Category: Nursing

Social Determinants of Health in Canada Essay

The Social Determinants of Health

The primary elements and factors that are responsible for shaping the health of individuals is highly dependent on the living conditions that surround them. The overall well-being of a person begins in their homes and areas of residence as well as in their immediate communities. The access to economic and social opportunities is what makes one health care system different from another. This explains why the environment in which one person lives can be deemed much healthier when contrasted with another. This brings into perspective the social determinants of health that evaluate the environment and conditions in which people live and interact with one another. This Social Determinants of Health in Canada Essay paper is an essay that explains the significance of the social determinants of health with regards to the inequalities that are present in the Canadian medical care system.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE ESSAY HERE

Task for the essay

Define and explain the significance of the social determinants of health. How is this connected to an understanding of social and health inequalities in Canadian society?

Body of the essay

The systems and forces that are involved in shaping the quality of life of an individual revolve around the places of residence as well as their work stations. It is a well-known fact that good health begins in the homes, schools and neighborhoods because these are the areas where people spend most of their time (Quesnel, 2015). This is where social determinants of health gain utmost importance because they evaluate the different environments in which people live and relate them to the quality of their health and overall wellness. Moreover, these determinants look at where a person was born, where they live, what they eat, where they work and whom they interact with on a daily basis (Baugh and Smith, 2014) Social Determinants of Health in Canada Essay.

These factors are then paralleled or compared with their health and conclusions are drawn on how each factor affects another one. Canada is one of the countries that understands very well the social determinants of health are the role they play in ensuring that people’s welfare is safeguarded (Carey and Crammond, 2015). This country has illustrated that it intends to apply this model in a large-scale manner so that it can reduce the inequalities that are present in its health care systems. The majority of Canadian citizens clearly understand that the health of a person is largely shaped by their income status and wealth distribution (Quesnel, 2015). This assertion is supported by the social determinants of health that take very diverse forms in all communities and societies.

Figure 1: Diagram showing the various components that make up the social determinants of health (SDOH)

An analysis into these determinants would show that the availability of resources that enable a person to meet their daily needs such as food, decent shelter and even clothing is highly responsible for knowing the outcome of one’s state of health. This is because people that are not able to afford good housing or even proper diets are easily prone to developing lifestyle diseases (Mitrou et al, 2014). Likewise, the ability of people to access a well-paying job or pursue higher education is another important social determinant of health.

This aspect can be clearly seen when one compares and contrasts people that are earning good salaries and have disposable income vis-à-vis those that do not (Raphael, 2015). It becomes clear that people with higher salaries or remuneration packages are better placed to afford healthy meals, foods and even pay for the best medical insurance package. The opposite is true when it comes to those people that lack a source of income as they cannot be able to pay or afford all these services and provisions (Buer et al, 2015).

This Social Determinants of Health in Canada Essay example is present in the Canadian society where people that belong to the upper or middle income classes are the ones that have the best meals, decent housing and even access to the local markets. On the contrary, the Canadian citizens that do not have enough money cannot be able to afford the same. This explains why they live in dilapidated conditions while most of their meals are not balanced diets (Quesnel, 2015).

This introduces the aspect of inequality in health care as illustrated in towns such as Winnepeg in Canada. The social determinants of health in Canada total up to fourteen elements that are the government tries to streamline them through different policy programs. These determinants are divided into cultural, environmental, structural and situational categories so that each of them is clearly and deeply understood (Quesnel, 2015). From these categories, it is clear that poverty is one of the setbacks that limits a person’s access to food or even the ability to live in a safe neighborhood. This is why the Canadian government places a lot of emphasis in promoting the quality of life by addressing the social determinants of health through focusing on the key priority
areas.

In conclusion, the ability of any human being to maintain a high state of health is largely determined by their immediate social environment Social Determinants of Health in Canada Essay. The conditions that define where a person lives, works or even interacts in collectively contribute to defining the social determinants of health. The latter is also made up the income status of a person, their race, state of housing and working conditions. These determinants are present in the Canadian society and they have been shown to be responsible for the inequalities in health care access and affordability. It should be the obligation of every government to ensure that they address the social determinants of health and try to streamline them such that every person can have decent medical attention.

References

Baugh Littlejohns, L., & Smith, N. (2014). Building bridges between health promotion and social sustainability: an analysis of municipal policies in Western Canada. Local Environment, 19(4), 449-468. doi:10.1080/13549839.2013.812625

Buer, G. R., Scheim, A. I., Pyne, J., Travers, R., & Hammond, R. (2015). Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in transgender persons: a respondent driven sampling study in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-15. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1867-2

Carey, G., & Crammond, B. (2015). Systems change for the social determinants of health. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-10. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1979-8

Mitrou, F., Cooke, M., Lawrence, D., Povah, D., Mobilia, E., Guimond, E., & Zubrick, S. R. (2014). Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 1981–2006.BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1-17. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-201

Quesnel-Vallée, A. (2015). Policies and Health Inequalities: State of the Field and Future Directions. Canadian Public Policy,41S1-S9. doi:10.3138/cpp.41.s2.s1

Raphael, D. (2015). The Political Economy of Health: A Research Agenda for Addressing Health Inequalities in Canada.Canadian Public Policy, 41S17-S25. doi:10.3138/cpp.2014-084 Social Determinants of Health in Canada Essay

Cystic Fibrosis Essay

Week 1 Discussion

 

Cystic Fibrosis: Alterations in Cellular Processes, Symptoms, and Impacts

Diseases occur due to many reasons. These diseases are caused by altering cell structural form, environment, and function. Studying cell structural form and function disruption by factors such as genetic defects can help us understand disease processes (McCance & Huether, 2019). This paper examines children’s cystic fibrosis (CF) disorder, how it manifests, affects cells, and physiological responses Cystic Fibrosis Essay.

Role of Genetics in Cystic Fibrosis

CF is a genetically transmitted disorder that severely damages the digestive system and the lung and may also spread to other body organs. The gene is recessive, and children inherit a copy of the gene from each parent to have the disease (Butnariu et al., 2021). A cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutates and interferes with a protein that regulates salts moving in and out of the cells (Rossi, 2019). The affected cells produce excess thick and sticky mucus in children’s digestive and respiratory systems and also increase salt levels in sweat.

BUY YOUR ESSAY HERE

Cause and Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis

CF disorder causes the production of thick and sticky mucus in the lung’s airways. As children are born with smaller diameter airways than adults, they suffer more obstruction of excess mucus. This obstruction makes the child have persistent coughs, wheezing, and inflamed nasal airways, resulting in congestion in babies. In the digestive system, affected mucosal cells produce thick mucus that blocks the release of digestive enzymes in the small intestine causing poor weight gain, swelling of the bellies, intestinal blockage, and constipation (Rossi, 2019). In addition, CF also affects sweat glands leading to a higher level of salts in the sweat. In this case, the parent would taste salt while kissing the child suffering from CF disease.

Cells Involved and Physiological Response to Stimuli

CF disease affects mucus-producing cells of the lungs, digestive systems, and sweat gland cells. The CFTR gene alters the protein that regulates water and solute in these organs. As a result, these cells respond to these alterations caused by the CF disease. The affected protein traps chloride in solute in cells, hindering water hydration on cellular surfaces and resulting in the formation of a mucosal lining on cell surfaces (Rossi, 2019).

In summary, aging also causes alteration of cellular structure and function. Older adults can also get CF disease as their aged cells have a reduced capacity to recover if exposed (McCance & Huether, 2019). CF disease has a genetic risk factor as it runs in families. If any partner has a history of risk factors, genetic testing can be done before having children to prevent the spread of the disease.

References

Butnariu, L. I., Țarcă, E., Cojocaru, E., Rusu, C., Moisă, Ș. M., Leon Constantin, M., Gorduza, E. V., & Trandafir, L. M. (2021). Genetic modifying factors of cystic fibrosis phenotype: A challenge for modern medicine. 
Journal of Clinical Medicine
, 
10
(24), 5821. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245821

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). 
Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children
 (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Rossi, G. A., Morelli, P., Galietta, L. J., & Colin, A. A. (2019). Airway microenvironment alterations and pathogen growth in cystic fibrosis. 
Pediatric Pulmonology
, 
54
(4), 497-506.
 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30620146/

 

RE: Week 1 Discussion

 

Thank you for contributing to our discussion on CF. In your readings, did you find any information on prenatal genetic screening and CF? What might you tell a pregnant patient about CF? Thank you!

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

 

RE: Week 1 Discussion

 

Hi 

Thank you for your insightful response to cystic fibrosis. With attention to the cause of the disease and symptoms, I strongly agree with your assessment. It’s notable from your explanation that the cause of poor health, poor weight gain, and belly swelling was caused by interference of pancreatic enzymes by a thick mucus layer. Without digestive enzymes, the intestine will not be able to absorb nutrients from the food the baby eats despite having a good appetite (VanDevanter et al., 2016). With this in mind, cystic fibrosis can turn severe, and it’s important to consult a physician knowledgeable about CF.

In your explanation, I note that CF disease affects sweat glands, resulting in salt in sweat. I agree that parents should kiss or taste their babies’ sweat as a diagnostic method for CF disease home remedies.

It is correct that thick and sticky mucus clogs a baby’s lungs, causing chest congestion. Hence the physiological responses were seen in the baby (Ranganathan et al., 2017). In my opinion, I would advise the mother to consult the physician before having another child to avoid the recurrence of the disease in the same family.

Reference

VanDevanter, D. R., Kahle, J. S., O’Sullivan, A. K., Sikirica, S., & Hodgkins, P. S. (2016). Cystic fibrosis in young children: a review of disease manifestation, progression, and response to early treatment. 
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis
, 
15
(2), 147-157.

Ranganathan, S. C., Hall, G. L., Sly, P. D., Stick, S. M., & Douglas, T. A. (2017). Early lung disease in infants and preschool children with cystic fibrosis. What have we learned, and what should we do about it? 
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
, 
195
(12), 1567-1575.

 

RE: Week 1 Discussion

 

Hello 

          Thank you for your response to this class discussion on cystic fibrosis. I agree with your point that CF is a  disease cause by altering cell structural form, environment, and function. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited gene, which means
it can 
be passed on to future generations. The term for this gene is autosomal recessive. The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene is affected by cystic fibrosis. The CFTR gene is located on chromosome 7
and 
comprises 27 exons that code for proteins (Deignan et al., 2020). The genotype of CFTR is expressed in epithelial cells and can result in a variety of symptoms that affect the progression of the illness (McCance & Huether, 2021).

CF is 
distinct for every sufferer. Like you noted too CF disease affects sweat glands, resulting in salt in sweat hence the salty taste from the child in the scenerio. 

