there, check out the resources at 
www.nurseone.ca
. You will want to bookmark this site for future reference. The second reading describes how evidence is used to inform and enhance nursing practice.

Reading 1

Canadian Nurses Association. (2016). 
Definitions galore
. Retrieved from 
https://www.nurseone.ca/en/tools/evidence-based-practice/definitions-galore

Reading 2

Canadian Nurses Association. (2010). 
Position statement: Evidence-informed decision-making and nursing practice. 
Retrieved from 
https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/ps113_evidence_informed_2010_e.pdf?la=en

Learning Activity 2 – Conducting a Literature Search Using Digital Journal Databases

Even though you may have used an online journal database in the past, you are encouraged to work through the following exercises. Doing so will assist you to refine your skills further.

Digital journal databases provide online access to a number of journals that focus on nursing and health as well as other fields of study. Three of the most commonly used health-related databases are:

CINAHL Plus with Full Text (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)

ProQuest Nursing Journals

SCOPUS

Select a topic from the editorial you examined earlier. Then, search each of these three online journal databases for information about your topic. Experiment with altering your search term slightly or combine it with other search terms to make your search more efficient. Pay attention to the “key words” or “search terms” listed in the articles you retrieve, as sometimes they provide valuable clues for finding other articles about the same subject.

You can also narrow your search by selecting some of the other options presented in the specific database you are using (e.g., limit your search to certain years, peer-reviewed/refereed articles, articles for which the full text is available, articles written in English). The 
help 
function embedded in the database you are using will assist you to learn more about these options.

To keep track of the findings of your search, use 
this printable chart (in Word .doc format)
.

What was your search term?

How many results did it generate?

What was the nature of the first 20 results (e.g., theoretical article; report of a research study; best practice guideline; editorial; other)?

For each entry, note whether the same article was retrieved in any of the other databases. Can you explain the reason(s) for this?

How is the order in which the search results are listed determined? Why is this important to the user?

Two excellent resources to help you hone your search skills are found in the next readings.

Reading 3

Athabasca University. (2012, June 30). 
AU library’s guide to the research process.
 Retrieved from 
http://libguides.athabascau.ca/researchprocess

Reading 4

University of Illinois. (2009, September 1). 
Tips for searching article databases. 
Retrieved from 
http://www.library.illinois.edu/bix/pdf/genguide/searchtips.pdf

Learning Activity 3 – Enhancing Your Skills

Following are some tips to help you cite the articles you retrieve in your scholarly papers.

Using PDF Files

Return to the ProQuest Nursing Journals database and re-enter your search term. Select one of the articles for which 
Abstract
, 
Full Text
, and 
Full Text PDF 
formats are available. How do these three formats differ in terms of content and appearance?

Hint
: The 
Full Text PDF
 version is identical to the print version of the same article. Use the PDF version when you are writing a scholarly paper. This is particularly important if you are using a direct quote from the article as it will allow you to cite the precise page number on which that quote is found. Consult your APA Manual, 6th Edition (2010) to learn how to construct a
reference citation
for a direct quote.

Saving Persistent Links

Did you know that you can return directly to a specific article in your literature search by copying the persistent link for the article into another file? If you copy the persistent link into the reference list of your paper immediately following the reference citation for the article, your reader (e.g., classmate; tutor; colleague) can also go directly to the article if she or he has access to the Athabasca University Library. It also allows you to consult the same article later without repeating your search. More information is available on the AU library webpage: 
http://libguides.athabascau.ca/persistentlinks.

Using RefWorks to Organize References

How can you organize your references? A great tool that we invite you to explore is RefWorks, a web-based bibliography and database manager that enables you to create a personal database to import references from text files or online databases. Then as you use these references in writing papers, you can use RefWorks to automatically format the paper and the bibliography in seconds.

Information on accessing and using RefWorks is found at 
http://library.athabascau.ca/Refworks.html
. You can sign-up for a new account using your AthabascaU credentials.

Review and Reflection

Learning to retrieve the information you need to support your practice is not an easy task. Try not to be discouraged if you are not immediately successful. Using synonyms or other related terms will sometimes yield better results.

How will your learning in this unit change the way you conduct your background research in preparing to complete a course assignment or write a scholarly paper in the future?

Altering your search term will improve your results. It may take several search attempts to retrieve a term, or combination of terms, that is neither too narrow nor too broad.

The purpose of your search will assist you in deciding how many databases you should consult in completing your literature review. If you are developing a set of best practice guidelines, you will need to consult a larger number of databases to ensure that you retrieve all of the current research related to the topic. Conversely, if you are trying to find a specific article written by a particular author, searching one or two databases may be sufficient to quickly locate it.

A Helpful Hint!

When you conduct a literature search using an electronic journal database, look for terms such as 
peer reviewed
 or 
refereed
 in the options offered for narrowing the scope of your search.

Optional Conference Forum

If you wish, you may join the Unit 3 Forum and share tips you have learned to enhance your digital journal database search skills. Guidelines for posting to the conference forums are found in Unit 1.

Assignment 1

Review the requirements for Assignment 1, which is to be completed after Unit 3. At this point you should have confirmed your topic and will find that the content of this unit is helpful. It is to your advantage to review the recommended readings and reflect on the questions posed and to complete the exercises presented in each unit prior to completing the assignments. You may wish to refer to this useful reference webpage  
http://libguides.athabascau.ca/researchprocess
.

Note: 
Students in NURS 322 are not permitted to submit all of their course assignments at the same time.

References

Athabasca University. (2012, June 30). 
AU library’s guide to the research process.
 Retrieved from 
http://libguides.athabascau.ca/researchprocess

Canadian Nurses Association. (2016). 
Definitions galore
. Retrieved from 
https://www.nurseone.ca/en/tools/evidence-based-practice/definitions-galore

Canadian Nurses Association. (2010). 
Position statement: Evidence-informed decision-making and nursing practice. 
Retrieved from 
https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/ps113_evidence_informed_2010_e.pdf?la=en

Merriam Webster. (n.d.). 
Peer review.
 Retrieved from 
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peer%20review
  Postcard from the future assignment example

Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Assignment Essay Example

Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim

Evidence-based practice relies heavily on use of available scientific evidence to formulate policies and improve nursing practice. EBP involves incorporating clinical expertise, the best research evidence available, patient values/preferences, and best practices into patient care and clinical decision making. Using EBP strategies, healthcare professionals and providers can interpret the research findings into clinical practices that will enhance the quality of care offered and improve patient outcomes (Sikka et al., 2015). EBP encourages researchers to improve their skills in collecting the best evidence and literature. Therefore, healthcare providers can utilize their researching skills to apply existing scientific knowledge when making care plans for their patients and in their daily practice to maximize the quality of care offered to patients. Healthcare professionals often make health- related decisions for patients in their practice with a bid to improve the quality of life. These decisions should be based on current research and modern treatment options. EBP aims to improve patient-provider engagement by improving inter-professional collaboration and emphasizing on shared decision making. In addition, healthcare providers are expected to embrace a positive attitude towards EBP and acquire the necessary skills for its adoption into clinical practice (Sikka et al., 2015) Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Assignment Essay Example .

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Evidence based practice (EBP) is a systematic approach used by organizations to achieve quadruple aim in healthcare. The quadruple aim has four major goals which include reduction of healthcare costs, improvement of patient experience, and improvement of population health and work-life of healthcare professionals (Crabtree et al., 2016). Quadruple aim plans to achieve the four goals through redesigning and restructuring of healthcare facilities. Through quadruple aim, organizations aim to achieve health equity by providing patient centric care, utilizing organization’s capacities and capabilities to deliver optimal care, and mitigating errors that limit patient engagement and healthcare delivery. Achievement of quadruple aim goals has faced setbacks in improving population health and reducing healthcare related costs which in turn affects effectiveness and efficiency in healthcare delivery. EBP may have an impact on the factors influencing quadruple aim (patient experience, population health, costs, and work life of healthcare providers). When organizations adopt EBP to improve quality of services and value of care patients receive in clinical settings (Jacobs et al., 2018). Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Assignment Essay Example  Similarly, EBP has a direct impact on patient experience, cost of healthcare, and the work life of healthcare providers as explained in the section below.

How EBP influences the Four Goals of Quadruple Aim

 Patient experience

Patient experience involves enhancing the quality of services offered to patients and reducing errors in patient care. Healthcare providers can utilize strategies used in EBP to translate research findings into clinical practice based on individual patient needs (Sikka et al., 2015). This will help the care providers to offer patient-centric care which will improve the quality and safety of care received. Organizations are adopting EBP to solve clinical issues that impact patient care leading to improved patient care. EBP obligates healthcare providers to formulate intervention based on scientific research and comprehend effectiveness or risks of a diagnostic treatment. EBP allows patients to have a proactive role in their treatment and raise concerns.

 

Population Health

It aims at providing populations with information that help them to determine their health status, limitations of particular treatments and cultural practices, and benefits of individual procedures and practices. In addition, identification of population health needs help policy makers in ensuring efficient and equitable distribution of resources (Crabtree et al., 2016). Populations are classified based on their needs which help in addressing the identified needs and shaping healthcare patterns based on the subgroups. Improving population health relies heavily on EBP as healthcare professionals use it to determine prevailing conditions such as obesity in particular communities, their causes, and how to reduce their prevalence (Jacobs et al., 2018) Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Assignment Essay Example . EBP allows access to higher quality information and best practices that help in promoting the success of quality improvement programs.