                                                                                                                           References

Deignan, J.L., Astbury, C., Cutting, G.R. et al. CFTR variant testing: a technical standard of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics 
(ACMG). Genet Med 22, 1288–1295 (2020). 
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-020-               0822-5

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

2 months ago

Basil Uke 

RE: Week 1 Discussion

COLLAPSE

Hello Jemaeden,

                Thank you for sharing your thoughts on this week’s discussion. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder resulting in several ways when genes are incorrectly expressed. The disease can result from gene deletion, gene repetition, when the gene is incorrectly read, and when the gene is completely missing, among other causes. Again, genetics plays a crucial role in the expression of cystic fibrosis. The causative gene of cystic fibrosis is the CFTR gene which is recessive, and it causes an interference in the protein that is responsible for regulating salt and water balance in the body. According to Moran, Pillay, and Becker et al., (2018), the transmembrane gene, is the gene known to change a particular protein in epithelial cells that regulates the movement of salt in and out of the cell.

                I agree with you that children may suffer more obstructions of mucus as compared to adults. Meaning cystic fibrosis may be more severe in children than adults due to the immune response and the organ size. Children may also display more severe symptoms than adults as their organs are still weak to control the severity of the infection; hence they are limited to doing several activities. According to Kidd, Canton, and Ekkelenkamp et al., (2018), patients with cystic fibrosis are characterized by an abnormal ventilation response that limits them from extraneous activities. The cells involved in response to stimuli are quite a number, while cystic fibrosis majorly affects the cells that produce mucus in different organs, including the lungs and pancreas. Your ideology that age is a factor that can cause cystic fibrosis is enlightening. I have learned that aging can also pose a danger to cystic fibrosis as it may cause the alteration of cellular structure.

References

Kidd, T. J., Canton, R., Ekkelenkamp, M., Johansen, H. K., Gilligan, P., LiPuma, J. J., … & Antimicrobial Resistance in Cystic Fibrosis International Working Group. (2018). Defining antimicrobial resistance in cystic fibrosis. 
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis
, 
17
(6), 696-704.

Moran, A., Pillay, K., Becker, D., Granados, A., Hameed, S., & Acerini, C. L. (2018). ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Management of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in children and adolescents. 
Pediatric diabetes
, 
19
, 64-74.

 

 

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

2 months ago

Lois Wood 

RE: Week 1 response 1

COLLAPSE

Jemaeden, 
 

Thank you for your post. While I agree that the CF manifestations in the respiratory system and GI tract are essential, and mortality is most often related to respiratory issues, I believe that the other systems involved should be considered. 
 

CF can lead to elevated concentrations of sodium and chloride in sweat glands manifesting as hyponatremia and hypochloremia, potentially leading to heat prostration and shock (McCance, 2019). In the pancreas, CF can result in enzyme deficiency causing inspissation and precipitation of pancreatic secretions leading to obstruction of pancreatic ducts, malabsorption of food, fatty, bulky stools, and decreased vitamins absorption; complications include hypoproteinemia, iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition, recurrent pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts, growth failure, vitamin deficiency, rectal prolapse, decreased bone density and risk of fractures (McCance, 2019). Pancreatic damage can also lead to insulin deficiency and glucose intolerance, possibly leading to diabetes (McCance, 2019). In males, CF can cause delayed puberty and sterility, while in females, it can cause delayed puberty, decreased fertility, and polypoid cervicitis while taking oral contraceptives (McCance, 2019) Cystic Fibrosis Essay.
 

References
 

McCance, S. (2019). 
Pathophysiology (8th Edition)
. Elsevier Health Sciences (US). 
https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9780323583473
 

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

2 months ago

Lauren Russell 

RE: Week 1 Discussion

COLLAPSE

Discussion Response Reply

Jemaeden,

Thank you for your insight regarding cystic fibrosis.  Cystic fibrosis is a very interesting disease that affected my sister-in-law later in life.  Neither parent knew they were a carrier until she was diagnosed in her late teens.  My friend also has a daughter with CF.  Her condition continues to deteriorate and her frequently posts when she is hospitalized due to her condition.

ORDER NOW

Cystic fibrosis is a very rare condition, which approximately 30,000 people in the US and 80,000 people around the world (Brown et al., 2017).  The life expectancy for this population is relatively low.  In Germany, the lifespan of someone with CF is approximately 40 years old (Naehrig et al., 2017).  Due to chronic endobronchial bacterial infections, exacerbations, and pulmonary structural changes, chronic lung disease is one of the most common causes of death.  Thank you again for sharing about cystic fibrosis.  You provided a lot of great information in your post. 

References

Brown, S., White, R., Tobin, P. (2017).  
Keep them breathing: Cystic fibrosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. JAAPA: Vol 35 (5) p 23-27 doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000515540.36581.92
 

Naehrig, S., Chao, C. M., & Naehrlich, L. (2017). Cystic Fibrosis. 
Deutsches Arzteblatt international
, 
114
(33-34), 564–574. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0564

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

2 months ago

Sheena Murray 

RE: Week 1 Discussion

COLLAPSE

Jemaeden,

I found it fascinating throughout my studies to hear that older adults could develop cystic fibrosis (CF). I admittedly only had a minimal understanding of cystic fibrosis (CF), characterized by salty kisses and thick mucus requiring the jiggle vest and other respiratory treatments, prior to this case study. Still, I had always thought it was an illness that only affected children. A diagnosis over 40 is still uncommon, but there is still a chance of receiving one at or beyond 60 years of age. Currently, survival times can surpass 40 years, particularly in the case of patients from pediatric units. Since there hasn’t been much research on CF in individuals over 60, understanding the clinical characteristics of patients identified at older ages may be crucial. The importance of CF diagnosis rests in providing an accurate prognosis, effective treatment, and genetic counseling for affected families (Prados et al., 2017). While CF is typically diagnosed when a person is young, it is no longer just a pediatric condition. While the number of children with CF has remained steady over the past ten years, the number of adults with CF is still rising (Santos et al., 2017).

A comparison by (Santos et al., 2017) showed that patients with early diagnosis typically have a combination of gastrointestinal and pulmonary symptoms. In contrast, patients with late diagnosis typically have recurrent pulmonary infections as the primary diagnosis cause and have fewer gastrointestinal symptoms. They discovered that patients who present as adults seem to differ from those who give as children. According to research, adults diagnosed as adults typically present in a variety of atypical ways, are more likely to have milder disease, have a better long-term prognosis, have better lung function, have higher rates of pancreatic sufficiency, experience fewer complications, and have a longer life expectancy than adults diagnosed as adults as children (Santos et al., 2017). It is essential for doctors and advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) to be aware of the symptoms that may be presenting later in life so we do not miss an essential diagnosis that requires immediate attention and treatment. 

 

References

Santos, V., Cardoso, A. V., Lopes, C., Azevedo, P., Gamboa, F., & Amorim, A. (2017). Cystic fibrosis – comparison between patients in pediatric and adult age. 
Revista Portuguesa De Pneumologia (English Edition)
, 
23
(1), 17–21. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rppnen.2016.07.002

Prados, C., Lerín, M., Cabanillas, J. J., Gómez-Carrera, L., Álvarez-Sala, R., Martinez, M. T., Máiz, L., Girón, R. M., Solé, A., Martínez, M., & Quirós, S. (2017). How are the ancient cystic fibrosis patients? cystic fibrosis diagnosed over 60 years-old. 
Respiratory Medicine Case Reports
, 
21
, 49–51. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.015

 

 

Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes

Photo Credit: Getty Images

At its core, pathology is the study of disease. Diseases occur for many reasons. But some, such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson’s Disease, occur because of alterations that prevent cells from functioning normally.

Understanding of signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

By Day 3 of Week 1

Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:

The role genetics plays in the disease.

Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.

The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.

The cells that are involved in this process.

How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.

Read
a selection of your colleagues’ responses Cystic Fibrosis Essay.

By Day 6 of Week 1

Respond
 to 
at least two
 of your colleagues on 
2 different days 
and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not Cystic Fibrosis Essay

NURS 6003 Week 10 Discussion: Examining Nursing Specialties

Discussion – Week 10

Examining Nursing Specialties

You have probably seen one or more of the many inspirational posters about decisions. A visual such as a forked road or a street sign is typically pictured, along with a quote designed to inspire.

Decisions are often not so easily inspired. Perhaps you discovered this when choosing a specialty within the MSN program. This decision is a critical part of your plan for success, and you no doubt want to get it right. This is yet another area where your network can help, as well as other sources of information that can help you make an informed choice.

Note
: Unless otherwise noted, initial postings to Discussions are due on or before Day 3, and response postings are due on or before Day 6. You are required to participate in the Discussion on at least three different days (a different day for main post and each response). It is important to adhere to the weekly time frame to allow others ample time to respond to your posting. In addition, you are expected to respond to questions directed toward your own initial posting in a timely manner.

To Prepare:

Reflect on your decision to pursue a specialty within the MSN program, including your professional and academic goals as they relate to your program/specialization. NURS 6003 Week 10 Discussion: Examining Nursing Specialties

By Day 3 of Week 10

Post
 an explanation of your choice of a nursing specialty within the program. Describe any difficulties you had (or are having) in making your choice, and the factors that drove/are driving your decision. Identify at least one professional organization affiliated with your chosen specialty and provide details on becoming a member.

By Day 6 of Week 10

Respond
 to at least 
two
 of your colleagues’ posts by sharing your thoughts on their specialty, supporting their choice or offering suggestions if they have yet to choose.

Click on the 
Reply
 button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the 
Submit
 button to post your message.

REPLY
 
QUOTE

 

5 months ago

Sherwin Jackson 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

 The emergence of numerous specializations has made it possible for nurses to focus on a particular area of focus or patient population by meeting certain educational certification requirements and gaining work experience.  Mental health is my chosen nursing specialty within the MSN program. After fulfilling the educational and certification requirements, I will become a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP). According to Chapman et al. (2018), a PMHNP is a registered nurse who has received graduate training in mental health and whose practice is the same as that of a psychiatrist and includes performing diagnostic assessments, evaluating physical health conditions, and managing psychiatric disorders.

 I had difficulties choosing mental health. I was concerned that as a PMHNP, I will have a hard time working in mental health settings because many people have negative attitudes toward mentally ill people. The duty to provide and improve access to mental health services is a factor that drove my decisions.   Due to the rise of mental disorders and the unmet treatment needs of mentally ill patients, I felt that I have the opportunity and professional obligation to improve mental health of Americans. According to Finley (2020), mental illness affects around 20 percent of the United States population aged thirteen years and older annually, totaling around 467 billion dollars in indirect and direct costs per year. Overall, there is limited access to mental health care as less than half of mentally ill patients receive professional treatment.

Professional nursing organizations exist to support the practice of nursing, promote self-regulation, and articulate nursing values. An essential factor in the professional development of a nurse is active membership in one or more professional organizations. Membership offers networking opportunities with colleagues and peers and access to educational resources including publications, conferences, webinars, and websites (Cherry et al., 2019).  The American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) is a professional organization affiliated with mental health nursing.  According to
 
DeCapua (2017), the APNA represents psychiatric nurse practitioners and psychiatric nurses. The APNA supports psychiatric nursing and advocates for mental health care through knowledge dissemination on recovery-focused assessment and treatment of persons with substance use disorders and mental illness.   To become a member of APNA, one is required to download and complete the APNA membership application form and mail the form together with the payment.  The student membership fee is 75 dollars while regular membership fee is 135 dollars (DeCapua, M. (2017).