Costs

Patients spend a substantial amount when not receiving the highest quality of care from health providers. Rate of readmissions increase as a result of low quality of care and in turn increases treatment cost as patients have to pay for services they would not need to if they had received the appropriate treatment. Healthcare organizations have to deal with the challenge of providing quality health services at lower costs while remaining afloat in the market. EBP has helped these organizations to embrace latest healthcare technologies which improve efficiency and quality of care (Crabtree et al., 2016). The organizations experience an increase in capital costs while investing in the modern equipment in the short run. In the long run, the cost of treatment decreases as the quality of care increases and rates of readmission are lowered.

 

The work-life of healthcare providers

Healthcare providers require a conducive environment that supports inter-professional collaboration and nurtures career growth and development. EBP practices promotes collaboration, patient-provider engagement, patient outcomes, reduce employee burnout, and promotes staff productivity (Crabtree et al., 2016). Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Assignment Essay Example  EBP also promotes formulation of policies that support employee welfare and engages staff in active decision making which ensures that employees are well motivated. Knowledge retrieved from EBP guides the healthcare providers in settling for the right interventions based on patient needs which reduces workload (Jacobs et al., 2018). For instance, the introduction of electronic health records have made work easier by replacing tedious paper work.

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In summary, EBP has a positive impact on quadruple aim elements by enhancing quality of care which in turn promotes patient experiences and outcomes. For healthcare providers to provide quality and safe services to patients, they need to be very productive, motivated, and knowledgeable. In addition, the healthcare workers will require a conducive and nurturing environment to remain productive. The healthcare services need to be cost effective to ensure patients can afford them and the organization offering the services will remain afloat Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Assignment Essay Example.

 
References

Crabtree, E., Brennan, E., Davis, A., & Coyle, A. (2016). Improving Patient Care Through Nursing Engagement in Evidence‐Based Practice. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 13(2), 172-175.

Jacobs, B., McGovern, J., Heinmiller, J., & Drenkard, K. (2018). Engaging employees in well-being: moving from the triple aim to the quadruple aim. Nursing administration quarterly, 42(3), 231-245 Assignment: Evidence-Based Practice and the

Sikka, R., Morath, J. M., & Leape, L. (2015). The quadruple aim: care, health, cost and meaning in work. 
BMJ quality & safety
, 
24
(10), 608-610.

To Prepare:

Read the articles by Sikka, Morath, & Leape (2015); Crabtree, Brennan, Davis, & Coyle (2016); and Kim et al. (2016) provided in the Resources.

Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Assignment Essay Example

Reflect on how EBP might impact (or not impact) the Quadruple Aim in healthcare.

Consider the impact that EBP may have on factors impacting these quadruple aim elements, such as preventable medical errors or healthcare delivery.

To Complete:

Write a brief analysis (no longer than 2 pages) of the connection between EBP and the Quadruple Aim.

Your analysis should address how EBP might (or might not) help reach the Quadruple Aim, including each of the four measures of:

Patient experience

Population health

Costs

Work life of healthcare providers

Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Assignment Essay Example

Philosophy Assignment

Overview

The contributions of Karl Marx in the field of philosophy have often been described as exemplary and outstanding due to the angle adopted when it comes to logical and rational reasoning. The prowess and proficiency demonstrated by Marx when it comes to dissecting troublesome issues in society is one of the aspects that makes this individual an exceptional scholar. The theory of alienation is one of the academic concepts that is synonymous with this philosopher where he attempts to explain how the human race finds itself distanced from the world of reality. The viewpoints and opinions of Marx are known to be purely philosophical where he adopts the common teachings in society to pass across a valid point. The massive influence that these teachings have on most people is evidently conspicuous since most of them are contained in academic syllabuses and teaching curricula. This paper is a philosophical essay that evaluates the first manuscript of Marx and how it talks about the theory of alienation for the human species alienation for the human species by karl marx.

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Essay Task

Marx in the 1844 first manuscript explains the concept of being alienated from one’s species being. What is species being and how are we alienated from species being as a consequence of living within a capitalist system of production? How in particular do you experience this alienation?

 

Body

The concept of estranged labor forms the foundation of the philosophical topic of the first manuscript where Marx endeavors to show that the society is mainly divided into two main factions. The first one is comprised of people who are opulent such that they own the massive share of property within their respective society. Alienation for the human species by karl marx the opposite is true for the second category that is actually made up of workers and laborers who work for the people that own the property

(Fluxman, 378). Marx argues that the people who do not own property or the “property-less” group are the ones that suffer from alienation and estrangement within the society that they inhabit.

This isolation often occurs because the individual who does not own any property or assets feels that the work that they do is the only thing that makes them relevant such that they objectify it throughout their lives (McGuigan, 323). What’s more, this laborer, begins to associate their entire life with the work that they do such that all their efforts are invested into the object that makes them work in the first place. Despite this hard work, the person does not actually get to have ownership rights for the fruits of their labor and this is where the principles of capitalism begin to manifest. The first manuscript in the words of Marx asserts that the “property-less” worker begins to become alienated as he or she continues to become indulged and engaged in their daily routine (Marshall, 2).

This is because they often feel that everything that they are doing forms a significant contribution to the external world. Secondly, there is another form of alienation that Marx describes in his philosophical writing of the first manuscript. This estrangement revolves around the process of becoming distant from one’s species and individual identity. Marx explains that work forms a very fundamental and integral part of human life such that any person often associates it with their overall purpose in life (Ouellet, 23).  The concept of being a species simply describes what it entails to be human from a philosophical and sociological perspective. Marx’s manuscript clearly outlines how the intellectual ability sets a vivid distinction between human beings and other creatures.

It is through the process of being able to transform abstract or inanimate matter into something useful that constitutes a critical part of the human race (Archibald, 119).  In fact, the human species is most known for being able to convert and later objects in the natural world into a practical activity in the form of work. However, the modern system of owning property actually leads to alienation because the worker in this case tends to lose their purpose in life and even their identity of self.

Marx’s manuscript continues to assert that the human being is a living species not because he is able to survive through his instincts, but also because he can express himself in different ways (Renault, 702). Further, the human species is able to treat themselves in a universal manner that makes them a free spirit as well. This quality is largely interfered with when the issue of alienation and estrangement sets in because it prevents the normal human from living as a free spirit. Instead, the person becomes caught up in the web of work, profession and careers such that it is objectified as a means of survival (Archibald, 119).

The capitalist system of production is described by Marx as the reason why man is constantly working in order to satisfy an urgent need in their lives. This need is what adds significant meaning to their physical existence in the first place. The theory of alienation according to Marx is an important concept in philosophy that demonstrates how forces of impersonation dominate the contemporary society. It is the innate desire to improve one’s life that makes the human species obsessed with making the most out of their lives such that they become entangled in the process (McGuigan, 325).

The notion of species-being actually centers on showing how humans unite themselves with work, nature and also with one another. It is also through all of these spheres that the process of alienation often takes place where a person can be distanced from the object of production or also from the activity itself. In the view of Marx, the element of labor largely contributes to the process of being estranged in the sense that this activity does not only lead to production, but is also makes the worker to become a commodity as well (Marshall, 2).

This simply means that it is possible for the human species to become objectified once they become immersed in the world of production.

The process of being alienated as a result of the capitalist system of production highly manifests itself even in the present world. The “property-less” group who form the larger proportion of workers are the ones who are constantly working in order to try and improve their lives (Ouellet, 24). This is regardless of the fact that they do not have the liberty or freedom to own the fruits of their labor or even become a partial owner to it. On the contrary, the capitalist minority get to enjoy the fruits of production because they are the ones who own a majority of the assets and property in society.

It is through the constant efforts of the worker to upgrade their lives and standards of living that makes them become obsessed with the idea of objectification in production such that they end up being visualized as a tangible item in the end (Ouellet, 24). The manner in which a worker becomes stripped of their own species-being when the capitalists system is in play takes center stage in the current society. From a personal perspective, I believe that most people in the society actually become entangled in the process of work because it is their only ticket to survival. They do not work because of the end product they create or the activity that they engage in on a daily basis, but instead, they only remain connected because they are able to sustain themselves through it (Fluxman, 379).

Marx clearly explains that the human species simply works because it is the only way they know how to live. In the process, they get to alienate themselves from who they truly are and it becomes even more difficult to live as a free spirit. Further, I have also observed that the connection between nature and humanity is terminated when a person becomes too much immersed in the workplace. In fact, it sometimes gets to a point where a person begins to feel like a slave such that they believe that their employer only values their output and not their individuality (Fluxman, 379) alienation for the human species by karl marx. This phenomenon occurs in virtually most organizations where most staff members feel that they are more of a laborer and less of an autonomous being and this makes them forget their values as a species-being.

In a recap, the first manuscript according to Marx presents a valuable and vital concept on the topic of alienation and how capitalist thoughts in production have contributed to worsening the situation. The existence of two main groups of the property owners and the “property-less people is what Marx believes is the genesis of the alienation and estrangement in among the human species.