 

References

Chapman, S. A., Phoenix, B. J., Hahn, T. E., & Strod, D. C. (2018). 
Utilization and Economic Contribution of Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioners in Public Behavioral Health Services. 
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54
(6), S243-S249. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.045

Cherry, B., Caramanica, L., Everett, L. Q., Fennimore, L., & Scott, E.  Leveraging the power of Board Leadership in Professional Nursing Organizations. 
JONA, 49
(11), 517-519. DOI: 10.1097/NNA.0000000000000805

DeCapua, M. (2017).  Get to Know the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. https://www.healthecareers.com/articles/career/know-american-psychiatric-nurses-association

 Finley, B. A. (2020). Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioners Meeting Rural Mental Health Challenges. 
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 26
(1), 97-101. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390319886357

REPLY
 
QUOTE

Hide 8 replies

 

5 months ago

Sherwin Jackson 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hide 3 replies

 

4 months ago

Elizabeth Brennan 

RE: Response #1 – Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hi Sherwin,

Congratulations on choosing the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) track.  I acknowledge the difficulty you described with mental health being viewed negatively.  I support your desire to improve access to and the treatment of this specific population.  In 2020, the federal government spent $280 billion on mental health services.  The Unity Agenda of President Biden is a “strategy to transform how our country understands, accesses, and treats mental health” (The White House, 2022, para 1) NURS 6003 Week 10 Discussion: Examining Nursing Specialties.  The strategy addresses how the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the need for mental health care.  The current needs of mental health care are affordable care, expanding access to care, and reducing the economic effects mental health disorders can create (The White House, 2022).  I hope the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) can assist you with networking, advocay, and inform you of local and national nursing issues in your field (APNA, n.d.).

References

American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (n.d.). Retrieved on July 31, 2022 from 

Home

The White House. (2022, May 31).  Reducing the economic burden of unmet mental health needs.  Retrieved on July 31, 2022 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/written-materials/2022/05/31/reducing-the-economic-burden-of-unmet-mental-health-needs/#:~:text=The%20Federal%20Government%20covers%20some,from%20the%20U.S.%20Medicaid%20program
.

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Ashton Johnson 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hi Sherwin, 

According to the Psychiatric Times, the mental health specialty is one of the fastest-growing specialties being dominated by non-physician providers (Robinson, 2021). Despite this, there has still been a shortage of mental health nurse practitioners. An article from the Journal for Nurse Practitioners stated “The Health Resources and Services Administration’s Bureau of Health Workforce designated over 5,500 mental health professional shortage areas in the United States, impacting over 110 million Americans” (Kameg & Fradkin, 2021). Mental health has been a large topic of discussion all over the United States and the importance of mental health has become a forefront in healthcare-related discussions. It is good to see more people going into the mental health specialty for nurse practitioners in order to reach more patients. 

Resources

Kameg, B. N., & Fradkin, D. (2021). Despite rates of psychiatric diagnoses, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners are restricted in Pennsylvania. 
The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
, 
17
(2), 139–140. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.12.002

Robinson, S. (2021, February 3). 
Partnering with Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioners
. Psychiatric Times. Retrieved August 6, 2022, from 
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychiatric-mental-health-nurse-practitioners

 

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Crystal Lewis 
WALDEN INSTRUCTOR
 
MANAGER

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hi, Sherwin,

Your affiliation with a professional organization will allow you to continue expanding your network. How could your professional network impact your decisions, during your educational journey?

Excellent post!

Dr. Lewis

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Hazel Alejandria 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hi Sherwin. Thanks for sharing. Becoming a mental health NP was one of my top choices before I finally decided to go for Acute-Gerontological NP. I considered mental health because only a few people are doing it because often, people think it is difficult to deal with mentally ill individuals. Yes, it is difficult but being able to understand a person who is mentally ill needs time and patience and I applaud you for going through it. It has become a stigma in our environment that mentally ill individuals are a lost cause. Mentally ill individuals do not want to seek help early on because of the fear of being judged and the possibility of losing their jobs. A 
2019 national poll
 that was conducted by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) found that mental health stigma is still a major challenge in the workplace and half of workers were worried about discussing mental health issues at their jobs. More than one in three were concerned about retaliation or being fired if they sought mental health care.
 With this study, they found out that the strongest evidence to decrease stigma is by involving contact with individuals with lived experience with mental illness and efforts with a long-term commitment (American Psychiatric Association, 2020).

American Psychiatric Association. (2020). 
Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness. Retrieved from: 
Psychiatry.org – Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Patricia Wharton 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hi Sherwin,

Thanks for sharing the information regarding the topic and I appreciate your enrollment in the MS nursing program to evaluate your professional duties to serve humanity. Professional nursing organizations exist to serve the profession of nursing, encourage self-regulation, and define nursing principles. A vital aspect of the professional growth of a nurse is active involvement in one or more organizations. Membership gives networking with friends and coworkers and access to training materials like books, seminars, webinars, and websites. Nurses are the most sought-after Registered Nurses (RNs) in the employment market, and they have a better chance of advancing to leadership and management jobs than ASN nurses do(Jhonson, 2021).

Thank you

References

Jhonson, J. n. (2021, Sep 09). 
Nursing Specialities.
 Retrieved from https://nursing.jnj.com/specialty

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Pam Douglas 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hello Sherwin,

I enjoyed reading your post. You are right about the stigma surrounding individuals with mental health problems. Individuals with mental health disorders often do not seek treatment due to the stigmas, prejudice, and discrimination surrounding individuals with mental health disorders. (Psychiatry.org, 2022) There is a tremendous need for compassionate and dedicated mental health professionals. My current employer hires behavior health specialists who provide resources to individuals seeking help. There is a shortage of behavioral health specialists, and individuals sometimes have to wait months before they can be seen by a provider for an initial consultation. The shortage of mental health care providers was even more apparent during the start of the Covid 19 pandemic. Many of my clients were seeking mental health services during that time, and the providers were booked out for months. You are entering a much-needed and rewarding profession, and your dedication to your profession will be greatly appreciated. Best wishes to you throughout the rest of your academic and professional career.

Reference

Stigma, prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness
. Psychiatry.org – Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness. (n.d.). Retrieved August 4, 2022, from 
https://psychiatry.org/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Solomon Murray 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Your post was excellent. I completely comprehend your struggles with making the decision to work in the mental health field, and I can sympathize. I’ve never worked as a mental health nurse, so the concept of fully appreciating it has always made me wonder. In my research, I made an effort to concentrate on the aspects of the subject matter that I found most enjoyable. The fact that they provide diagnostic services, psychotherapy, and deal with addiction use is what I appreciate most about the psychiatric NP field. I also like that some mental health professionals work in for-profit or local hospitals, while others provide similar therapies in private clinics. One of my main areas of interest for the community is psychotherapy. To broaden knowledge and show ongoing competence, psychiatric nurse practitioners should undertake lifelong learning in psychotherapy and acquire ongoing training in psychotherapy to enhance one’s resolve to work for mastery and skill in a range of psychotherapeutic methods (APNA, 2022). 

 

Apna position: Psychotherapy and the Psychiatric-Mental Health Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Role
. APNA. (2022, March 14). Retrieved August 5, 2022, from https://www.apna.org/news/psychotherapy-and-the-psychiatric-mental-health-advanced-practice-registered-nurse-role/ 

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Elizabeth Brennan 

RE: Initial Post – Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

I’ve had over fifteen years to consider what type of nursing to specialize in.  This spring, I finally realized that the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) was the route for me. I’ve worked in cardiac critical care most of my professional life and have desired to continue my degree for the past ten years, but I never wanted to be an acute Nurse Practitioner.  After ten years of working with adults in cardiac critical care, I changed to working with children in public health.  Public health then broadened my limited perspective on the acute necessities of patients to help them function in everyday life.

            In the school system, I realized that about seventy-five percent of my day was related to addressing issues that stemmed from mental health.  The elementary students with undiagnosed learning disabilities or mental health issues came to the nurse’s office presenting with physical systems.  They often just needed a quick break from class or someone to talk to.  Middle school students with learning disabilities or mental health diagnoses came to the clinic primarily for reassurance, and we spent time discussing healthy coping mechanisms.  The high school students needed someone to talk to that wasn’t their peer or parent.  I found that the role of a school nurse required mental health knowledge and skills I didn’t have.  For four years, I ingested every mental health book or journal I could read, and I quickly realized how much I enjoyed this topic of study.  Then, I decided to become a clinical nursing instructor for a local university and found a similar need among the students I’ve taught for the past two years.  Becoming a PMHNP is exciting as I learn additional assessment, diagnosis, and treatment skills to help a part of the population in need.

            As a PMHNP, I could join the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA). There are a variety of options for membership.  To join, a nurse can fill out an application and pay the annual membership fee of $135.  Members may choose a monthly payment option or pay the price in full.  Members can serve on committees, earn contact hours, network with colleagues, and seek election to the Board of Directors (APNA, n.d.).  Echevarria (2018) encourages nurses to evaluate professional organizations based on membership benefits, how they align with their professional role and the organization’s role in advocacy NURS 6003 Week 10 Discussion: Examining Nursing Specialties.

References

American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (n.d.). Retrieved on July 31, 2022 from 

Home

Echevarria, I. M. (2018). Make connections by joining a professional nursing organization. 
Nursing, 48
(12), 35-38.

As a cardiac critical care physician who has worked in the field for more than 10 years, at school, you quickly learned that 75% of your time was spent dealing with students’ mental health problems. Practicing public health allowed you to see the immediate needs of people from a different angle than you could have otherwise. You might join the American Psychiatric Nurses Association as a psychiatric nurse practitioner (APNA). There are several ways to become a member. Members can participate on committees, earn contact hours, connect with colleagues, and run for the Board of Directors, among other perks and privileges. In this way, nurses are encouraged to consider the membership advantages of professional organizations(Millender, 2022).

Thank you

References

Millender, E. (2022, July 14). 
The Cumulative Influence of Perceived Discrimination, Stress, and Coping Responses on Symptoms.
 Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/home/jap

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Crystal Lewis 
WALDEN INSTRUCTOR
 
MANAGER

RE: Initial Post – Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hi, Elizabeth,

Do you plan to access online chats or forums within your associations’ website to
 enhance networking opportunities?

Great post!

Dr.Lewis

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

Hide 1 reply

 

4 months ago

Elizabeth Brennan 

RE: Initial Post – Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Dr. Lewis,

Yes, I believe online forums and discussions within the association website will be helpful for networking and education.  I’ve utilized the National Association of School Nurse forums in the past as a novice school nurse and gained knowledge and insight from other nurses.

Elizabeth

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Kayleigh Haas 

RE: Initial Post – Discussion – Week 10-First reply

COLLAPSE

Hello Elizabeth,

First of all what a huge change shifting from cardiac critical care to the public school system and now Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP). I believe coming from experience working in the school system has opened your eyes to the rising rate of mental health diagnosis in the pediatric population. “In recent years an estimated 10-20% of all children suffer from a mental health condition.” (McCollum & Beattie, 2021). I think it is amazing that you took it upon yourself to learn more about mental health to better serve the population you work with. From an emergency nurse point of view, I believe school systems are failing these students who do simply need someone to talk to. These individuals will benefit from passionate patient-centered nurses like you. “Pediatric mental health presentations to emergency departments (EDs) have shown dramatic increases nationally.” (Sheridan et al., 2020). Unfortunately, many of these children seek counseling and guidance through their school counselors and end up in the ED waiting to see if they are going to be placed on a psychiatric hold. I understand the liability staff working in school systems must feel with this patient population but the emergency department is not an ideal situation for these individuals to get the help they need. If your goal is to continue to work with the pediatric mental health population, I believe you will be a perfect person to provide phenomenal outpatient care. The nursing profession needs more people like you. Thank you for your post.

References:

McCollum, D., & Beattie, T. (2021). Dealing with mental health in the Pediatric Emergency Department. 
European Journal of Emergency Medicine
, 
28
(5), 335–336. https://doi.org/10.1097/mej.0000000000000822 

Sheridan, D. C., Marshall, R., Nunez Morales, A., & Johnson, K. (2020). Access to outpatient pediatric mental health care after emergency department discharge. 
Pediatric Emergency Care
, 
37
(12). https://doi.org/10.1097/pec.0000000000002057 

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Sherwin Jackson 

RE: Initial Post – Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hello Elizabeth.

 Your post is very insightful . According to Wei et al. (2021), career development reflects a process where one acknowledges and explores their career paths and makes informed decisions that change and shape one’s career. The thrilling part about your career development journey is how you engaged your observation skills within your previous area of specialization to identify your strengths. In most cases, people become stuck to their current positions because they fear trying new roles. However, it is always easy to achieve that goal for those who have identified their strengths and blind spots and are willing to take an extra step. Also, considering the current mental crisis facing the world, there is a need to encourage more nurses to embrace mental health-related courses like psychiatry, mental health nurse practitioner, social work, and psychology. However, your case calls out to healthcare organizations in the United States, especially on the need to ensure that they provide nurses with a chance for career development through training and workshops, which can reduce nurse turnover rates.

References

Ellis, M. (March 27, 2019). The Real Cost of Untreated Mental Illness in America. Constellation Behavioral Health. https://www.constellationbehavioralhealth.com/blog/the-real-cost-of-untreated-mental-illness-in-america/

Wei, L. Z., Zhou, S. S., Hu, S., Zhou, Z., & Chen, J. (2021). Influences of nursing students’ career planning, internship experience, and other factors on professional identity. 
Nurse Education Today
, 
99
, 104781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104781

REPLY
 
QUOTE

 

4 months ago

Solomon Murray 

RE: Initial Post – Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hello, Elizabeth Your post on discussion was excellent. I also have experience working with kids, which piqued my interest in a career in mental health. One of the hardest jobs I ever had was as a mental health technician working with adolescents aged 9 to 17. I ended up enjoying my work, which was a factor in my decision to pursue a nursing degree. Your dedication is demonstrated by the fact that you have been reading on your own about mental health. You made a really good point when you said that many of your students had mental health issues and learning problems that hadn’t been properly diagnosed. Even though family violence has been deemed to be prevalent worldwide, child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) frequently fail to detect it and treat infants and adolescents who are living in homes where there is violence (Bunston, 2017)

Bunston W, Franich-Ray C, Tatlow S. A Diagnosis of Denial: How Mental Health Classification Systems Have Struggled to Recognise Family Violence as a Serious Risk Factor in the Development of Mental Health Issues for Infants, Children, Adolescents and Adults. Brain Sci. 2017 Oct 17;7(10):133. doi: 10.3390/brainsci7100133. PMID: 29039808; PMCID: PMC5664060.

 

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

Nicole Emmerich 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

​

The nursing specialty I have chosen to purse is becoming a PMHNP (Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner). I have been in nursing for fifteen years and four of them have been directly in behavioral health. The reason I have chosen this specialty is I have seen how greatly of an issue mental health is. I thought I had a pretty good idea between personal and professional experiences, but it is far bigger than I even thought. I would really love to help reduce or even eliminate the stigma surrounding mental health and I really hope to make a positive impact in my patients’ lives. The only real difficulty I had in making this choice is that I wasn’t very confident in going back to school as it has been so long since I have been a student. I was, and sometimes still am, afraid of the time commitment and also my ability to be a successful student.

The factors that drove me to look past my difficulties in making the decision included massive support from loved ones/peers and having faith in myself to become a PMHNP. I figured I won’t know what I am capable of until I try and I know I can do hard things! As far as professional organizations, I have found the three listed in the references section, but one really caught my attention which was The National Association of Psychiatry Mental Health Nurse Practitioners NURS 6003 Week 10 Discussion: Examining Nursing Specialties. In order to become a member, you must create an account, choose a one-year membership tier (licensed or student, $150 or $120), and complete an application which asks about your education, career information, and referral information. 
(n.d.)
I did not complete membership at this time, but may as I get closer to practicums and graduation.

​

(n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2022, from 
https://napmhnp.enpnetwork.com/

(n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2022, from 

Home

(n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2022, from 
https://www.ispn-psych.org/

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

Hide 4 replies

 

4 months ago

Elizabeth Brennan 

RE: Response #2 – Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hi Nicole,

 

The federal government spent $280 billion on mental health services in 2020. President Biden has written the Unity Agenda to help transform and address the current mental health crisis (The White House, 2022). The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the need for mental health care, predominantly in young adults. NURS 6003 Week 10 Discussion: Examining Nursing Specialties Mental health has a wide range of diagnoses and severity; therefore, access to affordable care to reduce the economic effects of mental health disorders is critical. Congratulations on selecting the PHMNP program. You will be an asset to changing the negative stigma by providing excellent care and support to your current and future patients in this population.    

I viewed the
 National Association of Psychiatry Mental Health Nurse Practitioners new website. Although much of the website is still under construction, I could review membership benefits. I hope this nursing organization will provide clinical resources, advocacy, and networking with other professionals in your field 
(NAPMHNP, n.d.) NURS 6003 Week 10 Discussion: Examining Nursing Specialties.

References

The National Association of Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioners (NAPMHNP). (n.d.). Retrieved on August 1, 2022 from https://napmhnp.enpnetwork.com

The White House. (2022, May 31). Reducing the economic burden of unmet mental health needs. Retrieved on July 31, 2022 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/written-materials/2022/05/31/reducing-the-economic-burden-of-unmet-mental-health-needs/#:~:text=The%20Federal%20Government%20covers%20some,from%20the%20U.S.%20Medicaid%20program
.

 

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

chinwe chukwumerije 

RE: Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Nicole, good choice since you have worked in a behavioral setting for almost 15 years; I believe PMHNP will be a breeze for you because of the experience you have acquired over the years. The stigma surrounding mental health is a real threat because people don’t want to be looked down on due to their mental health issues, and as a result, they do not talk about it, and adverse effect happens. Creating awareness with more NP for mental health on board will help.

For someone pursuing a degree in mental health, belonging to a professional organization, the national association of psychiatry mental health practitioners should be a plus because they cover all areas of mental health and positive patients outcome (American Psychiatric Nurses Association, n.d).

          Reference

American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (n.d.). Retrieved on July 31, 2022, from 

Home

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

4 months ago

LOIDA THORNE 

Response #1 Discussion – Week 10

COLLAPSE

Hi Nicole
 

Great Post! Thanks for sharing. You are not alone in this. I feel the same not being as confident returning to school after being out for such a long time. I also have been out of school for many years. I believe you will be successful in becoming a PMHNP due to the experiences you have gained through the years. Joining a “Professional organization plays a key role in all levels of advocacy and in each setting in which a nurse practices” (American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 2021). 
 

Reference 
 

American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (2021). 
About Association for Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health
. Retrieved August 5, 2022, from 
https://www.apna.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3277
 

REPLY
 
QUOTE
 
EMAIL AUTHOR

 

Your approach toward mental health issues is  impressive , you have clearly stated that you will use your position to intervene on the stigmatization that people with mental health issues face while seeking medical health. The world is experiencing an increased rate of deaths resulting from untreated mental health conditions. According to Ellis (2019), most Americans with mental health issues never seek treatment. Yet approximately 51 percent of the United States adults had bipolar disorder, with 40 percent diagnosed with schizophrenia after the National Institute of Mental Health conducted one-year research. Hence, since nurses will always remain the best patient advocates, being part of the National Association of Psychiatry Mental Health Nurse Practitioners will help you collaborate with other nurse practitioners within the mental-health department to make effective policies. Such policies can involve the need of the United States population to be engaged in awareness creation and screening to prevent deterioration of their mental health.

References

Ellis, M. (March 27, 2019). The Real Cost of Untreated Mental Illness in America. Constellation Behavioral Health. https://www.constellationbehavioralhealth.com/blog/the-real-cost-of-untreated-mental-illness-in-america/

Wei, L. Z., Zhou, S. S., Hu, S., Zhou, Z., & Chen, J. (2021). Influences of nursing students’ career planning, internship experience, and other factors on professional identity. 
Nurse Education Today
, 
99
, 104781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104781 NURS 6003 Week 10 Discussion: Examining Nursing Specialties

Antibiotic Resistance Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Assignment

Global Health Comparison

Grid Template

Global Health Comparison Grid

NURS – 6050C: Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

 

Global Health Comparison Grid and Narrative Statement

 

Global Healthcare Issue

Antibiotic Resistance

 
ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

Description

Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem that was listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) among the top 10 leading world health issues in 2020 (WHO, 2020). AMR is described occurs when microbial pathogens, such as fungi and bacteria, develop the capacity to repel or survive the antibiotic agents intended to kill them, thereby threatening the globe’s advances in food production and healthcare, which, in turn, negatively affect life expectancy (WHO, 2020). Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020) reveal that >2.8 million AMR infections are documented in the U.S. annually, resulting in >35000 mortalities each year. Similar trends have been observed in China, where the AMR crisis is deteriorating and seriously threatening animal and human health (Qu et al., 2019). Addressing AMR calls for concerted efforts among countries in both industrialized and developing regions to detect, mitigate, and respond to the associated disasters. A comparison of policy efforts adopted by China and the U.S. will be presented in this Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix Antibiotic Resistance Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Assignment.