Works Cited

Archibald, W. Peter. “Using Marx’s Theory of Alienation Empirically.” Theory & Society, vol. 6, no. 1, July 2008, p. 119. EBSCOhost,

Fluxman, Tony. “Marx, Rationalism and the Critique of the Market.” South African Journal of Philosophy, vol. 28, no. 4, Nov. 2009, pp. 377-413. EBSCOhost,

Marshall, Peter. “A Marxist Theory …What Goes Around….” Human Resources Magazine, vol. 10, no. 2, June 2005, p. 2. EBSCOhost,

McGuigan, Jim. “Creative Labour, Cultural Work and Individualisation.” International Journal of Cultural Policy, vol. 16, no. 3, Aug. 2010, pp. 323-335. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/10286630903029658.

Ouellet, Maxime. “Revisiting Marx’s Value Theory: Elements of a Critical Theory of Immaterial Labor in Informational Capitalism.” Information Society, vol. 31, no. 1, Jan/Feb2015, pp. 20-27. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/01972243.2015.977628.

Renault, Emmanuel. “Three Marxian Approaches to Recognition.” Ethical Theory & Moral Practice, vol. 16, no. 4, Aug. 2013, pp. 699-711. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s10677-013-9413-8 alienation for the human species by karl marx.

Assignment: Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

NURS – 6050C: Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

For the past three decades, there has been a significant shift in the U.S. approach to health care from the biomedical healthcare model to the biopsychosocial framework of comprehending well-being states and illness, especially for patients with chronic diseases (Aggar et al., 2021). In the last decade, newer interventions focusing on the social constituent of care have emerged, including the introduction of health coaches, walking groups, physical activity/exercise on prescription, art on prescription, and social prescribing, with some empirical evidence of behavioral transformation (Carnes et al., 2017). The above social prescription programs are designed to allow patients to enhance their self-care skills, mitigate complications, and play a role in tackling health inequities by establishing social support networks (Alliance for Healthier Communities, n.d.). The design and implementation of social prescription programs call for collaborative efforts among clinicians. Recently, TGK Hospital introduced music on prescription program at their Annex site in Atlanta. I interviewed the nurse executive manager (NE) of the hospital to establish the nursing role in the program design and implementation, and presented in this paper is the interview transcript showing the NE’s responses to specific questions about the program Assignment: Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation.

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Interviewer: Tell us about a healthcare program, within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?

 Interviewee:
Social prescription is an inventive advance that targets to connect primary care patients with social support sources in the voluntary sector and within communities to aid them to improve their wellbeing, health, and care encounters (Pescheny et al., 2018). It offers our medical staff a non-clinical referral alternative, which runs beside clinical therapies, to tackle non-medical elements perpetuating and precipitating diseases and regularly result in frequent hospital visits. We have implemented music on prescription, and so far, it has enabled physicians, advanced nurse practitioners, and other interdisciplinary staff to officially refer elderly patients to community-based music programs (Pescheny et al., 2018). The estimated cost of the program is approximately $45,000/year, with the projected outcomes including improvements in general, mental, and emotional wellbeing, improved quality of life, and alleviated levels of anxiety and depression (Husk et al., 2019). The above will reduce hospitalization costs and allow our staff to focus on clinical cases.

Interviewer:
Who is your target population?

Interviewee:
The music on prescription program at TGK Hospital targets primarily elderly patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses, including Alzheimer’s dementia, cancer, pain, and those with depression with or without suicidal ideations.

Interviewer:
What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program? Can you provide examples?

Interviewee:
Available empirical have shown that in hospitals where social prescribing is a common practice, patients with chronic ailments receiving music on prescription feel less isolated, made 38% fewer emergency department units, and 47% fewer hospital visits (Aggar et al., 2021; Philip et al., 2019). Despite the above benefits, the uptake has remained relatively low mainly due to the failure to include nurses in the design and execution of the programs. Registered nurses (RNs) serve pertinent roles in guaranteeing the efficacy of the novel type of healthcare. RNs are already taking care of geriatric patients with chronic illnesses. Consequently, they can assist in identifying the patients at risk of social isolation and those qualifying for social prescription interventions (Pescheny et al., 2018).

Interviewer:
What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program? Do you have input into design decisions? How else do you impact design?

Interviewee:
My specialty of practice is geriatric nurse practitioner, and I have worked with elderly patients for more than two decades. Through my long working experience, I have noted that a large share of my patients was experiencing feelings of loneliness, which substantially contributed to chronic depression and suicidal ideations, particularly those with Alzheimer’s dementia (Aftab & Shah, 2017; Ward et al., 2020). Thus, I took part in the search for evidence-based practice to mitigate suicidal thoughts in the abovementioned population and used the findings to push for the adoption of music on prescription programs at the hospital level. I attended a social prescription workshop in the U.K in early 2019, where I acquired knowledge on the design of the programs. Besides steering the interdisciplinary team involved in the design and implementation of the initiative, I am also a trainer of the frontline linking workers for the program Assignment: Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation.

Interviewer:

What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation? How does this role vary between the design and implementation of healthcare programs? Can you provide examples?

Interviewee:
RNs not only have the requisite skills, knowledge, and competencies to facilitate referrals but also the community connections to establish the services and groups that align with patients’ interests and preferences. Thus, while at the design stage their role was limited to developing proposals touching on the screening procedures of patients who are likely to profit from the program, RNs serve as champions, network events to share best practices and ensure collective understanding of the program, and facilitate the integration of the initiative into the hospital’s healthcare system (Pescheny et al., 2018). In particular, RNs help in the evaluation of the program by continuously mapping the attainment of the program outcomes vis-à-vis implementation goals.

Interviewer: Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe is most needed to implement a program? Can you explain why?

Interviewee:
Music on prescription is a broad initiative involving a diversity of stakeholders from various disciplines, including the hospital, patients, and community-based music providers. In the above view, the requisite members of the healthcare team include the patients’ physicians, who are responsible for identifying non-medical music on prescription and prescribing it to the patients (Alliance for Healthier Communities, n.d.). RNs and community-based assistant nurses are important in the program implementation as they link the patients to the appropriate social prescription program grounded on self-identified needs and interests, as well as support their self-care journey (Alliance for Healthier Communities, n.d.). Lastly, the hospital management committee facilitates the execution plan by facilitating the financial aspect of the program.

Conclusion

The
objective
of the paper was to examine the nursing role in the program design and implementation from the perspective of TGK Hospital’s NEs perspective through a one-on-one interview. From the interview transcript, it is apparent that TGK hospital has implemented music on prescription program. The above is a type of social prescription that offers a non-clinical referral alternative, which runs beside clinical therapies, to tackle non-medical elements perpetuating and precipitating diseases and regularly result in frequent hospital visits. The program targets elderly patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses. At the design level, RNs assist in identifying the patients at risk of social isolation and those qualifying for social prescription interventions. At the implementation stage, RNs help in the incorporation of the program into the hospital’s culture Assignment: Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

 

 

 

 

References

Aftab, A., & Shah, A. A. (2017). Behavioral emergencies: Special considerations in the geriatric psychiatric patient.
Psychiatric Clinics of North America
,
40
(3), 449–462).  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.05.010

Aggar, C., Thomas, T., Gordon, C., Bloomfield, J., & Baker, J. (2021). Social prescribing for individuals living with mental illness in an Australian Community setting: A pilot study.
Community Mental Health Journal
,
57
(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10597-020-00631-6

Alliance for Healthier Communities. (n.d.).
Social prescribing.
 https://www.allianceon.org/Social-Prescribing

Carnes, D., Sohanpal, R., Frostick, C., Hull, S., Mathur, R., Netuveli, G., Tong, J., Hutt, P., & Bertotti, M. (2017). The impact of social prescribing service on patients in primary care: A mixed-methods evaluation.
BMC Health Services Research
,
17
(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12913-017-2778-Y/TABLES/5 Assignment: Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

Husk, K., Elston, J., Gradinger, F., Callaghan, L., & Asthana, S. (2019). Social prescribing: Where is the evidence?
British Journal of General Practice
,
69
(678), 6–7. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X700325

Pescheny, J., Pappas, Y., & Randhawa, G. (2018). Social prescribing: Implementation and delivery.
International Journal of Integrated Care
,
18
(s2), 214. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.s2214

Philip, K., Lewis, A., & Hopkinson, N. S. (2019). Music and dance in chronic lung disease.
Breathe
,
15
(2), 116–120. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0007-2019

Ward, M. C., Milligan, C., Rose, E., Elliott, M., & Wainwright, B. R. (2020). The benefits of community-based participatory arts activities for people living with dementia: A thematic scoping review.
Arts & Health
,
00
(00), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2020.1781217 Assignment: Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

Relationship between overtime work and decayed teeth research paper

Introduction to Statistics and Research – SR 134

ARTICLE ANALYSIS/EVALUATION

Assignment Guidelines

A successfully written assignment largely depends on a deep understanding of the main topic, finding the most recent scholarly sources (textbooks and research articles) in relation to the subject, and following different criteria of the rubric brochure (see pages 2-3).

This assignment is designed to allow you to assess a particular research paper
(ATTACHED).

For this assignment, you will work individually. The main goal of this assignment is to prepare an essay regarding specific research in the field of healthcare sciences.

Evaluate the research paper from the viewpoint of the subsequent sections:

1. Main title

2. Abstract and keywords

3. Introduction

4. Materials and methods

5. Results and discussion

6. References

The following criteria will be used to evaluate your essays:

A. Layout and organization (clear pattern and method of organization)

B. Accuracy and clarity (accuracy of facts and scientific concepts using different examples)

C. Creativity (critical thinking and feasible interpretation using tables and figures)

D. Writing style (correct spelling and punctuation as well as numbering and bullets)

E. Sources (Relevant citations and scholarly sources in APA format)

 

Introduction to Statistics and Research – SR 134

Topic: Relationship between overtime work and decayed teeth

Abstract

It is evident that longer working hours has an impact on the oral health of an individual. This study employed a qualitative research design where web based questionnaires were administered to participants in order to determine the relationship between overtime work and decayed teeth. The study’s results established that there is a link between overtime work and tooth decay among fulltime employees in the fiscal industry Relationship between overtime work and decayed teeth research paper .

Introduction

There is no doubt that working for longer hours has a negative impact on the health of an individual. Diseases like diabetes mellitus, depression, anxiety, circulatory diseases as well as psychological disorders such as cognitive function, sleep disorder are all linked to overtime working. However, it is crucial to note that since working for long hours has a negative influence on the lifestyle of an individual; it is accurate to conclude that it also contributes to tooth decay. Working for longer hours increases the possibility of tooth decay. This is because employees who work for longer hours have limited time to take care of their teeth. The most common causes of permanent teeth loss are periodontitis and caries. Notably, periodontal disease is the primary reason why people extract their tooth across all ages. Tooth decay is increasingly turning into a major health scare across various ages and as a result, it is crucial for working populations to treat the disease at the earliest opportunity possible (Yoshino et al, n.d).

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Materials and Methods

           
This study adopted a qualitative research design. A qualitative research method allows the researcher to collect descriptive data.  Against this background, the researcher used primary data collection tools. Online questionnaires were administered to working populations who met the following selection criteria: aged between 25 – 65, employed within the Kanto vicinity in Japan, full-time employees and employed in the fiscal sector – insurance, securities and bank.  The questionnaires were sent to the participants via email. This was a web-based research and as a result, it allowed the researcher to overcome the challenges associated with primary data collection techniques such as inadequate finance, resources and time. The questionnaires primarily focused on finding out information linked to the oral health behavior of the participants. The participants filled out information on how regular they brushed their teeth, how often do they visit a dentist for checkups, as well as whether they have untreated carries.  These statistics aimed at equipping the researcher with a general overview of the health status of the respondent and also allow the researcher to find out if any link between working overtime and oral health diseases exists. The respondents were also required to fill out information about their working hours Relationship between overtime work and decayed teeth research paper  . This information helped the researcher to link working hours to teeth decay.

Results and Discussions

The study found out that the mean age of respondents who worked overtime was as follows SD 8.1 (51. 6 years); 0 – 45 hours, SD 8.8 ( 47 years) 45- 80 hours, SD 7.7 (46.6 years) and SD 8.6 ( 45.5 years) over 80 hours (Yoshino et al, n.d). From these statistics, it is clear that the mean age reduced with the amount of extra time spent at work per month Relationship between overtime work and decayed teeth research paper . Data from the study also showed that respondents with the following traits – highest level of education, higher overtime working hours, and those who brush their teeth fewer than twice a day had untreated decayed teeth.

Undisputable, oral health status is primarily influenced by socio-economic status, gender, job stress and educational background. Consequently, this study selected individuals working within the same sector and vicinity in order to avoid influences from confounding aspects.  From this study, it is clearly evident that there is a relationship between tooth decay and overtime work. The study
showed
that there is a link between untreated decayed teeth and extra time work in financial sector employees. The study found out that there is a relationship between tooth decay and educational background. This point out to the fact that oral health awareness is crucial even to employees in the financial sector despite their high income and level of education.

Reference

Yoshino, K. (n.d).
Relationship between overtime work and decayed teeth Relationship between overtime work and decayed teeth research paper

By Day 3 of Week 7

Post
 a description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed. Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples.

By Day 6 of Week 7

Respond
 to at least 
two
 of your colleagues
* on two different days
 by either supporting or respectfully challenging their explanation on whether there is an
evidence base to support the proposed health policy
they described.

For this discussion, I selected the Mental Health Services for Students Act of 2020 as my proposed health care policy. If passed, this bill would grant authority for the Project AWARE (Advancing Wellness and Resiliency in Education) program to provide mental health services in schools. This program is run by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA) and would provide care to students dealing with trauma such as grief, suicidal ideations, and violence (Congress.gov, 2020). Project AWARE would advance mental health awareness and staff training to identify and handle these types of students correctly. Behavioral interventions and family involvement in preventing mental illness and alleviating trauma would also be components of this program. Lastly, this program would also establish a way for children to report incidents.

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Because children are at school almost as much as at home, school is an excellent place to intervene, prevent, and detect mental health problems. Students commonly experience mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, substance abuse, grief, bullying, and stress (NASP, 2021). Providing mental health services in schools can aid in removing the stigma around mental illness and encourage more students to seek help when they need it. Assisting these types of students will promote better learning and safety for the children. Early detection of mental illness is also a benefit of providing services within the school because staff will be able to collaborate with the family to discuss what they see at school versus what the parents notice.

I believe that there is an evidence base to support the Mental Health Services for Students Act because multiple studies have been conducted on the subject. For instance, in North Carolina, a tier prevention model called Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) was placed in an effort to triage students’ needs (Schultz et al., 2020). In Tier 1 of this model, all students are screened for mental or behavioral health issues that may require intervention. Tier 2 involves students whose interventions from Tier 1 did not work or could be improved. Lastly, Tier 3 focuses more specifically on each individual’s needs, potentially involving one-on-one therapy. I found this strategy to be exceptionally organized and systematic in helping the students who need mental health services. Aside from this strategy, many other methods exist for implementing mental health care in the school system. The Mental Health Services for Students Act could be very beneficial in changing the lives of many students, especially those whose issues may otherwise go unaddressed.

References

Congress.gov. (2020, September 30). H.R.1109 – 
Mental Health Services for Students Act of 2020.
 Congress.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1109/text.

National Association of School Psychologists. (2021). 
Comprehensive school-based mental and Behavioral Health Services and school psychologists.
 National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/mental-health/school-psychology-and-mental-health/comprehensive-school-based-mental-and-behavioral-health-services-and-school-psychologists.

Schultz, B. K., Al-Hammori, D., Mirabelli, K., & Gaither, L. (2020). Mental Health Services in North Carolina’s Public Schools. North Carolina Medical Journal, 81(2), 111–115. https://doi.org/10.18043/ncm.81.2.111

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10 months ago

Quanza Mooring 
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RE: Discussion – Week 7

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I lived in NC for most of my life. I remember years ago when the two largest inpatient mental health facilities down-sized, one closing all together. Patients who had not lived outside the facility for years were suddenly thrust into communities they were completely unfamiliar with. For some outpatient treatment worked well, for others, though, outpatient treatment was not enough. As you mention, rural areas are often lacking in access to mental health care, however, many nurses in urban areas that have larger numbers of mental health professionals feel access is still subpar. As you consider this bill, do you feel it goes far enough to help improve access and affordability for all patients who may need it?

Dr. Mooring

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10 months ago

Blessing Nnakwu 

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Hello Marissa,

This act is a very useful one because it allows us to help students with their mental health, which is very important in ensuring we get adults who are more stable and more prepared to appropriately handle their mental health. According to the website of the congresswoman that introduced this bill, It has been implemented in Congresswoman Napolitano’s congressional district (in 35 schools) since 2001 and has been very successful (Napolitano, n.d.). My hope is that with the introduction of this bill, we will begin to see a decrease in suicide rates because the children this bill covers would finally be receiving the help they desperately need to process things. Currently in Congresswoman Napolitano’s district (32nd district in California), there are 17 firearm suicides on average which is pretty low compared to some of the surrounding districts, which are in the 30s-40s, which could serve as further proof that this bill is in need of being implemented in schools everywhere (Everytown Research & Policy, 2020).

References

Napolitano, G. (n.d.) Facts on the mental health services for students act. 
https://napolitano.house.gov/issues/hr-721-mental-health-services-students-act/facts-mental-health-services-students-act

Everytown Research & Policy. (2020, Oct. 2). 
Firearm suicide by congressional district. 
https://everytownresearch.org/report/firearm-suicide-by-congressional-district/ 

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10 months ago

Precious Dixon 

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Hi Marissa, I enjoyed reading your post, very informative and such a great topic. Mental health is so real and so overlooked, especially amongst our youth. This act will be very useful in early detection of mental issues/concerns such as depression, suicide, anxiety or hopelessness. I try to do “mental health checks” with our kids and my husband, just a way to keep track of what we are all facing everyday and offer support.