Country

United States

China

Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue

The U.S. government issued Executive Order 13676 directing the Department of Health and Human Services to formulate and lead the execution of the 2020 – 2025 National Action Plan for Combating AMR, aka CARB (Federal Task Force on Combating AMR, 2020). CARB outlines that the U.S. will collaborate with both overseas and local agencies to detect, prevent, and control infections and mortalities attributed to AMR. The primary aim of the Plan is structured around five objectives for collective actions by the federal government in collaboration with organizations, individuals, and international administrations (Federal Task Force on Combating AMR, 2020). The five goals encompass 1) fast-tracking applied and basic research and formulation of novel antimicrobial agents, 2) advancing formulation and application of rapid and inventive diagnostic assays for detection and characterization of resistant microbes, and 3) strengthening the national collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary (One Health) surveillance attempts to curb AMR (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2019). Fourth, improving overseas capacities and collaboration for AMR mitigation, and lastly 5) slowing the incidence of resistant microbes and curbing the dissemination of AMR infections.

Like in the U.S., infections resulting from multi-drug resistant organisms, particularly CRE, are exponentially increasing in China, and they are often allied to elevated death rates owing to a lack of therapeutic alternatives (Qu et al., 2019). As a result, the Chinese Ministry of Health introduced the zero mark-up drug policy (ZMDP) in 2009 to rationalize antibiotic use and discourage public hospitals from benefiting from the over-prescription of antimicrobial agents that are allied to AMR (Yan et al., 2020).

What are the strengths of this policy?

One of the core strengths of the 2020 – 2025 Plan is the One Health approach to the implementation of the policy, where stakeholders are drawn from multiple sectors at the global, national, regional, and local levels collaborate to accomplish the shared goal of combatting AMR (CDC, 2019). Second, the readiness of Congress to support the investment in and implementation of the Plan has allowed the U.S. to make significant advances in combating AMR (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2019).

The implementation of the ZMDP was preceded by a nationwide campaign, which helped in creating extensive public awareness of the policy (He et al., 2019). In addition, the policy execution was piloted first at primary care facilities before it was progressively scaled up to the county, tertiary, and national public hospitals (He et al., 2019). The progressive scale-up allowed the implementers to address potential challenges before expanding to larger institutions Antibiotic Resistance Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Assignment.

What are the weaknesses of this policy?

While the One Health approach is a major enabler of the 2020 – 2025 National Plan, it also represents a key weakness. One Health requires local and international governments to collaborate. The U.S., however, influences local agencies; thus, the unwillingness of other countries to actively partake in the intervention is beyond the control of the U.S.

Early assessment of the efficacy of the ZMDP at the pilot stage showed an insignificant reduction in unreasonable prescription and use of antimicrobials in various provinces, including Hubei, Anhui, and Guangxi (He et al., 2019). The inefficacy of the policy in achieving its core mandate can be attributed to failure to involve physicians in the design and implementation process, yet, they are the key stakeholders in the prescription of the drugs (Yan et al., 2020).

Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)

 

Poor administrative governance is one of the social determinants of health that has been associated with the overuse of antibiotics, which, in turn, contribute to AMR (Collignon & Beggs, 2019). In low-income countries, the lack of understanding and knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents has been ascribed to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics  (Collignon & Beggs, 2019).

Poor administrative governance is one of the social determinants of health that has been associated with the overuse of antibiotics, which, in turn, contribute to AMR (Collignon & Beggs, 2019). In low-income countries, the lack of understanding and knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents has been ascribed to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics  (Collignon & Beggs, 2019).

How has each country’s government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue?

The U.S. has addressed the cost, quality, and access to efforts to combat AMR through the One Health approach. The latter is steered by the CDC, a global health agency that directly works with international governments through capacity building, training, and research (CDC, 2019).

 

AMR is associated with significant mortalities in China annually. The Chinese government has therefore invested in a series of policies and interventions to combat the associated cost (Wang et al., 2016). In addition to the bottom-up enforcement of the ZMDP policy to ensure a decline in the irrational use of antimicrobial agents, the government has also funded evaluation studies to determine the quality and effectiveness of the policies (Yan et al., 2020).

How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples)

Since its roll-out in early 2020, CARB is anticipated to significantly decline the occurrence rates of key antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Clostridium difficile, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) (Federal Task Force on Combating AMR, 2020). The above improves global health by eliminating the odds for the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant mutations, and subsequently, reducing mortality rates attributed to AMR infections.

Like the U.S. 2020 – 2025 Plan, the Chinese ZMDP policy has progressively facilitated the reduction of the spread of CRE superbug (Yi et al., 2015). Subsequently, it has prevented the introduction and dissemination of virulent mutants of CRE across international borders and the associated elevated mortality rates.

Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of a nurse in each country.

Nurses serve a central role in the fight against AMR through their roles in infection control and antibiotic stewardship. Thus, they play a core function in the implementation of the 2020 – 2025 Plan by serving as the primary sources of community and patient education on AMR (Wiley & Villamizar, 2019).

Similar to the case of the U.S. 2020 – 2025 Plan,  nurses played a core function in the implementation of the ZMDP by serving as the primary sources of community and patient education on AMR (Wang et al., 2016).

Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples)

Global health issues, like the eruption of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and AMR, directly affect local organizations and policies (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has seen the U.S. develop policies that guide international and local vaccination drives and support international collaborative efforts to safeguard its citizens from newer variants that cross international borders through global travels Antibiotic Resistance Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Assignment.

 

Global health issues, like the eruption of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and AMR, directly affect local organizations and policies (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has seen the U.S. develop policies that guide international and local vaccination drives and support international collaborative efforts to safeguard its citizens from newer variants that cross international borders through global travels.

General Notes/Comments

In summary, AMR is a global public health crisis that calls for collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approaches explained by the 2020 – 2025 National Action Plan for Combating AMR.

In summary, AMR is a global public health crisis that calls for collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approaches. Unlike the U.S. 2020 – 2025 Plan, the implementation of the ZMDP policy did not involve a multisectoral approach but targeted a single player of the stakeholders. The failure to embrace a collaborative, multisectoral approach might have contributed to reported ineffectiveness.

 

Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

As outlined in Part I of the assignment, AMR is one of the global health issues that call for worldwide collaboration in preparedness, prevention, planning, response, and care reflecting health equality across countries (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Such global health issues, like AMR, go beyond transnational, regional, and national borders, and they are also inclined to unduly impact susceptible and underprivileged populations. Thus, nurses at the clinic, community, and classroom should adopt a global health standpoint to proficiently function in the current multicultural clinical settings (Edmonson et al., 2017). In the above case, nurse leaders can advocate for the inclusion of the global health perspective by engaging in transdisciplinary teams, through which they can communicate and collaborate across and within organizations and disciplines that are fundamental to enhancing global health (Edmonson et al., 2017).

The incorporation of the global health perspective will positively impact the delivery of nursing care and advocacy at the local level. For example, acquiring global health encounters via interdisciplinary teams, health initiatives, medical missions, and community work targeted at tackling health inequalities reinforce nurses. In particular, the integration of a global health standpoint enables nurses in U.S. hospitals to build comprehension of international health systems, improve cultural sensitivity, and forge international or interprofessional relationships (University at Buffalo, n.d.). As a nurse leader, the incorporation of a global health outlook represents a social change as it reflects the transformative shift from local approaches to care delivery to a broadened advance to prevent the dissemination of worldwide health concerns, like AMR, and protect the global populations (Edmonson et al., 2017).

References

CDC. (2019).
One Health
. https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020).
About antibiotic resistance
. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html

Collignon, P., & Beggs, J. J. (2019). Socioeconomic enablers for contagion: Factors impelling the antimicrobial resistance epidemic.
Antibiotics
,
8
(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030086

Edmonson, C., McCarthy, C., Trent-Adams, S., McCain, C., & Marshall, J. (2017). Emerging global health issues: A nurse’s role.
Online Journal of Issues in Nursing
,
22
(1). https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.VOL22NO01MAN02

Federal Task Force on Combating AMR. (2020).
The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 2020-2025
. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

He, P., Sun, Q., Shi, L., & Meng, Q. (2019). China’s health system reforms: Review of 10 years of progress: Rational use of antibiotics in the context of China’s health system reform.
The BMJ
,
365
. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.L4016

Healthy People 2020. (n.d.).
Global health
. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/global-health

Qu, J., Huang, Y., & Lv, X. (2019). Crisis of antimicrobial resistance in China: Now and the future.
Frontiers in Microbiology
,
10
(SEP), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02240

University at Buffalo. (n.d.).
Embracing a global perspective in nursing
. http://nursing.buffalo.edu/news-events/UBNursing-magazine.host.html/content/shared/nursing/articles/ubnursing-magazine/2019/global-health/global-perspective-nursing.detail.html

US Department of Health and Human Services. (2019).
Antibiotic resistance in threats in the U.S. 2019
. CDC. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00872-w

Wang, L., Zhang, X., Liang, X., & Bloom, G. (2016). Addressing antimicrobial resistance in China: Policy implementation in a complex context.
Globalization and Health
,
12
(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0167-7

WHO. (2020, December 24).
10 global health issues to track in 2021
. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/10-global-health-issues-to-track-in-2021

Wiley, K. C., & Villamizar, H. J. (2019). Antibiotic resistance policy and the stewardship role of the nurse.
Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice
,
20
(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154418819251

Yan, K., Yang, C., Zhang, H., Ye, D., Liu, S., Chang, J., Jiang, M., Zhao, M., & Fang, Y. (2020). Impact of the zero-mark-up drug policy on drug-related expenditures and use in public hospitals, 2016-2018: An interrupted time-series study in Shaanxi.
BMJ Open
,
10
(11), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037034

Yi, H., Miller, G., Zhang, L., Li, S., & Rozelle, S. (2015). Intended and unintended consequences of China’s zero markup drug policy.
Health Affairs
,
34
(8), 1391–1398. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1114

 

To Prepare:

Review the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global health agenda and select one global health issue to focus on for this Assignment.

Select at least one additional country to compare to the U.S. for this Assignment.

Reflect on how the global health issue you selected is approached in the U.S. and in the additional country you selected Antibiotic Resistance Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Assignment .

Review and download the Global Health Comparison Matrix provided in the Resources.

The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Global Health Comparison Matrix; 1-page Plan for Social Change)

Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix

Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following:

Consider the U.S. national/federal health policies that have been adapted for the global health issue you selected from the WHO global health agenda. Compare these policies to the additional country you selected for study.

Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each policy.

Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the global health issue you selected. Be specific and provide examples.

Using the WHO’s
Organization’s
global health agenda as well as the results of your own research, analyze how each country’s government addresses cost, quality, and access to the global health issue selected.

Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the health of the global population. Be specific and provide examples.

Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the role of the nurse in each country.

Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. Be specific and provide examples.

Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

Reflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment and the impact that global health issues may have on the world, the U.S., your community, as well as your practice as a nurse leader.

In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.

Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader Antibiotic Resistance Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Assignment.

Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader.

Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples

By Day 3 of Week 10

Post
 an explanation of your choice of a nursing specialty within the program. Describe any difficulties you had (or are having) in making your choice, and the factors that drove/are driving your decision. Identify at least one professional organization affiliated with your chosen specialty and provide details on becoming a member.

By Day 6 of Week 10

Respond
 to at least 
two
 of your colleagues’ posts by sharing your thoughts on their specialty, supporting their choice or offering suggestions if they have yet to choose.

Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation Assignment Essay

The Assignment: (2–4 pages)

In a 2- to 4-page paper, create an
interview transcript of your responses to the following interview questions
:

Tell us about a healthcare program, within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?

Who is your target population?

What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program? Can you provide examples? Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation Assignment Essay

What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program? Do you have input into design decisions? How else do you impact design?

What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation? How does this role vary between design and implementation of healthcare programs? Can you provide examples?

Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe are most needed to implement a program? Can you explain why?

 

Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

NURS – 6050C: Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health

Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

For the past three decades, there has been a significant shift in the U.S. approach to health care from the biomedical healthcare model to the biopsychosocial framework of comprehending well-being states and illness, especially for patients with chronic diseases (Aggar et al., 2021). In the last decade, newer interventions focusing on the social constituent of care have emerged, including the introduction of health coaches, walking groups, physical activity/exercise on prescription, art on prescription, and social prescribing, with some empirical evidence of behavioral transformation (Carnes et al., 2017). The above social prescription programs are designed to allow patients to enhance their self-care skills, mitigate complications, and play a role in tackling health inequities by establishing social support networks (Alliance for Healthier Communities, n.d.). The design and implementation of social prescription programs call for collaborative efforts among clinicians. Recently, TGK Hospital introduced music on prescription program at their Annex site in Atlanta. I interviewed the nurse executive manager (NE) of the hospital to establish the nursing role in the program design and implementation, and presented in this paper is the interview transcript showing the NE’s responses to specific questions about the program.

BUY A CUSTOM-WRITTEN ESSAY

Interviewer: Tell us about a healthcare program, within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?

 Interviewee:
Social prescription is an inventive advance that targets to connect primary care patients with social support sources in the voluntary sector and within communities to aid them to improve their wellbeing, health, and care encounters (Pescheny et al., 2018). It offers our medical staff a non-clinical referral alternative, which runs beside clinical therapies, to tackle non-medical elements perpetuating and precipitating diseases and regularly result in frequent hospital visits. We have implemented music on prescription, and so far, it has enabled physicians, advanced nurse practitioners, and other interdisciplinary staff to officially refer elderly patients to community-based music programs (Pescheny et al., 2018). The estimated cost of the program is approximately $45,000/year, with the projected outcomes including improvements in general, mental, and emotional wellbeing, improved quality of life, and alleviated levels of anxiety and depression (Husk et al., 2019). The above will reduce hospitalization costs and allow our staff to focus on clinical cases.

Interviewer:
Who is your target population?

Interviewee:
The music on prescription program at TGK Hospital targets primarily elderly patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses, including Alzheimer’s dementia, cancer, pain, and those with depression with or without suicidal ideations.

Interviewer:
What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program? Can you provide examples?

Interviewee:
Available empirical have shown that in hospitals where social prescribing is a common practice, patients with chronic ailments receiving music on prescription feel less isolated, made 38% fewer emergency department units, and 47% fewer hospital visits (Aggar et al., 2021; Philip et al., 2019). Despite the above benefits, the uptake has remained relatively low mainly due to the failure to include nurses in the design and execution of the programs. Registered nurses (RNs) serve pertinent roles in guaranteeing the efficacy of the novel type of healthcare. RNs are already taking care of geriatric patients with chronic illnesses. Consequently, they can assist in identifying the patients at risk of social isolation and those qualifying for social prescription interventions (Pescheny et al., 2018).

Interviewer:
What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program? Do you have input into design decisions? How else do you impact design?

Interviewee:
My specialty of practice is geriatric nurse practitioner, and I have worked with elderly patients for more than two decades. Through my long working experience, I have noted that a large share of my patients was experiencing feelings of loneliness, which substantially contributed to chronic depression and suicidal ideations, particularly those with Alzheimer’s dementia (Aftab & Shah, 2017; Ward et al., 2020). Thus, I took part in the search for evidence-based practice to mitigate suicidal thoughts in the abovementioned population and used the findings to push for the adoption of music on prescription programs at the hospital level. I attended a social prescription workshop in the U.K in early 2019, where I acquired knowledge on the design of the programs. Besides steering the interdisciplinary team involved in the design and implementation of the initiative, I am also a trainer of the frontline linking workers for the program.

Interviewer:

What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation? How does this role vary between the design and implementation of healthcare programs? Can you provide examples?

Interviewee:
RNs not only have the requisite skills, knowledge, and competencies to facilitate referrals but also the community connections to establish the services and groups that align with patients’ interests and preferences. Thus, while at the design stage their role was limited to developing proposals touching on the screening procedures of patients who are likely to profit from the program, RNs serve as champions, network events to share best practices and ensure collective understanding of the program, and facilitate the integration of the initiative into the hospital’s healthcare system (Pescheny et al., 2018). In particular, RNs help in the evaluation of the program by continuously mapping the attainment of the program outcomes vis-à-vis implementation goals.

Interviewer: Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe is most needed to implement a program? Can you explain why?

Interviewee:
Music on prescription is a broad initiative involving a diversity of stakeholders from various disciplines, including the hospital, patients, and community-based music providers. In the above view, the requisite members of the healthcare team include the patients’ physicians, who are responsible for identifying non-medical music on prescription and prescribing it to the patients (Alliance for Healthier Communities, n.d.). Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation Assignment Essay RNs and community-based assistant nurses are important in the program implementation as they link the patients to the appropriate social prescription program grounded on self-identified needs and interests, as well as support their self-care journey (Alliance for Healthier Communities, n.d.). Lastly, the hospital management committee facilitates the execution plan by facilitating the financial aspect of the program.

Conclusion

The objective of the paper was to examine the nursing role in the program design and implementation from the perspective of TGK Hospital’s NEs perspective through a one-on-one interview. From the interview transcript, it is apparent that TGK hospital has implemented music on prescription program. The above is a type of social prescription that offers a non-clinical referral alternative, which runs beside clinical therapies, to tackle non-medical elements perpetuating and precipitating diseases and regularly result in frequent hospital visits. The program targets elderly patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses. At the design level, RNs assist in identifying the patients at risk of social isolation and those qualifying for social prescription interventions. At the implementation stage, RNs
help
in the incorporation of the program into the hospital’s culture.

 
References

Aftab, A., & Shah, A. A. (2017). Behavioral emergencies: Special considerations in the geriatric psychiatric patient.
Psychiatric Clinics of North America
,
40
(3), 449–462).  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.05.010

Aggar, C., Thomas, T., Gordon, C., Bloomfield, J., & Baker, J. (2021). Social prescribing for individuals living with mental illness in an Australian Community setting: A pilot study.
Community Mental Health Journal
,
57
(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10597-020-00631-6

Alliance for Healthier Communities. (n.d.).
Social prescribing.
 https://www.allianceon.org/Social-Prescribing Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation Assignment Essay

Carnes, D., Sohanpal, R., Frostick, C., Hull, S., Mathur, R., Netuveli, G., Tong, J., Hutt, P., & Bertotti, M. (2017). The impact of social prescribing service on patients in primary care: A mixed-methods evaluation.
BMC Health Services Research
,
17
(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12913-017-2778-Y/TABLES/5

Husk, K., Elston, J., Gradinger, F., Callaghan, L., & Asthana, S. (2019). Social prescribing: Where is the evidence?
British Journal of General Practice
,
69
(678), 6–7. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X700325

Pescheny, J., Pappas, Y., & Randhawa, G. (2018). Social prescribing: Implementation and delivery.
International Journal of Integrated Care
,
18
(s2), 214. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.s2214

Philip, K., Lewis, A., & Hopkinson, N. S. (2019). Music and dance in chronic lung disease.
Breathe
,
15
(2), 116–120. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0007-2019 Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation Assignment Essay

Ward, M. C., Milligan, C., Rose, E., Elliott, M., & Wainwright, B. R. (2020). The benefits of community-based participatory arts activities for people living with dementia: A thematic scoping review.
Arts & Health
,
00
(00), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2020.1781217

NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios

Main Question Post

My main professional development goal is to contribute to improved patient outcomes using evidence-based best practices as an acute care nurse practitioner. While there are several strategies to help me incorporate my academic activities and accomplishments into my professional development goal, the creation of a professional portfolio and reflection are two approaches that I will take NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios.

A professional portfolio is a “dynamic tool that allows and records professional growth” (Casy & Egan, 2013, pp. 550). It provides an opportunity for a professional to show competence by compiling current certifications, achievements, awards, projects, educational background, and how each has positively affected professional practice (Casy & Egan, 2013). With the increased use of e-portfolios by recruiters and hiring managers (Leahy & Filiatrault, 2017), I will create an e-portfolio to show how my academic activities and accomplishments relate to my professional development goal. A professional portfolio will also allow me to provide documentation of my competence as a professional nurse and a student nurse practitioner (Biedermann, et al., 2022). An e-portfolio will also document how my academic activities and accomplishments influence my practice and contribute to my goal (Casy & Egan, 2013).

BUY AN ESSAY HERE

By utilizing the strategy of reflection, I will be able to reflect on each activity and accomplishment to understand how they support my professional development ad contribute to my goal (McMillan, et al., 2014). An additional benefit from self-reflection will be an increased engagement in my learning and a better understanding of the value of academic activities to my professional development (Biedermann, et al., 2022). NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios Self-reflection also shows self-awareness and helps one identify skills and areas of improvement (Casy & Egan, 2013).

East (2015) discussed the importance of starting a professional profile early, helping them to reflect and understand the importance and relevance of each academic activity to their professional goals (East, 2015). I intend to use this strategy of starting early on an e-portfolio to provide me plenty of time and opportunity to reflect on each academic activity, how those activities support my goals, and to identify any areas for self-improvement.

Goal Alignment with Walden University’s Emphasis on Social Change

My professional development goal aligns with Walden University’s commitment to positive social change because I am working towards becoming a “principled, knowledgeable, and ethical scholar-practitioner” (Walden University, 2022b) who contributes to improving patient outcomes. My professional development goal allows me to “transform health outcomes” (Walden University, 2022a) and contribute to improving humanity and society through evidence-based practice (Walden University, 2022a), which is the very essence of positive social change (Walden University, 2022b).

References

Biedermann, N., Ahern, T., & Harrison, H. (2022). Professional portfolio development: personally and professionally rewarding and satisfying. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 27(6), 41.

Casy, D., & Egan, D. (2013). The use of professional portfolios for career enhancement. British Journal of Nursing, 15(11), 547-552 NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios.

East, R. (2015). Developing a nurse practitioner portfolio. ACORN: The Journal of Perioperative Nursing in Australia, 28(4), 35.

Leahy, R., & Filiatrault, A. (2017). Employers’ perceptions of the benefits of employment electronic portfolios. International Journal of ePortfolio, 7(2), 217-223.

McMillan, L. R., Parker, F., & Sport, A. (2014). Decisions, decisions! E-portfolio as an effective hiring assessment tool. Nursing Management, 45(4), 52-54.

Walden University. (2022a). Master of science in nursing (MSN). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=193&poid=77329&returnto=75376

Walden University. (2022b). Vision, mission, and goals. Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu/content.php?catoid=193&navoid=74971

By Day 3 of Week 8

Post an explanation of at least two strategies for including academic activities and accomplishments into your professional development goals. Then, explain how those goals may align with the University’s emphasis on social change. Be specific and provide examples.

By Day 6 of Week 8

Respond to at least two of your colleagues’ posts by offering additional ideas regarding academic achievements to include or offering alternative ways of presenting the current achievements.

NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios sample 2

Main post – Discussion – Week 8

COLLAPSE

A professional portfolio is a tool for demonstrating and documenting skills, knowledge, and experience. Portfolios are used for professional development, academic achievement, or as support for a career change. Hannans & Olivo (2017) describe multiple benefits of an ePortfolio, such as an opportunity to reflect on experience and skill to evaluate if you are qualified for a potential position and demonstrate career growth from a new graduate to an experienced nurse.

Hannans & Olivo (2017) state that “ePortfolios are an innovative way to share your experience and skills” with potential employers. One strategy for developing a professional portfolio is identifying a platform to support an e-portfolio. The platform should allow for building a profile, networking, and easy accessibility (Hannans & Olivo, 2017). I already have a basic LinkedIn profile with links to my past employers. Still, I have not utilized my profile to network with professional organizations or colleagues who align with my professional goals. I also have not thought of using LinkedIn to demonstrate academic achievement. I need to take the time to utilize my LinkedIn profile to network and create a profile that demonstrates proficiency as I move from registered nurse to advanced practice registered nurse.

Secondly, a professional portfolio needs short and long-term goals. Per Mcmillan et al., “reflection is one of the most important aspects of e-portfolio use because it can facilitate self-evaluation and development of future goals” (2014). I have desires and goals that motivated me to apply to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Program (PMHNP) and long-term career goals; however, I have not formulated my academic plans other than completing the PMHNP program NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios. As I finish this educational program, I need to continually reflect on learning with each course and home in on short and long-term goals. My goals should indicate how my education has prepared me for professional standards in the workforce.

Establishing an online identity to reflect who I am professional and personally is essential. According to Hannans & Olivo (2017), “an estimated 60% to 80% of employers do online searches of potential hires.” Leahy & Filiatrault (2017) found that recruiters with less than two years of experience were more likely to view a student’s ePortfolio than recruiters who’d been in the field longer than three or more years. Employers seek employees who’ve set and attained academic and career goals, demonstrate good communication skills, and successfully work in a team. Creating my ePortfolio will allow me to add my academic and professional achievements to my online identity NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios.

Emphasis on Social Change

Walden University’s mission for social change is “to be a connective hub that promotes, facilitates, and supports collaborative alliances, action research, and projects that lead to purposeful action for sustainable positive social change” (Walden University LLC, n.d.) One of my short and long-term goals after becoming a PMHNP is to advocate for a positive view of mental health, especially in children and teens. NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios I want to listen carefully to how children and teens view mental health. I also want to inspire peers and schools to adopt a positive view of mental health to foster change in the classroom setting.

References

Hannans, J. & Olivo, Y. (2017). Craft a positive nursing digital identity with an ePortfolio. American Nurse Today, 12(11), 48-49. https://www.myamericannurse.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ant11-Digital-Identity-1017a-1.pdf

Leahy, R. & Filiatrault, A. (2017). Employers’ perceptions of the benefits of employment electronic portfolios. Internation Journal of ePortfolio, 7(2), 217-223.

Mcmillan, L. R., Parker, F., & Sport, A. (2014, April) Decisions, decisions! E-portfolio as an effective hiring assessment tool. Nursing Management, 45(4), 52-54.

Walden University LLC. (n.d.). Social change. Retrieved on July 19, 2022 from https://www.waldenu.edu/why-walden/social-change

NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios sample response

Before reading the resources in this module about professional nursing portfolios, I had minimal knowledge about the benefits of a nursing portfolio. I looked at it briefly in the past, but I did not know in detail all the information to include in a portfolio. I had a similar experience with you about having a LinkedIn account. I created it and have not used it much as I did not see the need to use it for career advancement and building a professional profile. NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios I updated my resume, but limited social media use with personal information. Hannans and Olivio (2017) reminded nursing professionals that LinkedIn is one popular platform for nurses to start creating professional profiles and connecting with other nursing professionals (p. 48). Creating a nursing portfolio is the first step; maintaining and updating it is also needed to have an up-to-date portfolio. The information in a portfolio shows how a nurse grows professionally. I agree with you about having long-term and short-term goals on a portfolio. Having those goals are essential in the planning process for academic and professional advancement. Portfolios help nurses plan their professional careers and assist them with self-assessment to see where they are in their planning (Casey & Egan, 2010, p. 550). A portfolio is the evidence of professional growth that nurses want to show potential employers of their competence, skills, and accomplishments. I have not created an official nursing portfolio for myself and certainly not an ePortfolio. I gathered different information over time and have not put them together in one place. Starting to put them all together is my first step, and I plan to do it soon.

References

Casey, D. & Egan, D. (2010). The use of professional portfolios and profiles for career enhancement. British Journal of Nursing, 15(11), 547-552.

Hannans, J. & Olivo, Y. (2017). Craft a positive nursing digital identity with an ePortfolio. American Nurse Today, 12(11), 48-49. Retrieve July 19, 2022, from https://www.myamericannurse.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ant11-Digital-Identity-1017a-1.pdf

NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios sample post 3

Every RN and APRN should have a professional development goal to help and guide them in the areas of their specialties. I believe having professional and academic portfolios is like a blueprint attestation to one’s credentials, achievements, and goals. It is essential for personal growth and will help one find and maintain their path to success (Burns, 2022).

In my case, I have always wanted to be a patient advocate and champion patients’ causes. I believe in treating others as you want to be treated.

To be a great patient advocate and to provide excellent patient care, two strategies I must implement include making sure I am up to date with my compulsory educational classes, making sure my licenses are up to date, clinical experiences updated, and staying informed by belonging to professional Nursing association with full rights to get all the current innovative benefits and information regarding my practice.

Another strategy to improve my professional goals and credentials is to be current with research in my study area; this I plan to maintain by keeping informed through networking and following evidence-based research on how best to improve patient care (Casy & Egan, 2013) NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios.

My professional development goal aligns with Walden University’s commitment to positive social change because Walden university’s greatest gift to nursing professionals is to help them grow academically(Walden, 2022a) also by keeping them informed through education, and that is my main goal of getting an education in Walden University, online networking is a must now in this day and age. Building solid allies through nursing networking is in line with Walden’s university commitments and also finally utilizing quality patient’s care through acquiring new skills and learning evidence-based practices will be an added plus to my academic and professional portfolios (Walden University,2022).

References

Burns, M. (2022). Creating a Nursing Portfolio [Ebook]. Retrieved 5 July 2022, from http://file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/240176_nur6003WK8DissRef1%20(2).pdf

Casy, D., & Egan, D. (2013). The use of professional portfolios for career enhancement. British Journal of Nursing, 15(11), 547-552.

Walden University. (2022a). Master of Science in Nursing (MSN). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=193&poid=77329&returnto=75376

Walden University. (2022b). Vision, mission, and goals. Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://catalog.waldenu.edu/content.php?catoid=193&navoid=74971

NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios sample post 4

One of my professional development goals includes networking to expand my professional growth as a novice ARNP. I believe networking will connect me with fellow colleagues who can teach me about other work environments and increase my access to patients by working via telehealth. A strategy I intend to pursue to include my academic activities and accomplishments in this professional development goal is by utilizing LinkedIn as my ePortfolio. According to Hannans & Olivo (2017), LinkedIn is a “social media platform designed specifically for building career profiles and making professional connections” (p. 48). By utilizing LinkedIn, I can easily connect with many other healthcare professionals who could lead me to potential colleagues when I open my own practice. Another benefit of using an ePortfolio is showing future employers you are up to date with current healthcare trends and technology. LinkedIn is a great tool to collect all your professional work in one free, easy-to-access website.

Another professional development goal of mine is obtaining my psychiatric-mental health nursing certification while enrolled in my MSN program. I intend to research further the credentials and requirements needed before completing the exam by exploring the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) website. I believe having my psychiatric-mental health certification will give me a leg-up when future employers are sifting through hundreds of resumes and ePortfolios looking for a fitting candidate. Having this certification shows my colleagues that I am an expert in managing mental health disorders and ensuring high-quality care for patients suffering from mild to severe mental health disorders (RegisteredNursing.org, 2022, para. 1-3) NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios. Being able to list that I am board-certified in psychiatric-mental health disorders on my ePortfolio will help set my profile apart when companies have this listed as a requirement for employment. I believe completing this certification will prepare me for the PMHNP board exam and will only advance my professional career.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

My professional development goals align with Walden University’s emphasis on social change because of my drive and passion for changing the stigma surrounding mental health. Becoming change agents in our field to use in our communities and beyond is just one of the goals of the university to effect positive social change (Walden University, n.d., para. 1). With networking, I can work with professionals in rural areas with very little access to mental health resources and provide telehealth treatment. Otherwise, I would be limited to only providing resources within driving distance of my home. I could expand my outreach to the communities that would otherwise not reach out for help because the nearest psychiatric resources are hours away NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios. Ending the stigma surrounding mental health starts with educating our children about the importance of mental health. Providing mental health and psychiatric resources to every child as they go through school and improving access to care would be of great benefit to providing a positive social change.

References

Hannans, J. & Olivo, Y. (2017). Craft a positive nursing digital identity with an ePortfolio. American Nurse Today, 12(11), 48–49. Retrieved from, https://www.americannursetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ant11-Digital-Identity-1017a-1.pdf

RegisteredNursing.org. (2022, March 4). Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Certification. Retrieved from, https://www.registerednursing.org/certification/psychiatric-mental-health-nurse/

Walden University. (n.d.) Social Change. Retrieved from https://www.waldenu.edu/why-walden/social-change NURS 6003 week 8 Discussion: Strategies for Academic Portfolios

The Assignment: (2–4 pages)

In a 2- to 4-page paper, create an interview transcript of your responses to the following interview questions:

Tell us about a healthcare program, within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?

Who is your target population?

What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program? Can you provide examples?

What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program? Do you have input into design decisions? How else do you impact design?

What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation? How does this role vary between design and implementation of healthcare programs? Can you provide examples?

Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe are most needed to implement a program? Can you explain why?

NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular physiologic mechanisms Case Study Analysis

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

How these processes interact to affect the patient.