References

Congress.gov. (2020, September 30). H.R.1109 – 
Mental Health Services for Students Act of 2020.
 Congress.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1109/text.

National Association of School Psychologists. (2021). 
Comprehensive school-based mental and Behavioral Health Services and school psychologists.
 National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/mental-health/school-psychology-and-mental-health/comprehensive-school-based-mental-and-behavioral-health-services-and-school-psychologists.

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Monique Daniels 

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10 months ago

Yvonne Addo 

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Hi Marissa, thanks for your post, I like your topic very much. Mental health is something that is usually overlooked, much attention is not given to it as it is given to other health problems; However, just like DM, cardiac problems and other health problems, mental health is also a disease of the brain and should receive the same recognition and care as any other disease. There are also so many stigmatizations associated with mental health which prevent people with mental health from seeking for help. According to an article, “People with lived experience of mental illness commonly report feeling devalued, dismissed, and dehumanized by many of the health professionals with whom they come into contact”(Knaak, et al., 2017). The fear of being prejudiced and discriminated against prevents people with mental health to go for treatment when they are sick which leads to psychiatric emergencies (Silva, et al., 2020). I am always happy about anything that protects people with mental health and this bill you talked about will surely be beneficial to the students and will protect their safety.

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References

Knaak, S., Mantler, E., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare. Healthcare management forum. 
Healthc manage forum. 2017 Mar; 30(2): 111-116. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347358/

Silva, A. G. D., Baldacara, L., Cavalcante, D. A., Fasanella, N. A., & Palha, A. P. (2020). The impact of mental illness stigma on psychiatric emergencies. Frontiers in psychiatry. 
Front psychiatry. 2020; 11: 573
. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7319091/

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10 months ago

CHRIS – PAUL BLAIR 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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As someone who has worked in mental health care, it really is an aspect of overall bodily health that is heavily overlooked. I completely agree that providing mental health services at school for students could be very beneficial in regards to early detection and removing stigma. Having school-aged children myself, there are many concerns that young children may not share with parents so having a resource at school that can help provide professional guidance is a great asset. With COVID regulations and some schools going partially or fully virtual do you think students staying home 24/7 has an impact on their mental health and how would you combat this?

References:

Congress.gov. (2020, September 30). H.R.1109 – 
Mental Health Services for Students Act of 2020.
 Congress.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1109/text.

National Association of School Psychologists. (2021). 
Comprehensive school-based mental and Behavioral Health Services and school psychologists.
 National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/mental-health/school-psychology-and-mental-health/comprehensive-school-based-mental-and-behavioral-health-services-and-school-psychologists.

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Author:
 CHRIS – PAUL BLAIR 
Date:
 Sunday, January 16, 2022 9:41:26 PM EST 
Subject:
 RE: Discussion – Week 7

As someone who has worked in mental health care, it really is an aspect of overall bodily health that is heavily overlooked. I completely agree that providing mental health services at school for students could be very beneficial in regards to early detection and removing stigma. Having school-aged children myself, there are many concerns that young children may not share with parents so having a resource at school that can help provide professional guidance is a great asset. With COVID regulations and some schools going partially or fully virtual do you think students staying home 24/7 has an impact on their mental health and how would you combat this?

References:

Congress.gov. (2020, September 30). H.R.1109 – 
Mental Health Services for Students Act of 2020.
 Congress.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1109/text.

National Association of School Psychologists. (2021). 
Comprehensive school-based mental and Behavioral Health Services and school psychologists.
 National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/mental-health/school-psychology-and-mental-health/comprehensive-school-based-mental-and-behavioral-health-services-and-school-psychologists.

Response to Marissa

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10 months ago

Melanie Rivers 

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10 months ago

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10 months ago

Janelle McEwen 

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Hello Tamisha, I enjoyed your insightful post. I believe Dr. Lorna Breen Health Care Provider Protection Act could not have been passed at a better time than in 2021 when healthcare workers confronted major staffing challenges associated with significant consequences (American College of Radiology, 2021). I like that the bipartisan legislation will authorize grants to create programs that offer behavioral health services for front-line health care workers. Besides, it mandates the Department of Health and Human Services to study and recommend strategies to address health care provider burnout and facilitate resiliency; launch a campaign encouraging health care workers to seek assistance when needed; and require the Government Accountability Office to report to Congress on the extent to which federal substance use disorder and mental health grant programs address SUD and mental health conditions among health professionals (American Hospital Association, 2021). The successful advocacy for the passage of the bill by Dr. Lorna Breen highlight our possible role of advocating for our needs both at state and national levels. What do you think?

References

American College of Radiology. (2021, December 9). 
House passes Dr. Lorna Breen Health Care Provider Protection Act
. https://www.acr.org/Advocacy-and-Economics/Advocacy-News/Advocacy-News-Issues/In-the-Dec-11-2021-Issue/House-Passes-Dr-Lorna-Breen-Health-Care-Provider-Protection-Act

American Hospital Association. (2021, November 17). 
Dr. Lorna Breen Health Care Provider Protection Act advances in House
. https://www.aha.org/news/headline/2021-11-17-dr-lorna-breen-health-care-provider-protection-act-advances-house

 

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Main Post

Nothing is painful than a woman going to have a baby and not returning. For this discussion, the proposed health bill I selected is the Maternal Health Quality Improvement Act of 2020. This bill was proposed on 11/08/2019 and passed to the house on 09/21/2020. The purpose of this bill is to reduce the maternal deaths in American mothers, which is more prevalent in blacks. “In the United States, there is an estimated 700 pregnancy-related deaths per year and 60 percent of these are considered preventable” (Burgess, 2021). This bill is going to put in place evidence-based practices and plans to improve maternal health. It is also to help provide training programs to health professionals on prejudice towards some racial and ethnic groups (blacks, people of color) which affects the quality of maternal health, as well as giving funds to obstetrics in rural areas to decrease morbidity and mortality rate in women (Burgess, 2021).

According to an article, maternal mortality rate is raising high as compared to other high income countries. There are many factors such as cardiovascular problems, hemorrhaging, and overdose among other that contribute to this issue; however, ethnic and racial inequalities play a vital role in this problem. Maternal mortality rate is higher in blacks than it is in white population, “3 to 4 times higher” due to racial inequalities (Collier & Molina, 2019).

This bill is very important and will be very useful. Losing a mother could be very painful, especially leaving a baby and other children behind, and most of these causes of the deaths could be prevented and that is why this bill was proposed. I believe this is an evidence based bill in the sense that, according to Burgess, Indiana is noted to have high maternal mortality rate. Also from 2008 to 2017, Ohio had 59% of pregnancy induced deaths and those deaths could have been prevented (Burgess, 2021).  There are also statics on maternal mortality that still show an increase “The maternal mortality rate increased by 23% from 20.6 maternal deaths per 100, 000 live births in 2008-2009 to 25.4 in 2013-2014 ( MacDorman, et at., 2017). Maternal Health Quality Improvement Act will integrate Mothers and Offspring Mortality and Morbidity Awareness Act (MOMMA’s) which is also to reduce maternal mortality.  With these two together, more lives will be saved during childbirth.

References

Burgess, M. C. (2021). Bipartisan bill to reduce maternal deaths introduced in congress. U.S. house of representatives. 
https://burgess.house.gov/blog/?postid=403300

Congress.gov. (n.d.). 
https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4995/actions

Collier, A. Y., & Molina, R. L. (2019). Maternal mortality in the United States: Updates on trends, causes, and solutions. 
Neoreviews. 2019 Oct. 20(10): e561-e574
. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5400697/

MacDorman, M. F., Declercq, E., & Thoma, M. E. (2017). Trends in maternal mortality by socio-demographic characteristics and cause of death in 27 States and the district of Columbia. 
Obstet gynecol. 2017 May; 129(5): 811-818.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5400697/

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10 months ago

Quanza Mooring 
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RE: Discussion – Week 7

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One issue that arises in the discussion of maternal mortality is the lack of representation in congress for Women of Color. Nursing is a diverse profession made up of people from all ethnicities, religions and backgrounds. As nurses we can do our part at the bedside to improve outcomes and decrease maternal mortality. But, How can we work toward improving legislation in this area, as well. What can we do to influence things from a top down approach?

Dr. Mooring

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10 months ago

Tamisha Bass 

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Hi Yvonne,

I enjoyed reading your article and the information you provided on maternal mortality in the United States. I found it disheartening that many pregnancy-related deaths are preventable. Also, that racial and ethnic disparities play a role as well. I reviewed more information on the Mothers and Offspring Mortality and Morbidity Awareness Act or “MOMMA’s” Act mentioned in your discussion. One of the most beneficial benefits of this bill is expanding Medicaid and CHIP coverage for postpartum care from 60 days to a year (Every mother counts, 2022). This has a tremendous impact on access to care for mothers through the postpartum period. “According to Urban Institute research, if every state adopts this new provision, approximately 123,000 uninsured mothers could become newly eligible for Medicaid/CHIP coverage during their infant’s first year” (McMorrow, Haley, & Johnston, 2021). Nurses can be instrumental in advocating for their state to expand Medicaid coverage if they have not done so already. This can only improve postpartum care and mortality for new mothers, specifically women of color.