 

NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular physiologic mechanisms Case Study Analysis

Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis –
NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology

The cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular physiologic mechanisms serve critical functions in the health of an individual (Ruiz-Garcia et al., 2021). The above systems are elementary in the oxygenation and supply of blood to the entire body. The provided case study involves an 11-year-old boy who presented to the hospital with the chief complaint of wheezing and breathing difficulties. The patient confirms that the wheezing and shortness of breath worsen during activity and occur even at rest. The boy is allergic to cat dander. Wheezes are noted on forced expiration throughout all lung fields on auscultation. The case study analysis focuses on the cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the listed symptoms, ethnic/racial factors that may influence physiological functioning, and how the above processes interact to affect the patient NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular physiologic mechanisms Case Study Analysis.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes

As outlined previously, the 11-year-old patient presents with wheezing and shortness of breath when playing and the indications tend to cease when he ceases playing. The above indications are suggestive of the activity or exercise-induced asthma, the contraction of the pulmonary airways due to vigorous exercise thereby causing the noted wheezing and shortness of breath, which lessens when the child stops engaging in the strenuous game. When the boy plays, the cold and dry air inhaled through the mouth triggers the muscle bands lining the airways to be hyperreactive, resulting in bronchoconstriction (Aggarwal et al., 2018). The narrowing of the airways causes the boy to develop wheezing and shortness of breath as the heart lacks adequate energy to pump blood. In line with the osmotic theory, mucosal cell dehydration due to increased ventilation during play prompts the release of inflammatory mediators, like histamine and mast cell degranulation (Bush, 2019).  The mast cell-mediated release of signaling molecules stimulates elevated production of mucus and contraction of smooth muscles along the airway, as well as sensory nerve activation and microvascular permeability, all of which trigger airway edema and bronchoconstriction (Aggarwal et al., 2018). Besides, the boy is allergic to cat dander, which directly provokes vascular, neuronal, and inflammatory changes that eventually contribute to bronchoconstriction and indications of wheezing and dyspnea.

The Interaction of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes

There is a close relationship between cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular pathophysiologic processes that result in adverse consequences for the 11-year-old patient. In healthy individuals, inhalation engenders a slight negative pressure in the lungs causing a subtle transient dip in systolic blood pressure due to the decline in the blood volume exiting the left ventricle. NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular physiologic mechanisms Case Study Analysis For the 11-year-old boy, the shortness of breath due to the underlying asthmatic condition causes an extreme drop in air pressure in the lungs during inhalation, which, in turn, translates into a significant fall in systolic blood pressure indicated by low heart rate (Bush, 2019). Thus, cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular systems interact seamlessly via the supply of nutrients, gases, and blood. The low supply of oxygen due to bronchoconstriction in the 11-year-old boy affected his lungs and the resulting hypoxemia in capillaries causes wheezing during auscultation.

Impacts of
Racial/Ethnic Variables on Physiological Functioning

Racial and/or ethnic factors substantially influence the physiological functioning of cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular systems. As outlined previously, diminished airway flows are trademark symptoms of asthma and are valuable in evaluating airway remodeling and the severity of the disease (Zhang et al., 2018). It is exacerbated by predominant environmental exposures, such as air pollution, tobacco smoke, and pet allergens, leading to decreased lung function. Pests and mold are commonly observed in poor housing conditions occupied primarily by people from low socioeconomic status, mainly African Americans and Latino (Zhang et al., 2018) NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular physiologic mechanisms Case Study Analysis. The abovementioned socio-environmental factors differ by ethnicity and race, and such social differences partly contribute to the unequal severity of asthma among Caucasians and people from minority races (Sullivan & Thakur, 2020).

 
 
 

References

Aggarwal, B., Mulgirigama, A., & Berend, N. (2018). Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: prevalence, pathophysiology, patient impact, diagnosis and management.
Npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine
,
28
(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-018-0098-2

Bush, A. (2019). Pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma.
Frontiers in Pediatrics
,
7
(MAR), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00068

Ruiz-Garcia, M., Bartra, J., Alvarez, O., Lakhani, A., Patel, S., Tang, A., Sim, M., Shamji, M. H., Skypala, I., Mills, E. N. C., Lyon, A. R., Hayward, C., Durham, S. R., Turner, P. J., & Boyle, R. J. (2021). Cardiovascular changes during peanut-induced allergic reactions in human subjects.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
,
147
(2), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.033

Sullivan, K., & Thakur, N. (2020). Structural and social determinants of health in asthma in developed economies: A scoping review of literature published between 2014 and 2019.
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
,
20
(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-0899-6

Zhang, Y., McConnell, R., Gilliland, F., & Berhane, K. (2018). Ethnic differences in the effect of asthma on pulmonary function in children.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
,
183
(5), 596–603. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200912-1863OC NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular physiologic mechanisms Case Study Analysis

Protein Malnutrition Case Study Analysis – nurs 6501 week 2 assignment

The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

Protein Malnutrition Case Study Analysis – nurs 6501 week 2 assignment

 

 
Case Study Analysis of Protein Malnutrition –
NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology

Poor nutritional status and malnutrition in adults aged 65 years or older are significant public health concerns across the globe. Malnutrition in the elderly is attributed to a gradual deterioration in wellbeing, elevated risk of mortality, premature institutionalization, decreased cognitive and physical functional status, and frequent visits to the emergency department (Evans, 2018) Protein Malnutrition Case Study Analysis – nurs 6501 week 2 assignment. Nutritional evaluation and management should be a routine practice of care for all aged adults, especially those in long-term care nursing facilities (Mathewson et al., 2021). This assignment involves a case study analysis of an elderly patient presenting to the emergency room with generalized edema of the abdomen and extremities. A history assessment of the patient’s data confirmed that the 83-year-old patient suffers protein malnutrition, lacks dentures making it difficult to eat, and has a history of malabsorption syndrome.

ORDER HERE

Typically, the digestion process involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of food after the mechanical breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with the eventual products being absorbed into circulation through epithelial cells lining the small intestine. The physiological function of the GIT can be impaired by a diversity of etiologies, including enteropathies, conditions such as lactose intolerance, cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease (CD), acquired or congenital reduction in absorptive surface, and impaired enterohepatic circulation (Coulthard, 2015). Protein Malnutrition Case Study Analysis – nurs 6501 week 2 assignment For the elderly patient, impaired absorption of macronutrients resulted in protein malnutrition, which is marked by hypoalbuminemia. Albumin prevents fluid leakage into extravascular spaces by maintaining the oncotic pressure within the vascular compartments. The low albumin levels in the 83-year-old patient due to malabsorption syndrome resulted in water retention causing edema in the extremities and abdomen (Avelino-Silva & Jaluul, 2017). Hypoalbuminemia lowers the osmotic pressure and increases the hydrostatic pressure in the capillary vessels needed for water absorption, subsequently, producing the observed localized accumulation of fluid in the extremities and abdomen.  The lack of dentures exacerbates protein deficiency and the formation of generalized edema.

Genes Associated with Protein Malabsorption

Protein malnutrition is an intricate process that is associated with advancing age and other causes, including the presence of predisposing genes and psychosocial and physiological factors (Mathewson et al., 2021). The 83-year-old patient potentially has celiac disease (CD), a genetic intolerance to protein, principally gluten found in rye, barley, and wheat. The consumption of a gluten-rich diet by individuals with CD causes inflammation of the small intestinal lining, consequently impairing absorption of macro-and micro-nutrients, which, in turn, cause protein deficiency (Cecilio & Bonatto, 2017) Protein Malnutrition Case Study Analysis – nurs 6501 week 2 assignment. The pathogenesis of CD involves the consumption of gluten, alterations in the intestinal mucosa, and the presence of surface markers HLA DQ2 and HLA DQ8 (Sallese et al., 2020). Upon ingestion, gluten interacts with the HLA genes triggering hypersensitivity in the intestinal mucosa and tissue injury marked by inflammation and the resulting protein malabsorption (Cecilio & Bonatto, 2017). The typical characteristics of CD make the disease be described as an autoimmune condition that is environmentally elicited by gluten. The gluten-HLA interaction prompts the activation of a T-cell-mediated immune reaction indicated by elevated numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the damaged surface epithelium consistent with cell-mediated injury (Dunne et al., 2020).

Immunosuppression and its Impact on Body Systems

The process of immunosuppression involves the clampdown of a person’s inherent capacity to prevent infections and diseases through the deliberate action of medications or as a result of an infection with viral agents, like HIV, that target immune cells. Immunosuppressed individuals are extremely sick and vulnerable to infection by microbes that would normally cause no danger to healthy people (McSorley et al., 2017). Immunosuppression depletes the body system’s ability to mount an innate or acquired immune response to infectious agents thereby making the immunosuppressed individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections. At times, immunosuppression is deliberately triggered by administering immunosuppressants following the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders and during organ transplants. For example, a confirmed diagnosis of CD in an 83-year-old patient will necessitate the administration of recommended immunosuppressant treatment to decrease the hypersensitivity against the lining of the intestinal mucosa  (Iqbal et al., 2017). Thus, immunosuppression helps the body systems by avoiding autoimmunity and hypersensitivity to food.

 
 
References

Avelino-Silva, T. J., & Jaluul, O. (2017). Malnutrition in hospitalized older patients: Management strategies to improve patient care and clinical outcomes.
International Journal of Gerontology
,
11
(2), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijge.2016.11.002

Cecilio, L. A., & Bonatto, M. W. (2017). The prevalence of HLA DQ2 and DQ8 in patients with celiac disease, in families, and the general population.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva : ABCD = Brazilian Archives of Digestive Surgery
,
28
(3), 183–185. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-67202015000300009 Protein Malnutrition Case Study Analysis – nurs 6501 week 2 assignment

Coulthard, M. G. (2015). Edema in kwashiorkor is caused by hypoalbuminemia.
Pediatrics and International Child Health
,
35
(2), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1179/2046905514Y.0000000154

Dunne, M. R., Byrne, G., Chirdo, F. G., & Feighery, C. (2020). Coeliac disease pathogenesis: The uncertainties of a well-known immune-mediated disorder.
Frontiers in Immunology
,
11
(July), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01374

Evans, C. (2018). Malnutrition in the elderly: a multifactorial failure to thrive.
The Permanente Journal
,
9
(3), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/05-056

Iqbal, U., Chaudhary, A., Karim, M. A., Anwar, H., & Merrell, N. (2017). Refractory celiac disease was successfully treated with Azathioprine.
Gastroenterology Research
,
10
(3), 199–201. https://doi.org/10.14740/gr819w

Mathewson, S. L., Azevedo, P. S., Gordon, A. L., Phillips, B. E., & Greig, C. A. (2021). Overcoming protein-energy malnutrition in older adults in the residential care setting: A narrative review of causes and interventions.
Ageing Research Reviews
,
70
(January), 101401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101401

McSorley, H. J., Gaze, S., Daveson, J., Jones, D., Anderson, R. P., Clouston, A., Ruyssers, N. E., Speare, R., McCarthy, J. S., Engwerda, C. R., Croese, J., & Loukas, A. (2017). Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection.
PLoS ONE
,
6
(9), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024092

Sallese, M., Lopetuso, L. R., Efthymakis, K., & Neri, M. (2020). Beyond the HLA genes in gluten-related disorders.
Frontiers in Nutrition
,
7
(November), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.575844 Protein Malnutrition Case Study Analysis – nurs 6501 week 2 assignment