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References

Every mother counts. (2022). 
THE MOMMA’S ACT. Learn more about ongoing legislative efforts. 
https://everymothercounts.org/policy-and-advocacy/the-mommas-act/

McMorrow, S., Haley, J.M., Johnston, E.M. (2021, March 19). The American Rescue Plan Contains an Evidence-Based Policy Win for New Mothers. Urban Wire: Health and Health Care. https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/american-rescue-plan-contains-evidence-based-policy-win-new-mothers

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10 months ago

Blessing Nnakwu 

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10 months ago

Claudia Paz 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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10 months ago

Quanza Mooring 
WALDEN INSTRUCTOR MANAGER
 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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10 months ago

Tricia Fulling 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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Claudia,

The use of medical marijuana is a hot topic of discussion with mixed opinions, especially when it comes to use in pediatric patients. Policymaking is based on both public opinion, evidence-based data, and political agendas. Once Bill 182 was signed into law by Governor Ron Desantis, this comment was offered by Commissioner Nicole Fried in support of the patients who benefit from this treatment:

“Patients should be able to access medicine in the form their doctor determines best for them. Whether it’s smoking medical marijuana or other delivery mechanisms, treatment decisions should be made by physicians, not politicians”(2019).

Although the branches of government that formulate health policy have access to extensive information, data, and research, politics can still get in the way (Milstead & Short, 2019).  A policy may be blocked or repealed if legislature is dominated by one political party and ideological beliefs (Milstead & Short, 2019).

Over the past few years, there has been much talk about the use of marijuana for epilepsy in pediatric patients. According to Detyniecki and Hirsch (2015), there is data showing that two main biologically active cannabinoids—tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)— have anticonvulsant properties in acute seizures and epilepsy. 84% of children, ages 2 to 16 years with treatment resistant epilepsy, saw a reduction in seizure while using CBD enriched cannabis, and their parents reported other positive effects, such as improved alertness and better sleep and mood (Detyniecki & Hirsch, 2015).

More than half of U.S. states, including Florida, have legalized some form of medical marijuana. So far, clinical evidence only supports the use of marijuana in pediatric patients for life-limiting or severely debilitating conditions, such as epilepsy and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (Children’s Hospital Colorado, 2022). More study is still needed to determine if medical marijuana is appropriate for any other pediatric condition.

References

Children’s Hospital Colorado. (2022). Marijuana as medicine. 
https://www.childrenscolorado.org/health-professionals/professional-resources/charting-pediatrics-podcast/medical-marijuana-in-children/

Commissioner Nikki Fried on Signing of Smokable Medical Marijuana Bill. (2019, March 18). 
States News Service
.

Detyniecki, K., & Hirsch, L. (2015). Marijuana use in epilepsy: The myth and the reality. 
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
, 
15
(10), 65. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-015-0586-5

Milstead, J.A., & Short, N.M. (2019). 
Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (
6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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10 months ago

Gabriel Eggleston 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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10 months ago

Blessing Nnakwu 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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I chose to cover the TRIUMPH for New Moms Act of 2021 (S.2779). This bill aims to “coordinate federal programs for maternal mental health and create a national strategic plan for addressing maternal mental health disorders” (Wickramatilake, 2021). More often than not, women who have just delivered a child are expected to be knowledgeable on how to raise a child, and are expected to not feel any other emotion apart from happiness and joy. Dr. Michal Regev (2021) puts it best: The myth of motherhood, or society’s viewpoint of new mothers is that they are expected to feel fulfilled, happy, strong, in tune with their child, or like their life is now complete after they have their child. Virtually the expectation is for all new mothers to be supermom, and this expectation can be especially detrimental to the new mother because it’s unrealistic. Giving birth is an exhausting feat, and not everyone is in tune with their baby’s needs. The mental health of a new mom might also suffer tremendously, and they could fall into severe postpartum depression (PPD) which is more common than people realize. According to Jenna Carberg (2021), “Approximately 70% to 80% of women will experience, at a minimum, the ‘baby blues’”, many of which (~20%) will experience the more severe PPD.

For something that is as commonly experienced as this, the amount of resources, support and education around the mental health disorders new mothers might experience are few and far between. This bill aims to provide support at the federal level for new mothers, as well as bring more light to the issues new moms face so they won’t be suffering in silence. PPD also negatively affects everyone around the new mother, including their child, families and other relationships. Being able to bring awareness to this issue, and provide regular screening and support/resources to help deal with PPD and other mental disorders will enable new mothers the opportunity to heal and get better, and could help us as a society erase the stipulation that all mothers must be supermoms unable to feel sad, distraught, or any other non-happy/joyful feeling.

References

Wickramatilake, S. (2021, Sept. 24). 
Triumph for new moms act introduced in the Senate. 
https://www.mom-congress.com/blog/9/24/2021/triumph-for-new-moms-act-introduced-in-the-senate

Regev, M. (2015, Mar. 29). 
The myth of motherhood: The way unrealistic social expectations of mothers shape their experience. 

The Myth of Motherhood: The Way Unrealistic Social Expectations of Mothers Shape Their Experience

Carberg, J. (2021, June 3). 
Postpartum depression statistics.
 https://www.postpartumdepression.org/resources/statistics/

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10 months ago

Quanza Mooring 
WALDEN INSTRUCTOR MANAGER
 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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We are taking a top down look at legislation, but often times, bills start from the bottom-up with grassroots efforts. It is so important for the stakeholders to have a voice in how legislation is written. Do you think the community played a part in how this bill was written? If so, do you think the bill meets their needs?

 

Dr. Mooring

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10 months ago

Tricia Fulling 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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10 months ago

Tricia Fulling 

RE: Discussion – Week 7 / References revised

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10 months ago

Daphne Courts 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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The Men’s Health Awareness and Improvement Act was introduced on November 16, 2021, and referred to the house committee on energy and commerce. No other action has been taken at this time. Men’s health has been a concern for some time. According to the (ODPHP) Office of Prevention and Health Promotion, “men die an average of five years earlier than women.” Healthy People 2030 targets improving men’s health with several topics to focus on. The overall goal is to improve health and well-being for men. The leading causes for death for men include heart disease, cancer, and unintentional injuries.

One of the objectives for men’s health is improving; prostate cancer deaths have decreased from 18.3 deaths per 100,000 males to 18.3 prostates cancer deaths per 100,000 males (ODPHP, 2021). One of the differences in men’s and women’s health is that women are more diligent in getting regular medical care and getting preventive tests done (medline plus, 2021). Men are more likely to use alcohol and tobacco (CDC, 2020).

This bill has fourteen co-sponsors and is a much-needed health issue to be addressed. Both parties in Congress should support this and all other health policies. There is enough evidence to support the need for this policy. Hopefully, the bill will continue to advance. For now, the bill is still in the introduction stage.

 

 

References

 

CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020).

 

https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/mens-health.htm

 

(NIH) National Library of Medicine. (2021). Medline Plus. Men’s Health.

 

https://medlineplus.gov/menshealth.html

 

(ODPHP) Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2022). Healthy People 2030.

 

https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/topics/doctor-visits/regular-checkups/men-take-charge-your-health

 

 

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10 months ago

Melanie Rivers 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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Week 7 Discussion
 

The opioid crisis in America has reached epidemic proportions, in 2018 alone more than 68,000 Americans lost their lives to opioid overdoses. The epidemic is largely the fault of pharmaceutical companies that spread misinformation that resulted in physicians overprescribing highly addictive medications (Ayoo et al., 2020).
 

H.R. 2364 is the “Synthetic Opioid Danger Awareness Act.” It was introduced to the House on 4/5/2021 with the purpose of bringing awareness of the dangers of fentanyl and other synthetic opioids (Andy ). The bill requires that government agencies, specifically the CDC must produce an education campaign that will warn of the dangers of synthetic opioids (Summary, 2021).
 

With the rise of fentanyl and fentanyl derivatives coming out of Mexico and China that are mixed with heroin, the U.S and Canada have seen an increase in overdoses. There is an evidence base to support this bill given the number of deaths attributed to overdoses per year. I believe the process should not stop there, we as a nation should also be seeking knowledge that would also take the mental health aspect of addiction into consideration when addressing the nation’s opioid issue.

 

References

Andy , K. (2021, April 5).
 
H.R.2364 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Synthetic Opioid Danger Awareness Act
. Legislation. Retrieved November 13, 2021, from
 
https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2364/text?r=5&s=2

Ayoo, K., Mikhaeil, J. S., Huang, A., & Wasowicz, M. (2020, April 27).
 
The Opioid Crisis in North America: facts and future lessons for Europe
. termedia.pl. Retrieved 2021, from
 
https://www.termedia.pl/The-opioid-crisis-in-North-America-facts-and-future-lessons-for-Europe,118,40494,1,1.html

Summary of H.R. 2364: Synthetic Opioid Danger Awareness Act – GovTrack.us
. (2021). GovTrack.us. Retrieved November 13, 2021, from
 
https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/hr2364/summary

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9 months ago

Janie Patterson 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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Hi Melanie,

I do agree with you that we definitely need to keep going trying to prevent this issue of opioid abuse. One good step was making the physicians be held accountable and keeping up with all prescriptions on a nationwide database. I have seen way too many friends and loved ones suffer from addiction of opioids in this country.

Andy , K. (2021, April 5).
 
H.R.2364 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Synthetic Opioid Danger Awareness Act
. Legislation. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2364/text?r=5&s=2

Ayoo, K., Mikhaeil, J. S., Huang, A., & Wasowicz, M. (2020, April 27).
 
The Opioid Crisis in North America: facts and future lessons for Europe
. termedia.pl.
 
https://www.termedia.pl/The-opioid-crisis-in-North-America-facts-and-future-lessons-for-Europe,118,40494,1,1.html

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9 months ago

Janie Patterson 

RE: Discussion – Week 7- Main Post

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Week 7 Main Discussion

I chose the S.2173 — 117th Congress (2021-2022)- Promoting Responsible and Effective Virtual Experiences through Novel Technology to Deliver Improved Access and Better Engagement with Tested and Evidence-based Strategies Act or the PREVENT DIABETES Act. This bill was introduced in Senate (06/22/2021).

This bill requires the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to allow online or virtual diabetes prevention programs that meet standards set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to participate in the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program Expanded Model. The model provides CDC-approved training on dietary changes, physical activity, and other behavioral strategies for beneficiaries who are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. With the world moving more toward online or virtual methods of communication, especially since COVID-19 pandemic, this is a much-needed program.

Mr. 
Scott 
of South Carolina (for himself, Mr. 
Warner
, Mr. 
Cotton
, Ms. 
Sinema
, Mrs. 
Capito
, Mr. 
Cramer
, Mrs. 
Hyde-Smith
, and Ms. 
Smith
) introduced the following bill: which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance

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With the world moving more and more towards technology advances, online and virtual meetings are becoming more prominent especially since the pandemic of COVID-19. More virtual or “tele” health have came into play in the last few years. This not only allows patients to either stay at home and speak over the phone or through their computer to a physician but also allows physicians to see and treat patients hundreds of miles aways from each other. I think we will see this becoming more and more popular soon.

References

(n.d.). Congress.gov. Retrieved 2022, from 
https:/www.congress.gov

Milstead, J., & Short, N. (2019). 
Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide
 (6th ed.). Burlington,MA: Jones & Barlett Learning.

Telehealth Model. (n.d.). Rural Health Information Hub. Retrieved 2022, from 
https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org

Discussion – Week 7

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Discussion 1: Evidence Base in Design

When politics and medical science intersect, there can be much debate. Sometimes anecdotes or hearsay are misused as evidence to support a particular point. Despite these and other challenges, however, evidence-based approaches are increasingly used to inform health policy decision-making regarding causes of disease, intervention strategies, and issues impacting society. One example is the introduction of childhood vaccinations and the use of evidence-based arguments surrounding their safety.

In this Discussion, you will identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.

To Prepare:

Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.

Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.

By Day 3 of Week 7

Post
 a description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed. Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples.

By Day 6 of Week 7

Respond
 to at least 
two
 of your colleagues
* on two different days
 by either supporting or respectfully challenging their explanation on whether there is an evidence base to support the proposed health policy they described.

Click on the 
Reply
 button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the 
Submit
 button to post your message.

*Note:
 Throughout this program, your fellow students are referred to as colleagues.

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10 months ago

Quanza Mooring 
WALDEN INSTRUCTOR MANAGER
 

RE: Discussion – Week 7

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Welcome to Week 7! Can you believe we are over halfway through the course, already?

This week we turn to evidence based nursing practice and evidence based legislation. Consider laws that have been enacted in your area. What were the catalysts for those laws? Was it based in science and research or was the bill introduced because of some emotional reaction to an event. My first thought, as I consider this week’s prompt, is the vaccine debate. There is lots of scientific evidence to support vaccines, and there are some true, deep-rooted, emotional responses, as well. Does one outweigh the other? Should elected officials value science over feelings and beliefs?

CLICK HERE
 to view a video on the vaccination debate from both an emotional and a scientific perspective. If the link doesn’t work, copy and paste the following url into your browser window.

What is the health policy issue you chose this week? Does it have support from the evidence, why or why not?

Here’s to another great week of discussion!

Dr. Mooring

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Baudrillard hyperreality essay

To what extent do we live in hyper-reality? Draw on Baudrillard’s Simulations and use examples from the internet and social media to provide your answer.

Introduction

           
Do we live in a hyper-real world? This is one of the most debated questions in many places across the globe. To begin answering this question or this discussion it would be paramount to define hyperreality. Baudrillard, for instance, argues that hyperreality is some form of social reality whereby reality is simulated or created from models, or even defined by reference to the said models. In other words, it is some form of reality that is generated from ideas. Baudrillard is not alone. Other scholars such as Umbreto Eco assert that hyperreality is some form of “authentic fake” with another scholar known as Peter Sparrow arguing that hyperreality is the “virtual irreality”. In philosophy, reality is known as the state of things that actually exists, as opposed to how they may appear or might be imagined by different people across the globe. However, by the look of things, it appears that the real is being replaced by the not so real at unimaginable speeds. Baudrillard hyperreality essay The pace at which virtual images are adopted and subsequently embraced by the media and the movie industry is an indication that human beings are slowly but surely moving towards a hyper-reality. So what exactly do all the above definitions mean? And do we live in a hyper-real world? This article offers deep insight into this question, especially by making references or drawing on Baudrillard simulations.

Jean Baudrillard: Short Autobiography

           
Jean Baudrillard lived from 1929 to 2007. He was a French Philosopher in addition to being a cultural analyst starting his academic life as a Marxist sociologist and deeply interested in the consumer society. He is regarded as one of the most controversial philosophers whose main ideas and concepts have for long been used to comprehend the effect of living in a postmodern environment that is with us today. His main argument was that as of today, we live in a world of simulations characterized by a distorted sense of reality or hyperreality as he referred it to.

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It was during the 1980s and 90s that Baudrillard moved or rather turned away significantly from structuralism and Marxism to post-structuralism. He somehow transformed to become the high priest of postmodern culture. Baudrillard seem fascinated by how the media has affected the perception of people’s reality and the world. In his conclusions, he argued that the postmodern media-laden condition, people experience something he referred to as “the death of the real”. He argued that as of today, human beings live their lives in the realm of hyperreality, connecting or finding a relationship more and more to deeply things such as music videos, television sitcoms, virtual reality games, Disneyland, or simply things that merely copy or tend to simulate reality. So, was Baudrillard right in his assertions that we live in a hyper-real world? Baudrillard hyperreality essay By looking or closely examining current trends, it seems that Baudrillard was right in his arguments that individuals are living in hyper-reality, especially in this modern age of ours.

The World As We Know It

           
Looking at latest trends happening today, it is undoubtedly right that to some extent, human beings are gravitating towards hyper-reality. Baudrillard suggests that the media can now go ahead and create a number of idealistic representations of reality that are turning out or outperforming actual reality. A closer examination of this statement reveals that a significant percentage of what the media is engaged with lately is outperforming reality through the creation of idealistic representations. The media is not alone. A lot of the movies we see today seem to be blurring reality and so are television sitcoms just to mention but a few.

Today, nearly everywhere we go, we seem to be bombarded with a whole lot of images, adverts and logos that are all geared towards conveying a message to us, making attempts to appeal to a certain side of human beings. According to Baudrillard, a significant percentage of such images blur both reality and imagination, incorporating or bringing forth a world mixed of the two. For example, a visit to the city of Las Vegas is highly likely to leave one fascinated but utterly confused at the same time. If one gets a chance of visiting the Venetian Resort, he or she will most likely understand why reality seem to be blurred based on the fact that the Venetian Resort, is a hotel that imitates the Italian city of Venice, to the extent of Venice’s famous canals becoming some of the Resort’s main artificial features. This is an apt example of hyperreality that is here with us today Baudrillard hyperreality essay.

Jean Baudrillard postulated that as of today, human beings live in a world of simulations and some form of artificialness. He goes on to say that the impacts or effects of living in a world characterized by simulations and artificialness are a distorted sense of the real things. Baudrillard, in his book, ‘Simulacra and Simulation’ also took Disneyland arguing it becomes a perfect world where chances of dreams becoming reality is high and therefore by indulging ourselves in this imaginary world, human beings are able to escape the realities that are present in the real world. As noted earlier, Baudrillard is known to have been a controversial figure. In one of his writings titled, ‘The Gulf War did not take place’ Baudrillard suggests that the media did set the agenda on the narrative war- arguing that the war which many did see on TV failed to match the real events.

Baudrillard does not stop there. He goes on and on to try and prove that the world is embracing nearly all aspects of hyperreality at unprecedented speeds. To him, reality has somehow transformed to become a cybernetic game that was left behind, with individuals failing to notice it until now. As of now, it seems hard deducing former reality from hyperreality, and majority of people would fail to notice if reality returns. It must be noted that Baudrillard does not suggest when this loss happened, though it can be deduced fairly easy from his work.

In hyperreality, as propounded by Baudrillard, simulators work on making reality coincide with their models of simulation resulting in something unreal. For instance, looking at production, one can simply attest that it is now primarily virtual made of unreal circulation of values. Movies and television sitcoms consist of a larger percentage of what can be termed as hyper-reality content or material that does not represent any form of reality at all.

Going back to the onset of Baudrillard “postmodern” phase, Baudrillard begins one of his important essays also known as ‘The Precession of Simulacra’ by recounting the feat of the initial map-makers in a story by Luis Borge who made a map so detailed and large that it covered the whole empire, that existed in a one-to-one relationship with the underlying territory. Baudrillard hyperreality essay The map designed is a perfect replica of the empire. However, after a while, the map begins showing some signs of fray and tatters with the citizens of the empire beginning to mourn its loss. As it appears, by designing a new replica of the map, Baudrillard asserts that the real or initial territory has turned into what he terms as, ‘desert of the real.’ In other words, in the maps’ place, a simulation or rather simulacrum of reality has taken place and the frayed mega-map is all that is left behind.

Closely related to the above, it is important to note that the term ‘simulacrum’ as used by Baudrillard dates back to Plato, who used the term to describe a false copy or identification of something. Baudrillard has gone ahead and built his whole post 1970s theory or beliefs of media effects and cultural aspects around his own notion or beliefs of the simulacrum. According to him, a postmodern culture that is dominated by increased social media use, films, TVs, and the internet has led to the destruction of real things. All that is left are simulations of real things, which by examining them closely are not anymore less ‘real’ than the type of reality they simulate.

As Baudrillard puts it, in our culture, individuals take “maps” of things that appear real such as films and television among others as more real as opposed to the actual lives that people live in. Baudrillard seem saddened by the fact that that television “friends” such as sit-com characters seem more real or alive to the larger population as opposed to their flesh-and-blood equivalents. This is even made more real based on the fact that a lot of individuals are lately communicating via e-mail or other social media sites, a trend that is not short of encouraging acts of simulation.

It is at this juncture that Baudrillard later philosophy of culture seem to have been mapped in terms of three important aspects: first, the orders of simulacra, image phases, and the three phases of utopian and aspects of science fiction writing that he regarded to be corresponding to the three phases and orders.

First, on grounds or aspects of the orders of simulacra Baudrillard argues that there is the symbolic order, the first, second and third order. Under the symbolic order, the society is organized as more of a fixed system of signs that are distributed based on rank and obligation. Here, the question of reality does not arise as the meanings of signs are already established in advance by the creator. Under the first order, a competition for the meaning of signs begins with simulacra working on restoring the ideal image of nature.

The second order of simulacra is characterized by mass production of replicas or copies of a single prototype. Reproduced things are more of the real as their prototypes with achiness mainly used. Lastly, the third order of simulacra is more of the present age that is dominated by a significant number of simulations or things that lack originality or prototype. This is an era characterized by instances of genetic engineering, virtual reality, computers, and opinion polls just to mention but a few.

Apart from the orders of the simulacra, there are the Phases of the Image, characterized by aspects of art. First, art reflects a basic reality such as gothic paintings depicting the birth of Jesus, replete with signs of divinity. Secondly, art makes and seem to pervert a basic reality, such as baroque paintings of an impossibly beautiful Jesus making his ascension to heaven, just like Superman. Here, art seems to display or marks the absence of reality at all. In fact, according to Baudrillard, art bears no relations to aspects of reality at all. He provides an example of virtual reality female reading head news lines to the larger population? Is that fake or real? This question seems to have lost meaning completely.

Lastly, Baudrillard addresses the subject of utopias and science fiction arguing that there is no need of promoting science fiction or writing. According to him, the utopian order is in existence here and now. Moreover, he argues that utopias should not be given a chance incase people desire for reality arguing that if people got everything right, then life would be beautiful. Third, Baudrillard argues that as of now, the classic science-fiction of the age of mass production such as robots that are made to explore mars, alien invasion, space exploration, and intergalactic wars among others are here with us, thereby distorting reality.

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Lastly, Baudrillard argues that the end of science fiction, whereby the real is absorbed into hyperreal and cybernetic world is taking place. However, in short, Baudrillard claims that as of now, human beings are living in “desert of the real,” or more of a cultural space where aspects of film, television, and computer images are taken or perceived as more “real” as opposed to the non-media physical reality that surrounds human beings. According to him, this loss of the real things or reality is not so difficult to comprehend, even if it seems difficult for us to accept it. Jean Baudrillard ideas depict themselves through three related ideas mentioned below.

Fascination and fashion

           
According to Baudrillard, nearly all spheres tend to be directed towards the model of fashion and the communication of signs. To him, fashion is the absorption of past signs in the same manner machines absorb past labor. According to him, the consumption of nearly all forms of fashion draws on the endless revival of past cultural forms as empty signs. Fashion is more attractive or beautiful than what is beautiful, since the model is truer than the true. It is for this reason that Baudrillard terms them as fascinating based on the fact that they result in giving rise to a particular ecstatic experience that arises from their excesses.

Baudrillard argues that such fascinating images tend to deter the true and real things or images. Information in the age of the internet, for instance, is ecstatic based on the fact that there is a lot of it out there. Nearly all forms of cultural media are being absorbed into advertising, meaning that there is some triumph of form as opposed to substance. The manner in which things are presented is such that the surface effaces and subsequently covers up any likelihood of a possible depth. According to Baudrillard, advertising tends to destroy intensities while accelerating some form of inertia.

Simulations of reality are all around. It is evident in the current cultural condition of consumerism where the reliance of sign value is of high importance. For example, the Levi or Rolex watches may be perceived as being fashionable and an indication of a person’s wealth respectively. However, it should not be forgotten that the jeans and the watch itself are objects of little value, but rather a huge status symbol associated with them is how human beings derive value. Through the advertisement of different brands, people’s consciousness is somehow tricked into believing that additional value needs to be accorded based on the simulation of reality that certain goods or products have been associated Baudrillard hyperreality essay.

Implosion      

           
According to Baudrillard, there comes a time when power tends to occupy empty places of power, thereby appearing obscene, ridiculous and impure, eventually resulting into some form of collapse. This, according to Baudrillard, is implosion. Here, he sees the whole system coming crushing down from within. Here, the system seems to be no longer expanding and collapsing in upon itself based on the fact that it has reached its culmination point. The increasing density of simulations is destroying the system and implosion is swallowing all the energy of the real.

Implosion comes about from the destruction of reality-effect and meaning based on the procession of simulacra. The biggest problem here is that signs require a separate reality for it to refer to something, thereby functioning as signs. In the modern regime of simulation that we have, Baudrillard argues that social realities are generated from signs and a couple of models that precede them. This model creates the “real”, the message and the medium all at once. Therefore, reality separate from the regime is either denied, destroyed, eventually incorporated. This make the signs to stop making reference to anything thereby creating a total system of meaning, with its meaningfulness destroyed.

According to Baudrillard, the same issue applies or is happening with all aspects ranging from politics, art, and fashion with the problem being structural in nature. Baudrillard hyperreality essay Once the system has reached its saturation point, it begins crumbling on itself leading to some form of inertia. According to Baudrillard, global cities are slowly crumbling, eating past social meanings and phenomena. To him, they are entire functional zones that are arranged around sites such as massive supermarkets, transport networks, and shopping centres.

Functions of the media

           
Baudrillard portrays the media as playing a number of roles. To him, the media juxtaposes disorder and some form of disaster as shown in most TV shows ranging from action films, police-camera-reality-shows, dramas, and documentaries among others, to the system’s ideal of order that are shown in adverts that come in between.

The media also inject individuals with some sort of mediated violence that keeps fatality at bay through displaying its signs. Baudrillard asserts that this vaccine covers up the real fragility of consumerism. In short, the media works toward distorting the reality and presenting some form of fiction or unreal spectacle. Media technologies, according to Baudrillard, alter how readers and viewers think. Both the viewers and readers are made to unconsciously decode stories, thereby internalizing the codes that are far away from realities.

The media represents a simulation of an artificial and hyperreal world. A significant number of audiences read the hyperreal representations as reality with Baudrillard arguing that through the media and social sites, what is real is distorted to the extent of creating some form of magical communication devoid of real issues or happenings.

Conclusions

           
According to Baudrillard, we live in a hyper-real world. Based on what is happening today where simulations of things that are real are slowly becoming more authentic making individuals it difficult to distinguish what is real and what is unreal, it is undeniable that we are living in a hyper-real society. Looking at media content, movies, and television sitcoms, it is evident that reality is being replaced by hyper-real or the not so real context. As mentioned earlier, real life examples of this can be drawn by looking at the concept of meditated reality that is attempting to take over and subsequently alter an individual’s view of reality through the use of latest technologies such as computers and other technological equipments that have been invented. In fact, as mentioned earlier through the Disneyland example, it is apparent that interactive technology is being used to or may allow individuals alter their surrounding landscape in a manner that it appears more living. As Baudrillard puts it, simulations are taking shape with a distortion of reality being the main issue adopted by a lot of media companies and other entertainment sites. Simulated versions bring more value and meaning to us than the original and this is the reason as to why Baudrillard asserts that we live in a hyper-reality society Baudrillard hyperreality essay.